CSD102

Introduction to Information
and Communication
Technologies

Resource Person:
Muhammad Sharjeel
 Lecture 10

Operating Systems

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Operating System
✗ Operating system (or OS) is a program (in fact, an integrated set of programs) that
maintains operations of a computer

✗ It provides users with an interface or virtual machine that is more convenient to use
than the bare machine

✗ Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer, from
smart phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers

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Operating System
✗ Operating system controls and coordinates all activities among computer hardware
resources (the CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc.)

✗ Two primary objectives of an OS are;

✗ Making a computer system convenient to use
✗ Managing the resources of a computer system

✗ Operating system that computer uses is sometimes called the platform

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Operating System
✗ The operating system layer hides the details of the hardware from the programmer
and provides the programmer with convenient interface for using the system

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Operating System
✗ Functions of an operating system;
✗ Start/stop the computer
✗ provide a user interface
✗ manage programs
✗ manage memory
✗ schedule jobs and configure devices
✗ establish an Internet connection
✗ monitor performance
✗ provide file management and other utilities
✗ control a network
✗ administer security

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Operating System
✗ Utility programs are part of the OS (system software) that performs management
or maintenance-type tasks

✗ They are also called system utilities;

✗ Device manager
✗ Backup utility
✗ Diagnostic utility
✗ Firewall

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Categories of Operating Systems
✗ Desktop OS

✗ Network OS

✗ Embedded OS

✗ Mobile OS

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Categories of Operating Systems
✗ Desktop OS
✗ A desktop operating system is one that is intended for a desktop computer
✗ It usually comes with all the software that one would probably use at a desk
✗ Examples: Windows XP, 9, 10

✗ Network OS
✗ It runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions
✗ Allows users to share printer, files, and programs on a network
✗ Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user
✗ Example: Windows Server 2013

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Categories of Operating Systems
✗ Embedded OS
✗ It is designed to be compact, efficient at resource usage and is created to cover
specific tasks or scopes
✗ Do not have many functions that desktop operating systems provide
✗ Example: Windows CE (Embedded Compact)

✗ Mobile OS
✗ It operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile devices
✗ Modern mobile operating systems has the features such as handling touchscreen,
cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera, speech
recognition, voice recorder, music player
✗ Examples: iOS, Android and Windows Phone

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Types of Operating Systems
✗ Operating systems can be

✗ Device-dependent
✗ Runs only on specific type of computer (hardware)

✗ Device-independent
✗ Runs on many manufacturers computer (hardware)

✗ A cross-platform application is the one which runs identically on multiple operating

systems

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Operating System Booting Process

Step 4. Results of POST are compared

with data in CMOS chip
Step 1. Power supply sends signal to
components in system unit Step 5. BIOS looks for system files in
floppy disk drive or CD/DVD drive, and
then hard disk
Step 2. Processor accesses BIOS to
start computer

Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating

system loads into RAM
Step 3. BIOS runs tests, called the
POST, to check components such as
mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards
Step 7. Operating system loads
configuration information and displays
desktop on screen
Process Management
✗ A program is a static set of instructions

✗ A process (also called task or job) is a program in execution

✗ Process management in OS, manages the processes submitted to a system in a

manner to minimize idle time of processors (CPUs, I/O processors, etc.) of the
system
Process Management
✗ Multitasking

✗ Interleaved execution of multiple jobs (often referred to as tasks of same user) in a

single-user system
✗ In Multitasking, multiple tasks are executed concurrently instead of sequentially
✗ Tasks share common processing resources, such as a CPU and main memory
✗ Computer systems used for multitasking are uniprocessor systems (having only
one CPU)
Process Management
✗ Multiprocessing

✗ System with two or more CPUs, having ability to execute multiple processes
concurrently
✗ Multiprocessing means true parallel execution of multiple processes using more
than one processor
✗ Multiple CPUs are used to process either instructions from different and
independent programs or different instructions from the same program
simultaneously
Process Management
✗ Operating systems can be classified as follows:

✗ Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time

✗ Multitasking: Allows more than one program to run concurrently

✗ Multithreading: Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently

✗ Multiprocessing: Supports running a program on more than one CPU

Memory Management
✗ Virtual Memory

✗ Memory management scheme that allows execution of processes that might not
be completely loaded in the main memory

