A S T UD Y IN MAG I C A ND RE LI G I O N

TH I R D E D I TI ON

I/ o (2 7

P A R T IV \

AD O N I S A TTI S OS I R I S
V OL . II
 M AC M I L L AN AN D C O L I M I TE D
LO N DO N o
B O M B AY C A L C U TTA

M E L B O UR N E

TH E MAC M I L L AN C O M P AN Y
NE W YO R KB S O TO N o
C H I C AG O
DALLA S S
S A N F R AN C I CO

TH E M AC M I L L A N C O O F C A N A D A
. . L TD .

TO R O N TO
 A D O N I S
A TTI S O S IR I S

S T U D I ES I N TH E H I S TO R Y O F

O R I ENT A L R ELI G I O N

J . G . F R AZ E R
FE LL OW
,

O F T R I N I TY CO L L
LL D
EG E, CAM
. .

BR I DGE
,
L I TT D . .

P R O F ES S O R OF S OC I A L A N TH R OPO L OG Y IN TH E U N I V R
E S I TY OF LV RI E P OO L

TH I R D E D I TI OZV, R E VI S E D A N D E N L A R GE D

I N TW O V O LU M E S

V OL . II

M A C M I L L A N A N D CO L I M I TED
.
,

’
ST . M A RT I N S S T R EET LO ND O N ,

1 9 1 4
 CO NT E N TS

BOO K TH I R D

OS I R I S Pp . 1 -
2 1 8

C H A P TE R I .
— TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S Pp 3 - 2 3

Os iri s y i
th e Eg p t t rp r t
an f Ad i co u n e d A tt i 3 ; h i m y th 3 qq
a o th o n s an s, s ,
s . e

P y r mid T x t
a 4 6 O irie s, f th -
r h g d d th k y g dd
s s a so n o e ea t - o an e s -
o ess,

6 m rri ahi i esr I i 7 i tr d th l tiv i f r d f th

s s st e s s, n o u ce s e cu at o n o co n an o e

vi 7 ; h i vi l t d th 7 q I i
ne , s o en r h f h i b dy d t k
ea , s . s s s ea c es or s o an a es

r f g i t h w mp 8 ; h
e u e n e s iv H r th y g r b y th d d
a s, s e co nce es o us e o un e e ea

O iri th b dy f O iri fl t t B y b l d i th r f d by I i
‘

s 8 s, e o o s s oa s o us a n s e e o un s s,

9 q s t h b dy r
. t i pi
e o by S t Ty p h
en b tr
n v r d d b ri d
ec es e or on u ec o e e an u e

by I i s s, q ; t h I Om m b sr f
. O iri t r e r d r li
e i d i ff r
e s t o s s ea su e as e cs n e en

pl a c e s, q ; l m t
1 1 s f th . i t r I i d N p h th y f O iri
a en s o e ; s s e s s s an e s or s s, 12

b i g b r g h t t li f O iri r i g
e n ou ki g
o d j dg
e f th d d i th
s s e ns as n an u e o e ea n e

oth r w rl d
e oq th ,
f i
12 f tsh d. d 3 q ; th f t
e c o n e ss o n o f th e ea , 1 s . e a e o e

wi k d
c 4 ; th
e , r rr ti
1 f O iri r g r d d b y th Egy p t i
e e su ec on o s s e a e e a ns as a

pl deg f t
eh ir o w i mm r t li
e t y 5 o q ; n t t b t w oS t a d , 1 s . c o n es s e ee n e an

H r o th u s,b r th r e d f O iri
o f e th an r w f Eg y p t 6 8 ;
so n o s s, or e c o n o ,
1 -1

B iri
us d Ab y d
s an th hi f t f th w r h i p f O iri
os e c 8 th t mb
e s ea s o e o s o s s, 1 e o

of O iri st Ab yd s a 8 q ; i d t i fi d w i th th t mb f K i g K h t
o s, 1 s . en e e o o n en ,

1 9 q ; th
s . l p t r d ffig y f O iri
e sc u qu e th h wk r t
e o
q s s, 2 0 s . e a c es , 2 1 s .

th i ti f O iri w i th Byb l
e asso c a on o q s s us , 2 2 s .

C H A P TE R II .
—TH E O F F I CI A L E G YP TI A N

C AL E N D A R Pp 2 4 2 9 .
-

Th e d t f
a e o f iv l m ti m
a es t l t th ar f th g d 4 ; th y r f
so e es a c ue o e n a tu e o e o ,
2 e ea o

th Eg y p t i
e l dr vg anm v bl 4 q ; div r
ca e n f th a a a ue or o a e o ne , 2 s . o ce o e

ffi i l
o l d r fr m th t r l l d r f th
c a c a en a
5 qo tt m p t e na u a c a en a o e sea so n s , 2 s . a e

f P t l m y I I I t r f r m th
o o e l d r by i t r l t i
. 6 q
o th fi d
e o e ca en a n e ca a o n, 2 s . e xe

Al x edri any r i t i t d b y th R m
an 7 9 ea ns tu e e o a n s, 2 -
2 .
vi CON TE N TS

C H A P TE R II I .
-
TH E C AL E N D A R OF TH E

E G YP TI A N FA R M E R Pp .
3 48
0 -

I . l e R ise a nd f
Fal l N il e, p
p 3 0
o 3 2 — I n Eg p t th e o p e a t o ns o f
t/z e .
-
. y r i
h u s b a nd ry l ri
de p ende nt o n th e a nnu a se a nd fa o f th e N e , 3 0 s
q ll il .

irri g i a t o n , so wi g d h rv t i E gy p t 3
n , an a es n , 0 sq . e v t en s o f th e ag ri l t r l
cu u a

y r pr
ea o ba b ly l b r t d w i th r lig i ri
ce e a e e o us t es , 32 .

§ 2 . R ites f
o l rrz g a tio n ,
pp .
33 -
40 .
— M o u r n i ng fo r O s iri s at i
m dsu m me r w h en

th e Ni ri 3 3 q i m l t
l e b eg i ns fto 3 4 ; S iri se , s . s u a neo us ri se o S iri us , us

r g rd d th t r f I i 3 4 q i ri i g m rk d th b g i i g f
e a e as e s a o s s, s . ts s n a e e e nn n o

th r d Egy p ti y r 3 5 q ; i mp r t
e sa c e f th b rv ti
an f it ea ,
s . o a n ce o e o se a on o s

g r dal di p l
ua m t i t h ivil
s l d r 3
a ce6 q r men i b rv d n e c c a en a ,
s . ce e o n es o se e

i Egy p t
n d th r p r t f A fri
an t th tt i g f th d m
o e 37 4 a s o ca a e cu n o e a s, - 0 .

§ 3 . [ Bites o
f S o w ing , pp 4 0-4 5 . .
—
Th e so i
w ng o f t h e see d in N o v e mb e r , 40 ;
P l tr
u a r l h r t r f th ri
c h o n th e m o u n fu f wi g 4 4 c a ac e o e t es o so n , 0- 2 ; h is
vi w th t th w r h i p f th fr i t f th r h p r g fr m v r b l
e a e o s o e u s o e ea t s an o a e a

mi d r t di g 4
sun q h i
e s an
; th r y i v r i f t h tnr th,43 ; 2 s . s eo an n e s on o e u ,

r p t h w by v g f th fr i t d i m l w h i h h y
es ec s o n sa a es or e u s an an a s c t e ea t ,

43 q l m t ti
s . t wi g 4 5
a en a o ns a so n , .

§ 4 . R ites f H
o a rvest ,
pp 4 5 4 8 —L a me n ta t o ns o f th e E.
gy p t a n co n ea p e s,
-
. i i r r - r
i il r r
4 5 sq ; s m a c e em o n es o b se e d by t h e C h e o e e I nd a n s in th e
. i rv rk i
cu t l iv i
a t o n o f th e co m , 4 6 sq ; a m e nta t o n s o f C a fo n an I nd a n s a t . l i li r i i
i r
c u tt ng sa c ed w o o d, 4 7 s
q A a b ce emo n o f b u ng
“
th e o l d m a n
" . r r y ry i
a t ha rves t , 4 8 .

C H A P TE R IV .
—
TH E O F F I CI A L F ES TI V AL S OF

OS I R I S p p 49 9 5 ,
-

1 . me F e ti s va l a t S a is , p p 4 9- 5 1 . .
—Th
y i iv l ti ry i
E g p t a n fe st
e a s s ta o na n th e
so a lry r ea a ft e r
th e a do p t o n i l x ri l dri 3
o f th e A e a nd a n ca e n a n 0 B C . .
,

49 s
q . th e su fT
e rin s
g o f O iri di p l y d
s my t ry t S i
s s
5 ; a e as a s e a a s, 0 th e
ill mi ti
u na on of the h o u s es th t
on i gh t gg tiv f F t f a n su es e o a ea s o Al l
S l 5
o u s, 0 sq .

F ea sts o f A tt S o u l s
pp 5 1 -
8 3
— Ann ua fe s t a s o f th e dea d a mo n th e l iv l
,
g
. .

na t iv es o f A m e c a , th e Ea s t I nd e s
,
ri
I nd a , Ea ste n a n d W e ste n As a , i i r r i
a nd Af ri ca , 51 -
66 ; a nnu a l fe s t iv l f th d d a s o e ea amo n
g p eo p l es of th e
A ry an fa m il y ,
67 s
qq .
; a nn u a l f tiv l f th es a o e dea d a m o ng th e old
I ra n i a n s, 67 s
q . a n n ua l fes t iv l f th d d i
a s o e ea n Eu
69 8 0 ; t r o pe , -
ra ns

r
p o te d t o th e N ew W o rl d , 80 sq .
; th e F ea st o f A l l S o u s o n l 2 nd

v
N o e mb e r
p p a en t a r ly
a n o l d C e t c fe s t a li iv l of th e de a d, 8 1 s
q . s i m il r a
o rig i n su
gge s t ed fo r t h e F e a st o f Al l S a n t s i o n I st No v e mb e r ,
82 s
q .
 CON TE N TS vii
3 . T l i e F estiv a l in tb e [ Wo n t/i o
f A t l zy pp
r, . 8 4 86 -
.
-
F est iv l a of th e dea th a nd

r rr ti
e su ec on of Os iri s in th e m o nt h o f A th y r, 8 4 s
q .
; th e fi ndi ng of

O iri 85s s, s
q .

4 . Tli e Fest iv a l in l li o [ W f
o n t/i o
’
A l z o ia k , p p . 86 88 -
.
—Th e gr ea t Os iri an

i nsc ri p i t on at r D e nde ah , 8 6 ; th e dea th , i

d sm e m b e m e n t , r a nd r ec o n

st itu tio n o f O iri r p r

s s e e s e nt e d a t th e fe st iv l a of Kho i k a , 87 sq .

5 . Tb e R es u rrect io n o f Os iris , pp . 89 91 -
.
—Th e r rr ti
esu ec on .
of Osiri s

r pre esent ed on th e m o nu m ents, 8 9 sq .

; r
c o n -stu ffed e ftig ie s of O iri s s

b riu ed i
w th th e de a d t o e nsu e th e r ir r e su rr ti
ec o n, 90 sq .

6 . R ea ct u stj men t o f Egy p t ia n F estiv a l s, p p 9 1 -9 5 . .

— Th e fest iv l a s of Os iri s

in th e m o n th s r ly h m i b t
o f A t h y r a nd K h o a k a p p a e n t i t e sa e n su s a nce,

9 1
q ; t
s h f
. t iv l f K h i k p er h p t r
es f rr d t A th ya w h t h o o a e a s a ns e e o r en e

E gy p t i d p t d th fi x d A l x dri
a ns a y r 9 q t th m ti m
o e e e e an an ea , 2 s . a e sa e e

th d te f l l th
a es o ffi i l Eg y p t i f t iv l p r h p
a h i ft d by b
e t
o c a an es a s e a s s e a ou

a m th i on r d r t r t r th m t th ir t r l p l
n o e i th ol r es o e e o e na u a a c es n e so a

y r ea :

C H A P TE R V .
—TH E N A TU R E OF OSI R I S Pp .
9 6 -
1 1 4

Osiris a Corn - Go d, p p 9 6 1 0 7 O s s in o ne o f h is a sp e c ts a p e s o n fi ca t o n
.
-
.
— iri r i i
of th e c o m , 9 7 sq th e e g e n d o f h is d sm e mb e m e nt p e ha p s a re min is
. l i r r
c en ce o f a c u s to m i ll y i
o f d sm em b e i ri ng h u man vi ti m c s, p ec a esk ng s, in
th h r t r f th
e c a ac e r p iri t 9 7 q ; R m o r r ii
e co n -s , s . o an a n d G ee k t a d t o n s

of th di m mb r m te f ki g s d th r
e 98 q m d r Th
e en i o n s an o e s, s . o e n rac a n

t m
cu s o 99 q di m m
,
b rm t f th sN r K i g H l fd
. th s e e en o e o se n a an e

Bl k ac ; di m m b r m
,
t
1 00f S g r m gi i sf Ki w i e ; e en o e e a, a a c an o a ,
1 01

t m f di m mb i g
cu s o oki g d b r y i g th p i
s e i d ff r t p l
er n a n an u n e e c es n i e en a ces
,

1 01 s
q f r t ili i g vir t
. f g i t l m mb r
e z
q pnr t i ft r ue o en a e e , 1 02 s . ec a u o ns a e

w rd t k
a t prs rv th b di f k i g fr m m til i
a en o e se
3 gr v e e o es o n s o u at o n, 10 a es

f ki g
o d h i f k pt
n s an r t t p r v t th m til t i f h i b di
c e s e sec e o e en e u a on o t e r o es,

104 q ; K si g t m. f di m m b ri g w h l r
on a 6; d h ir d
cus o o s e e n a e s, 10 re -
a e

Eg y pt i vi ti m p r h p r p r t tiv f th r piri t 6 q
an c s e a s e e sen a es o e co n -s ,
10 s .

2 . Os iris a Tree-Sp ir it, p p . 1 07 - 1 1 2 .

— O siri s as a t r ee - sp iri t , 1 0 7 sq . h is
im l
ag e e nc o se d in a p i n e -t ee ; r 1 08 ; th e se t t n g i p o f th e deal p a a t
u ill r
th f t iv l
e es a of Os iri s, 1 08 sq .
; Os iri s asso c i a t ed w th th e
p e , th e
n i i
y m r th
s ca o e, e ta m ri k a s , a nd th e ac a c a , i 1 1 0 sq .
; his r l ti
e a on to f r it
u

tr th vi
e es , e n e, a n d iv y ,
1 1 1 sq .

3 . Osiris a God o
f F ert il ity , pp . 1 12 -1 1 3 .
— Osiri s r
p e h a p s co nc e ed as a iv
g od o f fe t r ili y i t n g e ne rl a ,
1 12 ; c o a se s r ym b li o s m to e
p e ss t h s dea, x r i i
I 12 sq .

4 . Osiris a God qf tl z e D ea a , p p ’
. 1 1 3
- 1 I 4 .
— O siri s a g o d o f th e resu rre c tio n a s

we ll a s o f th e c o n , 1 1 3 s
q r .
g r ea t
p o pu a l ri ty of his w o r h ip
s ,
1 1 4 .
 C ON TE N TS

C H A P TE R V I .
— ISI S Pp . 1 1 5 -
1 1 9

M l ti f ri
u t t ri b t
a o us a u es o f Is i s, 1 1 5 q s .
; Is i s r
c o m p a e d a n d c o n t a st e d r i
w th t h e

m h r g dd ot e o esse s f 6; o p A iri g i ll
s a,y r g 1 1 I i s s e rh a
ps o na a co n - o dde ss ,

6 q rfi
1 1 s . e ne m t d p iri
en li t i f I i i l t r ti m
an sth tu a za on o s s n a e es , e p O
p u

l a rity of her w r hip i

o sth R m E m p ir n7 q ; r mb l e o an e, 1 1 s . e se a nce of

Is i s to t h e M a do nn a , 1 1 8 sq .

C I I A P TE R VII — OSI R IS . AN D TH E S UN Pp . 1 2 0- 1 2 8

Os iri i t r p r d th
s n e by m y m d r
e te as w ri r e qq ; thsu n ltr an o e n te s , 12 0 s . e a e

id ifi i f O iri w i th R
en t ca t o nth g d o vi d t h
s t O iri
s a, e s un - o ,
no e en c e a s s

w ri g i ll y th
as o q ; m
na t E g y p t i g de t m su n ,t i m 1 2 0 s . os an o s a so e e

i d tifi d w i h then 3
e ; tt m p t ft A m p h i I Ve t b
su n , li h 12 a e o e no s . o a o s

ll g d a x p t th o g d s 3 e 5 ; t
ceh d th d r rre t i s un- f o , 12 -
12 e ea an esu ec on o

O iri m r s t r ll y x p l i
s d by h d
o e y d g r w th f v g t ti
na u a e a ne t e e ca an o o e e a on

th by t
an d ri 5 8
su n se an su n se, 12 -1 2 .

C H A P TER V I I I — O S I R I S A N D TH E M O O N P p 1 2 9 1 3 9 . .
-

O iri
s m ti m
s so i t r pr t d by h
e t
es h m n e 9 vi d f th
e e t e a nc ren s a s t e o o n, 1 2 e e n ce o e

i ti f O iri w i th th m
a sso c a on 9 3 ; i d t i fi ti
o f O iri
s s e o o n, 12 - 1 1 en ca on o s s

w i h th m tp p r tl y b d e m p r tiv l y l t th ry f h
oon a a en ase on a co a a e a e eo o t e

m th f g r w th
o o n as d d y 3 q p r ti l r l f d d
e c au se o o an e ca , 1 1 s . ac ca u es o un e

th i t h
on r y 3 3 7 ; th m r g rd d th
s eo , r fmitr
1 2 -1 e oo n e a e as e so u ce o o s u e,

37 q th m
1 t r ll y w r h i p p d by g ri
s . e l r l p pl 3 8 q
o o n na u a o s e a cu tu a eo e s, 1 s .

l t r i d ti fi ti f h r g d O ifi w i th th m
a e en ca 39 on o t e co n- o s s e o o n, 1 .

C H AP TE R IX .
—TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R
S Y M P A TH Y Pp . 1 40 -
1 50
Th e do ct ri r y mp t hy 4 q
ne o f l r m i t wm
u na ft m gi l
s a , 1 0 s . ce e o n es a ne oon o en a ca

r th r h r li g i b i g i d d t m h t p r p i ti t th p l t
a e t an e o us, e n n te n e no so uc o o a e e a ne

t r
as w y m p th ti
o ll y h li f f m
e ne
4 s
q th m d a e ca t e e o a n, 1 0 s e o o n su o se
pp .

t x r i p i l i fl
o e e c se s h il dr 4 4 qq Bg d rm i
ec a n u ence on c en , 1 s . a an a ce e o n es

a t th w m 47 q
e ne f th m t i r m y d r
o o n, 1 s . u se o e oon o nc e a se o ne or e c ea se

iks c 48 5 n e ss, 1 -1 0 .

C H A P TE R X .
-
TH E KI N G As OS I R I S Pp . 1 51
-
1 57
Os iri s p e r
s o na ted b y th e Ix mg of y
Eg p t , 1 5 1 ; th e S e d fe st a n te n ded to iv l i
r e ne w th e ki ng s
’
li f e, 1 51 s i i i
qq ; de nt fi c a t o n o f t h e
. ng w th th e dea d ki i
Os iri s at th e fes t iv l a , 1 53 s
q .Pr f r F li o e ss o n d r P tri
e s x p l ti
e
’
e s e a na on of

th e S e d fest iv l a , 1 54 sq . si mil r x pl ti a e a na o n su
gg t d b y M A
es el x . e a nd e r
M r o et , 1 55 sq q .
 CON TE N TS ix

C H A P TE R X L— TH E OR IGI N OF OS I R I S Pp . 1 58
-
2 00

O g ri i n o f th e i f O iri
c o n ce p t o n g d f v g
o t t i sd t h ds d as 58 a o o e e a on an e ea , 1

O iri di ti g i h d fr m th
s s s n k i dr d d i t i
u s e Ad i o d A t t i b y the n e e es on s an s e

d mio t p
nan i ti b os p i d i Eg y p tion r li g i
e o cc u 58 ; l l g r t e d n an e o n, 1 a ea an

l ti g r lig i f d d b y g r t m
as n e o ns o un5 9 q eth h i t ri l r li ty eaf en, 1 s . e s o ca ea o

O iri s ld ki g
s as an O f Eg y p t p p r t d b y A fri
n o l gi 6 q su o e can ana o es, 1 0 s .

d d k i g w r h i pp d by th S h ill k
ea n s o s f th Wh i t N il
e 6 67e d d u s o e e e, 1 1 -1 ea

k i g w r h i p p d b y th B g d f C t r l Afri
n s o s e e 67 7 3 a d d ki g
an a o en a ca , 1 - 1 ea n s

w r h i pp d i K i i b
o s e 73 q n ; t
z r l p iri
a, t w r h
1 i pp d b y s th .B t a n ces a s s o s e e an u

t ri b esf N r th ro Rh d io 7 4 7 6 ; th w r h i p f
e n o tr l
es a , p iri t
1 - 1 e o s o a nc e s a s s

a
pp r t
a enl y t h m i p r t i l e r li g i a n f l l t h B ac t t ri b ca f A f ri e on o a e an u es o ca ,

1 76 9 -1 d d hi f
1 k i g w r h i p p d b y th B t t ri b
ea c e s or nf N r th r
s o s e e an u es o o e n

Rh d i o es a , 1
9 93 d d k i g w r h i pp d b y th B r t
1 -1 ea f th Z m b i
n s o s e e a o se o e a es ,

1 93 9 5 th w r h i p f d d k i g
-1 e o i m p rt t l m t i th r lig i
s o ea n s an o an e e en n e e on

o f m y A fri an t ri b 95 q ca n m A fri e s, g d wh 1 w di
s . so e can o s, o a re no s

t i g i h d fr m g h
n u s e t m y h v b o ri g i ll y d d m
o s s, a 96 q ; a e ee n o na ea en , 1 s .

p i
o ss b ili ty th t O iri d I i m y h v b a s s an r l ki g d q s s f a a e een a ea n an u een o

Eg y p t p r h p i d t i l w i h K i g K h
, e a s ent f th ca fir t dy tyt d hi n en o e s na s an s

q u e en , 9 7 99 1 gg
-t d1 p r ll l b t wsu O iri es e d C h rl m g
a a e e een s s an a e a n e,

1 99 th q tie f h h i t ri l r li ty f O iri l ft p
u es on o t e 99 q
s o ca ea o s s e o en , 1 s .

