-

Update: February 3, 2012

Kenneth Scarratt
GIA Laboratory, Bangkok

Introduction

The association of ruby with treatments that result in an addition of glass to the final
product began in 1984 with the appearance on the market of Thai origin rubies in
which cavities had been filled with glass (Kane, 1984, Scarratt, et al., 1984) a
treatment that had evolved into glass crack filling by 1987 (Hughes, 1987, Scarratt,
1987). In 1992 with the discovery of corundum deposits in the area of Mong Hsu,
Burma (Myanmar) that required high temperature-flux heating regimes to bring the
material to market the association of ruby treatments and glass was dramatically
expanded (Hlaing, 1993, Kremkow, 1993, Laughter, 1993, Peretti, 1993, Smith, et al.,
1994). Twenty years after the first association a new ruby-glass association a new
form of glass fracture filling in ruby appeared on the market (GAAJ, 2004, Pardieu,
2005, Smith C.P., 2005, McClure, 2006).

Pardieu (Pardieu, 2005) noted that “some terminology problems may occur about
this treatment regarding to the “Lead Glass” definition as many different formulas
can be used: Pure lead oxide, lead oxides mixed with silica or fluxes like borax can be
encountered… Temperatures, parameters and result can be very different. Some
specific studies will probably be done in the future regarding to this issue”.

Pardieu (Pardieu, 2005) also witnessed the treatment procedure as performed in

Chantaburi, Thailand by Master Burner Mahiton Thondisuk and reported that “the
most suitable rubies for repair are stones with color potential and that are rich in
fissures”. He stated further that “this new treatment is performed currently mostly
on Andilamena rubies (Madagascar) on which Mr. Thondisuk has had extensive
experience but any ruby material with fissures could be “repaired”. It is a multi step
treatment involving simple heating and the use of different lead rich compounds to
fill the fissures and cavities of the stones. If most of the “repaired” stones seen were
large size stones, stones less than 1 carat have also been treated this way”.

While Pardieu did allude to wide tracts of glass crossing the surface of examples he
examined in 2004 – 5 until recently (early 2008) the material observed in
laboratories1 had an equivalence to treatments applied to “clarity enhance”
emeralds (with the use of resins and oils) and diamonds (glass) and therefore the
terminology used was adapted from these, i.e., minor, moderate or significant clarity
enhancement. In reality the vast majority fell into the significant clarity
enhancement category although as McClure (McClure, 2006) points out “ the
efficiency of the treatment is such that a single large fracture in an otherwise clean
ruby could be made to “disappear” to the unaided eye exactly as filled fractures can
be made to “disappear” in emeralds and diamonds. In fact, we have already seen
several stones that fall into this category. Further and following stability tests
laboratories within the Laboratory Manual Harmonization Committee (LMHC)2
added “Glass filler may be unstable to elevated temperatures and to chemical
agents. Special care shall be taken when repairing jewelry items set with glass filled
corundum. During jewelry repair the unmounting of such stones is recommended” to
reports on these stones.

During a meeting of the LMHC held October 18th -20th 2007 in New York City, Dr.
Pornsawat Wathanakul (Scientific Advisor to the GIT member) reopened discussions
on glass fracture filling in ruby. Several members had noted myriads of large gas
bubbles within the newer material being submitted to their laboratories and that in
many cases the glass was filling wide seams crossing facets and seemed to be
accounting for an ever increasing volume of the finished product. Further, it was
surmised from observation that the material was being held together by the glass,
i.e. the glass acting in similar manner to an adhesive. Following discussions and an
agreement that this treatment went beyond what might be regarded as a “fracture
filling or clarity enhancement process”, the group decided to describe this (heavily
i
treated) material as “ruby-glass composites” on all future identification reports.

Further on November 13th 2007 American Gem Laboratories (AGL) announced that
they were changing their reporting policies with regards these stones (AGL, 2007)
and indicated that their report wording henceforth would be Identification:
Composite Ruby, Standard enhancement: Heat, and Additional enhancement: Lead-
glass. They also indicated a further comment would be added - This ruby has been
heavily treated using a high refractive index lead-glass to fill fractures and cavities,

1
Compared with the prevalence in the market relatively few of these stones have been submitted to
laboratories for reports.
2
The members of the LMHC are; AGTA-Gemological Testing Center (USA), CISGEM (Italy), GAAJ
Laboratory (Japan), GIA-Gem Trade Laboratory (USA), GIT Gem Testing Laboratory (Thailand), Gübelin
Gem Lab (Switzerland), SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute (Switzerland)
vastly improving the apparent clarity and potentially adding weight. The glass may
be damaged by a variety of solvents.