✗ With virtual memory (VM), portion of hard disk is allocated to function as RAM

✗ Optimizing use of random access memory (RAM)

Memory Management
✗ Step 1: OS transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk
because memory is needed for other functions
✗ Step 2: OS transfers data and program instructions from disk to memory when
they are needed
Memory Management
✗ Advantages
✗ Provides a large virtual memory on a system having smaller physical memory
✗ Enables execution of a process on a system whose main memory size is less
than the total memory required by the process
✗ Enables a process’s execution to be started even when sufficient free memory
for loading the entire process is not available
✗ Often leads to less I/O activity resulting in an efficient system
✗ Disadvantages
✗ Difficult to implement because it requires algorithms to support demand
paging
✗ If used carelessly, it may substantially decrease performance due to high page
fault rate
User Interface
✗ User Interface (or UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how
information displays on screen

✗ Two types of user interfaces supported by various operating systems are:

✗ Command-line interface: User gives instructions to the computer by typing
the commands
✗ Graphical User Interface (GUI): User gives commands to the system by
selecting icon or menu item displayed on the screen with the use of a point-
and-draw device and interacts with menus and visual images such as icons and
buttons
User Interface
✗ Examples of user interface

Command-line Interface Graphical User Interface

Survey of Modern Operating Systems
✗ Unix
✗ Microsoft DOS
✗ Microsoft Windows
✗ Linux
✗ Mac OS X
✗ iOS
✗ Android
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Unix
✗ Developed in the early 1970s at Bell Laboratories by Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie
✗ Written in C high-level language and is highly portable
✗ Multi-user, multitasking, time-sharing OS
✗ Used on a wide variety of computers ranging from notebook computers to super
computers
✗ Especially prevalent on workstations such as those from Sun Microsystems,
Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Silicon Graphics
✗ Structured in three layers – kernel, shell, and utilities
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Microsoft DOS
✗ Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System
✗ Single-user OS for IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers (PC)
✗ Used command-line interface when first developed, later included menus
✗ Very popular in the 1980s, now not in much use and development with the launch of
Microsoft Windows OS in 1990s
✗ Structured in three layers – BIOS (Basic Input Output System), kernel, and shell
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
✗ Developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MS-DOS operating system
✗ Microsoft proprietary, single-user, multitasking OS
✗ Native interface is a GUI
✗ Designed to be not just an OS but also a complete operating environment
✗ OS of choice for most PCs after 1990
✗ Latest version is Windows 8.1 for the desktop
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows (Server)
✗ Multi-user, time-sharing OS developed by Microsoft
✗ Supports multiprogramming and is designed to take advantage of multiprocessing
on systems having multiple processors
✗ Native interface is a GUI
✗ Designed to have UNIX-like features so that it can be used for powerful
workstations, network, and database servers
✗ Built-in networking and communications features, provides strict system security
✗ Rich set of tools for software development
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Linux
✗ Name “Linux” is derived from its inventor Linus Torvalds
✗ Open-source OS enhanced and backed by thousands of programmers world-wide
✗ Multi-tasking, multiprocessing OS, originally designed to be used in PCs
✗ Several Linux distributions available (Red Hat, SuSE)
✗ Difference in distribution is mostly set of tools, number and quality of applications,
documentation, support, and service
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Mac OS X
✗ Available only for computers manufactured by Apple, comes bundled with hardware
✗ It’s the first OS that offered graphical user interface and has been model for most
GUIs
✗ Has not been very popular because of the Microsoft monopoly in the market,
secondly its not as user friendly as compared to its competitors
✗ Latest version is 10.10 (Yosemite)
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
iOS
✗ Closed platform, closed source mobile OS developed by Apple
✗ Can only be installed on Apple hardware (mobile devices)
✗ Strong user growth and data-hungry user base
✗ Backed by a vibrant application store and but strict Apple’s ecosystem
✗ Latest version is 8.1
 Survey of Modern Operating Systems
Android
✗ Open source and platform independent mobile OS developed by Google
✗ Runs on top of Linux
✗ World’s most commonly used smartphone platform (about 80% market share)
✗ Support to install third party applications but with security risk
✗ Latest version is 5.0
Thanks!
Any questions?

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