C H A P TE R X I I — M O TH E R .
-
KI N AN D M O TH E R
G OD D ES S ES Pp . 2 01 -
2 I 8

§ 1 . Dy ing Gods a n d M o u rn ing Goddesses , pp . 2 0 1 -2 0 2 .

—S u b sta nt a i l i m il ri ty
s a

i
o f A do n s , A tt s, a nd O s s , 2 00 su p e i iri ri ri tyo of th e g o ddesses itd
a sso c a e

i
w th Ado n i s, A tt i s, a n d O iri s s a ma k r o f th y e s s te m o f m o th e r ki
-
n, 2 0 1 s
q .

I nflu en ce f M o tfi er R in R el igio n , p p? 2 02 -2 1 2 — o t h e -k in an d fa th e M r r
'

o - on .

k in , 2 02 r
m o th e -k in a nd g o ddesses p e do m n ant a m o ng th e K h a sis,
‘
r i
2 02 -
2 04 r
m o th e -k in a nd c a n g o ddesses p edo m nan t a mo ng th e P e ew l r i l
Isl dr an 4 qq e s, 2 0 s . in th e P e i mp r t l ewf w m b Is
d l a n ds th e o anc e o o en a se

p rtl y
a m th r k i on o e n, p r tl ya mi d r li g i
o n eco no r d 5 8 c an o un s, 2 0 -2 0
-
g e ous

p r ll l b tw
a a th e e e en e P l w I l
e e d d th i t E t 8 m th r
s an s an e a n c en as ,
2 0 o e

ki t m th r r l
n no o e -
u e, 2 08 q v w i th m th r k i th g v r m t i
s . e en o e -
n e o e n en n

th e h a n ds of me n , no t f w m o 9 ; gy r y dr m b t
en, 2 0 2 1 1 n a eco c a c
o -
a ea u

m o th e -k in r a fac t, 2 1 1 s q i fl . f th i f t n r li gi u e nce o s ac on e o n, 2 12 .

3 . M o tner-I f in and M otlz er Goddesses in

E a s t , p p 2 1 2 -2 1 8 th e A n cien t . .

M r
o th e -k in in W e st e n A s a
,
2 1 2 sq ; m o th e k in in E
g p t, 2 1 3 sq r i . r - y .

y i rri r r
Eg p t a n m a ages o f b o th e s a nd s ste s b a se d o n th e s s te m o f m o th e i r y r
k in , 2 1 4 sqq th e t a d t o n a m a r ii l
a e o f Os
g . s w th h is s ste Is s rri iri i i r i a

r e fl ect i o n o f r l il t
a ea so c a c us o m, 2 1 6 ; th e e nd o f Os iri s, 2 1 6 sq . co n

se rva tism o f th E g y p t ie 7 a ns, 2 1 s

q . o ri g i l ty p na e of Os iri bs e tte r p r rv e se ed

th a n t h o se o f Ad i d A tt i o n s an s, 2 1 8 .
 CON TE N TS

N O T ES Pp . 2 1 9
-
2 68

I . M O LO C H TH E KI N G Pp . 2 1 9
-
2 2 6

II . TH E WI DO WED FLA M E N Pp . 2 2 7 -
2 48

1 . Tli e P o l l u t i o n f
o D ea t/z

2 . Tl i e M a rriag e o
f tfi e R o ma n Go ds

3 . C/z il dren f
o L iv ing P a ren t s in R it u a l Pp . 2 36 -
2 48

III . A C HAR M To P R O TE C T A T O WN Pp . 2 49
-
2 5 2

IV . S OM E C US TO M S OF TH E P E LE w

I S L A N D ER S Pp . 2 53
-
2 68

1 . P riest s dressed as Wo men

2 . P ro st it u t io n o
f Un ma rr ied
3 . Cu sto m of sl ay ing Cfi iefs

I NDE X Pp . 2 69 3 2 -
1
B O O K TH I R D

OS IR IS
 C H AP T ER I

TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S

IN ncient E g y pt the g o d w h o se d e a th a n d re s urrecti o n w ere O iri th

a s s
o
e

a n n u a ll y c e l e b r a ted w ith a lt e rn a te so rr o w a nd j o y w a s fi gi yp
o nt
“

O s iri s the m o s t p o pul a r o f a l l E g y pti a n deitie s ; a n d ther e P

,
f art q

Ad o ni s
a re g o o d g r o u nd s fo r cl a ss i n g h i m I n o ne o f h l S a s pect s w i th d A tt i an s .

A d o n i s a n d A tti s a s a p e r s o n ific a ti o n O f the g r e a t y e a rl y

vici ssitude s o f n a ture e s peci a ll y o f the c o r n B ut the i mm en s e
,
.

v o g ue w hich h e enj o y ed fo r m a ny a g e s i n d uced h is dev o ted

w o r s hipp e r s t o he a p up o n h im the a ttribute s a n d p o w er s
o f m a n y o ther g o d s so th a t it is n o t a l w a y s e a sy to s trip
'

h im s o t o s a y o f h is b o rr o w ed plu m e s a n d t o re s t o re the m
, ,

t o their pr o p e r o w n er s I n the fo ll o w i n g p a g e s I do n o t
.

prete nd t o e n u mera te a nd a n a l y se a l l the a l ie n e le m e n t s

w hich thu s g a thered r o u n d the p o pul a r deity A l l th a t I I .

s h a ll a tte m pt t o do is t o peel o ff the s e a ccreti o n s a n d t o _

\
e xhibit the g o d a s fa r a s p o s s ible in h is
,
w av e s i m pl icit y
Th e di s c o verie s O f rece n t y e a r s in E g y pt e na Dl e u s t o do s o
l
l/ ,
-
.

w ith m o re c o n fide n ce n o w th a n w he n I fir s t a ddre s s ed my s elf

t o the pr o b le m m a n y y e a r s a g o .

Th e s t o ry o f O s iri s is t o ld in a c o nnected fo r m o n l y Th my h e t
f O iri
b y P l ut a rch w h o se n a rr a tive h a s be e n c o n fir m ed a nd
,
O s s '

to so m e extent a m plifi e d in m o dern ti m e s b y the evide n ce

O f the m o n u me n t s O f the m o n u me n t s w hich illu s tr a te
1
.

1
S ee P ltr
u a ch , Os iris , [ s is et ( Be rli n, pp 3 8 s qq ; A . . .

12 2 0 ; R
-
V La n z o n e , D iz io n a rio di
. . i
W edemann , D ie R el ig ion der a l ten
M ito l og ia E g iz ia ( Tu n, 1 8 8 1 ri Agy p ter ( un ste M
W r i
pp . . .

vo l. ii pp
. 6 92 sqq ; A E m a n ,
. . . r 1 09 sqq ; id , R el igio n of tb c A n cien t
. .

A egyp ten u n d a egyp t iscl z es Leben im Egyp t ia n s ( L o ndo n , p p 2 07 .

A l tertu m ( Tub ng en , i pp 3 6 5 . s
qq ; G
. a sp e.o , H iM
st r
oire a n cien ne

6
3 9 id , D ie. a
gyp t is cfi e R el ig io n 2 ’
des P eup l es de l Orien t Cl a ss ique , 1 72 i .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S BOOK I I I

the m y th o r le e n d o f O s iri s the o lde s t a re a l o ng g

s erie s of h y m n s pr a y er s i n c a n t a ti
,
o n s a n d litur g i es w
,
hich , ,

h a ve bee n fo u n d e ng ra ved in hi e ro g l y phic s o n t h e w a ll s ,

p a ssa g e s a nd g a lleri e s o f five p y r a m id s a t S a k k a r a F r o m

,
.

the pl ac e w h e re th ey w ere di s c o ve re d the se a ncie n t re

l ig io u s rec o rd s a re k n o w n a s the P y r a m id Text s They .

d a te fro m th e fifth a n d s ixth d y na stie s a n d t h e peri o d ,

of ti m e duri n g w hich the y w er e c a rved o n t h e p y r a m id s

is b eli e ved to h a ve b e e n r o u hl
g y a hu n dred a n d fift y
y
e a r s fr o m a b o ut the y e a r 2 6 2 5 B C o n w a rd But fr om . . .

their c o n tent s it a ppe a rs th a t m a ny o f the s e d o cu me n t s

w ere dr a w n up m uch e a rli e r ; fo r in s o m e o f th e m there
a re refer e nce s t o w o rk s w hich h a v e peri s hed a n d in o ther s ,

there a re p o litic a l a llu si o ns w hich seem to S h o w th a t the

p a s sa g e s c o nt a i ni ng the m m u s t h a ve be e n c o mp o sed a t
a ti me w he n the N o rth e rn a nd S o uthern K i ng d o ms
w ere s till i n depe n de n t a n d h o s tile s t a t e s a n d h a d n o t y e t
c o a le sced into a s in g le re a l m under the s w ay o f o ne p o w er
ful mo n a rch A s the uni o n o f the kin g d o m s a ppe a r s
.

to h a ve t a ke n pl a ce a b o ut three th o u s a n d fo ur hu n dred

y e a r s befo re o u r e ra the w h o le peri o d c o ver e d b y the c o m

,

p o s iti o n o f the P y r a mid Text s pr o b a b l y did no t fa ll S h o rt o f

a th o u sa nd y e a r s Thu s the d o cu me n t s fo r m th e o lde s t
.

b o dy o f reli g i o u s l iter a ture survivi ng to u s fr o m the a nci e n t

w o rld a n d o ccup y a pl a ce in t h e hi s t o r y o f E g y pti a n l a n
,

g u a g e a n d civiliz a ti o n l ike th a t w hich the V edic h y m n s a n d

i nc a n t a ti o ns o ccupy in the hi s to ry o f A ry a n s peech a nd

culture .
1

The S peci a l purp o se fo r w hich the se text s w ere e ng r a ved

o n the p y r a m id s w a s t o en s ure the eter n a l life a n d fe licit
y
o f the de a d kin g s w h o S lept b e ne a th the s e c o l o s sa l m o n u

sqq .
; E . A . W a lli s
B udg e , Tl i e Go ds W a lli s B u dge , Os iris a n d tl z e Egy p t ia n
of t ire E gy pt ia n s ( L o ndo n , ii . R esu rrect io n ( L o ndo n, 1 00 .i
1 2 3 sqq id , Os iri s a n d tl z e gyp tia n
. .

E sq q . r ri
Th e fi s t se es o f t h e t e ts w a s x
R esu rrect ion ( Lo ndo n , i 1 sqq . . i vr
d sc o e e d in 1 8 8 0 w h e n a
’
e tte s M ri
1
J H B eas ted, D evel op men t of
. . r r r
w o k m e n p e n e t a t e d n to t h e p i
am d yr i
R el ig io n a nd Tfi o ug fi t in A n cien t i
o f K ng P e p i
t h e F st T ir
th e n it . ill
Egy p t ( Lo ndo n , pp V II s
q , 77 . . . h a d b ee n th o ug h t b y mo de n sc h o a s r lr
sq q , 8 4 sq q , 9 1 s
.
qq .Co m p a e id , H is . r . t h a t th e p yr i
a m ds w e e des t t u te o f r i
f01 j ’of tl z e A n cien t Egy p tia n s ( L o ndo n , insc ri i
p t o ns Th e fi st to e d t th e
. r i
p 6 8 ; Ed M ey e r, Gescl z icb te des
. . yr i x
P a m d Te ts w as S ir G asto n M as
A l te tu ms ,
r 2
2 pp 1 1 i
6 sq ; E A
. . . . . .
p re o .
CHAP . 1 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S

me nt s Hence . the d o m in a nt n o te th a t s o und s thro u g h h bli f l t e ss u

the m a l l is a n i n si s tent a p a ssi o n a te pr o t e s t a g a in s t the ,

r e a lit y o f de a th : i n deed the w o rd d e a th n ever o ccur s in th e Eg y p i t an

k mg
P y r a m id Text s except to be sc o rnfull y d e n ied o r t o be
s’

a pplied t o a n e ne m y A g a in a n d a g a i n the ind o m it a ble .

a ss ur a nce is repe a ted th a t the de a d m a n d id n o t die but

l ive s K in g Teti h a s no t died t h e de a th he h a s bec o me

.
“
,

a g l o ri o u s o ne in the h o riz o n H O ! K in g Uni s ! Th o u

”
.

did s t n o t dep a rt de a d th o u did s t dep a rt l i v in g T ho u ,

.
”

h a s t dep a rte d th a t th o u m i g hte st live th o u h a st no t de ,

p a rted th a t th o u m i g hte s t d ie T h o u die s t no t Thi s .

“
.
“

K i ng P epi die s n o t H av e y e sa id th a t he w o uld die ? .

“

H e die s no t thi s K in g P epi live s fo r ever Live ! T h o u .

”

s h a lt n o t die Th o u live st th o u l ive st r a i se thee up “ ”

. .
,

“
Th o u die s t no t s t a n d up ra i se thee up O l o fty o n e
, ,
.
“

a mo n g the I m peri sh a ble S t a r s th o u p erish est n o t e te rn x , /

a ll T hu r E g pti a n ki n s de a th w a s sw a ll o w ed up
” 1
y . s fo y g
in vict o ry ; a n d thr o u g h their te a r s E g y pti a n m o urner s
m i g ht a sk li k e Chri s ti a n m o ur n er s th o u sa n d s o f y e a r s a fter
,

w a rd s O d e a th w here is t h y s ti n g ? O g r a ve w here is
“ ”
, , ,

t h y vict o r y ?
”

N o w it is s i g n i fic a n t th a t in the se a ncie n t d o cu m ent s, Th e

th o u g h the m y th o r le g e n d o f O siri s is n o t set fo rth a t 32n 5

len g th it is O ften a lluded to a s if it w ere a m a tter o f c o m i h

,
n t e
.

m o n k n o w led g e Hence w e m a y le g iti ma tel y infer the

.

g re a t a nti q uity o f the O s iri a n tr a diti o n in E g y pt I ndeed .

S O nu m er o u s a re the a llu s i o n s t O it in the P y r a m id T ext s

th a t by their hel p w e Co uld rec o ns truct the s t o ry in its ma in

o utlin es e ve n w ith o ut the n a rr a tive o f P l ut a rch Thu s the 2
.

di sc o v e ry o f the se text s h a s c o n fir m ed o u r bel ief in the

a ccur a c y a n d fi delit y o f the Greek w riter a n d w e m ay
“

a cc e pt h is a cc o unt w ith c o n fide n ce eve n w hen i t rec o rd s

i n cide n ts o r det a il s w hich h ave no t y e t been veri fied b y a
1
J . H . r
B e a st ed, D evel op men t of wo rk w l d m t h v r
s ou see o a e ec o rd d
e a

R el ig ion a nd Tl z oug l z t in A n cien t

‘

be e n li f i th r rr ti
e d esu ec o n an i
ascen s o n

Egy p t, p p 9 1 sq A m o n g th e e a e
. . rli r o f th e dea d .

r
w o k s re ferre d t o in th e P am d Te ts yr i x
r
_

a re
“
th e ch a p t e o f th o se w h o a sce nd 2
i
Th s h a s b ee n do n e b y P o fesso r r
and
“
th e c h p t r f th
a whe rio o se o a se J . . r
H B easte d in h is D ev el op men t of
th e m se lv es u
p (J H B r
”
t d .
p . ea s e ,
o . R el igion a n d Tnoug fi t in A n cien t
cit .
p . F r m th ir t i tl oth e es es e E gy p t, pp 1 8 sq q . .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

c o mp a ri so n w ith o ri g i na l E g y pti a n so urce s The tra g ic .

t a l e ru n s thu s
O s iri s w a s the o ffs pri n g o f a n intri g ue b e t w een the
e a rth g o d S e b ( K e b o r Geb a S t h e na me is so meti m e s tr a n s
-
,
O

liter a ted ) a nd the s k y g o dde ss N u t The Gr e ek s ide n ti fi ed -

.

h is p a r e nt s w ith their o w n deiti es C r o n u s a nd Rh e a Whe n .

the s u n g o d R a perceived th a t h is w ife N u t h a d b e e n u n

-

fa ithful to h im he decl a re d w ith a cur se th a t sh e sh o uld b e

,

deliv e red o f th e child in n o mo nth a n d n o y e a r But t h e .

dde s s h a d a n o th e r l o ver the g o d Th o th o r H e r m e s a s t he

g o , ,

Greek s c a lled h im a n d h e pl a y i n g a t dr a u g ht s w ith the ,

m o o n w o n fr o m h e r a se ve n t y se c o n d p a rt o f e very da y
?; -
,

a nd h a vin g c o m p o u n ded fi v e w h o le d a y s o u t o f th e s e p a rt s

he a dded th e m t o the E gy pti a n y e a r o f three hu ndred a nd

s ixt y d a y s Thi s w a s th e m y thic a l o ri g i n o f the five suppl e
.

m ent a ry d ay s w hich the E g y pti a n s a nn u a ll y in se rted a t the

end o f every y e a r in o rd e r to e s t a bli s h a h a r m o ny b et w ee n
l u na r a nd so l a r ti me O n the s e five d a y s re g a rd e d a s .
2
,

o ut s id e the y e a r o f t w e l v e m o nth s t h e cur se o f the s u n g o d ,

-

did n o t re s t a nd a cc o rdi ng l y O s iri s w a s b o r n o n the fir t o f

,
s

th e m A t h is n a tivity a v o ic e r a n g o u t pro cl a i m i ng th a t t h e
.

L o rd O f A l l h a d c o m e i nt o t h e w o rld S o m e sa y th a t a .

c e rta i n P a my l e s he a rd a v o ice fr o m the t e m pl e a t The b e s

biddi ng h im a nn o u nce w ith a sh o ut th a t a g re a t ki ng the ,

b e ne fi c e n t O s iri s w a s b o r n But O s iri s w a s n o t the o n l y

,
.

C h l l d o f h is m o th e r O n the sec o n d o f the s upple m e n t a ry .

d ay s S h e g a ve birth t o the eld e r H o ru s o n the third t o the ,

g o d S e t w h o m the Greek
, s c a ll e d T y ph o n o n t h e fo urth t o ,

the g o dde ss I s i s a nd o n t h e fifth to t h e g o dd e ss N ephth y s ,

.
3

1 l t r h [ i t Oii
In P u a c w by D i d
, Si l
s s e (i 3 4) w ll
s r s, 1 2 , e o o ru s cu u s . 1 . as e

m t l rl y r d éfld un
us c ea b dé p ea by P l r h (I i t O i i
o xoa r v e re o v as u ta c s s e s r s,

w i th S lig r d Wy t b h f th Th m m ry f th fi
ca e an
pp l m t ry
ten a c or e e e o o e v e su e en a

éfld nn o é f th M S S
xo o r v O d y m e rviv i th m d r . a s s ee s to su e n e o e n

H r d t
2
ii 4 w i th A W i d
e o o u s, C pti l d r f Egy p t Th d y
.
, . e e o c ca en a o . e a s

L Id l r H fr m th fi r t t th ix th f A m h i
’
m t
ann s n o e do l d . e e , an uc i er o e s o e s o s r

m t/ m t i l dt / i / C/ ( F b r ry ) ll d th d y id “
a ze a sc i en u n ec z n sc z en z ro n o e ua a re c a e e a s o u ts e

l g i ( B rli
o c 8 5 e i 94 qq
n, 1th y r 2 d th y d m d m . s . e ea an e are ee e u

A E rm
. A gy p t d
a n,
gy p t i l el ky A y h il d b g t
en un d ri g ae sc z es uc . n c e o t en u n

L o e enim A l t t m p p 4 6 8 q G th
er u d y i l l i f lli b l y b m i h p
, . s . . ese a s w n a e ss a en

M p r Hi t i
as e o i
. d P pl b rm ll y t ll h r Th i l
s o re a n c enn e es eu es or a no a a or s o t . s a so

iq i 8 q li i l t tl
’
d l O i t Cl
e r en a ss
pp t m
u e, h
. t 2 0 d s . a es o an a s so t a ca e an

Th b ir th f th fi
3
e d i i th m ro e v r d d ri g th
ve e t es o n e a es a re no t co e e u n e se

fi ve
p p l m t ry d y i m t i
su e d
en a d y ; m r v r a m s
y ( th gh
s en o ne a s o eo e ,
so e sa ou
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

c o ffer i nt o the N ile Thi s h a pp e ned o n the s eve n teenth da y .

o f the m o n th A t h y r w h e n the s u n is in th e S i g n o f the ,

S c o rpi o n a nd in the e i g ht a n d t w e nti e th y e a r o f the rei g n o r

,
- -

o f O s ir i s When I si s he a rd o f it s h e she a red o ff .

a l o ck o f her h a ir put o n
mu
o rni n g a ttire a n d w a ndered , ,

di sc o nso l a tel y up a n d d o w n see k i ng the b o d y ,

.

B y the a dvice o f the g o d o f w i s d o m s h e t o o k refu g e

in the p a p y ru s s w a m p s o f the D elt a S e ve n s c o rpi o ns .

a cc o m p a n ied her in her fli g ht O ne evenin g w hen s h e .

w as w e a ry s h e c a me to the h o u se o f a w o m a n w h o , ,

a l a r m ed a t the s i g ht o f the s c o rpi o n s S hut the d o o r in her ,

fa ce Then o ne o f the sc o rpi o n s crept under th e d o o r a nd

.

s tun g the child o f the w o m a n th a t he died But w hen I si s .

he a rd the m o ther s l a me n t a ti o n her he a rt w a s t o uched a nd

’
, ,

sh e l a id her h a nd s o n the child a n d utter e d her p o w erful

s pell s ; so t h e p o i so n w a s driven o u t o f the child a n d he

lived A ft er w a rd s I s i s her self g a ve birth to a so n in the

.

sw a m p s S h e h a d c o n ceived h im w hile S h e fluttered in the

.

fo r m o f a h a w k o ver the c o rp se o f her de a d hu sb a nd T he .

infa n t w a s the y o u ng er H o ru s w h o in h is y o uth b o re the ,

n a me o f H a rp o cr a te s th a t is the child H o ru s H im But o , ,

.
,

the g o dde ss o f the n o rth hid fro m the w r a th o f h is w rc ,

uncle S e t Y e t S h e c o uld n o t g u a rd h im fr o m a l l m i sh
.