This paper describes several “rubies” treated with glass and experiments carried out
at GIA Laboratory (Bangkok) and at GIA New York that demonstrate the LMHC
assumption – that the stones are being ‘bonded together’ by glass. As an implication
of these experiments and given that several gemstones (ruby, emerald and diamond
being the most often cited but others including tourmaline and quartz being not
uncommon) are “clarity enhanced” through the infusion of fractures with oils, resins
and glass, the paper also introduces new (February 2008) nomenclature for
describing stones that have been clarity enhanced and those that are clearly
composites.

Materials and Methods

th rd
Samples (Figure 1) were sourced on the Bangkok market between November 12 and 23 2007. They
totaled 40 rough untreated, 703 rough treated, and 116 faceted. From this sample group 15 faceted
stones were selected for acid disintegration tests, these ranged in size from 0.97ct to 23.86ct (

). The vast majority of the rough material was opaque heavily twinned and
considerably fractured to the extent that it would have been difficult if not
impossible to cut into faceted material. The surfaces of the treated rough (this
treatment is normally applied to the rough material) was covered in a smooth, often
thick coating of glass The faceted samples appeared reasonably translucent to
transparent and varied in color from pink, pinkish red through red and orangish red.

3
More rough was obtained as treated samples but was later cut and these stones are included in the
cut specimen list.
Figure 1: Some of the specimens used for this report. The rough specimens on the left represent the
starting material, the specimens top and right represent the treated rough, and the specimens at
center are cut from the treated rough.

The material was examined using Gemolite microscopes in the magnifications

ranging from 10 to 60x and photomicrographs recorded digitally using Nikon system
SMZ1500 with a Nikon Digital Sight Capture System and a variety of magnifications.
Fluorescence images were recorded using the DiamondView (The Diamond
Trading Company). The chemistry of the glass was determined with Thermo X Series
II LA-ICP-MS system with an attached New Wave Research UP-213 laser. Acid
disintegration tests were carried out using conc. 50% hydrofluoric acid (HF = 20) at
room temperature and with no or little agitation, in an isolated environment under
an appropriate fume hood.
Figure 2: A rack holding individual plastic tubes that held the specimens that underwent acid
4
disintegration. The stones were placed into the tubes and then covered with hydrofluoric acid sealed
and left to “soak” for from two to ten days.

Inclusion observations

Figure 1 through to Figure 9 shows the typical remaining natural inclusions in the
faceted treated stones. Silk in the form of fine intersecting needles both in isolated
clusters and as part of hexagonal zones were often present as were crystals and
negative crystals. None of these inclusions revealed any indications that they had
been subject to heating, at least above 1300C. Therefore it is surmised that any heat
involve in this treatment process should be below 1300C. Thus confirming Pardieu’s
observations (Pardieu, 2005) – “… the stones are “warmed”. In fact, this step is a
heat treatment. This step is important to remove the impurities possibly present in
the fissures that could create some problems when the glass is added. The heat
treatment may also by itself improve the stone color. This “warming” can be
conducted at different temperatures from 900C to 1400C depending on the ruby
type. As 900C is not hot enough to melt some inclusions as rutile, many stones can
still have an “unheated” aspect. But all stones are heated.”

The “natural” inclusion scenes were largely indicative of some East African and
Madagascar sources.

