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2 Computer Architecture

This document discusses computer architecture at multiple levels of abstraction. It defines computer architecture as the detailed specification of a computer system's hardware components and how they interact. It describes the Von Neumann architecture, which includes a processing unit, memory, and input/output mechanisms. It also discusses instruction set architecture as the interface between software and hardware, and microarchitecture as how an instruction set is implemented in a processor through elements like registers, arithmetic logic units, and data paths.

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Wibi Wisnu W
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68 views

2 Computer Architecture

This document discusses computer architecture at multiple levels of abstraction. It defines computer architecture as the detailed specification of a computer system's hardware components and how they interact. It describes the Von Neumann architecture, which includes a processing unit, memory, and input/output mechanisms. It also discusses instruction set architecture as the interface between software and hardware, and microarchitecture as how an instruction set is implemented in a processor through elements like registers, arithmetic logic units, and data paths.

Uploaded by

Wibi Wisnu W
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture

A. Abdul Razak, ST., MT., M.Eng., Ph.D. LOGO


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Computer Architecture

 Is a detailed specification of the


computational, communication, and
data storage elements (hardware) of a
computer system, how those
components interact (machine
organization), and how they are
controlled (instruction set).
(Ronald A. Thisted)

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Von Neumann architecture

 An electronic digital computer with a processing


unit consisting of
 an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers,
 a control unit containing an instruction register and
program counter,
 a memory to store both data and instructions,
 external mass storage,
 and input and output mechanisms.

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Von Neumann architecture

Single system bus

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Diagram

Computer
Architecture

Instruction Micro-
set architecture
architecture Is the way a given
instruction set
(ISA) architecture (ISA) is
Is the machine implemented on a
language. processor.

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Instruction set architecture

software

instruction set

hardware

Source: Patterson Fall 97

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Instruction set architecture

 The instruction set architecture (ISA) is the


interface between the software and hardware.
 Encoded high level languages to binary
numbers.
 Opcode and operand.
 Also defines the items available to a program:
data types, registers, addressing modes,
memory organization and etc.
 Build by using compiler, assembler.

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Some operation in ISA

 Data handling and Memory operations


 set a register
 move data
 read and write data
 Arithmetic and Logic
 add, subtract, multiply, or divide
 bitwise operations, conjunction and disjunction
 compare two values
 Control flow
 branch, conditionally branch, indirectly branch

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Example of ISAs

 Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97


 HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96
 Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987-95
 SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96
 Intel (8086,80286,80386, 1978-96
80486,Pentium, MMX, ...)

Source: Patterson Fall 97

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Microarchitecture

 Is the way a given instruction set architecture


(ISA) is implemented on a processor.
 Describes the data paths, data processing
elements and data storage elements, and
describes how they should implement the ISA
 Represented as diagrams that describe the
interconnections of the various microarchitectural
elements of the machine. Ex.: Gates, registers,
Arithmetic logic units (ALU)s.

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Microarchitecture

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Microarchitecture
 TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
MBus Module
SuperSPARC

Floating-point Unit
L2 CC DRAM
Integer Unit $ MBus Controller

Inst Ref Data L64852 MBus control


M-S Adapter STDIO
Cache MMU Cache
SBus serial
SBus SCSI kbd
Store mouse
Buffer DMA Ethernet
audio
SBus RTC
Bus Interface Cards
Boot PROM
Floppy
Source: Patterson Fall 97

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Computer Architecture

Application
Operating
System
Compiler Firmware
Instruction Set
Architecture
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Datapath & Control
Microarchitecture
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Layout

Source: Patterson Fall 97

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Dramatic change in computer technology

 Processor
 logic capacity : about 30% per year
 clock rate : about 20% per year
 So… advanced functions (e.g., multimedia functions in some Pentiums)
and high-speed features (multiple pipelines, larger caches)
 Memory
 DRAM capacity : about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)
 Memory speed : about 10% per year
 Cost per bit : improves about 25% per year
 So… larger memory => more challenging applications (e.g., atmospheric
modeling, astrophysics modeling)
 Disk
 Capacity : about 60% per year

Source: Patterson Fall 97

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Tugas

Jelaskan minimal tiga jenis


tipe Arsitektur Komputer !

Jelaskan secara singkat


minimal 10 contoh Instruction set ! 1st Task

Waktu 1 minggu

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