’
fo r o n e da y w hen I s i s c a m e to her little so n s hidi ng pl a ce -

S h e fo u n d h im s tretched lifele s s a n d ri g id o n the g r o u n d : a

s c o rpi o n h a d s tun h im The n I s i s pr a ed t o the su n d

g y g o .
-

R a fo r h e lp The g o d h e a rke ned to her a nd st a id h is b a rk

.

in the sk y a nd se n t d o w n Th o th to te a ch her the s pel l b y

,

w hich S h e m i g ht re s t o re her s o n t o life S h e uttered the .

w o rd s o f p o w er a n d s tr a i g ht w a y the p o i so n fl o w ed fro m
,

the b o d y o f H o ru s a ir p a ssed i n to h im a nd h e lived Then , , .

Th o th a scended up i n t o the sk y a n d t o o k h is pl a ce o nce

mo re in the b a rk o f the su n a n d the bri g ht p o m p p a ssed ,

o n w a rd j ubil a nt
2
.

Pl t r h [ i t O i i
1 ii 6 id O im
'

u a c 3 q , s s e d t/ Egyp t i
s r s, 1 s . . 2 0 -
2 1 1 .
,
s san ze an

A Erm
2 . A gy p t d gy p
an , R ti e
(L d en i 9 96un ae es u rrec on on o n, . 2 -

ii 8 4 7 4 7 6 Th i i d t f
,

ti bsc L b es im A l t t m p 3 6 6
e en er u , . .
,
2 -
2 . e se nc en s o

( B rli rp i t r l t d by P l rh
id D i agyp ti / e R l gi th sc z e e i on
2 e n, o n s a re no
.
, e sc o e a e u ta c

p 4 ; A W i d. m R 0l gi b . k w t e e fr m Eg y p ti
a nn, e i on ut a re no n o us o an

f tb A i t Egyp ti
o c (L d
n c en r Th b rb r l g d f th
a ns on o n, s o u c es . e a a o us e en o e

pp 3 q ; E A W lli B dg
. 2 1 b g t ti g
s . f H r. b y t h d d O iri
. a s u e, e e n o o us e ea s s

Tfi G d f l E gy p t i
e o s o i 48 7 q i t ld i
t ze m bi g l g g i the
a n s, . s .
,
s o n u na u o us an ua e n
CH AP . I TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S

M e a n time th e
c o ffer c o nt a i n in g the b o d y o f O s iri s h a d Th q y e

fl o a ted d o w n the rive r a n d a w a y o u t t o se a till a t l as t it ,

drifted a sh o re a t B y b l us o n the c o a t f S y ri a Here fi ne

s o a B y bl
,
.
us .

the che s t in its 322222235

8
erica tree s h o t up s udde n l y a n d e n cl o s ed
-

trunk T he kin g o f the c o untr y a dmirin g the g r o w th o f

.
b y l i
,
s S

the tree h a d it cut d o w n a n d m a de int o a pill a r o f h is

,

h o u se ; b ut he did no t kn o w th a t the c o ffer w ith the de a d

O s iri s w a s in it W o rd o f thi s c a m e to I s i s a nd S h e .

j o ur ne y ed t o By b l us a nd sa t d o w n b y the w el l in hu m ble , ,

g ui s e her fa ce w e t w ith te a r s
,
T o n o ne w o uld sh e S pe a k .

till the kin g s h a nd m a ide n s c a me a n d them S h e g reeted

’
,

ki n dl y a nd b r a ided their h a ir a n d bre a th e d o n the m fr o m

, ,

her o w n divi ne b o d y a w o n dr o u s perfu m e But w he n the .

’
q ue e n beheld th e br a id s o f h e r h a nd ma iden s h a ir a n d s m elt
the sw eet s m ell th a t em a n a ted fro m the m S h e sent fo r th e ,

s tr a n g er w o m a n a n d t o o k her int o her h o u s e a nd m a de her

the nurse o f her child But I s i s g a v e the b a be her fi n g er .

i ns te a d o f her bre a st to s uck a n d a t n i g ht S h e be g a n to burn ,

/

a l l th a t w a s m o rt a l o f h im a w a y w hile S h e her s elf in the ,

likene ss O f a sw a ll o w fluttered r o u n d the pill a r th a t co n

t a in e d her de a d br o ther t w itterin g mo ur nfull y B ut th e , .

q uee n s pied w h a t sh e w a s d o in g a nd shrie k ed o u t w hen sh e

sa w her child in fl a m e s a n d thereb y s h e hindered h im fr o m ,

bec o m ing I m mo rt a l Then the g o dde ss reve a led her self .

a n d b e g ed fo r the pill a r o f the r o o f a n d the ve i t her

g y g a , ,

a n d s h e cut the c o ffer o u t o f it a n d fel l U p o n it a n d em ,

br a ced it a nd l a m e n ted so l o ud t h a t the y o un g e r o f the ki ng s ’

childre n died o f fri g ht o n the s p o t But the trunk o f the tree .

s h e w r a pped in fine li n en a n d p o ured o i n t m e n t o n it a n d ve

g a , ,

it to the ki ng a n d q ueen a nd the w o o d s t a n d s in a te mple o f ,

P y r m i d T x t d it i ill tr t d by m R l gi f t/ A i t Egyp ti
a e s, a n s us a e ann , e i on o ze n c en
'

a ns
,
a m m t whi h r pr
o nu en t th tw p c P l t r
e h w h pp r
esen s t e o . u a c ,
o a ea s o

S i t r g dd
s e h v ri g i th li k
o esses di ti g i h h im fr m H r
o e n y ht n e e s n u s o o us, sa s t a

n ess f h wk o v r th g d w h il H rp r t w b g tt by th d d
a s o e e o , e a o c a es as e o en e ea

H th r S i t
a ot hi h d d th
s a F g O iri
s I i
ea d th t h wan b r e ro s s on s s, an a e as o n

g d
o d H q t q t i th f r m f
ess e e s ti m l y
ua s d w wn k i hi l w r e o o a un e an as ea n s o e

h g fr g t h i f t S
u e o
J H B r t d li mb ( I i t O i i
a s ee . ee El w h r
. . ea s e , s s s e s r s, se e e

D l p m t f R l gi d Tfi g l t h t ll th t H r p rt “
ev e o en o e i on a n w ou z e e s us a a o c a es as

i A
n i t E gy p t p
n c en 8 w i th t ; b r ,i m p l t d y th f l b t
. 2 , no e
z
o n, nc o e e an ou u , a ou

E . A W lli B dg
. O i i
a s d th wi t r u l t i l g w i h th rl y
e, s r s an e n e so s ce a o n t e ea
tl ze Egyp t i R ti i 8
an fl r d bl m (I i t O i i
esu rrec on , . 2 0 . o we s an o sso s
”
s s e s r s,

H rp r
a i i
o c a t esE g y p ti H p s n an er - e

éfi d re H r, th
“
h il d ( A W i d
o us e c
”
. e e
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

I si s a nd is w o r shipped by the pe o ple o f B y b l u s to thi s da y .

A n d I s i s put the c o ffe r in a b o a t a n d t o o k the elde s t o f

t h e k i ng s childre n w ith her a n d s a iled a w a y A s so o n a s
’
.

th ey w er e a l o n e S h e o pe ned the che s t a nd l ay i ng her fa c e

, ,

o n t h e fa ce o f h e r br o th e r s h e ki ss ed h im a n d w ept But the .

child c a me b ehi n d her so ftl y a n d sa w w h a t sh e w a s a b o ut ,

a n d S h e tur n e d a n d l o o k ed a t h im in a n g e r a n d t h e child ,

c o uld n o t b e a r her l o o k a nd died but so me sa y th a t it w a s

n o t so but th a t h e fel l i n t o t h e s ea aHd w a S
,
is "
'

he w h o m the E g y pti a n s s i n g o f a t their b a n q uet s und e r t h e

n a m e o f M a n e ro s But I s i s put the c o ffe r b y a n d w ent t o
.

s ee her s o n H o ru s a t t h e cit o f But o a n d T ph o n fo u n d

y y ,

the c o ffer a s he w a s hu nti ng a b o a r o n e n i g ht by the li g ht o f a

full m o o n A n d he k ne w the b o d y a n d rent it i n t o fo urtee n
1
.
,

piec es a nd sc a tt e red the m a br o a d But I s i s sa iled up a nd

,
.

d o w n th e ma r sh es in a s h a ll o p m a de o f p a p y ru s l o o kin g fo r ,

the piece s ; a nd th a t is w h y w hen pe o pl e sa il in sh a ll o p s

m a d e o f p a p y ru s the cr o c o dile s do n o t hurt the m fo r the y
, ,

fe a r o r r esp e ct the g o dde ss A n d th a t is the re a so n to o .

, ,

w h y there a re m a ny g r a ve s o f O s iri s in E g y pt fo r s h e b uried ,

e a ch li m b a s sh e fo und it B ut o ther s w ill h a ve it th a t sh e .

buried a n i m a g e o f h im in every city prete ndi ng it w a s h is ,

b o d y in o rd e r th a t O siri s m i g ht be w o rshipped in m a ny
,

pl a ce s a nd th a t if T y ph o n se a rched fo r t h e re a l g r a ve he
,

m i g ht n o t be a ble t o fi nd it H o w ever the g e n it a l me m be r .

2
,

o f O s iri s h a d be e n e a ten b the fi he I s i s m a de a n i m a e

y s s so g ,

of i t i n s t e a d a n d the i m a g e is u sed b y the E g y pti a n s

,

a t their fe s tiv a l s t o thi s day I s i s w rite s the hi s t o ri a n

3 “ ”
.
,

D io do rus S ic u l u s rec o ve red a l l the p a rt s o f the b o d y except

,
“

’
t h e g e nit a l s ; a nd be c a u se sh e w i s hed th a t her h u s b a n d s

g r a ve s h o uld b e u n k no w n a nd h o n o ured b y a l l w h o d w e ll in
t h e l a n d o f E g y pt sh e re so rted t o the fo ll o w i n g device
, .

S h e mo uld e d hu m a n i m a g e s o u t o f w a x a n d s pice s c o r ,

r esp o ndi ng t o the s t a ture o f O s iri s r o u n d e a ch o ne o f ,

the p a rt s o f h is b o d y Th e n sh e c a lled in the prie s t s .

a cc o rdi n t th e ir fa m ilie s a n d t o o k a n o a th o f the m a l l th a t

g o

1 P l tr
u a ch , I sis et Os iris, 8 , 1 8 . r
pa e i ly
H p p o tu s , R ef u ta tio o m n iu m
2
05 m “ 1 8
l z a eresiu m , v
7 , p 1 4 2 , ed L D u n ck e
. . . . r
S ch neide w in ( G Otting en
°

a nd F . G .
,
3
P l trh
u a c , I s is et Osiris, 1 8 . Co m
CH A P . I , TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S

the y w o uld reve a l to n o ma n the tru st sh e w a s a b o ut t o re

p o se in th e m S o to e a ch o f th e m priv a tel y sh e sa id th a t
.

to the m a l o n e sh e e n tru s ted the buri a l o f the b o d y a n d re ,

m i n di ng the m o f the benefit s the y h a d rec e ived s h e exh o rted

th e m to bury th e b o d y in their o w n l a n d a nd t o h o n o ur
O s iri s a s a g o d S h e a l so be so u g ht the m to d e dic a te o ne o f
.

the a n i m a l s o f th e ir c o u n try w hichever the y ch o se a n d t o , ,

h o n o ur it in life a s th e y h a d fo r merl y h o n o ured O siri s a n d ,

w h e n it di e d t o g r a n t it o b se q uie s like h is A n d bec a u s e s h e .

w o uld e n c o ur a g e the prie s t s in t h e ir o w n intere s t t o be s t o w

the a fo re s a id h o n o ur s sh e g a ve th e m a third p a rt o f the l a nd ,

t o b e u sed by the m in the s ervice a n d w o r s hip o f the g o d s .

A cc o rdi n g l y it is sa id th a t th e prie s t s m indful o f the b e nefit s ,

o f O s iri s d e s ir o u s o f g r a tify i n g the q uee n a n d m o ved b y the

, ,

pr o s pect o f g a i n c a rried o u t a l l the i nju n cti o n s o f I s i s

,
.

Wher e fo r e to thi s da y e a ch o f the prie s t s i m a g ine s th a t

O s iri s is buried in h is c o u n try a n d th e y h o n o ur the be a s t s ,

th a t w er e c o n se cr a t e d in the be g in n i ng a n d w hen the ,

a n i m a l s die the prie s t s re n e w a t t heir buri a l the m o urni n g

fo r O siri s But the sa cred bull s the o ne c a lled A pi s a nd

.
,

the o ther M n evi s w e re d e dic a ted to O s iri s a nd it w a s , ,

o rd a ined th a t th e y s h o u ld b e w o r s hipped a s g o d s in c o m m o n

b y a l l th e E g y pti a n s ; S inc e th e s e a n im a l s a b o ve a l l o ther s

h a d helped th e di s c o v e rer s o f c o r n in so w i n g the s e e d
a n d pr o curi n the u niv e r s a l b e n efit s o f a riculture
” 1
g g .

S ue o r le g e n d o f O s iri s a s t o ld b Greek Th e
y
w riter s a
v ri
by m o re o f le s s fr a g m e n t a r y n o tice s o r m m b r /
,
a o us

e e s\

a llu s i o n s t i n liter ture A l n i n cripti n f O iri o s s

gy p a a o g s o
r rd
.

t e a su e
in the t e m ple a t D e n d e r a h h a s pre s erved a li s t o f the g o d s
’
r li i as e cs n

g r a ve s a n d o ther text s m enti o n th e p a rt s o f h is b o d

y w hich v ri a ous

p r
,
f a ts o
w e r e tre a s ured a s h o l y relic s in e a ch o f the s a nctu a r i e s E g y p . t .

Thu s h is he a rt w a s a t A t h ri b i s h is b a ckb o ne a t Bu siri s h is , ,

n ec k at Let o p o li s a n d h is he a d a t M e m phi s A S o ften , .

h a ppen s in s uch c a se s so me o f h is divine li m b s w ere m ira cu ,

l o u s l y m ultiplied H is he a d fo r e x a m ple w a s a t A b y d o s a s f
.
, ,

w el l a s a t M e m phi s a n d h is le s w hich w er e r e m a rk a b l y
g , ,

n u m e r o u s w o uld h a v e s u ffic e d fo r s ever a l o rdi n a r o rt a l s

2
, y m .

1
D io do ru s S icu l us, i . 2 1 .
5
2 H . B r ug sch ,
“
D as O s s Mys iri -

co mp a r e id .
, iv . 6 .
3 ; St r a bo , x vn . 1 . t e riu m vo n Te n t yr a, Z eitscfi rift f u r
’
2 3, p . 8 03 .
ogy p t isc/z e Sp ra c/z e una A l tert/z u m s
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B O OK I I I

t h i s r e s pect h o w ev e r O siri s w a s no thi ng to S t D e ny s

In , ,
.
,

o f w h o m no le ss th a n se ve n he a d s a l l e q u a ll y g enui n e a re , ,

ext a nt .
1

O iri
s s A cc o rdi n g t o n a tive E g y pti a n a cc o unt s w hich s upple ,

m ent th a t o f P lut a rch w he n I s i s h a d fo u n d the c o rp se o f ,

N p h hy
e t her hu s b a n d Os iri s sh e a nd h er S i s ter N ephthy s s a t d o w n
s .
,

b e s ide it a nd uttered a l a m e n t w hich in a fter a g e s bec a m e

the ty pe o f a l l E g y pti a n l a m e n ta ti o n s fo r the de a d C o me .
“

to t h y h o u s e they w a iled C o me to thy h o u s e O g o d “

.
, ,

O n ! c o me t o th y h o u s e th o u w h o h a s t n o fo e s O fa ir ,
.

y o uth c o m e t o t h y h o,
u s e th a t th o u m a y e s t s ee m e I a m ,
.

t h y s i s ter w h o m th o u l o v e s t ; th o u s h a lt n o t p a rt fr o m m e
,
.

O fa ir b o y c o m e t o t h y h o u s e ,
I s ee thee n o t y e t d o th .
,

my he a rt y e a r n a fter thee a n d m i n e ey e s de s ire thee C o me .

t o her w h o l o v e s thee w h o l o ve s th e e U nne fe r th o u ble sse d , , ,

o ne ! C o me to th y s i ster c o me to t h y w ife to t h y w ife , , ,

th o u w h o se he a rt s t a n d s s till C o m e to th y h o u se w ife I . .

a m t h y S i s ter b y the sa me m o th e r th o u sh a lt n o t b e fa r fr o m ,

me G o ds a nd me n h a ve turned their fa ce s t o w a rd s thee

.

a n d w eep fo r thee t o ether I c ll fter thee a n d w eep

g a a .
,

s o th a t my c ry is he a rd t o he a ven but th o u he a re s t no t my ,

v o ic e y e t a m I th y s i ster w h o m th o u did s t l o ve o n e a rth ;

, ,

th o u did s t l o ve n o ne but me my br o ther ! my bro ther ! ,

” 2

Thi s l a me nt fo r the fa ir y o uth cut o ff in h is pri m e re m ind s

u s o f the l a m e n t s fo r A d o n i s The title o f Unne fe r o r the “
.

G o o d B e in g best o w ed o n h im m a rk s the b e n e fi ce n c e w hich”

tr a diti o n univer sa ll y a scribed to O siri s ; it w a s a t o nc e h is

c o mmo ne s t title a n d o ne o f h is n a me s as kin g .
3

The l a ment a ti o n s o f the t w o sad s i s ter s w ere no t in

v a i n I n pity fo r her so rr o w the s u n g o d R a s ent d o w n
.

fr o m he aven th e j a ck a l he a d e d g o d A n ubi s w h o w ith the , ,

k d xix ( 8 8 ) pp 7 7 qq ; V A gyp t
un e, . 1 d 1
gy p t i n L o
. im s . . e en un ae sc es e en

L r t L fé
o e dO i i , m i d A l t t m pp 3 67 q
es t es s r s au o s e er u , . s .

Kh i k R il d T
”
l ti/ d l H rri
J
‘
o a ecu e
, R e
Th A ra v a u x
t t re a s 1 . en e a s, e n n o a o rs
’
3 l ( P / il l gi t d l A l e l gi
a z o o e e rc i o o e
of t h C d B ( L d p e o ex e z ae on o n,
iii ( 8 8 )
,

Egy p t i t A y i en nes
4
e
t r f rri g t D l
ss r en n es, . 1 2
10 , no e
2
, e e n o u au re .

4 3 qq R V L Di i a n z o n e,
Erm
s
pp . . . . z a
2
'

A D
'

i gyp t R l i an , e a z scl z e e
i di M it l gi Eg i i 6
.

na r o pp 97 o o a z a,
B rli
.

2
qq A
s W i d m . H d t .w it gi
W
e (
llie a nn , p p 3 9 q
d t/
; E
ero o s z e es
on e n, . s . .

/ (L ip i
A B dg O i i a s u e, s r s an ze
B p p 58
.

e s c,
uc z
qq .
4 s
Egy p tia n R esu rrection , ii 59 sq q
id D z e R el igi on der a l ten
g
A y pter,
. .
.
,

p . 1 1 5 id , R el ig i on .
f
o tb c A n cien t 3
A W e dem a nn , R el igio n
. i f
o tl z e
E gy p t ia n s , p p . 2 1 5 sqq . A . E man , r A n cien t Egy p tia n s, p 2 1 I . .
CH A P . 1 TH E M YTH OF O S I R I S

a id of I sis T h o th a n d H o ru s pieced r i g
a nd N ephth y s , o f ,
e ns a s

to g eth e r the br o ke n b o d y o f th e m urdered g o d s w a thed it ,

in li n en b a nd a g e s a n d o b served a l l the o ther rite s w hich h d d ,

t e ea

the E g y pti a n s w ere w o nt to perfo r m o ver the b o die s o f the 1333 h

0 .
Ot er

dep a rted Then I si s fa nned the c o ld cl ay w ith her w in g s

.

O s iri s revived a nd the n cefo rth rei g ned a s ki ng o ver the ,

de a d in the o ther w o rld There he b o re the title s o f L o rd .

1

o f the U n der w o rld Lo rd o f E ternity Ruler o f the D e a d ?

, ,

T her e t o o in the g re a t H a ll o f the Tw o Truth s a s s i sted b y

, , ,

fo rty tw o a sse sso r s o ne fr o m e a ch o f the princip a l di strict s o f

-
,

E g y pt he pre s ided a s j ud g e a t the tri a l o f the so ul s o f the

,

dep a rted w h o m a de their so le m n c o nfe ssi o n befo re h im a n d

, , ,

their he a rt h avi ng been w ei g hed in the b a l a nce o f j u s tice re ,

ce iv e d the re w a rd o f virtue in a life etern a l o r the a ppr o pri a te

puni sh ment o f their s in s T he c o n fe ssi o n o r r a ther pr o fe ssi o n Th .

3
e co n

M
f i f
w hich the E put s in the m o uth o f t h e dece a s ed
ess o n o

the mo ra l ity l o f —
h de a d t e
a t the j ud g m ent b a r o f O s iri s sets
4
th e

gyp g ag s31 J e r y
d

a ncien t E 1 fa v o ur a ble lig ht I n renderin g

W
.
w

a n a cc o unt o f h is life the de ce gged so l e m n l y p he

h a d n o t o ppre ssed h is m e n th a t he h a d m a de n o ne
-” w il ,
-
,

t o w eep T hat he h a d d o ne n o m urder neither c o mm itt e d

, ,

fo rn ic a ti o n n o r b o rne fa l se w it ne ss th a t he h a d n o t fa l s ified ,

the b a l a nce th a t he h a d n o t t a ke n the m ilk fro m the m o uth s

,

o f b a be s th a t he h a d g iven bre a d t o the hun g r y a n d w a ter

,

t o the thir s t y a n d h a d cl o thed the n a ked ,

I n h a r mo n y .