4
Note: Hydrofluoric acid is dangerous and should only be used under controlled conditions
Figure 3: Rutile needles (silk) in Figure 4: An hexagonal crystal in Figure 5: Rutile needles (silk) in
a ruby-glass composite; the silk a ruby-glass composite; the a ruby-glass composite: the silk
is unaltered by heating crystal is unaltered by heating is unaltered by heating

Figure 6: Rutile and other Figure 7: An hexagonal crystal in Figure 8: Rutile needles (silk) in
needles in a ruby-glass a ruby-glass composite: the an hexagonal formation in a
composite: the needles are crystal is unaltered by heating ruby-glass composite: the silk is
unaltered by heating unaltered by heating

Figure 9 A crystal in a ruby-glass

composite: the crystal is
unaltered by heating

Also included were copious numbers of both fattened and fully expanded (Figure 10
to Figure 16) gas bubbles within the tracts of glass in each of the treated stones. In
many cases the bubbles were so large and/or so prolific that the observer’s first
thoughts strayed towards a conclusion that the stone was a low quality glass rather
than something associated with ruby. The tracts of glass also were responsible for
the obvious color flashes (Figure 17 to Figure 19) that were visible even to the
unaided eye. These color flashes being in stark contrast to somewhat difficult to see
color flashes that have been treated in the same manner but to a lesser degree.

In one case the microscope revealed that the glass being used has an orange color
(Figure 20 to Figure 24). Such orange colored glass is described by Pardieu (Pardieu,
2005) were he states “In rubies enhanced in Bangkok by Orange Sapphire company,
some yellow to orange color concentration appears is large fissures and in cavities”.
A statement supported by images that compare well with Figure 20 to Figure 24. He
further states “The fact that lead glass used in most Chantaburi treatment is pink
explains why it is most of the time not visible inside the gem”.
Glass related inclusions observed in some of the ruby-glass composites examined for
this report

Figure 10: RGC001 flattened Figure 11:RGC005 expanded Figure 12:RGC006 flattened
bubbles within filled fractures bubbles within filled fractures bubbled within filled fractures

Figure 13: Flattened bubbles Figure 14:RGC007 flattened and Figure 15:RGC007 flattened and
within filled fractures expanded bubbles within filled expanded bubbles within filled
fractures fractures

Figure 16: Bubbles within filed Figure 17:RGC008 color flashed Figure 18:RGC011 color flashed
fractures from revealing the glass filled from revealing the glass filled
fractures fractures

Figure 19:RGC001 color flashed Figure 20: RGC015 orange glass Figure 21: RGC015 orange glass
from revealing the glass filled filling a cavity and fracture. filling a cavity and fracture.
fractures Figure 21to Figure 24 show this Figure 20 to Figure 24 show this
in different lighting conditions in different lighting conditions
Figure 22: RGC015 orange glass Figure 23: RGC015 orange glass Figure 24: RGC015 orange glass
filling a cavity and fracture. filling a cavity and fracture. filling a cavity and fracture.
Figure 20 to Figure 24 show this Figure 20 to Figure 24 show this Figure 21to Figure 23 show this
in different lighting conditions in different lighting conditions in different lighting conditions

In an attempt to further categorize (visually) the volume of glass used in the ruby-
glass composites, 15 of the samples were examined and images recorded with the
DiamondView (Diamond Trading Company). These images are produced here from
Figure 25 to Figure 39. This exercise was rewarding in that it quickly recorded
images that allowed for a close estimation of the position and volume of glass
present in each stone. In particular stones RGC011 and RGC015 revealed copious
amounts of glass.

DiamondView (Diamond Trading Company) images of specimens RGC001 to

RGC015. Glass reveals itself as either black or blue tracts running across each stone.
The brighter red areas reflect the positions of gas bubbles. Sample numbers are
given for each stone.

Figure 25: RGC001 Figure 26: RGC002 Figure 27: RGC003

Figure 28: RGC004 Figure 29: RGC005 Figure 30: RGC006

Figure 31: RGC007 Figure 32: RGC008 Figure 33: RGC009

Figure 34: RGC010 Figure 35: RGC011 Figure 36: RGC012

Figure 37: RGC013 Figure 38: RGC014 Figure 39: RGC015

Probably the most convenient method for locating fractures that may (or may not)
have been filled with any substance is to position an overhead light and a facet on
the sample in a manner that achieves near-total-surface-reflection (NTSF) of the light
from the facet under examination. The stone, being examined on a microscope, is
then turned to achieve NTSF from each facet. In a position of NTSR any
inhomogeneity (whether a change in substance, a cavity or a surface reaching
fractures) becomes clearly visible.

