Literature – artistic expression of human GABU

experiences in recurring events through written Author: Carlos A. Angeles

accounts. Genre: (Lyric) Poem
Theme: Life
DIFFERENT ERAS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. Pre-colonial era -oral CARLOS A. ANGELES
-riddles, proverbs, Born: May 25, 1921
saying, folk songs, Tacloban City, Leyte
kundiman, kumintang
Died: September 11, 1956
2. Spanish era -religion: Christianity (Age: 42)
-education
-government Occupation: Poet

3. American era -language: English Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial

-public school system Awards for Poetry

4. Japanese era -discipline Fiction – is a story that is entirely made up and is

-Filipino movements not true
are minimal
Symbolism – the use of character, object or event
5. Revolutionary -Independence to signify something else from its original meaning.

6. Contemporary -uprise (reign of Exposition – the beginning of the story:

Science, Industry, introduction of the characters, describing the
thinking and feelings) setting and sometimes the author gives a brief
background of the story.
PHILIPPINE POETRY
Inciting Incident – small events and telltale signs
Poetry - literary work in which special intensity is that tell you that the conflict is about to begin. It is
given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the also known as “the complication.”
use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems
collectively or as a genre of literature. Rising Action – when the complication begins to
show itself.
Senses and Images – are used by the writer to
describe their impression of their topic or object of Climax – the event with the greatest tension in
writing. the story.

KINDS OF SENSE (in poetry) Falling Action – the result of climax

1. Visual imagery – see
2. Olfactory imagery – smell Denouement – a French term meaning “ending”.
3. Gustatory imagery – taste This is where the story reaches its final conclusion.
4. Tactile imagery – feel
5. Auditory imagery – hear THE GOD STEALER
Author: Francisco Sionil Jose
Diction – is another important element in Filipino Genre: Fiction
poetry; is the denotative and connotative meaning Theme: Friendship, Value of Heritage
of the words ins sentence, phrase, paragraph or
poem. FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE
Born: December 3, 1924
Rhyme Scheme – is the way the author arranges Rosales, Pangasinan
words, meters, lines, and stanzas to create a
coherent sound when the poem is outloud. Occupation: novelist, writer, journalist

Notable Awards: National Artist of the PH

PHILIPPINE DRAMA ALBERTO S. FLORENTINO
- Started with pre-colonial indigenous Born: July 28, 1931
drama. Nueva Ecija
- Includes rituals, verbal jousts, or games,
and songs and dances praising their Died: September 22, 2018
respective gods. (Age: 87)