1A E rm . D i gyp ti fi R l gi
an , tl Egyp t i ea 4 qq id O i i sc e e i on ,
2 ie a n s, 11 . 1 1 s . .
,
s r s

pp .
3 9 q ; G M s
p r H
. i t i d t i E gy p
. t i R t i asi 3 5 e o, s o re an re an esu rrec on , . 0

qq ; A E r m
’
i
a n c en n e d P pl d l O i t
es eu Di gyp ti /
es R e r en s . . an, e a sc i e e

Cl iq
a ss i 7 6 ; E A W lli l gi pp 6 qq
u e, . 1 . . a s i on ,
2
. 1 1 s .

B dgu Tb G d f tl E gy p ti
e, e ii o Tb B k f tl
s o D d h xxv
ze a n s, .
4 e oo o ie ea , c . c .

( l ii p p 3 55 qq
’
1 4 0, 26 id O
2 i i d t l Egyp t i .
, s r s an f B dg ie an vo . . . s . o u e s

R ti
esu rrec i 7 75 8 8
on , O tr . l t i ; P P i rr t L L i d
0- , 0- 2 . n an s a on . e e , e v re es

O iri
s k i g f th d d
s as n Pl t r h l lI t
o P ri e 88 pp 3 6 9 qq )
ea see u a c , or s, a s, 1 2 , . s .

I i t O i i 79
s s e s r s, R V L . Di i i di M it l gi . . a nz o ne , z on a r o o o a
2M i M rg r t A M rr y Tfi Eg i i p p 7 8 8 qq ; A W i d m
ss a a e . u a ,
e z a, . s . . e e a n n,

Os ireion a t A by dos ( Lo ndo n , D ie R el igi on der a l ten Agy p ter, p p .

pp .8 ,
1 7 , 1 8 .
f tbc A ncien t
1 3 2 - 1 3 4 ; id , R el igio n o .

3 O n Os iri
s as j u dg e o f th e dea d Egy p tia n s , p p 2 4 9 sqq G as e o ,
p . . . M r
se e A . i
W edema nn, D ie R el igion der H istoire a n cien n e des P eup l es de l Orien t
a l ten Agy pter, p p 1 31 sq q id , . . . Cl a ss i u e, q
1 88 1 91 A i
E ma n . . r
R el igion of ti e A n cien t E gy p t ia n s , l D ie cigyp t isc/z e R el igion , 2 p p 1 . 1 7 -1 2 1

pp . 2 4 8 sq q ; G a sp e o ,
.H ist o ire . M r E A W a s B u dg e , Os iris
. . lli a nd t/ie
a n cien n e des P eup l es de
’
l Orien t Egy p tia n R esu rrection , i .
337 sq q .
; J .

Cl a ss iqu e, 1 8 7 sqq ; E i . A Wa s . . . lli H . B r ea st ed, D ev el op men t o

f R el igi o n
B udge Tfi e B oo é of tli e D ea d 2 ( L o n do n ,
, / a nd Tl io ug li t in Ancient E g yp t, pp .

pp i . sqq . liii
id , Tb e Gods of . . . 2 9 7 sq q .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S BOOK I I I

ith the se pro fe ss i o ns a re the e pit a ph s o n E g y pti a n g r a ve s

w ,

w hich r e ve a l if n o t the m o r a l pr a ctice a t le a s t the m o r a l

, ,

id e a l s o f th o se w h o s lept b e n e a th the m Thu s fo r ex a m pl e .

, ,

a m a n sa y s in h is epit a ph : I g a ve bre a d t o t h e hu n g ry “

a n d cl o the s t o the n a k e d a n d fe rried a cr o s s in my Ow n b o a t ,

h im w h o c o uld n o t p ass the w a ter I w a s a fa ther t o the .

o rph a n a hu s b a n d to the w id o w a s h e lt e r fr o m the w i n d t o

, ,

the m th a t w ere c o ld I a m o n e th a t S p a k e g o o d a n d t o ld .

g o o d I e a r n ed m y s ub s t a n ce in ri g hte o u s n e s s
.
-
Th o se .
” 1

w h o h a d do n e thu s in th e ir m o rt a l life a n d h a d b een a c q uitted

t

a t the Gre a t A ss ize w e re b e l i e v e d t o d w e l l the n c e fo rth a t ,

e a se in a l a nd w here t h e c o r n g re w hi g her th a n o n e a rth ,

w h e re h a rve s t s never fa iled w h e re tree s w ere a l w a y s g ree n , ,

a n d w iv e s fo r ever y o un g a n d fa ir
?

Th f
e f
a te o We a re n o t cle a rl y info r m ed a s to the fa te w hich the
h wi k d
E g y pti a n s s upp o sed t o b efa ll the w icked a fter d e a th
t e c e
In
.

th e s ce n e s w hich r e pre se n t th e L a s t J ud g me n t th e re is s ee n
cro uchin g be s ide the s c a le s in w hich the he a rt o f the ,

de a d is bei n g w ei g hed a mo n str o u s a n i ma l k n o w n a s th e ,

E a ter o f the D e a d I t h a s the h e a d o f a cr o c o dile t h e

”
.
,

trunk o f a li o n a nd the hinder p a rt s o f a hipp o p o t a m u s , .

S o me thi n k th a t the so ul s o f t h o se w h o s e he a rt s h a d be e n
w ei g hed in the b a l a n ce a n d fo u n d w a n ti n g w e r e d e l iver e d
o v e r t o thi s g ri m m o n s t e r t o b e devo ured ; but thi s vi e w

a ppe a r s t o be c o nj e ctur a l G e n e ra l l y the a n i ma l see m s “

.

t o h a ve bee n pl a c e d th e re s i m pl y a s g u a rdi a n o f the e n tr a n ce

t o the F ield s o f the Ble s sed but s o m e ti m e s it is lik e n ed t o ,

S et E l se w h e re it is sa id th a t t h e j ud g e s o f the de a d s l a y
.

th e w icked a nd dri n k their bl o o d I n brief here a l so w e h a ve .

,

c o nflicti n g s t a te m e nt s a n d c a n o nl y g a ther th a t th e re s e e ms to ,

h a ve been no g e ner a l a g ree m ent a mo n g the d w e ller s in the

V a lle y o f the N il e a s to the ulti m a t e l o t o f th e w ick e d .
” 3

A Erm 1
D i agy p t i h R l gi
. A W lli B dg
a n, e O i i d th
sc e e i on ,
2
. a s u e, s r s an e

p C
. m p r A
12 1W i.d m D i Eo
gy p t i R a e t i
. i 97 q e e a nn , e an esu rrec on , . s .
, 1 00
R l gi d e i lt Agyp t
on
pp 3 4 er
q q ; Ea L
en fe b r L P r d ier, . 1 s . . e u e, e a a s

q id
s R l gi
.
f th A
.
,i t E gyp t i e i Sph ion iii ( Up l
o 9 ) e n c en e n, nx , . sa a , 1 00
Egy p t i p 53 a n s,
pp 9. 2qq . . 1 1 s .

A Wi d m 2
R l gi
.
f th e A eWi d m
a n n, R l gi f th
e i on o e
3 . e e a nn , e i on o e

A i t Egy p ti n c en
p 5 4 ; E A A i t E gy p t i
a ns,
p 4 9
. C m p2 r . . n c en a n s, . 2 . o a e

W lli B dg O i i a s d t h Egyp t iu A E rme, D i agy pt i h R l gi

s r s an e an . a n, e sc e e i on ,
2

R ti i 3 5 qq ; G M p r
esu rrec o n,
pp 7 .
; 0 E A
s W lli
. B dg . as e o , . 1 1 ,
12 1 . . a s u e,

p it i
o .
94 q ; A E r m
c . Di . O i i
1 d t h Eg p t i
s . R . ti an, e s r s an e an esu rrec on ,

agy p t isch e R el igio n , 2 p p . 12 1 s

qq . E . i 3 1 7, 3 2 8
. .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S BOO K I I I

E v yd d Thu s every de a d E g y pti a n w a s ide n tifi e d w ith O s iri s a n d

m
er ea

El a 22
1
-
1
b o r e h is n a m e F r o m the M iddle K i n g d o m o n w a rd s it w a s
.

w i h O iri the reg ul a r pr actic e to a ddre ss the dece a sed a s O siri s S o “

t s s

a s if h e w ere t h e g o d hi m s elf a n d t o a dd t h e
”
a nd S o -
, ,

s t a n di ng e pith e t true o f s peech b e c a u se true s pe e ch w a s

“
,

ch a ra cteri stic o f O siri s The th o u s a nd s o f i nscribed a nd .

1

pictured to m b s th a t h a ve been o pe n ed in the v a lley o f the

N ile pr o ve th a t th e m s ter o f t h e re s u rre c tio n w a s perfo r m ed G n

fo r the benefit o f ever y d e a d E g y pti a n ; W a tt a g e

2

m the d d a l l m e n hop e d t o a ri se li k e h im
{gc e
~ ag ii fr
a r
w
o e a s o
‘ l'
, o
_ _ _

f r o m de a th t o life e ter n a l I n a n E g y pti a n text it I S sa l d o f .

the dep a rted th a t a s su re l y a s O s iri s l ive s so S h a ll he l ive “

.
,

3 15 ;0 a s s urel y a s O s iri s did n o t di e so s h a ll he n o t die ; a s s urel y ,

a s O s iri s is n o t a nn ihil a ted s o S h a ll he t o o n o t be a n n ihil a ted ,

T he de a d ma n c o nc e ived to be l y in g like O s iri s w ith , , ,

m a n g l e d b o d y w a s c o m fo rted b y bein g t o ld th a t the he a ve nl y

,

g o dde ss N u t the m o ther o f O s iri s w as c o m in g t o g a ther up

, ,

h is p o o r sc a ttered limb s a nd m o ul d the m w ith h e r o w n h a nd s

i nt o a fo r m i mm o rt a l a n d divi ne S h e g ive s thee t h y .

he a d sh e bri ng s th e e th y b o ne s sh e s et s th y l i m b s to g ether
,

a n d put s th y he a rt in t h y b o d y Thu s th e m ec fi m d . .

th e j ea d no t me r
gyl _
as

u a l b ut a l so a s b o dil y The p e their he rt the

M
“
y o s s ss a y .
,

p o sse ss their se nse s the y p o sse ss th e ir m o uth the y p o sse ss , ,

their feet the y p o sse s s th e ir a r ms th e y p o sse ss a l l their

, ,

li m b s 3
.
”

I f w e m ay tru s t E g y pti a n le g e n d the tri a l s a n d c o n te st s ,

o f the r o y a l h o u s e did no t ce a se w ith the re s t o r a ti o n o f O s iri s

pl a ce d in a i
b u s sk n , w h ch w a s ll ’
i M rr y Th O i i t A l y ( L
u a , e s re on a /
’
a os on

p ro bably ll i
th a t o f o ne o f t h e b u s w h c h d o n, p 3 U d r th rli r . 1 . n e e ea e

r r i l r i
w e e o ff e e d u p du r ng th e ce eb a t o n dy i
nas t es ly k i g pp r h v on n s a ea to a e

o f th e s e rvi ce r i i
F o m th s sk n th e
. b ee n i d ti fi d w i h O iri en e t s s

A M r t
.

i r r r
de ce ased o b ta ned fu th e p o w e , a nd 2
I ll y té
. E gyp t i
o e , s res en s

r r
h is e me g enc e f o m it w as th e vi i l
s b e ( P ri a
p 4
s, . 0 .

y l
s mb o o f his r rr i
esu e c t o n a nd o f h is A3 E rm .Di gy p ti h R an, e a sc e e

r
e n t a nce i v rl i li i
n to e e as t ng fe w th a l l l gi
i on ,
pp
2
3 H w v r i . 1 1 1 - 1 1 . o e e ,
n
r iri
th e st eng th o f O s s a nd H o us r l t r ti m th b dy w i h w h i h th
a e es e o t c e

( E A W lli B dg
. . a O i i s d th u e, s r s an e d d ea m t li f w
ca b li v d t be o e as e e e o e a

Eg yp ti R an ti i
esu rrec on , . s p iri t l t uam t ri l b dy ; it w
, no a a e a o as

A Erm ll d ah S E A W lli B dg
1 ’
. A gyp t a n,
gy p e en u na ae ca e s u . ee . . a s u e,

ti hsc esL h im A l t t m p 4 6 J
e en er u , . 1 . Th B h f t h D d i pp lvii qq ;
e oo o e ea ,
2 . . . s

H Br
.

. t d H i t y f th
ea s e , A i t s or o e n c en id O i i
.
, d t h Egy p t i
s r s an R e an esu rrec

Eg p ti a n s,
pp 49 q ; M rg r t A . 1 s . a a e . ti on, ii 3 q . 12 s .
C H AP . I TH E M Y TH OF OS I R I S

to life a nd h is e lev a ti o n to the r a nk o f pre s idin g deity in the H r h o us t e

w o rld o f the de a d Whe n H o ru s the y o u ng er the so n “ 233 3132

.
1
,
5 01.
’
O s iri s a n d I s i s w a s g r o w n t o m a n s e s t a te the g h o s t o f h is f O i i
, ,
o s r s

r o y a l a nd m urdered fa ther a ppe a red to h im a n d urg ed h im £23 2 , ,

6

like a n o ther H a mlet to a ven g e the fo ul unn a tur a l m urder Egyp ,

t

up o n h is w icked uncle Thu s e n c o ura g ed the y o uth a tt a cked .

,

the m i scre a nt The c o m b a t w a s terrific a nd l a sted m a ny

.

d a y s H o ru s l o st a n ey e in the c o nflict a n d S et s uffered a

.

s till m o re seri o u s m util a ti o n A t l a s t Th o th p a rted the .

c o mb a t a nt s a n d he a led their w o und s ; the ey e o f H o ru s he

re s t o red by s pitti n g o n it A cc o rd i n g to o ne a cc o un t the .

g r e a t b a ttle w a s fo u g ht o n the t w e n t y s ixth da y o f the m o n th -

o f Th o th F o iled in O pen w ar the a rtful uncle n o w t o o k

.
,

the l aw o f h is virtu o u s nephe w H e br o u g ht a s uit o f .

b a st a rd y a g a i ns t H o ru s h o pin g thu s t o ro b h im o f h is ,

inherit a nce a nd to g e t p o sse s si o n o f it hi m self ; n ay no t ,

c o ntent w ith h a vin g m urdered h is g o o d bro ther the u nn a tur a l ,

S e t c a rried h is r a nc o ur e ven b e y o nd the g r a ve by a ccu s in g

the de a d O s iri s o f cert a i n hi g h crime s a nd mi s de m e a n o ur s .

Th e c a s e w a s tried befo re the s upre m e c o urt o f the g o d s in

the g re a t h a ll a t Heli o p o li s Th o th the g o d o f w i sd o m .
, ,

ple a ded the c a u se o f O s iri s a nd the a u g u st j ud g e s decided ,

th a t the w o rd o f O s iri s w a s true

“
M o re o ver the y p ro .
”
,

no u nce d H o ru s t o be the true be g o tten s o n o f h is fa ther -

.

S o th a t prince a ss u m ed the cr o w n a n d mo unted the thro ne

o f the l a m ented O s iri s H o w ever a cc o rdin g to a n o ther a n d .
,

perh a p s l a ter vers i o n o f the s to r y the vict o ry o f H o ru s o ver ,

h is uncle w a s b y n o m e a n s so deci s ive a n d their s tru g g le s ,

ended in a c o mpr o m ise by w hich H o ru s rei g ned o ver the ,

D elt a w hile S e t b ec a m e ki n g o f the U pper v a lle y o f t h e N ile

,

fro m n e a r M e m phi s to the fir st c a t a ra ct Be th a t a s it may .

,

w ith the a cce ss i o n o f H o ru s beg a n fo r the E g y pti a n s the

mo der n peri o d o f the w o rld fo r o n h is thr o n e a l l the ki ng s ,

o f E y pt sa t a s h is s ucce ss o r s
g .

The se le g e n d s o f a c o n te st fo r the thr o ne o f E g y pt

1
l r
P u ta ch , I sis et Os iris, 1 9 a n d SS ; A n cien t Egy p t ia n s , p p 2 1 4 sq ; G . . .

. r
A E m an , A egy pten u n d a egyp t isch es M r
as e o H isto ire a n cien n e des P eu l es
p , p
L ehen im A l tertu m, p 3 6 8 ; id , D ie . .
’
de l Orien t Cl a ss i u e, 1 1 7 6-1 7 8 ; q .

agy ptische R el igion , 2 p p 4 1 sq ; A . . . . . lli

E A W a s B u dg e , Osiris a n d t h e
W i ede ma nn , D ie R el igion der a l ten E gyp t i a n R es u rrect ion , 6 2 sq , 6 4 , i . .

Agy p ter, p . 1 1 4 ; id R el igion of th e

. 8 9 sq q , 3 0 9 sq q
. .

PT . IV . V OL . II
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S 3 00x 1 1 1

Th e l perh a p s c o n t a in a re m i n i sce n ce o f re a l d y n a stic a l

e g e nd may
f h ir
s tru gg l e s w hich a ttended a n a tte m pt to ch a n g e the ri g ht o f
o t e

c o nt est

m y ba s ucce ss i o n fr o m t h e fe m a le t o
e a the m a le li n e F o r under a .

mi i
re

c e nc e o f
n s
rule o f fe m a le ki n s hip the heir t o the thr o ne is either the

dy i l a te kin g s bro ther o r t h e so n o f the l a te ki ng s s i ster w hile

’ ’
na st c

r gg l
st u es
, ,

und e r a rule o f m a le kin ship the heir to the thr o n e is th e

.

’
l a te ki ng s s o n I n the l e g end o f O s iri s the riv a l h e irs a re .

’
S e t a nd H o ru s S et bei ng the l a te ki ng s br o ther a n d H o ru s , ,

t h e l a te ki n g s so n ; t h o u g h H o ru s i n d e ed united b o th cl a i m s
’ ‘

’
t o the cr o w n bein g the s o n o f the ki n g s s i s t e r a s w ell a s o f
,

the kin g A s i m il a r a tte m pt t o shift th e line o f s ucces si o n

.

s e e m s t o h a ve ive ri e o s i m il a r c o nte s t s a t R o m e
1
g n s t .

O iri
s s te Thu s t o w h a t s ee m s t o h a ve b een the
p r ese nte d
e er l tive tr diti n O s iri s d d bel ved
as a ki g i g nn
a n
n
a a o w a s a g o o an o

r di i
t a ki ng o f E g y pt w h o s u ffered a vi o lent d e a th but ro s e fr o m
t on
,
an d art
the de a d a nd w a s hencefo rth w o rs hipped a s a deity I n
.

h a r m o n y w ith thi s tra d iti o n he w a s re g ul a rl y repre sent e d

by s culpt o r s a n d p a inter s in hu m a n a nd re g a l fo r m a s a
de a d kin g s w a thed in the w r a ppi ng s o f a m u m my but, ,

w e a ri ng o n h is he a d a kin g l y cr o w n a n d g r a s pi n g in o ne
o f h is h a n d s w hich w ere left free fr o m the b a nd a g e s a , ,

kin g l y sceptre Tw o citie s a b o ve a l l o ther s w ere a sso ci a ted

.
2

w ith h is m y th o r m e m o ry O ne o f the m w a s Bu s iri s in .

L o w er E g y pt w hich cl a i med to p o ss ess h is b a ckb o ne ; the ,

o ther w as A b y d o s in Upp e r E g y pt w hich g l o ri e d in ,

m b the p o ss e s si o n o f h is he a d E ncircled b y the n i m bu s o f

3
Th e to

f O ir i
.

Aby d
s

os
the .
de
s at
ad y e t livin g g od A b y d o s o ri g i n a ll y a n O b s cur e , ,

pl a ce bec a me fro m the end o f the O l d K i ng d o m the

,

h o lie s t s p o t in E g y pt ; h is t o m b there w o uld see m t o h a ve

been t o the E g y pti a n s w h a t the Church o f the H o l y
1 Th e M agi c A rt a n d th e E vo l u t io n 8 1 , 2 1 0, 2 90, 1 1 I , 2 , 8 - 1 3 , .

f
o K ing s, 2 90 sqq ii . . 8 2 8 5 A E m a n, D ie agyp t isch e R e
-
. r
A 2
ede ma nn, Wi
R el igio n of th e
l gian ,
i
2
pp 2 1 ,
2 3 , 1
. 1 0 ; A W e d e . i
m a nn R el igion of th e A n cien t Egy p t ia n s,
.

A n cien t Egy p t ia n s, p Fo r
il
2 17
deta s see E A W a s B udg e , Os iri s lli
. .

p 2 8 9 ; Ed
. e e , . Myr
Gesch ich te des

a nd th e Eg yp t i a n
.

R esu rrect ion ,

.

i A l tert u ms , 2 2 i
p p 7 0, 9 6 , 9 7
. . It . .

a r
p p ea s to b e n o w g e n e a h e d th a t r ll y l
t h e o g na ri i l
sea t of th e w o sh p o f r i
3
J . H . B r easte d, H isto ry f
o th e iri iri
O s s w a s a t B u s s , b u t t h a t a t A b do s y
A n c ien t Egyp tia n s p ( Lo ndo n, . th e g o d fo u n d a sec o n d h o me , w h c h in i
61 id , D ev el op men t of R el igio n a n d
. i li
t m e e c p se d th e o l d o ne in g o l ry .