Figure 40 to Figure 63 show various facets on the selected 15 test specimens

(RGC001-RGC015) in NTSF. All clearly show the presence glass in tracts crossing the
stone (Figure 52 to Figure 57), many reveal a veritable jigsaw puzzle of ruby and glass
(Figure 40 to Figure 51) while others show facets that have an approximate 50/50
ruby glass composition (Figure 61).
Figure 40: RGC007 this NTSR Figure 41: RGC007 (magnified Figure 42: RGC007 (magnified
image of the table facet reveals from Figure 40) this NTSR image from Figure 41) this NTSR image
a virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass of the table facet reveals a of the table facet reveals a
and ruby – islands of ruby in a virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass
glass matrix and ruby – islands of ruby in a and ruby – islands of ruby in a
glass matrix glass matrix

Figure 43: RGC010 as in RGC007 Figure 44: RGC010 (magnified Figure 45: RGC010 (magnified
this NTSR image of the table from Figure 43) as in RGC007 from Figure 44) as in RGC007
facet also reveals a virtual this NTSR image of the table this NTSR image of the table
jigsaw puzzle of glass and ruby – facet also reveals a virtual facet also reveals a virtual
islands of ruby in a glass matrix jigsaw puzzle of glass and ruby – jigsaw puzzle of glass and ruby –
islands of ruby in a glass matrix islands of ruby in a glass matrix

Figure 46: RGC011 as in RGC007 Figure 47: RGC011 (magnified Figure 48: RGC011 (magnified
and RGC 010 this NTSR image of from Figure 46) as in RGC007 from Figure 47) as in RGC007
the table facet also reveals a and RGC 010 this NTSR image of and RGC 010 this NTSR image of
virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass the table facet also reveals a the table facet also reveals a
and ruby – islands of ruby in a virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass virtual jigsaw puzzle of glass
glass matrix and ruby – islands of ruby in a and ruby – islands of ruby in a
glass matrix glass matrix
Figure 49: RGC006 as in Figure 50: RGC006 (magnified Figure 51: RGC006 (magnified
RGC007, RGC 010 and from Figure 49) as in RGC007, from Figure 50) as in RGC007,
RGC011this NTSR image of the RGC 010 and RGC011this NTSR RGC 010 and RGC011this NTSR
table facet also reveals a virtual image of the table facet also image of the table facet also
jigsaw puzzle of glass and ruby – reveals a virtual jigsaw puzzle of reveals a virtual jigsaw puzzle of
islands of ruby in a glass matrix glass and ruby – islands of ruby glass and ruby – islands of ruby
in a glass matrix in a glass matrix

Figure 52: RGC002 showing a Figure 53: RGC002 showing a Figure 54 RGC002 showing a
wide tract of glass crossing the wide tract of glass crossing the wide tract of glass crossing the
table facet in NTSF, two bubbles table facet in NTSF, highlighted table facet in NTSF, highlighted
are seen cut through at the area on the same facet seen in area on the same facet seen in
surface Figure 52. Figure 52

Figure 55: RGC002 showing a Figure 56: RGC003 showing a Figure 57:RGC004 showing a
wide tract of glass crossing the wide tract of glass crossing a wide tract of glass crossing a
table facet in NTSF, highlighted facet in NTSF facet in NTSF
area on the same facet seen in
Figure 52

Figure 58:RGC007 showing Figure 59:RGC010 showing wide Figure 60:RGC012 showing wide
several wide tracts of glass and narrow tracts of glass and narrow tracts of glass
crossing two facets in NTSF crossing a facet in NTSF crossing a facet in NTSF
Figure 61:RGC014 showing wide Figure 62: RGC014 showing Figure 63:RGC014 showing wide
tracts of glass crossing a facet in wide tracts of glass crossing a tracts of glass crossing a facet in
NTSF, The proportion of ruby to facet in NTSF. NTSF.
glass is in the region of 50/50

The composition of the glass used in the specimens collected for this series of
examinations is indicated in Table 2.

Acid disintegration tests and observations

As seen in Figure 1 and confirmed through industry contacts the start material for
the product described here is extremely low quality corundum and further the
assumption is that the material cannot be cut and faceted as mined. This
assumption is confirmed in part both through industry contacts and our own
observations that the material has to be “infused” with glass prior to cutting and
faceting (see again Figure 1).