Predramatic Forms Occupation: Filipino playwright, short story

- For declamations and orations; done during writer, poet
the arrival and installation of a holy relic. Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial
o Loas Awards for One-act Play
o Declamaciones
o Oraciones THE WORLD IS AN APPLE
- Changed mainly into two categories: Published: July 24, 1959
o Komedya or Comedy
Genre: One-act Play
o Sarsuela or Zarzuela
Both were used to capture the imaginations Playwright: Alberto S. Florentino
and hearts of the Filipino and to serve as
their teaching tools for their religion. Award: Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for One-act Play
KOMEDYA
- Was developed into different kinds: CREATIVE NONFICTION
o Moro-moro – depicts the lives, - Defined as an account of historical,
loves and wars of Moors and personal, and academic events.
Christians. - Is fact-based writing that remains
o Indigenized comedies by Filipinos compelling, undiminished by the passage of
 Comedia de capa y time, that has at heart an interest in
espada – secular comedy enduring human values: foremost a fidelity
 Comedia de santo – to accuracy, to truthfulness.
religious comedy
Columnist who write essay:
ZARZUELA o Conrado de Quiros of the
- Musical in nature; both spoken and sung. Philippine Daily Inquirer
o Jugar Con Fuego (Play With Fire) o Jessica Zafra of the Philippine Star
– first staged zarzuela in the o Patricia Evalingelista and
Philippines (1878 or 1879) written Shakira Sison of Rappler
by Francisco Asnjo Barbieri, 1855. o Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo: voice
o Junto al Pasig – written by Jose of the writer must ring true, clear,
Rizal and was staged in 1880. and fine.
- Teatro Zorilla – inaugurated as home of
Writer’s Voice – a distinctive style or personality
zarzuelas in 1893.
of a written work.
- Zarzuela  Sarswela – indigenized by
Filipinos; became a mix of music, prose, Creative Nonfiction  Personal presence
dance, dialogue, and a discussion of
contemporary subjects. Self-discovery and self-
motivation, flexibility of form
PHILIPPINE THEATER (today)
Veracity
- Attacks contemporary issues and portrays
the real lives of Filipinos here and abroad. Literary approaches
o Liza Magtoto’s Rak of Aegis
5 R’s OF CREATIVE NONFICTION
- Writer’s Bloc
- Write about Real Life
o Playwrights’ group which invites
- Conduct extensive Research
young playwrights to have their
- Write a Narrative
unpublished plays staged in the
- Include personal Reflection
Cultural Center of the Philippines
- Learn by Reading
o Have been annually staging the
Vigrin Labfest. Essay – also known as creative nonfiction; defined
as short piece of writing on a particular subject.
LUNDAGIN MO BABY (Go For It) 2. Reader Response Approach
Author: Gilda Cordero-Fernando  Readers' reactions to literature as
Genre: Essay vital to interpreting the meaning of
the text
GILDA CORDERO-FERNANDO  Shares two beliefs:
Born: June 4, 1932  The role of the reader cannot
be omitted
Occupation: writer, publisher  Readers do not passively
consume the meaning (death of
Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial author)
Awards for Short Story
3. Psychological Approach
LITERARY CRITICISM  views works through the lens of
- “reasoned” consideration or analysis of psychology
literary texts and their themes or issues.  looks either at the psychological
- An argument about a literary work. motivations of the characters or
- Practical of the authors themselves
- An interpretation of the meaning in  most frequently applies Freudian
text. psychology to works, but other
- Judgment of the text’s quality. approaches also exist.

Earliest example: 4. Marxist Approach

Plato’s “The Republic”  Based on the theories of Karl Marx
o an argument against the  concerned with class differences,
consequences of poetic inspirations economic and otherwise, & the
in his writing. implications & complications of the
capitalism
FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY CRITICISM  "Marxism attempts to reveal the
1. To summarize the worth of the literary ways in which our socioeconomic
material, or support or deconstruct the system is the ultimate source of
claims about the material. our experience" (Tyson 277).
2. To reevaluate ay given text.  also interested in how the lower
classes are oppressed - in
3. To invoke discussions, reassess
everyday life as well as in literature.
society, and redefine culture based on a
literary context. 5. Feminist Approach
4. To dip its toes into social and political  examines "...the ways in which
arguments literature [and other arts] reinforce
or undermine the economic,
CRITICAL APPROACHES
political, social, and psychological
- also called literary approaches or
oppression of women" (Tyson).
literary theories
 examines how culture is patriarchal
- means to understand the various ways
and strives to expose misogyny
people read texts
- lens critics used to view and talk about 6. Biographical Approach
literature  central insight: literature is written
- assumes basic ideas of the school of by actual people and that
criticism, focusing on one aspect of a work understanding an author’s life
can help readers more thoroughly
MAJOR CRITICAL APPROACHES
comprehend the work
1. Formalistic Approach
 focuses on explicating the literary
 work is its own distinct piece, free
work by using the insight provided
from its environment, era, and even
by knowledge of the author’s
author
life
 keys to understanding a text exist
within "the text itself," and thus 7. Historical Approach
focus a great deal on form (Tyson  seeks to understand a literary work
118). by investigating the social,
 cultural, and intellectual
context that produced it
 The writer’s biography
 The writer’s milieu
 This approach focuses on connection
of work to the historical period in
which it was written
 literary historians attempt to connect
the historical background of the
work to specific aspects of the work.

8. Moral/Ethical Approach
 sees literature is a traditional mode
of imparting morality, philosophy,
and religion.
 not only to discover meaning but
also to determine whether works of
literature are both true and
significant.
 This approach is concerned with
content and values.
 PURPOSE: to determine whether a
work conveys a lesson or message
and whether it can help readers lead
better lives and improve their
understanding of the world