Th o ug h t in A n cien t E gyp t , p 3 8 ; . r i
A cc o d ng t o P o fesso s Ed re e r . Myr
E . A l W a l l is
. B u dg e , Osiris a nd a nd A . r
E ma n , th e g o d w h o m O s s iri
th e Egyp t ia n R esu rrect io n , 3 7, 6 7 , i . i l
d sp a ced a t A b do s w a s A n ub s y i .
 CH AP . 1 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S

S epulchr e J eru s a l e m is to Chri s ti a n s I t w a s the w i sh

at .

o f ever pi o u s m a n th a t h is de a d b o d y s h o uld re s t in
y
h a l l o w ed e a rth ne a r the g r a ve o f th e g l o rified O s iri s F e w .

i nd ee d w ere rich e n o u g h t o e nj o y thi s i ne s ti ma ble privile g e ;

fo r a p a rt fr o m t h e c o s t o f a t o m b in the sa cred cit y the
, ,

m ere tr a n s p o rt o f m u m m ie s fr o m g re a t di st a n ce s w a s b o th
di fficult a n d exp e n s ive Y e t so e a g e r w ere m a ny to a b so rb .

in de a th the ble s sed influence w hich r a di a ted fr o m the h o l y

s epulchre th a t the y c a u s ed t h e ir s u rv iv ing friend s t o c o n ve y
'

their mo rt a l re ma i n s to A b y d o s th e re t o t a rr y fo r a s h o rt ,

ti m e a n d then to be br o u g ht b a ck by river a n d interred in

,

t h e t o m b s w hich h a d bee n m a de re a d y fo r the m in their

n a tive l a nd O th e r s h a d ce n o t a ph s built o r me m o ri a l
.

ta blet s erected fo r the m se lve s n e a r the to m b o f their de a d

a n d ri s e n L o rd th a t th ey m i g ht S h a re w ith h im the bli ss o f ,

a j o y ful re s urrecti o n
1
.

He nce fro m the e a rlie st a g e s o f E g y pti a n hi st o ry A by d o s Th mb e to s

2 25;
1
w o uld s ee m t o h a ve b een a cit y o f t h e de a d r a ther th a n o f
c 1 1
1 11

the l ivi ng ; cert a inl y there is n o evidence th a t the pl a ce Abyd os

w a s ever o f a ny p o litic a l i m p o rt a nce N 0 le s s th a n n i n e O f

?

the m o s t a n cie nt kin g s o f E g y pt kn o w n to u s w ere buried

here fo r their t o m b s h a ve bee n d i sc o vered a n d expl o r e d
,

w ithin rece n t y e a r s The r o y a l necro p o l i s lie s o n the ed g e 3

.
.

o f the de sert a b o ut a m ile a n d a h a lf fr o m t h e t e m ple o f

O s iri s O f the g r a v e s the o ld e s t is th a t o f K in g K he u t Th mb

4
.
, e to
f Ki g
the s ec o nd o r third ki ng o f the fir s t d y na st y H is r e i g n K h .
O n

ent

w hich fell so m e w here bet w een three th o u s a nd fo ur hundred i d ifi d en t e

1 P l tru a ch , A I s is et Osiris, 2 0 ; . E A m él in eau , L e To m hea u d Os ir is

.
’

E rma n , A egyp ten u n d a egyp t isch es L ehen ( P a s, ri W M li

F n de s P e t e ,
. . r ri
im A l tert u m , p 4 1 7 ; H B ea sted, .
J . . r Th e R oy a l To mbs of th e E a rl i est
H istory of th e A n cien t E gy p t ia n s Dy n a st ies , P a t r ii
( L o ndo n, .

( Lo ndo n , pp 1 4 8 s q ; Ed . . . x v i
Th e e ca a t o n s o f th e fo m e h a e r r v
Myre e , Gesch ich te des A l tertu ms , 2 i . ri i i
b een c t c z ed b y S ir G asto n as e o
p M r
2.
p 2 09 ; E . A W a s B u dg e, Osiris . . lli E d
( tu des e y M t h o l og i e et
’
dA rch ‘
co l og ie

a n d th e E g
yp t ia n R esu rrect ion , 68 i . Egyp ti en n es, v i ( P a s, 1 9 1 2 ) p p
. ri .

sq .
, ii3 . . 1 53
2
M y r G h i ht d A l t
Ed . e e , esc c e es er
4
Ed .e e , Myr
Gesch ich te des A l ter
t m
u i p 5
s,
2 . 2 . . 12 . t u ms , 2 i 2 .
pp . 1 1 9, 12 4 ;
. E A . .

J H B r t d H i t y f th
3
. . ea s e , s or o e lli
W a s B udg e , Osiris a n d th e Egy p tia n
A i t E gyp ti
n c en
pp 4 3 5 q a n s, .
, 0 s . R esu rrect ion , 8 iiTh e p a ce is n o w
. . l
Th x v ti
e w r eb g by E ca a o ns e e e un . k no w n b y th e A ab c na me o f Umm r i
ti d by W M M r
’
Am é l i d n e au an co n n ue . . a l K a fib
- or
“
o th e of P o ts on

F li d r P tri ( Ed M y r G h i h t
n e s e e . e e , esc c e lr
a c c o u n t o f t h e a g e q ua n t t o f p o t te iy ry
des Al t t m i p S
er u s, 2 . 2 . . ee th a t h as b een fo u nd th e e r .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

a nd three th o u sa nd tw o hundred y e a rs befo re o u r e ra ,

s ee ms t o h a v e m a rk e d a n ep o ch in the hi st o ry o f E g y pt ,

fo r u n der h im the c o s tu m e the fi g ur e dr a w in g a n d the , ,

hi e r o g l y phic s a l l a ssu med the ch a r a ct e r w hich the y the nce

fo rth pre served to the very end o f E g y pti a n n a ti o n a lity .
1

L a ter a g e s identified h im w ith O s iri s in a m o re inti ma te

s en se th a n th a t in w hich the divi ne title w a s l avi shed
o n ever y de a d kin g a n d indeed o n e very de a d m a n ; fo r
h is t o mb w a s a ctu a ll y c o nverted i n t o the t o m b o f O s iri s
a n d a s s uch received in g re a t pr o fu s i o n the o fferi n g s o f the

fa ithful S o m e w here bet w een the t w e n ty sec o nd a n d the

.
-

t w enty sixth d y n asty a ma ss ive bier o f g re y g ra nite w a s

-

pl a ced in the sepulchra l ch a m ber O n it cut in hi g h relief .

, ,

rep o se s a shro uded fi g ure o f the de a d O siri s He lie s a t .

full len g th w ith b a re a nd upturned fa ce O n h is he a d is

,
.

the White Cr o w n o f Upper E g y pt ; in h is h a nd s w hich ,

i ssue fro m the shr o ud he h o ld s the ch a r a cteri stic e m b le ms ,

o f the g o d the s ceptre a n d the s c o ur g e

,
A t the fo ur c o rner s .

o f the bier a re perched fo ur h a w k s repre s e n ti ng the fo ur ,

’
children o f H o ru s e a ch w ith their fa ther s b a nner keepi n g , ,

w a tch o ver the de a d g o d a s the y kept w a tch o ver the fo ur ,

q u a rters o f the w o rld A fifth h a w k see ms to h a ve bee n .

-

perched o n the m iddle o f the b o d y o f O siri s but it h a d been ( ,

bro ken o ff befo re the t o mb w a s di sc o vered in recent yea r s fo r ,

’
o n l y the bird s cl a w s r e m a in in p o s iti o n F inel y c a rved he a d s .

o f li o n s o n e a t e a ch c o rner o f the bier w ith the cl a w s to

, ,

m a tch bel o w c o m plete the i m pre ssive mo nume n t

,
The .

s cene repre sented is u n q ue s ti o n a bl y the i m pr e g n a ti o n o f I s i s

in the fo rm o f a h a w k b y the de a d O s iri s ; the C o pt s w h o

di sma n tled the shri n e a ppe a r t o h a ve ve nted th e ir pi o u s
r a g e o n the fi g ure o f the h a w k I s i s by c a rr y i ng it O ff o r
s m as hi ng it I f a ny d o ubt c o uld e xi s t a s t o the m e a n i n g
.

o f the se s culptured fi g ure s it w o uld b e s e t a t r e s t b y t h e ,

a ncient in s cripti o n s a tt a ched t o the m O ver a g a i ns t t h e .

ri g ht sh o ulder o f the s hro uded fi g ure w h o l ie s s tretched o n ,

the bier a re c a rved in hier o g l y phic s the w o rd s O s iri s the

, , ,

1Ed M y r G h i h t d
. e Alt e D B dg
, (O i i
esc cd th E gyp i
e es er r . u e s r s an e t an
t m
u i
s,
2
pp .
9 52 7
. 8 R . ti
1 1 ii 8 3 ) th tr r di g i
,
12 , 12 , 12 ,
esu rrec on , . e ue ea n s

Th k i g H r ’
Th ki g p r l ’
12 9 ,9 2 0 . m h K h t ( Ch t )
e n s o us na e as eu en . e n s e so n a

so m ti m b
e r d Z b t rdi g
es e en m w ea p r h p Ker,( Ed M y ru
p a cc o n na e as e a s a . e e , o .

t Pr f
o r M y r ( p it p 8 ) d it p
o esso e e o . c . . 12 an c . .
 CH AP . 1 TI I E M YTH OF OS I R I S

G o o d Bei ng true o f speech a n d o ver a g a in s t the pl a ce

,

w here the m i ss in g h a w k perched o n the b o d y o f the de a d

g o d is c a rved the s y m b o l o f I s i s T w o relic s o f the a nci e nt .

hu ma n o ccup a nt s o f the t o m b e sc a ped a like the fury o f the

fa n a tic s a n d the a v a rice o f the plunderer s w h o pill a g ed a n d
de str o y ed it O ne o f the relic s is a hu ma n skull fr o m .
,

w hich the l o w er j a w b o ne is m i ss in g ; the o ther is a n a rm

encircled by g o r g e o u s je w elled br a celet s o f g o ld tur q u o i se s , ,

a m eth y s t s a n d d a rk purple l a pi s l a zuli ,

The fo r m er may .

be the he a d o f K i ng K he u t hi mself ; the l a tter is a l mo s t

cert a i n l y the a rm o f h is q ueen O ne o f the br a celet s is ,
.

c o mp o sed o f a ltern a te pl a q ue s o f g o ld a n d tur q u o i se e a ch ,

o r n a m ented w ith the fi g ur e o f a h a w k perched o n th e

t o p o f it
1
The h a w k w a s the sa cred bird o r cre s t o f Th h w k
.
'
e a

h
t h e e a rlie s t d y n a s tie s o f E g y pti a n kin g s The fi g ure o f a h rli 1 t e “ 6 51 0
.

t e ea est

h a w k w a s b o rne befo r e th e kin g a s a s t a nd a rd o n so lem n dy i nast e s.

o cc a s i o n s : the o lde s t c a pit a l o f the c o untr kn o w n t o u s

y
w a s c a lled H a w k t o w n : there the kin g s o f the fir s t d y n a s ty -

built a te mple to th e h a w k : there in mo dern time s h a s

bee n fo u n d a s plendid g o lden he a d o f a h a w k da tin g fro m
the A ncie n t E m pire ; a nd o n the life like s t a tue o f K in g -

Chephren o f the third d y n a sty w e see a h a w k w ith o u t

’
s pre a d w i ng s pr o tectin g the b a ck o f the m o n a rch s he a d .

1 E A m él in eau , L e To mhea u d Osiris

.
’
r
B ea ste d, op cit pp 5 1 , 1 4 8 Th e . . . .

( P a s, ri pp . 1 07 - 1 1 5; W . M . i i
h gh W h te C o w n , w o n by O s s, r r iri
li
F nde r
Th e R oy a l To m hs of
s P et ri e,
’
y
w as th e s mb o o f th e k ng s do m n o n l i i i
r vr r y
\

th e E a rl iest Dy n a st ies, P a t i
i ( Lo n . o e Up p e Eg p t th e fla t R ed
do n , 1 90 1 ) pp 8 sq , 1 6 1 9, w th . .
-
i Cr w ow i th h i gh
n, b a ck p ec e and a a i
th e r f o nt s i i
p ece d pl t 1 ; an a es x. lxi .
p r j t i g p ir l w
o ec n s a , a s th e s mb o of y l
M r h i d mi i vrL r y
,

G . as p e o,E t d d My th l g i t u es e o o e e s o n on o e o we Eg p t On .

’
d A rch eo
‘
l g i Egy p ti
o e ( P ri 8 93 en n es a s, 1 th e m o nu m en ts th e k ng is s o me t m es i i
vi 6 7 7 3 ; J H B r t d
. 1 - 1 . . ea s e ,
r r
e p esen ted w e a ng a c o m b na t o n o f ri i i
H isto iy of Egyp tia n s th e A n cien t i
th e W h te a nd th e R e d C o w n to r
( Lo ndo n , pp 50 sq , 1 4 8 ; . . y vrili
s mb o z e h is so e e gn t o e b o th y vr
E A Wa
. s . lli
B udg e , Os ir is a n d th e r
th e S o u th a nd th e N o th Wh te w a s . i
Egyp tia n R esu rrect ion , 1 1 8 1 0, 1 3 , .
-
i i iv l r
th e d st n ct e co o u o f Up p e , a s re d r
83 85 -
Th e to mb , w th its n te est
. i i r r y
w as o f L o w e , E g p t Th e t ea su . r ry
ing c o nten ts, w a s d sco e ed a nd ex i vr of Up p er yEg p t w as ca ed “
th e ll
v
c a a te d b
y o n s eu E A mé l in eau M i r . . i
W h te H o use ”
r
th e t easu o f Lo w e ry r
Th e m asses, a mo st th e m o u n ta n s, l i y ll
Eg p t w as ca ed “
th e R e d H o u se
”
.

o f b o k en rp o tte , u n de w h ch th e ry r i S ee Ed Myr e e , Gesch ich te des A l ter

.

to mb w a s fo u nd to b e b u ed, a re ri t m
u i s,
2
pp 3 q ; J
. 2 . . 10 s . . H .

pr o bab em a ns o f ly r th e esse s in i v l Br t d Hi t y
eas e of t h
,
A s or e ncien t

i i
w h ch p o u s p l g ms p esente d th e i ri r ir Egyp t ia n s ( Lo ndo n , pp 3 4 sq
. .
,

g r
o ffe in s a t th e sh ne S ee E A m e ri . . li 3 6, 4 1
n ea u , op cit
pp 8 5 sq ;
. H . . .
J . .
 TH E M YTH OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

F ro m the e a rl ie st to the l a te st ti me s o f E g y pti a n civiliz a

ti o n the H a w k w a s the e pithet o f the k i ng o f E g y pt
“

a n d o f t h e k i ng a l o ne ; it t o o k the fir s t pl a ce in the li s t o f

h is title s The sa nctity o f t h e bird m a y help u s to u n der

1
.

s t a nd w h y I s i s t o o k the fo r m o f a h a w k in o rder t o m a te

w ith her de a d hu sb a nd ; w h y the q u e en o f E g y pt w o re o n

her a rm a bra celet a d o r ned w ith g o lden h a w k s ; a nd w h y in
the h o l y sepulchre the fo ur so n s o f H o ru s w e re repre se n ted
in the l i k e ne ss o f h a w k s keepi ng w a tch o ver the e ffi g y o f
their divi ne g r a n dfa ther ?

The leg e n d rec o rded b y P lut a rch w hich a sso ci a t e d the

de a d O s iri s w ith B y b l u s in P h o e n ici a is d o ubtl e ss l a te a n d 3

pro b a b l y untru st w o rthy I t m ay h a ve be e n s u gg e sted b y .

t h e re se m b l a n ce w hich the w o r s hip o f the E g y pti a n O s iri s

b o re to the w o rs hip o f t h e P h o e n ici a n A d o ni s in th a t city .

But it is p o ssible th a t the s t o ry h a s no d e eper fo un da ti o n

th a n a verb a l m i s u n ders t a ndin g F o r B y bl u s is n o t o n l y .

the n a me o f a cit y it is th e Greek w o rd fo r p a p y ru s ; a n d ,

a s I s i s is s a id a fter the de a th o f O s iri s t o h a v e t a ke n r e fu g e

in the p a p y ru s sw a m p s o f the D e lt a w here S h e g ave birth to ,

a n d re a red her so n H o ru s a Greek w rit e r m a y p e rh a p s h a ve ,

c o nfu sed the pl a n t w ith the city o f the sa me n a me Ho w .

4

1 A . M r
o e t, M y steres Egyp t ien s pp . 1 0, y i 1 1 . Th e
Eg p t a n na t iv e

(Pa ri s,
pp . 1 59 - 1 62 ,
w th i na m e o f H a w k -t o w n w a s N e c h e n , in

p a te l iii
Co mpa e V c to
. L o e t, r i r r Gr k ee Myr
it w a s H ie ra c o np o l is ( Ed e e , .

“
L Eg yp te au te mps du to t m s me ,
’ ”
é i o
p it p. c H wk w r w
. . a s e e or

Co nferen ces f a ites a u M a sce Ou imet, h i pp d by th i h b i t t ( S tr b

’
s e e n a an s a o,

q
B ibl iothe u e de Vu lg a risa t ion , xix . x vii 4 7 p . 1 .
, .

ri
( P a s, 1 906 ) p p 1 7 9 1 8 6 B o th . . A rdi g t th l g d th f r
2 cco n o e e en e ou

ri r r r
th e se w te s eg a d th e h a w k a s th e so n s o f H r w r t by A bi t o us e e se nu s o

to te m o f th e o a c a n ryl l Th s e w is . i vi p r t t th o ec b ri l f O iri Th ye u a o s s . e

r r Myr w h d h i d d b dy th y m r d
_

ej e cte d b y P o f Ed e e , who, . . as e s ea o , e o u ne

vr l
h o w e e , h o ds th a t H o u s, w h o se r o v r h im d th y p d h i l d
e ,
an e o en e s co

l
e mb em w as th e h a w k , w a s th e o de st l li p w i th th ir fi g r B t th y di
s e n e s . u e s

i l
na t o na g o d o f E y
g p t ( Gesch ich te des a pp r d f I i h d
ea e d th m t
,
or s s a c a use e o

A l tertu ms, 2 2 ipp 1 02 . He . .

gr w o t f l t fl w ri p l f
ou o a o us o e n a oo o

r r
p efe s to sup p o se th a t th e h a w k , o r w t r a e I th t p i ti
. th y nm a os on e a re so e

r a th e r l
th e fa c o n , w a s th e e mb e m o f a l ti m r p r t d i Egy p i
es e t esen e n t an ar

li
g o d o f gh t b ecau se th e b d fl es h gh ir i i b f r th
e o e t d ffi gy f O iri S
e sea e e o s s . ee

in th e sk y ( op cit p 7 3 ; a c co d ng . . . r i A E rm . D i agyp t i h R l gi
a n, e sc e e i on ,
2

ir
to h im th e b d is no t t h e sp a o w rr p 43. E A W lli B dg O i i. . a s u e, s r s

h a w k b u t th e fa co n , ih pl A . . an d t h E gyp t i R e ti i 4 an esu rrec on , . 0,

i
s m a il r vi
e w is a do p ted by P o fesso r r
A . i
W e dema nn ( R el ig io n of th e S 3 b v pp 9 q ee a o e, . s .

A nc ien t E gy pt ia n s, p C o mp a e . r E A W lli
1
‘
B dg. O i i . d a s u e, s r s an

. r
A E ma n, D ie ag ipt i sch e R el igion , 2
’

th E gy p t i
e R ti i 6 q an e su rrec on , . 1 s .
 C H AP TER II

TH E O F F I C I A L E G Y P TI A N CA L E N D AR

A US E F U L clue to the o ri g i na l n a ture o f a g o d o r g o dde ss is

o fte n furni shed b y the s e a so n a t w hich h is o r her fe s tiv a l is

celebr a ted Thu s if the fe stiva l fa ll s a t the n e w o r the full

.
,

m o o n there is a cert a in pre s u m pti o n th a t the deity thu s

,

h o no ured e ither is the mo o n o r a t le ast h a s l un a r a ffinitie s .

I f the fe s tiv a l is held a t the w inter o r s u m m er so l s tice w e ,

n a tur a ll y s ur m i s e th a t the g o d is the s u n o r a t a l l event s ,

th a t he st a nd s in so me cl o se rel a ti o n t o th a t lu m i n a ry .

A g a i n if the fe s tiv a l c o incide s w ith the ti m e o f so w in g o r

,

h a rve s t w e a re inclined to i n fer th a t the di v inity is a n

,

e mb o di ment o f the e a rth o r o f the c o rn The se pre su m pti o n s .

o r i n fere n ce s t a ken b y the m selve s a re b y n o ,

me a n s c o n ,

e lu s ive ; but if they h a ppe n t o be c o n fir med by o ther

i n dic a ti o n s the evidence m a y be re g a rded a s fa irl y s tr o ng
, .

Unfo rtun a tel y in dea li ng w ith th e E g y pti a n g o d s w e a re,

in a g re a t m e a s ure precluded fro m ma kin g u se o f thi s clue .

The re a s o n is n o t th a t the d a te s o f the fe stiv a l s a re a l w a y s

u n kn o w n but th a t the y s hifted fro m y e a r to y e a r u n til
, ,

a ft e r a l o n interv l the h d rev lved thr u h the w h le

g a y a o o g o

c o urse o f the se a so n s T hi s g r a du a l rev o luti o n o f the .

fe st a l E g y pti a n c y cle re sulted fro m the e m pl o y m ent o f a

c a le n d a r y e a r w hich n either c o rre sp o nded ex a ctl y to the
so l ar e r peri dic ll c rrected interc l ti 1
y a n o r w a s o a y o b y a a o n .

A 1
th Eg y p t i
s to l dr e Ch l gi dan A gy p t i ( B rli
ca e n a see ro n o o e er er , . e n,

L Id l r
. H db h
e e d ,m th 8 4 9) pp
an uc 5 qq ; H B r g h
er a e 1 . 12 s . . u sc ,

m ti h d t h i h D i Agy p t l g i ( L i p i
'
a sc en Ch un l gi ec n sc en ro n o o
pp e e o o e e s c, .