During the October 2007 LMHC meeting a further assumption was made that
without the presence of the glass many of these treated stones would not remain in
one piece; indicating that the glass was acting much in the same way as a common
adhesive. In order to test this assumption 15 stones were selected from a total of
116 faceted stones present on the Bangkok market in November 2007. These 15
stones were immersed in hydrofluoric acid for either 44hrs:45mins or 107hours.
These time slots were not chosen through any form of calculation but rather they
were convenient time spans that fitted in with numerous other projects and regular
workloads.

The acid began to visually disintegrate the glass within minutes of immersion (Figure
64 and Figure 65). As immersion progressed and the acid disintegrated the glass
further so small parts of the stones began to fall off from the main body of each
specimen (Figure 66 to Figure 81). Longer immersion resulted in the stones falling
into many pieces (Figure 96 to Figure 121) and in one case a total disintegration
occurred (Figure 89 to Figure 92).
Figure 64: RGC014 seen here immersed in Figure 65: RGC015 seen here immersed in
hydrofluoric acid. The white substance is residue hydrofluoric acid. The white substance is residue
from disintegration of the glass by the acid. The from disintegration of the glass by the acid. The
disintegration process begins as soon as the disintegration process begins as soon as the
stone is placed in the acid. This image is taken stone is placed in the acid. This image is taken
within 30 minutes of immersion. within 30 minutes of immersion.

15 ruby-glass coposites subjected to acid disintigration tests (placing in hydrofluoric

acid for between 2 and 10 days)

Figure 66:RGC001 Figure 67: RGC001 Figure 68: RGC001 Figure 69: RGC001 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 70: RGC002 Figure 71: RGC002 Figure 72: RGC002 Figure 73: RGC002 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.
Figure 74: RGC003 Figure 76: RGC003 Figure 77: RGC003 after
Figure 75: RGC003 after
before acid after acid acid disintegration.
acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 78: RGC004 Figure 79: RGC004 Figure 80: RGC004 Figure 81: RGC004 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 82: RGC005 Figure 83: RGC005 Figure 84: RGC005 Figure 85: RGC005 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 86: RGC006 Figure 87: RGC006 Figure 88: RGC006

before acid after acid after acid
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.
Figure 89: RGC007 Figure 90: RGC007 Figure 91: RGC007 Figure 92: RGC007 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 93: RGC008 Figure 94: RGC008 Figure 95: RGC008

before acid after acid after acid
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 96: RGC009 Figure 97: RGC009 Figure 98: RGC009

before acid after acid after acid
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 99: RGC010 Figure 100: RGC010 Figure 101: RGC010 Figure 102: RGC010 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.
Figure 103: RGC011 Figure 104: RGC011 Figure 105: RGC011
before acid after acid after acid
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 106: RGC012 Figure 107: RGC012 Figure 108: RGC012 Figure 109: RGC012 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 110: RGC013 Figure 111: RGC013 Figure 112: RGC013 Figure 113: RGC013 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

Figure 114: RGC014 Figure 115: RGC014 Figure 116: RGC014 Figure 117: RGC014 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration
Figure 118: RGC015 Figure 119: RGC015 Figure 120: RGC015 Figure 121: RGC015 after
before acid after acid after acid acid disintegration.
disintegration. disintegration. disintegration.

From the above observations and results of acid disintegration experiments an

adjustment in GIA’s reporting policy was made along the lines taken by fellow LMHC
members (ruby-glass composite) in early 2008. However, and again in consultation
with the LMHC and importantly with the US industry in late 2011 GIA adjusted its
reporting policies on glass filled rubies further.

The latest adjustments are to some extent ‘landmarks’ in that they acknowledge, for
what maybe the first time, that a division exists between what might be deemed a
‘treatment’ (to an otherwise natural stone) and what might be a ‘manufactured’
product, i.e., if an artificial material (such as a glass) used during a ‘treatment’
process becomes the dominant component then the end product may not be
considered a ‘treated stone’ but rather it is a ‘manufactured product’.

The market continues to be watched and assessed for any new developments to this
or similar processes and this discussion paper may be periodically updated.

The following new reporting policy was introduced for use within GIA Laboratories in
November 2011. GIA welcomes your comments.
Condition Presumed Intent /
Application
Case A

Fissures present, but obviously intact material Clarity enhancement; Species Natural (Corundum, Beryl or Tourmaline etc)
corundum, emeralds, Variety (Ruby / Sapphire, Emerald or Tourmaline)
tourmaline, etc

Treatment:
The images of “ruby with glass” here generally reflect the material described A (minor, moderate, significant) amount clarity enhancement, using (a filler,
in this section and would also reflect the situation with emerald. glass, resin, oil) to reduce the visibility of fissures.

Add (indications of heating) if filler is glass.

Comment:
Fissure filling materials (glass/oil/resin etc) may be unstable to elevated
temperatures and to chemical agents. Special care should be taken when
cleaning or repairing jewelry items set with fissure filled stones
Condition Presumed Intent /
Application
Case B
Highly fractured and/or twinned material with To strengthen fractured Identification Report Only (not a gemstone specific report, e.g., a ruby report).
filled voids, channels and fissures. Material was rough to enable cutting;
one piece initially but may lose integrity if filling improve clarity and Conclusion:
material is removed. An exceptionally large appearance; currently A manufactured product
amount of filling material is present. applies to corundum
and beryl

The images of “ruby with glass” here generally reflect the material described Comment:
in this section and may also reflect the situation with emerald. This item is a combination of glass and ruby/sapphire; if the glass is removed or
altered the stone may fall apart. Fracture filling materials (glass/oil/resin etc)
may be unstable to elevated temperatures and to chemical agents. Special care
should be taken when cleaning or repairing jewelry items set with fracture filled
stones
Condition Presumed Intent / Case C
Application
3. Assemblage or bonding of unrelated gemstone to produce large cutting Identification Report Only (not a gemstone specific report, e.g., a ruby report).
pieces (chunks or powder) material from unusable
pieces or powders; Conclusion:
currently applies to A manufactured product
corundum and beryl

The images of “ruby with glass” here generally reflect the material described Comment:
in this section and may also reflect the situation with emerald.
This item is a combination of glass and ruby/sapphire; if the glass is removed or
altered the stone may fall apart. Fracture filling materials (glass/oil/resin etc)
may be unstable to elevated temperatures and to chemical agents. Special care
should be taken when cleaning or repairing jewelry items set with fracture filled
stones
 Ct Weight L W D Acid disintegrated Ct Weight post acid and after
Table 1 pre acid drying

RGC001 0.97330 7.007 5.187 2.782 Into HF 14:15 November 24th 2007 out 0.93 major piece alone including
11:00 November 26th 2007. Total 44 residue
hours 45mins
RGC002 1.29770 6.973 5.613 3.969 Into HF 15:22 November 24th 2007 out 1.00850 major piece alone
10:00 November 26th 2007. Total 44 including residue
hours 45mins
RGC003 1.58270 7.920 6.929 3.012 Into HF 16:00 November 24th 2007 out 1.55 major piece alone including
12:00 November 26th 2007. Total 44 residue
hours 45mins
RGC004 1.60520 7.510 5.593 4.245 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 1.58 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC005 1.83240 8.488 6.381 3.611 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 1.56 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC006 1.83830 8.390 6.664 3.504 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 1.82 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC007 2.09230 7.776 6.204 4.919 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 1.67 Only dust left
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107
hours
RGC008 2.47430 8.371 7.279 4.783 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 2.41 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC009 3.58680 9.491 7.430 5.298 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 3.11 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC010 5.75550 11.176 9.264 6.267 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 5.05 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC011 9.84210 14.640 10.280 6.585 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 8.23 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC012 11.71390 11.733 11.817 7.440 Into HF 12:00 December 7th out 11:00 11.19 major piece alone including
December 15th 2007. Total 107 hours residue
RGC013 12.89150 14.109 11.383 8.473 Into HF 12:00 December 7th out 11:00 12.72 major piece alone including
December 15th 2007. Total 107 hours residue
RGC014 21.05030 21.063 15.255 8.896 Into HF 12:00 December 7th 2007 out 20.68 major piece alone including
11:00 December 15th 2007. Total 107 residue
hours
RGC015 23.86110 16.675 16.437 9.721 Into HF 12:00 December 7th out 11:00 23.00 major piece alone including
December 15th 2007. Total 107 hours residue
Table 2 ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