( B rli e8 5 n, i 9 3 qq ; S i 3 4 7 3 66 ; A E r m A gyp t
1 2 . s d . r - . a n, e en un

J G W ilki
. . M d C t m
nso n , gy p ti h L h im A l t t m p p
a n n ers a n us o s ae sc es e en er u , .

f th A i t Egyp t i
o e (L d
n c en 4 68 q ; G M p r Hi t i
a ns on o n, s . . as e o, s o re ou

ii 3 6 8 qq ; R L p i D i
. i
s . d P pl .d l O i t Cl
e s us, e c en n e es eu es e
’
r en as

2 4
CH AP . 11 TH E OF F I CI A L E G YP TI A N CA L E N D A R

Th e e a r is e q uiv a le n t t o a b o ut three hundred a n d S ixt y

so l a r
‘

y
fi v e a n d a q u a rter d a y s but t h e a ncie nt E g y pti a n s i g n o ri ng ,

t h e q u a rt e r o f a da y reck o n ed th e y e a r a t thre e hu n dr e d a n d
,

s ixt y fi v e d a y s o n l y Thu s e a ch o f their c a lend a r y e a r s

-
1
.

w a s s h o rter th a n th e true so l a r y e a r b y a b o ut a q u a rt e r o f a
da y . I n fo ur y e a r s t h e d e fici e n c y a m o u n ted to o n e w h o le
da y in fo rt y y e a r s it a m o u n ted to t e n d a y s in fo ur hundr e d
y e a r s it a mo u n ted t o a hundred d a y s ; a n d s o it w ent on

i ncre a s i ng until a ft e r a l a p se o f fo ur ti m e s thre e hun dr e d a nd

s ixt y fi v e o r o ne
-
,
th o u sa nd fo ur hundred a n d s ixt y so l a r
y e a r s t h e deficie
,
n c y a m o u n ted t o three hu n dred a n d s ixt y
fi ve d a y s o r a w h o l e E g y pti a n y e a r
,
He n ce o ne th o u sa n d .

fo ur hu n dre d a n d S ixt y so l a r y e a r s o r th e ir e q uiv a le n t , ,

o ne th o u sa nd fo ur hu n dred a n d S ixt y o n e E g y pti a n y e a r s -

,

fo r med a peri o d o r c y cle a t the e n d o f w hich the E g y pti a n

fe stiv a l s returned t o th o se p o i n t s o f the so l a r y e a r a t w hich
th ey h a d bee n cele b r a ted in the be g i nn in g I n the m e a n
?

ti me the y h a d been held s ucce ssivel y o u ev e r y day o f the

so l a r y e a r th o u h a l w a s o n the s a m e da f t h c lend ar
g , y y o e a .

Thu s the o ffici a l c a lend a r w a s c o m pletel y div o rc e d Th h ,

us t e
fli i l
except a t r a re a n d l o ng i nt e rva l s fr o m w h a t m a y b e c a lled l d r ,
o

c a en
c a

the n a tur a l c a lend a r o f the s h e pherd the h u sb a n dn w as

— div r d
,
o ce
the s a il o r th a t is fr o m the c o ur se o f the se aso ns i
, fr m h o t e

t h e ti m e s fo r t h e v a ri o u s l a b o ur s o f c a ttle breedi ng r l - na tu a
l dr ca en a
an d na vi g a ti o n a re m a rked by t h e p o s iti o n o f the s u n in t
,

h h i w ic s

m rk d b y
sk y t h e ri s i n g o r s etti n o f t h e s t a rs t h e fa l l o f r a i n t
a e
, g h r , ,
t e c o u se

g r o w th o f p a s tur e the ripeni n g o f,

the c o r n the bl o,w i n g f h , o t e

cert a i n w ind s a n d s o fo rth , N o w her e perh a p s a re t h e .

, ,
sea so n s .

eve n t s o f thi s n a tur a l c a l e n d a r bette r m a rked o r m o re

re g ul a r in their r ecurre nce th a n in E g y pt ; n o w her e a cc o rd
in g l y c o uld their diver g e n c e fr o m the c o rre s p o n din g d a t e s
of the O ffici a l c a lend a r be m o re re a dil y o b served The .

s i qu e, 1 . 2 07 2 10 ; Ed . Myr e e ,
H a n dbu ch der ma th ema tisch en u n d
“
A egy p tisch e Ch o no o g e, rA hh a n dl i ”
tech n isch en Ch ro n o l ogi e, ( Le ps c, i . i i
l u ng en der ho n igl I ’ reu ss A ha dem ie
. . 1 90 6 ) pp 1 50 sqq . .

der Wissen sch aflen , 1 904 , p p 2 sqq . r

1 H e o do tu s
, 4 , w th A ii
e e . i . Wi d
id ,. N a ch t ag e z ur ragy p tisc h en
’
m a n n s n o te G em nu s, E l emen ta i
C h ro n o l o g ie , A hh a n dl u ng en der A stro n o m ia e, 8 , p 1 06 , e d C an . . . M i
hon igl P reu ss A ha dem ie der Wissen
. . i
t u s ( Le p s c ,i i C en so n u s , D e ri
sch
af ten , 1 90 7 , pp 3 sqq ; .id , . . die n a ta l i, xviii
10 . .

Gesch ich te des A l tertu ms, 2 2 pp i . . .

2 i
G em nu s , E l emen ta A stro n om ia e,
2 8 sq q , 9 8 sqq ; F
. K . G nz e , . . i l 8 , pp . 1 06 sq q .
, e d. C . M i ti
an us .
 2 6 TH E OF F I CI A L E G YP TI A N CA LE N D A R B OO K I I I

diver g e nce c e rt a i n l y did n o t e sc a pe the n o tice o f the

E g y pti a n s th e m s elve s a nd so m e of th e m a pp a r e ntl y ,

a tt e m pted s ucce s sfu ll y t o c o rrect it Thu s w e a re t o ld th a t .

the The b a n prie st s w h o p a rticul a rl y exc e lled in a stro no m y , ,

w e re a c q u a i n ted w ith th e true le n g th o f the s o l a r y e a r a n d ,

h a r mo nized the c a le n d a r w ith it by interc a l a ti ng a da y

ev e ry fe w pr o b a bl y ev e ry fo ur e a rs ,
l
But thi s scie n tific ,
v .

i m pr o ve me n t w a s t o o deepl y o pp o se d to the reli g i o u s c o n

s e rv a t is m o f t h e E g y pti a n n a ture t o w in g e ne r a l a ccept a nce .

The E g y pti a n s s a id Ge m i n u s a Gr e e k a stro no mer w riti ng , ,

a b o ut 7 7 B C a re o f a n o pp o s ite O pi n i o n a n d purp o s e fr o m
“
. .
,

the Gree k s F o r th e y ne ither re ck o n the y e a rs by the su n

.

no r t h e m o n th s a n d d a y s b y the m o o n but the y O b s erv e a ,

peculi a r sy s t e m o f their o w n The y w i sh in fa ct th a t the .

, ,

s a cri fi ce s s h o uld n o t a l w a y s be o ffe r e d t o the g o d s a t the

s a m e ti m e o f the y e a r but th a t the y s h o ul d p a s s thr o u g h ,

a l l the se a s o n s o f t h e y e a r so th a t t h e s u mm er fe s tiv a l s h o uld ,

in ti m e be celebr a ted in w i n ter in a utu m n a n d i n s prin g , , .

F o r th a t purp o se the y e mpl o y a y e a r o f three hundred a n d

s ixt y fi v e d a y s c o m p o s ed o f t w elve m o n th s o f thir t
-
d a s
y
, y
e a ch w ith five s uppl e ment a ry d a y s a dded But the y do
,
.

n o t a dd the q u a rter O f a da y fo r the re a s o n I h a ve g ive n

n a me l y in o rder th a t their fe s tiv a l s m a y rev o lve

” 2
, So .

a tt a ch e d i n deed w er e the E y pti a n s t o their o ld c a le n d a r

, g , ,

th a t t h e kin g s a t th e ir c o n secr a ti o n w ere led b y the p rie s t

o f I s i s a t M e m phi s int o the h o l o f h o lie s a nd there m a de
y ,

t o s w e a r th a t th e y w o uld m a i n t a in the y e a r o f three hundred

a n d s ixt d ith ut i terc l ti 3
y fi v e a y s w o n -
a a o n .

Th e pr a ctic a l i n c o n v e n ie n ce o f a c a le n d a r w hich m a rked

true time o nl y o nce in a b o ut fifte e n hu n dred y e a r s m i g ht b e
1
D io do rus S ic u l us, 50 2 S t a bo , i . . r w ri t r f r th r ( p 8 ) d ri b
e u e . 10 esc es as a

x vn . i
46 , p 8 1 6 . A c co d n g t o H . . r i .
p p l r Gr k
o u a rr r th p i i th t
ee e o e O n on a

r
B u g sch ( D ie Agy p to l o gie, pp 3 49 . th Eg y p t i
e f tiv l f I i
an i id d
es a o s s co nc e

l y i
v
th e E g p t a ns w o u d see m t o h a e w i t h th w i t r e l tin e I hi d y so s ce . n s a ,

v l y r
de no ted t h e m o a b e ea of th e h e t ll e th
s tw
us, v t wr e o e en s e e

l d r d th fi x d y r f th
ca en a an e e ea o e su n se
p r t d b
a a e y i t rv l f f ll
an m th n e a o a u on ,

b y di ff r w i tt y mb l F m r
e ent r en s o s . or o e th gh t h y h d
ou e i i d d h dr da co n c e a un e
e vid th t
e nce th y w r q i t d a e e e ac ua n e an d t w t y y r b f r th t i m h
en ea s e o e e e e

w i th f r y r p ri d rr t d by w ri t i g
’
a ou ea s e o , co ec e w as n .

i t r l ti
n e ca a R L p i Ch o n, se e . e s us, ron o
3
S ch ol ia Caesa ris Germa n i ci
in
l gi d
o A gyp t
e i 49 qq
er e er , . 1 s . A ra tea , p 4 09, e d F r Ey ssenh a rdt ,
. . .

G mi
2
El m t A t
e mi
n us, e en a s ro n o ae, in h is ii
ed t o n o f a t a nu s Ca e a
p M ri ll
8 p , 6 d C M
. 10 i ti Th
, m e . . an u s. e sa e ( Le p s c ,i i
CHAP . 11 TH E OF F I CI A L E G YP TI A N CA L E N D A R

c a l m l y b o r ne by a sub m i ss ive O rie nt a l a ce lik e the a n cie n t A m p f r tte t o

Eg y pti a ns but it n a tur a ll y pr o v e d a s tu m b l in g bl o ck t o the

,
-

le ss p a tie n t t e m per a me n t o f th e ir E ur o pe a n c o n q uer o r s f m h .

re o r t e

A cc o rdi n g l y in t h e rei g n o f K i ng P t o l e my I I I E uer g e te s a $125 n

7

decree w a s p a ssed th a t hencefo rth th e mo va b le E g y pti a n by i n fier

l ca a t l o n
r h uld be c o nverted i n t o fixed so l a r y e a r b y the
'

e a s o a
y
i n t e rc a l a ti o n o f o ne da y a t the e n d o f every fo ur y e a r s in ,

o rder th a t the s e a s o n s ma y do their duty perpetu a ll y

a cc o rdin g to the pr e se n t c o n s tituti o n o f the w o rld a n d th a t ,

it m ay n o t h a ppe n thr o u g h th e shiftin g o f the s t a r by o ne

,

da y in fo ur y e a r s th a t so me O f the public fe s tiv a l s w hich

,

a re n o w held in the w i n ter s h o uld ever be celebr a ted in the

s u m m er a n d th a t o ther fe s tiv a l s n o w held in the s u mm er

,

s h o uld here a fter be celebr a ted in the w inter a s h a s h a ppe n ed ,

be fo re a n d m u s t h a ppen a g a in if the y e a r o f thre e hu n dred a n d

,

s ixt y fi v e da y s be ret a ined The decree w a s p a ssed in the ”

-
.

y e a r 2 3 9 o r 2 3 8 B C by the hi g h prie s t s s cribe s a n d o ther

. .
, ,

di g n it a rie s o f the E gy pti a n church a s se m bled in c o n v o c a ti o n

a t C a n o pu s but w e c a nn o t d o ubt th a t the me a sure th o u g h ,

it e m b o died n a tive E g y pti a n s cie nce w a s pr o mpted by the ,

k i ng o r h is M a ced o ni a n a dvi sers Thi s sag e a tte m pt t o .

1

refo r m the err a tic c a lend a r w a s no t per m a nentl y s ucce ss ful .

The ch a ng e m a y indeed h a ve bee n c a rried o u t durin g the

rei g n o f the ki ng w h o in s tituted it but it w a s a b a nd o ned by ,

the y e a r 1 9 6 B C a t l a te st a s w e le a rn fr o m the celebr a ted

. .
,

i nscripti o n k n o w n a s the R o sett a sto ne in w hich a m o nth ,

o f the M a ced o n i a n c a lend a r is e q u a ted t o the c o rre s p o n di n g

m o n th o f the m o v a ble E g y pti a n y e a r A n d the te s ti m o n y .

o f Ge m i n u s w hich I h a ve cited pr o ve s th a t in the fo ll o w

, ,

ing ce n tur y the fe stiv a l s w ere s till rev o lvin g in the o l d s t y le .

Th e refo r m w hich the M a ced o ni a n ki n g h a d v a inl y I i i n st tu t o n

fi ed
a tt e mpted t o i mp o s e up o n h is pe o ple w as a cc o m pli shed by 2122 6 x

the pr a ctic a l R o ma n s w hen the y t o o k o ver the a d m ini str a d i an n

y r gy
r

ea

1 f th d r Pt l m h t e
°

C p o ies 0 h e ec ee (L d In
pp 5 I ero o e i es on o n, 2 0
R m
g l y ph i d m ti d Gr k h v b t r m ti
o ans
6 qq Th d i
.

c, e o c , an ee a e een s 2 2 s e s a en o ne n
qq .
, .

f
o un d i ri b d
n sc t i E gy p t
e th
on d r
s o n es n i th D g t r ( S iri ) . e ec e e s e o -
s a us .

Ch M i h l R b l w p p 3 4 qq
’
S ee . il d I
c e ip t i
, Secu e n scr on s ee e o , . s .

G rec u es
q ( Br l pp 4 5 qq
u sse s, . 1 s .
,

N o. 55 ; W D itt b g
1 .O i ti enW D itt b g
er e r, O i ti G ir en s
2
. en e r e r, r en s raec

G ra eci I ip t in scrS l t ( L ip i I
on es ip t i
e ec a e S l t l i pp 4 e s c, n scr o n es e ec a e, v o . . . 1 0
1 0
9 3 l i pp 9 vo
qq N . .
qq N .
9 w i th
1 t s
5 f th .
, o . s .
, o . 0, no e 2 o e

56 ; J P M h ffy Th E mp i f t h
. . a a , di t r e re o e e o .
 2 8 TH E OF F I CI A L E G YP TI A N CA L E N D A R 3 00x 1 1 1

ti o n o f the c o untry The expedie n t by w hich the y effected .

the ch a ng e w a s a s i m pl e o ne i n deed it w a s no o ther th a n

th a t to w hich P t o l e m y E u e r g ete s h a d re so rted fo r the sa m e
purp o se Th ey m erel y i n terc a l a ted o ne day a t the end o f
.

every fo ur y e a rs thu s e q u a lizi ng w ithi n a s m a l l fr a cti o n fo ur

,

c a le nd a r y e a r s to fo ur so l a r y e a r s He n c e fo rth the o ffici a l .

a n d the n a tur a l c a lend a r s w ere in pr a ctic a l a g ree m ent The .

m o v a ble E g y pti a n y e a r h a d bee n c o n verted int o the fixed

A lex a n dri a n y e a r a s it w a s c a lled w hich a g re e d w ith the
, ,

J uli a n y e a r in le ng th a nd in its sy s te m o f i nterc a l a ti o n ,

th o u g h it differed fr o m th a t y e a r in re t a ini ng t h e t w elve

e q u a l E g y pti a n m o nth s a n d five s upple me n t a ry d a y s 1
But .

w hil e the n e w c a lend a r received the sa ncti o n o f l a w a n d

regul ated t h e bu sine ss o f g o vern m e nt the a ncient c a lend a r ,

w a s t o o fir m l y e s t a bli s hed in p o pul a r u sa g e t o be a t o n ce

di s pl a ced A cc o rdi ng l y it S urvived fo r a g e s s ide b y s ide w ith
.

its m o d e rn riv a l The s pre a d o f Chri sti a n ity w hich re q uired

?
,

a fixed y e a r fo r the due o b s erv a n ce o f it s fe s tiv a l s did m uch ,

t o pr o m o te the a d o pti o n o f the n e w A lex a ndri a n s ty le a n d ,

by t h e be g i n ni n g o f the fi fth century the a ncie n t m o v a ble y e a r

o f E y pt a ppe a r s t o h a ve bee n n o t o nl de d but f r tt ?
g y a o g o e n

1
O n th e A e a nd a n ea se e L lx ri y r . b p th y r ea s . S ee H . B ru g sch , D ie
lr
I de e , H a n dbu ch der ma th ema t isch en A ey eto l osi e, P P 3 54 se
u n d tech n isch en Ch ron ol og ie, 1 40 i .
3 L
.I de e , op lrcit 1 4 9- 1 52
. . i . .

sqq . Th a t a dm a b e ch o n o o g e ir l r l r M r i
ac o b u s th ou g h t th at th e Eg p t a n s y i
r
a g u ed (
pp 1 53 -1 6 1
.
) th a t th e in l y l y
h a d a w a s e mp o e d a so a ea of l ry r
v i
no a t o n w a s i r
n t o du c e d n o t, a s h a d -
y
3 511 da s ( S a tu rn
6 i 12 2 , i 14
. . . . .

b e en c o mm o n ly
su pp o se d, in 2 5 B C , . . i l r
Th e a nc e nt ca en da o f th e e c a ns M xi
b u t in 3 0 B C , t h e .ea .in w h ch y r i r l y
ese m b e d th a t o f th e E g p t an s e c e p t i x
A u gu stu s de fea t ed a k A n to n Mr u n de y r ivi i
th a t it w a s d i
ded nto e gh teen m o nth s
ll l x ri
th e w a s o f A e a nd a a n d c a p tu e d r y y
o f t w en t i
da s ea ch ( ns tea d o f tw e e lv
th e c t iy vr
H o w e e , th e q uest o n see ms
. i ir y y
m o n th s o f t h t da s ea ch ) , w th fi v e i
to b e s t ill
u nse tt e d l
S e e F K G nz e , . . . i l l
su p p em e nta ry y da s a dde d a t th e en d
H a n dbu ch der m a th ema tischen u nd of th e y r ea Th ese su p p eme n ta
. l ry
tech n isch en Ch ro n o l ogie, 2 2 6 sqq , i . . y r
da s ( n emon temi) w e e de em ed u n
i r
w h o th nk s it p o b ab e th a t th e c h a n g e l l y
u ck i
: n o th ng w as do ne o n th em
w a s ma de in 2 6 B C F o r th e p u p o ses
. . r y r i
th e w e e de d ca te d to no de t ; a n d iy
o f th is s tu d y
th e p ec se da te o f th e r i p r
e s o n s r
b r
o n o n t h em w e e co ns de e d i r
i r i
n t o duc t o n o f th e A e a nd a n ea is lx ri y r r
u n fo tu na te S ee B
. de S a h ag u n, .

n o t m a te a ri l .
’
H isto ire g en era l e des ch oses de l a
'

i x l x ri r i
J
2 I
n de m o t c th e fi e d A e an d a n N ou vel l e - E sp ag ne, t a du te p a r D .

y r
ea is c a ed “
ll
th e ea of th e y r o u rda n et e t R iS m eo n ( P a s ,
. ri
i il
I o n an s, w h e th e o l d m o ab e ea v l y r pp 50, 1 64 ; F S Cl a v igero , H isto ry
. . .

is st ed yl
“
y r
th e ea o f th e E g p t a n s
”
y i . of M ex ico ( Lo ndo n, i 2 90 . .

v
D o cum en ts h a e b een fo u n d w h ch a re i l y i
Un ik e th e Eg pt a n ca enda , h o w l r
da ted b y th e day an d th e mo n th o f vr
e e , th e M i
ex ca n a p p ea s t o ha e r v
CH AP . 11 TH E OF F I CI A L E G YP TI A N CA L E N D A R 2 9

b e en r eg u a l rl y
rr t d b y i t r lco ec e n e ca a to ta l o f 3 6 6 da y s . S e e D eg o de i
tion sot b ri g it i t
as h rm y
o n n o a on
’
L a n da , R el a t io n o es ch oses de Yu ca ta n
w i th th l r y r B t t th
e so a ea . u as o e ri
( P a s, pp . 2 0 2 sq
q O n th e
.

m d
o f i t r l ti
e o th ri ti
n e ca a on o ur au o es o th e r i ri
h a n d th e h st o a n Cl av ig ero ,
di ff r e A. rdi g t th p i tiv
cco n o e os e who liv i
ed in th e e ry
g h te en th cen tu ,
sta tem en t S a h ag u n , o ne o f th e
of b u t u sed e a erli r ri i ll
a u th o t es , t e s u s
earli est a nd ri i b est a u th o t es , th e t h a h
t t e M xi e ca n s i r
“
did no t n te p o se
M xie rr
ca ns c o i y
e cte d th e de fi c en c of a da y e e v ry r y r fo u ir
ea s, b u t th tee n

ir y r i r l i
th e ea b y nte ca a t ng o n e day in y i r v
da s ( m a k ng use h e e e e n o f th si
v ry r y r i
e e r i ly
fo u th ea , w h ch is p ec se th e v ri r v ry
fa o u te n u m be ) e e y r fi fty -tw o e a s
corr i l x ri
ec t o n a do p ted in th e A e a n d an i r r l i
w h c h p o du c es th e sa m e eg u a t o n o f
J li
a nd th e l r
u a n c a e nda S ee B de . . i
t me
”
( H isto ry of M ex ico , S e co nd
S ah ag u n , op cit p p 2 8 6 sq , w h e e
. . . . r ii
E d t o n, L o n do n , 1 8 07 , v o l p . i . .

h e e p ess x r ly r
a sse ts th e fa se h o o d o f l vrvi
H o w e e , th e M xi
e w th a t th e e ca ns

th e vi
e w th a t th e b sse t e i x il y r
ea w as corr ir y r i r l i
ec t e d t h e ea b y n te ca a t o n is

u nk no w n to th e e M xi
ca n s Th s i . r r r lr
ej ec te d b y P o fe sso E Se e. S e e h is
.

i y
w e gh t state me nt is co n fi m ed b y th e r M xi e r l y
ca n Ch o n o o
”
g , in B u l l etin 2 8
p r i
a c t c e o f th e I i
n d a n s o f Yu ca ta n . r ri l y
o f th e B u ea u o f A m e ca n E th n o o
g
i
L k e th e A z te c s, th e yr
eck o ne d a ea y r ( W i
a sh n g to n , p p 1 3 sqq
. a nd .

i
to c o n s s t o f 3 60 da s d y ivi
ded nto i r i
o n th e o th e i Z li
s de M ss ll e a N u tta ,

1 8 m o n th s o f 2 0 da s e a ch , w th 5 y i “
ri i l
Th e P e o d c a Adj us tm en ts o f th e
y
da s a dded so a s to m a k e a to ta o f l i M xi
A n c en t el r c a n Ca e nda ,
”
A m erica n
6
3 5 d a s ,
b y
u t e e f v ry r y r y
o u th e a th e A n th rop ol og ist, N S . .vi ( 1 904 ) pp
.

i r l
n te ca ated a day so as t o m ak e a 4 8 6 500
-
.
 C HAP TER I II

TH E C AL E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F AR M ER

1 . Th e R is e a nd Fall of th e N il e

IF the E g y pti a n fa r m e r o f the o lde n ti m e c o uld thu s g e t n o

help except a t the r a re st interv a l s fr o m the o ffici a l o r sa cer
, ,

d o t a l c a l e nd a r he m u s t h a ve bee n c o m pelled to o b serve fo r

,

hi m self th o se n a tur a l s i g n a l s w hich m a rked the ti me s fo r the

v a ri o u s o pera ti o n s o f hu sb a n dry I n a l l a g e s o f w hich w e .

p o sse ss a ny rec o rd s the E gy pti a n s h a ve b een a n a g ricultur a l

pe o pl e dependent fo r their s ub si s te nce o n the g r o w th o f the
,

c o rn The cere a l s w hich the y cultiv a ted w ere w he a t b a rl ey

.
, ,

an d a pp a rentl y so r g hu m ( H o l cu s s o rg h u m Li n n a eu s ) the , ,

do ora o f the m o der n fe ll a h e en Then a s n o w the w h o le 1

.

c o u ntry w ith the excepti o n o f a fri ng e o n the c o a s t o f th e

,

M editerr a ne a n w a s a l m o s t r a i n le s s a n d o w ed its i mmen s e

, ,

fertility e n tirel y to the a nnu a l i n und a ti o n o f the N il e w hich , ,

re g ul a ted by a n el a b o r a te sy s te m o f d a ms a n d c a n a l s w a s ,

di s tributed o ver the fi e ld s rene w in g the so il y e a r by y e a r ,

w ith a fre sh dep o s it o f m u d w a shed d o w n fr o m the g re a t

e q u a to ri a l l a ke s a nd the m o unt a i n s o f A by ss i ni a H e nce .

the ri s e o f the river h a s a l w a y s bee n w a tched by the in

h a bit a nt s w ith the ut m o s t a nxiety fo r if it either fa ll s sh o rt
o f o r exc e ed s a cert a i n hei g ht de a rth a n d fa m i n e a re the ,

inevit a bl e c o nse q u e nce s The w a ter be g i ns to ri se e a rl y in ?

H r d t
1
3 6 w i th A W i d
e o o us , 1 1 A l t t m p p 57 7 qq ; A d C
.
, . e e er u , . s . . e an

m a nn s
’
; Di d Si l
n o te i 4 d ll O gi f C l ti t d P l t
o o rus c u u s, . 1 . o e, ri n o u va e an s

1 i 7 ; P li y N t H i t v 57 ( L d
, . 1 . 1 n ,
a .
pp 3 54 q
s .
3 69
. on o n, . s .
, ,

s
q xviii
.
,6 ; S i J G
. r di r W0 ilki r3 8 ; G. M p
a r Hne i t i i n 1 . as e o, s o re a n c en n e

s o n, M d C t m
a n n ers
of t h d
an P p l d l O
us o i tsC l iq i 66 e es eu es e
’
r en ass u e, . .

A i t Egy p ti
n c en
( L d ans H r d t on ii o n, 4 ; D i d 2
e o o u s, . 1 o o ru s

ii 3 98 3 99 4 8 4 6 q ; A E r m
.
, , 1 ,Si l 2 i 3 6 ; S tr b
s . .
3 pp an , cu us , . a o , xvn . 1 .
, .

A gyp t e d g p
en t i h
un L h i mae7 8 6 7
/ 8 8 ; P li scy N
es t H i t xviii
e en 67 -
n , a . s . . 1
 CA LE N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OOK 1 11

of the d a ms w hich h a ve hithert o preve n ted the s w o lle n

river fr o m fl o o di ng the c a n a l s a nd the fi e ld s Thi s is d o ne .
,

a n d the p e nt u p w a ter s rele a s ed o n their b e ne fi c e n t m i s s i o n

-
,

in t h e fir s t h a lf o f A u g u st I n N o ve m ber w h e n the i n un
?
,

d a ti o n h a s s ub s ided w he a t b a rley a nd so r g hu m a re so w n , , , .

The ti me o f h a rve s t v a rie s w ith the di strict fa lli ng a b o ut a ,

m o n th l a ter in the n o rth th a n in t h e so uth I n Upper o r .

S o uther n E g y pt b a rl e y is re a p e d a t the be g i n n i n g o f M a rch ,

w he a t a t the be g i nn in g o f A pril a nd so r g hu m a b o ut t h e ,

e n d o f th a t m o n th
?

I t is n a tur a l to s upp o s e th a t the s e v a ri o u s event s o f the

a g ricultur a l y e a r w ere celebra ted by the E g y pti a n fa r m e r
w ith so me S i mple reli g i o u s rit e s de s i g n ed t o s ecure the
ble ss i ng o f the g o d s up o n h is l a b o urs T he se ru stic cere .

m o n ie s he w o uld c o ntinue to perfo r m y e a r a fter y e a r a t

t h e sa m e s e a so n w hile the so le m n fe s tiv a l s o f the prie s t s
,

c o nti nued to shift w ith the S hiftin g c a lend a r fr o m s u mmer , ,

thr o u g h spr i n g to w i n ter a nd so b a ck w a rd thro u g h a utu m n ,

t o s u mmer The rite s o f the hu sb a nd ma n w ere st a ble

.

bec a u se the y re sted o n direct o b serv a ti o n o f n a ture : the

rite s o f the prie s t w ere u nst a bl e b e c a u s e the y w ere b a sed o n
a fa l s e c a lcul a ti o n Y e t m a n y o f t h e prie s tl y fe s tiva l s m a y
.

h a ve been n o thin g but the o l d rur a l fe s tiva l s di sg u i sed in the

c o ur se o f a g e s by the p o m p o f sa cerd o t a li s m a n d severed by .

the err o r o f t h e c a lend a r fr m their r o o t s in t h e n a tur a l ,

o

c y cle o f the se a so n s .

1
J
G a rdin erW il k ins o n , M a n n ers
S ir .

a n d Cu sto ms of th e A n cien t Egy ptia n s

to
w as
li y ( N H i
P n 6 ) b l y
at

r p d i Egyp t i h ix th m th
ea e n
. st . x v nI

n t e s
. 0 ar e

on

( Lo ndo n, 3 6 5 sq ; E W ii . . . . fr mo wi g
so d w h t i th
n , v th
an ea n e se en

La ne , M a nn ers a n d Cu sto m s of th e m th on Di d. Si l o th th r
o ru s c u u s, o n e o e

M odern Egyp t ia n s ( P a s e a nd Lo ndo n , ily h d an y ( i 3 6 4 ) th t th r w

, sa s . . a e co n as

pp 4 9 8 s qq . G as e o ,
p . . M r r p d ft r f r fi m th P
ea e a e ou or ve on s. er

h p P li y r f r t L w r
’
H isto ire a n cien n e des P eupl es de l Orien t a s n d Di
e e s o o e ,
an o

Cl a ssi u e, q 2 3 sq , 6 9 i .Th e a st . . l d r o t
us Up p r Egy p t
o El w h r e . se e e

i
m ent o n ed w te sa s ( p 2 4 ) th a t th e ri r y . P li y n flfi m ( N t H i t xviii
a r s 6 9) a . s . . 1
da ms a re c o mm o n ly
c u t b e t w een th e th t th
a r w e w t th
co n b gi as so n a e e n
r ix
fi st and s tee nth o f u , b u t a p p a J ly r i g f N v mb r d th t th r p i g
n n o o e e , an a e ea n
ent ly
h e m ea n s A u g ust . b g e an t th d f M r h
a e d w en o a c an as
2
S ir D W k n so n , op cit 1 1 3 9 8
J . . il i . . . co mpl t d i e eM y Th i n rt i ly a . s ce a n

sq . r
P o f W M F nde s P et e , c ted
. .
’
. li r ri i a p p li b tt r t L w r th
es e e t Up p r o o e an o e

v
a bo e , v o l p 2 3 1 ,
n
. o te
3
i A
. c c o. d ng . r i Eg y p t .
 C H AP . 111 R I TE S OF I R R I GA TI ON

2 . R ites f
o I rriga tio n

The se c o njecture s a re c o n fir m ed b y the little w e kn o w M r i g ou n n

b o th o f the p o pul a r a nd o f the o ffici a l E g y pti a n reli g i o n 222 3212 .

1
51 5

Thu s w e a re t o ld th a t the E g y pti a ns held a fe s tiv a l o f I si s mm r su e

a t the ti m e w he n the N ile b eg a n t o ri se The y believed fi ghti .

ng

th a t the g o dde ss w a s then m o urnin g fo r the l o s t O s iri s a nd t ri ,

o se .

th a t the te a r s w hich dro pped fro m her ey e s sw elled th e

i m petu o u s tide o f the ri v er H e nc e in E g y pti a n inscrip ?

ti o n s I si s is sp o ken o f a s sh e w h o m a keth the N ile t o sw ell “

a n d o verfl o w w h o m a keth the N ile t o s w ell in h is s e a so n

” 2
.
,

S i m il a rl y the To ra dj a s o f C entr a l C elebe s i m a g ine th a t

s h o w er s o f r a in a re the te a r s S he d b y the c o m p a s s i o n a t e

g o d s in w eepin g fo r s o m eb o d
y w h o is a b o ut t o die ; a

s h o w er in the m o rnin g is t o the m a n i n fa llible o men o f

de a th H o w ev e r a n une a sy s u spici o n w o uld seem to h a ve
?
,

o ccurred t o the E g y pti a n s th a t perh a p s a fter a l l the te a r s o f

the g o dde ss m i g ht n o t s u ffice o f the m selve s to r a i se the

w a ter t o the pr o per level ; s o in the t im e o f R a m e se s I I
‘

the ki ng u sed o n the fir st da y o f the fl o o d to thro w int o the

N ile a w ritten o rder c o mm a n din g th e ri v er t o do it s duty ,

a n d the s ub m i ss ive s tre a m never fa iled t o o be y the r o y a l

m a nd a te Y e t the a n cient belief s urvive s in a m o difi e d

?

fo r m to thi s day F o r the N ile a s w e sa w be g i ns t o ri se in

.
, ,

J une a b o ut the ti m e o f the s u mm er so l stice a n d the pe o ple ,

s till a ttribute its i n cre a s ed v o lu me t o a m ir a cul o u s dr o p

w hich fa ll s i n t o the river o n the n i g h t o f the sevent ee n th o f
the mo n th The ch a r m s a n d divi n a ti o ns w hich they pr a cti s e
.

o n th a t m y s tic n i ht in o rder t o a scert a i n t h e l e n th o f their

g g
o w n life a n d t o rid the h o u s e s o f bu g s m a y w ell d a te fr o m

a re m o te a nti uit if iri in ect

5
Y N o w O s s w a s . o n e o f h is a s s

1 P au san i
32 1 8
a s, x . . . r
s t ea m ng i
do w n f o m his e es S ee r y .

2 E
. . lli
A W a s B u dg e, Os iris a n d T A . o ce,
. Jy
Th e W eep ng G o d, ”
i
th e E gyp t ia n R esu rrectio n , ii 2 7 8 . . E ssay s a n d S tu dies p resen ted t o Wil l i a m
3
’
. ri
N A d a ni e n A l b C K ru ij t , D e . . R idg ew ay ( Cam b dg e, pp 3 6 5 ri .

B a re e sp rehen de To ra d
-
/ a s v a n M idden 3 74
Cel ebes ( B a ta ia , v 2 73 Th e i . . Th s w e ea n f
4
i l r rm i
o n sc ri p ti o ns

r
mo e c ivili
z ed I n d an s o f t o p ca i
r i l a
t S il sil is S ee A . . M rto e ,
My steres
ri r i
A m e ca , w h o p a c t sed ag c u tu e ri l r E gyp t ien s (P a ri s, p . 1 80 .

a nd vl
h a d de e o p ed a b a ba c a rt, r ri E W La n e, M a n n ers a n d Cu sto ms
5
. .

r v ly r r ily
.

a
p p ea t o h a e co mm o n ep esente d f th e M odern Egyp tia n s ( P a s e a nd
o

ri r i
th e a n -g o d in h u m a n fo m w th t ea s r L o ndo n , 1 8 9 ch x pp 4 9 5 sq . x vi . . .

PT . IV . V OL . II D
 CA L E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R /”E R B OO K 111

a g the c o r n n o thi ng c o uld be m o r e n a tur a l th a n th a t

od of ,

he s h o ul d be m o ur n ed a t m id s u m mer F o r by th a t ti m e the .

h a rve s t w a s p a st t h e field s w ere b a re t h e river ra n l o w life , , ,

s e e m e d t o be s u s pe n ded the c o rn g o d w a s de a d A t s uch a ,

- .

m o m e n t pe o pl e w h o sa w the h a ndi w o rk o f divi n e b e i ng s in

a l l the o p e r a ti o n s o f n a ture m i g ht w ell tr a ce the s w e lli ng o f

the sa cred s tre a m t o the te a r s s hed by the g o dde ss a t the

de a th o f the be ne fi ce nt c o r n g o d h e r hu s b a n d -
.

A n d the S i g n o f the ri s in g w a ter s o n e a rth w a s a c co m

p a n ie d b y a S i g n in he a ve n F o r in the e a rl y d a y s o f .

E gy pti a n hi s t o ry s o m e three o r fo ur th o u a n d y e a r s befo re ,

s

the b eg i nn in g o f o u r era the s plendid s t a r o f S iriu s the , ,

bri g hte s t o f a l l the fixed s t a r s a ppea red a t d a w n in the e a s t ,

ju st befo r e s u n ri se a b o ut the ti m e o f the su m mer so l s tice ,

w hen the N ile be g i n s t o ri s e T he E g y pti a ns c a lled it ?

S o thi s a n d re g a rded it a s the s t a r o f I s i s j u s t a s the

2
, ,

1 L . I de lr e ,
H a n dhu ch der ma th e l ti t d 3 i a nd i
th s w a s t r ue of a u e 0
°
n
m ti h
a scdt h i h en u n Ch l gi E g yp t ( th l t i t d
ec n sc en rl y f H li p li ron o o e, e a u e n ea o e o o s

i.
4 qq 12 R L p i s D i Ch
. . d M mph i ) f e b
s u s,t th r th d e ron o an e s or a ou ee o u sa n

l g
o d
‘

ie
'

A gy p t er i 6 8 q F K y r f E gy p ti h i t y S L
e er , . 1 s . . . ea s o an s or . ee .

Gi l H dh h d m th m ti h
nz e ,
an ucId l r p i t eri 8 3 B t th
a e a sc en e e ,
o . c . . 1 2 - 1 0 . u e

un d t h i h ec Ch l gi
n sc i 9
en d t f th ri i g f th t r i t
ro n o o e, . 1 0 a e o e s n o e s a s no

s q ; . Ed Myr N h tr ag
. eth m th r gh t Eg y p t ; it v ri
e , ac
’

e z ur e sa e ou ou a es

Ch r l gi w i t h th l ti t d v ri ti ”
ag yp ti h sc en A hh d o no o d th e, an e a u e, an e a a on

lun
g d h
en gl P er A h d mi on i w i th i th li m i t f Egyp t m t t
. reu ss . a e e n e s o a o un s o

d er M h aft
'

9 7 ( B rli
ssen sc v dy en , m r R gh l y p k
1 0 e n, se en a s or o e . ou s ea

pp q ; id G . h i h t
1 1 i sg S.iri ri rl y .
, w h l d y esc c e
’
a es n , us ses n ea a o e a

Alt t m er u i 8 q 99 qq Th s,
2
. rli r f
2 h d gr
s . f l ti d y
,
s . e ea e o r ea c e ee o a tu e ou

i id
co nc f th ri i g f S iri
en c e o w i th g eth Th s n wh r r Al xo us o so u . u s, e ea s n ea e

th e w lli g s f th N il i m ti
e n o d dri i th e rth S iri d t ri
e s en o ne an a n e no us o es n o se

b y Ti b ll (i 7 u qus) d A l i. t ill th . tw ty 2 1 d f J ly s t Sy . an e an e en se co n
-
o u ,
a en e

(D t
e im l i m x
n a u ra anI i th th it ri
a u th S ix t, th . n n e so u se s on e ee n

l t r tim
a e e s,
q f t
ash f J ly
a S R L p i
c o n se
p it i u e nce o e o u . ee . e s u s, o . c . .

p r i
ec ess o n o f th q i x t h ri i g 6 8 e e q ; F K Gi
u no l p it i es , e s n 1 s . . . nz e ,
o . c

g r d ll y div rg d fr m th
. .

O f S iri us a ua 8 q N w it i t b r m mb r d e e o e 1 2 s . o s o e e e e e

su mm r l t i f lli g l t r d l t r th t th ri i g f h N il
e so s ce , a n w ll a e an a e a e s n o t e e, as e as

i th
n l r y r I th ix t th th ri i g f S iri i b rv d rli r
e so a ea . n e s ee n e s n o us, s o se e ea e

an d fif th t ry
tee n S iri r c en u d rli r th f r h r th y g B C . . us o se an ea e e u t e so u ou o

d y
.

se v t e n e en f r th mm r
a Th s i i d t v ri ti
a te f th tw e su e e co n c en a a on o e o

so sl ti d t th d t
ce , a n f th C a
pi ph m e l d h rdl y f il t
a e o e a no c e no ena co u a a o co n

d r e c ee ( 38 ) it r 2 wh l fi m th E gy p t i
B C . . i th ir b li f f o se a o e r e a ns n e e e o a

m th ft r th fi r t w lli g f h
on a e t r l
e
p r s t r l xi b
s e n o t e na u a o r su e na u a c o n ne on e

N il S e .L Id l r p ee it i 3 ;. tw th m e e , o . c . . 1 0 e en e .

F . K Gi l p it i 9 ; Ed
. nz e , Di d
o . Si l c i 7 4 ; Pl. . 1 0 .
2 o o ru s c u u s, . 2 . u

M y r N h tr g
e e ,
“
g yp ti ach t r h I i
'

a t O i i
e z ur
38 6 a sc en a c ,
s s e s r s, 2 1 , 2 2 , , 1
Chr l gi p po no o q A e, rdi g P r ph y ry D t y mp h m 4
”
. 1 1 s . cco n o , e a n ro n a ru , 2

to C ri ( D di t l i xxi
e n so nu s S h li t e A p ll i R h di ii
e na a ,
. c o as on o o n us o us , .

S iri r g l rl y r i Egy p t th 5 7 C p i d r li 3 6 q i
us e u a o se n on e 1 ano c ec e e , ne s s .
, n
tw i th f J l y (J li
ent e l d r) ; W D itt b g O i t i G i I
o u u an c a en a . en e r er s
’
r en s ra ec n
 CHAP . III R I TE S OF I R R I GA TI ON

B a b y l o n i a n s dee med the pl a net V enu s the st a r o f A st a rte .