7Li 9Be 11B 24Mg 27Al 29Si 44Ca 45Sc 47Ti 48Ti 51V 52Cr 53Cr 55Mn 56Fe
glass on ruby composite rough sp1 23.61 2.17 17000 6933 198000 58510 -3410 13.22 1173 1173 15.59 31.72 59.91 20.24 3188
glass on ruby composite rough sp2 21.97 2.24 15510 8177 180100 135600 1050 13.52 1133 1135 14.91 52.73 55.25 32.11 3098
glass on ruby composite rough sp3 21.36 2.08 15330 7815 198200 142100 1110 15.02 1172 1163 15.2 54.66 55.45 29.81 3155
glass on ruby composite rough sp4 21.78 2.55 15560 7583 214100 151900 1140 16.12 1228 1219 15.55 55.63 59.51 28.59 3289
glass on ruby composite rough sp5 21.57 2.32 15560 7103 185100 146500 1150 14.41 1208 1198 14.75 55.85 56.5 27.02 3217

Average 22.06 2.27 15792.00 7522.20 195100.00 ######## 208.00 14.46 1182.80 1177.60 15.20 50.12 57.32 27.55 3189.40

Stdev 0.90 0.18 681.89 510.17 13266.69 38707.49 2022.90 1.17 36.64 32.32 0.37 10.36 2.23 4.49 71.10
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
59Co 60Ni 65Cu 66Zn 69Ga 71Ga 72Ge 83Kr 85Rb 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 93Nb 118Sn 137Ba
glass on ruby composite rough sp1 1.30 29.67 8.34 221.80 53.61 20.66 0.87 0.00 6.63 11.18 5.06 1813.00 1.99 4.06 157.40
glass on ruby composite rough sp2 1.45 32.55 8.92 231.80 49.85 21.19 0.98 0.00 6.21 9.76 5.08 1772.00 1.97 3.64 150.50
glass on ruby composite rough sp3 1.38 30.59 8.55 230.60 52.65 19.59 0.83 0.00 6.22 11.40 6.15 2081.00 2.00 3.54 158.40
glass on ruby composite rough sp4 1.21 30.52 8.85 243.70 55.65 20.26 0.86 0.00 6.68 12.25 6.68 2341.00 2.05 7.10 164.10
glass on ruby composite rough sp5 1.26 30.09 7.89 246.60 50.16 20.27 0.86 0.00 6.30 10.63 4.99 1777.00 2.05 4.08 154.50

Average 1.32 30.68 8.51 234.90 52.38 20.39 0.88 0.00 6.41 11.04 5.59 1956.80 2.01 4.48 156.98

Stdev 0.09 1.11 0.42 10.17 2.43 0.59 0.06 0.00 0.23 0.93 0.78 250.10 0.04 1.48 5.03
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
139La 140Ce 146Nd 147Sm 153Eu 163Dy 172Yb 175Lu 181Ta 182W 208Pb 220Bkg 232Th 238U
glass on ruby composite rough sp1 2.00 4.85 1.96 0.45 0.06 0.65 1.29 0.21 0.43 0.20 1131000 0 1.30 1.76
glass on ruby composite rough sp2 2.10 5.00 1.66 0.38 0.08 0.55 1.02 0.23 0.42 0.15 1042000 0 1.32 1.82
glass on ruby composite rough sp3 2.39 5.39 2.14 0.45 0.10 0.63 1.27 0.26 0.46 0.19 1044000 0 1.61 1.75
glass on ruby composite rough sp4 2.66 5.76 2.35 0.54 0.10 0.79 1.44 0.30 0.49 0.25 1074000 0 1.73 1.85
glass on ruby composite rough sp5 2.19 5.19 1.66 0.34 0.08 0.54 1.19 0.21 0.50 0.25 1090000 0 1.39 1.94

Average 2.27 5.24 1.95 0.43 0.08 0.63 1.24 0.24 0.46 0.21 1076200.00 0.00 1.47 1.82

Stdev 0.26 0.36 0.30 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.04 36758.67 0.00 0.19 0.08
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i
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or
more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which
remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material