To b o th p e o ple s a pp a re n tl y the b rilli a nt lu m i n a ry in the

m o r n i n g s k y s e e me d the g o dde ss o f li fe a n d l o ve c o m e t o
m o ur n her dep a rted l o ver o r s p o u se a n d t o w a ke h im fr o m the
de a d He n ce the ri si ng o f S iriu s ma rked the be g i nn i n g o f the
.
ri i g Th e s n
f S iri
sa cred E g y pti a n y e a r a n d w a s re g ul a rl y celebr a ted b fe ti 1 o us
y a
m rk d
s ,
a e

v a l w hich did n o t S hift w ith the s hifti ng O ffici a l y e a r The h b gi

?
t e e n
ig f n n o

h rd t e s ac e
vol i p No i mp r t t i it d fi i t l y p r v E g yp i
s cri pt ion es S el ecta e, 1 02 o an s nc e e n e o es t an
y r
.
. . .
, ,

56 ( li n es 2 8 sq in . Ch . Mi ch e l ’
s Re th t b ida th , h i f i g f tiv l
es f es e s t n es a s o
ea .

cu eil p
’
d I n scri t io n s
p 4 1 7, Grec q u es , . th h i fti g fli i l y r t h Eg y p ti
e s n o c a ea , e an s

No . R V La nz o n e , D iz io n a r io . . l b r t d th r f t iv l w h i h w r
ce e a e o e es a s, c e e

di M ito l ogi a E g iz ia , p p 8 2 5 sq On . . d t d b y dir t b rv t i

a e f t r l ec o se a on o na u a

th e c e ng o f t h e M ili
em n o n u m i at p h m e no m l y th l i
e n a , na e , e a nn u a nu n
Th eb es th e h e a ca li l ri i
s ng o f S iri
u s is d tia th ri f S iri
o n, d th e se o us, an e

r r
e p e se n te d u nde r r
th e fo m a n d n a m e p h a ses of th e mo o nTh e sa me dis .

o f I i ( S i J G W il k i
s s M r . . n so n , a n n ers i i
t nct o n x r of v l
th e fi e d f o m th e m o a b e
an d C t m f t h A i t Egy p t i
us o s o e n c en an s f tiv l
es i i di t d i
a s s f th n ca e n o ne o e

L d
on 8 7 8 iii
o n, 1 , . H ib h p p y ri b t th p
e a
g i , u e a ssa e s un

P r ph y r y
1 d th C
o pi d r an e ano c ec e e, f rt
o t l y m t il t d
u na e S Th H ih h u a e . ee e e

ll . C
cc . ri D di t l i viii enso nu s, e e na a ,
x . P py i p r t i
a r di t d b y B P G r
, a .
,
e e . . en

I o, i xxI i ri pti . 10th . n n sc o ns on e f ll

e d A S H an t (L d . . un on o n,

t mpl
e t Sy th
e a m d r A en e , e o e n ss ua n , pp 45 .
5 (p i t d
1 , t t 1 m by 1 o n e ou o e

I i is s ll d th m i tr f th b
s ca e
“
e s ess o e e m y fri d M r W Wy )
en Th . . se . e

g i i nn n
g f t h y r th g dd
o e ea ,
”
e o ess a n n ua l f tiv l i h r f P t l my
es a n o no u o o e
“
w h r v lv o b t th e w rl d o r es a ou e o ,
n ea an d B r i w fix d
e en ce th d y f as e on e a o

t tho t ll tie c o ns ef O ri wh ri a on o o n, o se s t h ri i g f S iri

e s n S th C
o
p i us . ee e ano c

i thn t r e ky d p ea s e n t th s an a sse s o e d r ec ee, i W D itt b g n O i ti . en er e r s

’
r en s

w t p rp t
es ll y ( R V L
e p
e ua
”
. . anz o n e, o . G i I
ra ec
pi
t S l t N
n scri
56 o n es e ec a e, o .

c it p . A . rdi g t m th c co n o so e, e ( l i pp
vo . . . 1 02

f t iv l f h ri i g f S iri
es a o d th t e s n o us a n e Th ri f S iri w
e se r f ll y o us as ca e u

b gi e i g f thnn n r d y r w h ld o e sa c e ea as e o b rv d b y th i l d r
se e f C i e s an e s o eo s , n
on th i t th t th tw e ti th
e n ne ee n , no e n e th A g
e Th y w t h d f
e ea n . it e a c e or

o f J ly S u Ed M y r . Agy p ee . e e ,
“
w i th r m i th ir h a d d
s ri fi d
n e an s an sa c ce

t i h Ch r l gi th m t i t r dr w i g
”
sc e A hh dl g d
o no o e, an un en er on e t th o u n a ns o e s a , a n

ho n igl P reu ss A ha dem ie der Wissen

. . fr m i
o p t m f th
t s a s ec l b ri ty o en s o e sa u

s ch af ten , 1 904 , pp 2 2 sqq id , . . . or h l th i

un f th
ea mi g y r ness o e co n ea .

“
r
N ach t ag e z u r agy p tisch en C h o n o r Th ri fi w b li v d t
e sa c ce r th as e e e o secu e e

l i
o g e,
”
A bh a n dl u ng en der h on igl
'

. a dv t f th
en l N r th w i d ( th
o e co o o n s e

P reu ss A ha dem ie der Wissen sch af t en ,

. Et i wi d
es an th Gr k n ll s as e ee s ca

1 90 7 , p p 7 sqq ; id , Gesch ich te des . . . th m ) w h i h r g l rl y b g i

e , t cbl w e u a e n o o

A l te t m ,
r u s
2 2 p p 2 8 sqq , 98 sqq i . . . . . a b t th i t i m
ou f th y r s d m i ti e o e ea , an

a stro n o m ica , g t th pp r iv h t f mm r i
2 u a l is
E u dox i a rs q a e e o e ss e ea o su e n

in ch a rta A egyp t ia ca su p erest, ed . th A g e S e A p ll i R h di

ea n . ee o o n us o u s,

F l
B a ss ( K il ia e , p . 1 4, at or A g r onii 5 6 5 7 w i th th t f
. . 1 -
2 , e n o es o

th S h li
.

JJ
Ka i . oi e t c 4 9 8 5 6 ; Th
o as on vv .
, 2 eo

x[ p&3v ] r a i T a is
‘

Ka r a a eh fiD/
nD/
ph t D
ra s u s, ti ii 4 C l m t e v en s, . 1 e en

pa t s Ka i d y ovo i
' '
n a v dnu fi k ds
’
é [ o p] r a s o f A l x dri S t m vi 3
e an 9 p 7 53 a, ro . .
,
2 , .
,

dé d P tt r ; N Di y v 69
‘
T w as u éV b
t s T ct Ka r a e . o e o nnu s, on s. . 2

7 9 ; H yg i
.
,
’
e r m
ra Ka l x vv bs dua r oh ij v Ka i o eh nua ia 2 A t mi nu s,
4 ; s ro n o ca , 11 .

Ci r i 57 3 ;
’
[< d 96 6[ V ] , du a h ey d ueu o r T a s i wép a s Or D
ce o , di i t i e v na o n e, . . 1 0
7 61 11 A Zy vrrw '
v. Th i s s ta t e m e n t of M P N il. . G i hi h F t sso n , r ec sc e es e

E u do x us or of o ne of h is p u p il s is ( L ip ie pp 6 8 ; C N
s c, .
- . eu
36 CA L E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 111

fir s t da y o f the fir st mo nth Th o th w a s the o retic a ll y supp o sed

t o d a te fr o m the heli a c a l ri s i n g o f the bri g ht s t a r a n d in a l l ,

pro b a bility it re a ll y did s o w he n the o ffici a l o r civil y e a r o f

thre e hu n dred a n d s ixty fi v e d a y s w a s fir st in stituted B ut -
.

’
the m i sc a lcul a ti o n w hich h a s bee n a lre a d y expl a ined h a d
the effe ct o f m a k i ng the s t a r to shift its pl a c e in the c a le nd a r
by o n e da y in fo ur y e a r s Thu s if S iriu s r o se o n the fir s t .

o f Th o th in o n e y e a r it w o uld ri s e o n the s ec o nd o f Th o th ,

fo ur y e a r s a fterw a rd s o n the third o f Th o th ei g ht y e a r s ,

a ft e r w a rd s a n d so o n until a fter the l a p s e o f a S iri a c o r

,

S o thic peri o d o f fo urtee n hu n dred a n d s ixt y s o l a r y e a r s the

fir s t o f Th o th a g a in c o incided w ith the heli a c a l ri sin g o f
S iriu s Thi s o b serva ti o n o f the g r a du a l di spl a ce me n t o f
?

m a nn u nd J . r
P a tsch , P hy s iha l isch e w h ch i th e
E g p t an s t aced b e tw een y i r
Geog rap h ic v on Griech en l a n d ( B es au , r l th e ri i
s ng o f S u s a n d th e s ng o f iri ri i
pp 9 6 sq q O n th e t o p o f
. . il
t h e N e , it seems p o b ab e t h a t t h e r l y
M o u nt P e o n in Th essa li th e e w a s a ly r r
sta t e d th e n e w c a e n da o n th e fi s t l r r
sa n c tu a of ry Z
eu s, w h e e s a c fi ces w e e r ri r o f Th o th in a ea in w h ch th e t w o y r i
r
o ffe e d a t t h e s ng o f S u s, in th e ri i iri n a tu a rl
ph en o men a c o n c ded ath er r i i
i
h e gh t o f th e su m m e , b y m en o f a nk , r r th i
an i w h i h th y div r g d
n o ne n c e e e

r
w h o w e e ch o sen b y t h e p est a n d ri fr mo h th r b y i t
ea c d y o e n n e e en a s .

r r
w o e f esh sh ee p sk ns S e e [D ica e -
i . P r f Ed M y r d i d
o . i f v r f
. e e ec es n a ou o

a rch us , ]
“
D esc p t o G ra ec ia e , Geo ri i th y r4 4
e ea th d t f th 2 1 B C . . as e a e o e

g rap h i Gra eci M in o res , e d C u e , . . M ll r i t r d t i f t h Eg y p t i

n o uc l don o e an ca en ar

i 1 0 7 ; H isto rico ru m Gr a eco ru m F rag

. on th g r d th et th l d r w o un a e c a en a as

men ta , e d C M ll r ii
u e , . 2 62 . . . a lr dy w ll k w i th O l d K i g
ea e no n n e n
1 Ab o e v , pp 2 4 sq . . d m o S L Id l r
.
p it i
ee 5 . e e ,
o . c . . 1 2
2 We kn r
o w f o m C e n so ri nus ( D e die sqq F K
. G i l p it
. i 9 qq . nz e ,
o . c . . 1 2 s .

n a ta l i, xxi r
1 0 ) th a t th e fi st o f Th o th
. Ed M y r . N h tr g e e gy p ,
“
ac a e z ur a

i i
c o n c de d w th i li l ri i
th e h e aca s ng o f ti hsc Ch r l g i A hh l g
en o no o e,
”
ana u n
’
en

iri
S us o n u J ly J li l r
2 0 ( u a n c a e n da ) in a er
’
h gl P A h d mi
on i d . reu ss . a e e er

th e y r
ea 1 39 A D r i
H e n ce ec k o n n g . . Wi h ft
ssen sc 9 7 ( B rli a en , 1 0 e n,

r i ri
b a ck w a ds b y S o th c p e o ds o f 1 4 6 0 pp q id G h i h t d A l t . 1 1 s . .
,
esc c e es er

so alr y r ea s w e m ay i r n fe iri
th a t S t m
us i pp 8 qq 98 qq u s,
2 . 2 . . 2 s .
,
s .

ro se o n J ly
u J li l r
2 0 th ( u a n ca e n da ) in W h th fi x d A l x dri y r w en e e e an an ea as

th e y rea s 1 3 2 1 B C , 2 7 8 1 B C , a n d i tr d d i 3. .
( b v pp . . n o uce n 0 B C . . se e a o e, .

42 4 1 B C . r i ly
a n d a cc o d n
.
g th a t t h e
7 q ) th fi r t f T h th f ll 2 s . e s o o e on

c ivil v or a ue E
g y i y r
g p t an ea o f 3 65
A g t 9 wh i h rdi g l y w u us 2 , c a cc o n as

y i i
da s w a s n st tu t ed in o n e o f th es e th f r th r k d th fir d y f en c e o ec o ne e st a o

y r
ea s . v r i
I n fa o u o f su p p o s ng th a t it th y r i th A l x dri l dr e ea n e e an an ca en a .

i i
w as n st tu ted e th e i r in 2 7 8 1 B C o r S L I d l r p it i 53 q q Th . . ee . e e , o . c . . 1 s . e

. . i
4 2 4 1 B C , it m a y b e s a d th a t in b o th p ri d f 4 6 l r 4 6 m v b l e o o 1 0 so a or 1 1 o a e

y r r i
t h e s e e a s t h e is ng o f S iri rl y Egy pti y r w v ri l y ll d
u s n ea an ea s as a o us ca e a

i i i r l i
c o nc de d w th th e su mm e so st c e a n d S th i p ri d ( C l m t f A l x dri o c e o e en o e an a,

th e ri i
s n g o f th e N e il r
w h e ea s in th eSt m i 36 p 4 d P t r) ro . . 2 1 . 1 , . 01 e . o te ,

y r 3 mm r l ti C i l r y r ( fr m C i l th
“
ea 1 th 2 1 B C . . e su e so s ce , a a n cu a ea o a n cu a , e

an d w i t h it th ri i g f th N il f ll eD g r th t i S iri ) h li l
s n o e e, e o -
sta ,
”
a s, us ,
a e ac a

i t d y b f r th ri i g f S iri
n n e ee n a s y r d y r f G d ( C ri
e o e e s n o us ea , an a ea o o e nso nu s,

an d th fi r t f Th th e N w wh s wo D di t li
o viii
. B t h r i
o en e e e na a ,
x . u t e e s

co n s i d r th l e l xi
e c o se vi d p r
c au sab b ili y t h t th
c o nne on no e e nce or o a t a e
CH A P . 111 R I TE S OF I R R I GA TI ON

the s t a r the c a le nd a r h a s be e n o f th e ut mo s t i m p o rt a nce Th b

in e O ser

fo r t h e pr o g re ss o f a s tr o n o m y S i n ce it led the E g y pti a n s h r d l

v i f at o n o
,
g t e a ua

directl y to the deter m i na ti o n o f t h e a ppr o xi m a t e l y tru e di p l s a ce

m f e nt o
le n g th o f the so l a r y e a r a n d thu s l a id th e b a si s o f o u r S iri i us n

m o der n c a l e n d a r ; fo r the J uli a n c a l e n d a r w hich w e o w e h l ,

t e ca e n

d l d ar e to
t o C a e s a r w a s fo u n d e d o n the E g y pti a n the o r y th o u g h n o t h d r
, , t e e te

o n the E g y pti a n pr ctice

a I t wa s therefo re a fo rtu n a te f h r
m i i ? na t o n

o t e t ue
m o me n t fo r the w o rld w hen so m e pi o u s E g y pti a n th o u sa nd s l g h f , en t o

o f y e a rs a go identified fo r the fir st ti m e the bri g ht s t a r o f y r 1 1 1 1 6 50 3 ”

,
ea

S iriu s w ith h is g o dde ss ; fo r the ide n tific a ti o n i n duc e d h is

.

c o u n try men to r e g a rd t h e he a ve n l y b o d y w ith a n a tte n ti o n

w hich th e y w o uld n ever h a ve p a id t o it if the y h a d k n o w n
it t o be n o thi ng but a w o rld v a stl y g r ea ter th a n o u r o w n
a n d se p a r a ted fr o m it b y a n i n c o n ceiv a ble if n o t immea su r ,

a ble a b y ss o f s p a ce
,
.

Th e cutti n g o f the d a m s a n d the a d m i ss i o n o f the w a ter

p ri
e d w o r g i d
asb y th E g y
ec op t i n ze e an

tr m r wh i ti t t d th m S o th ic Y e a r
A l e x a n dr a n i

J
as o no e s o ns u e e ov
b e g in ning
a bl y r f 3 6 5 d y R th r
e ea o a s . a e ,
as uly 2 0
Ye a r .

Id l r p i t d t ( p it i it
Jl
e e o n e ou o . c . .

m t h v b
us al t r di v ry b d
e een a a e sc o e a se 1 Th o th 2 0 y u

ti d b rv t i f th h li l 1 P ha ophr 1 9 Au g u s t
o n co n nu e o se a o ns o e e a ca
A th y r 1 8 S e p t e m b er
ri i g f S iri
s n od f it g r d l di us an o s a ua s
1

1 K h o ia k 1 8 O c to b e r

p l m
a ce t th r g h en th w h l l g t h
ou f e o e en o 1 Ty b i 1 7 N o v e m b er

J
M e ch rr
ffi i l l d r Br g h i d d 1 1 7 D e ce m b er
th e o c a ca en a . u sc ,
n ee , 1 P h a me n o t h 1 6 a n u a ry

w en t so fa r as to su p p o se th a t th e 1 P h a rm u th i 1 5 F e b ru a ry

pe ri od w as a i v ry
d sc o e o f a st o n o r me r s
1 P a ch o n
P a y ni
1 7 M a rc h

1 6 A p ril
t ry i 1
d to w h ch

J
of th e se c o n c en u A D . .
, 1 E p ip h i 1 6 M ay

y r i i
J
th e l e d b y t h e c o n c den ce o f
we e 1 M e so ri . 1 5 une

r
th e fi st o f Th o th w th th e h e a c a i li l 1 S u p p l e ment
a ry da y
1 5 uly

ri i
s ng of S u s in 1 3 9 A D iri
( D ie . .

Agy p to l og ie, p B u t th e dis

lr i
.

c o v e ry , b a se d a s it is o n a e s mp e v ry i l S ee L I de e , op cit
. 1 43
. s
q . . .

l l i
c a cu a t o n 6
(3 5 x 4 c ou d i l F K G n z e , op cit
. . l 2 00 . i . . .

ha dr l y il fa t o b e m a de a s so o n a s
1 Th e C a n o
p c dec eei ( r
a b o e, vp .

r r
as t o n o m e s i
e st ma t ed th e l
eng th of 2 7) su ffi ce s to p o e rv
t h at th e

th e so alry r ea at 3 65
i d y
a s, a n d th a t y i E g p t an a s t o n o m e s , r r l
o ng b efo e r
th y dide t l t rl y 3 8
so a eas r i as ea as 2 B C
’
C a e sa s t m e , w e e w e r ll
a c q u a n te di
i r xi l y x l
. .

i pr v d
s o l iv l y b y th C p i
e c o n c us e e a no c w th th e a p p o ma te e ac t e ng th o f

d r ec ee S b v ee a A t o lr y
e, s o th e so a r l
ea , a th o u gh th e y
did n o t
ir l rr
.

th S th i p ri d
e o f r th r R L p i
c e o s ee u e e s u s, u se th e k n o w e dg e to c o e c t th e
l r x r i
.

D i Ch e l gi d A gy p t
ro n o o i 65 e er e er, 1 c a e n da e c e p t fo r a sh o t t m e in th e

r i l y r i
.

sqq F K G i l p i t i 8 7 qq nz e o c 1 s e gn o f P to e m E u e g e t es W th .

r r r y i
. . . . . .
.
,

F th or v i f th r d r I
e co n e n e nce o e ea e
’
e ga d to C a esa s deb t t o th e E g p t a n

su bj i t bl
o n a f th E gy p t i a m th e o
'
r r e an on s, ast o n o me s see D io C a ss u s, i xliii
2 6 .

w i th th ir d t eth f ll ( ) i M r i
a e s, as ese e 1 n a ac o b u s, S a tu rn i
1 4 3, i 1 6 39;
. . . . .

lr
,

y r w h th fi r t f Th th i i d d ’
L I de e , H a n dbu ch o er ma th ema t isch en
w i th J
ea en e s o o co n c e .

ly f th J li
u 2 0 l dr o e u an ca en a ,
u n d tech n isch en Ch ro n o l og ie, i
1 66 .

d ( ) i th fi x d A l x
an 2 n dri y re qq e e an an ea . s .
 CA LE N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 1 11

Ce r e i nt o the c a n a l s a n d fiel d s is a g re a t eve n t in the E g y pti a n

y e a r . A t C a ir o the O p e r a ti o n g e n e r a ll y t a k es pl a ce bet w e e n

t h e s ixth a n d the s ixt ee nth o f A u g u s t a n d till l a t e l y w a s ,

a tte n ded by cere mo n ie s w hich de serve t o be n o tic e d b e c a u s e ,

they w ere pro b a b l y h a nded d o w n fr o m a nti q uity An .

a ncient c a n a l k n o w n by the n a m e o f the K h a l ij fo r m erl y

, ,

p asse d thr o u g h the n a tive t o w n o f C a iro N e a r it s e n tr a n ce .

the c a na l w a s cr o ssed by a da m o f e a rth very br o a d a t ,

the bo tt o m a nd di m ini shin g in bre a dth up w a rd s w hich u sed ,

t o be c o n s tructed befo re o r s o o n a fter the N ile be g a n t o

ri s e I n fro n t o f the da m o n the s ide o f the riv e r w a s
.
, ,
’
r ea red a tru nc a ted c o n e o f e a rth c a lled the a ro os eh o r
“
brid e o n th e to p o f w hich a little m a ize o r m illet w a s
,

g e n er a ll y s o w n Thi s bride. w a s c o mm o n l y w a s hed d o w n

by the ri s i n g tide a w eek o r a fo rt n i g ht befo re the cuttin g

o f the da m Tra diti o n run s th a t the o l d cu st o m w a s to
.

deck a y o u n g virg in in g a y a pp a rel a n d thr o w her i n t o

the river a s a s a crifice to o bta i n a plentiful i n u n d a ti o n ?

Cert a i n l y hu m a n sa crifice s w ere o ffe red fo r a S i m il a r purp o se

by the W aj a gg a o f Ger m a n E a s t A fric a d o w n t o r e c e n t
y e a r s T he
. s e pe o ple irri g a te their field s b y m e a n s o f s kil
ful l y c o n structed ch a n n el s thr o u g h w hich th e y c o n duct the
,

w a ter o f the m o u n t a in br o o k s a n d river s t o the thir s ty l a nd .

The y i ma g i ne th a t the spirit s o f their fo refa ther s d w el l

in the r o ck y b a sin s o f the s e ru shin g stre a m s a n d th a t they ,

w o uld re se n t the w ithdr a w a l o f the w a ter t o irri g a te the

field s if c o m pe nsa ti o n w ere n o t o ffe red to th e m The .

w a ter r a te p a id t o the m c o n s i s ted o f a child u n circu mci sed

-
,

a n d o f unble m i s hed b o d w h o w a s decked w ith o r na m e nts

y ,

a n d bell s a n d thr o w n i n t o the river t o dr o w n befo re the y ,

-

ve n tured to dr a w o ff the w a ter int o th e irri g a ti o n ch a n nel .

H a vi ng thr o w n h im in h is ex e cuti o ne r s s he w ed a cl e a n
,

p ia r p f heel s bec a u s e the

, y e xp e cted the river t o ri s e in fl o o d
at o d d? o n receipt o f the w a ter r a te I n S i m il a r circu m
?
-

s t a nce s t h e N a m u s o f Briti s h E a s t A fric a sa crifice a s he e p

j
befo re they let the w a ter o f the s tre a m flo w i n to the ditch
1 E . La ne, W
M a n n ers a n d
.
2 B r uno G u tma nn ,
F e l db a usit ten
“

Cu sto m s t h e M o dern f
o E gy p t ia n s u nd W a c h stu msb rau ch e der W a ds
ily
( P a s e a n d Lo ndo n, 1 8 9 ch x . x vi . c h a g ga ,
”
Z
eitsch rif t f ur E th n o l og ie,
‘

PP 4 9 9 se xl v ( 1 91 3 ) PP 484 se
 CA LE N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 111

h o riz o n Whe n o nl y a thi n rid g e o f e a rth re ma ined a b o a t

.
,

w ith a n o fficer o n b o a rd w a s pr o p e lled a g a i n s t it a n d ,

bre a kin g thro u g h the s li g ht b a rrier de sce n ded w ith the ru s h

o f w a t e r int o the c a n a l The G o vern o r o f C a iro flu ng a .

pur se o f g o ld i nt o the b o a t a s it p a ssed F o r merl y the .

cu st o m w a s to thr o w m o ne y int o the c a n a l T he p o pul a c e .

u sed to dive a fter it a n d sever a l live s w ere g ener a ll y l o st ,

in the s cra m ble Thi s pr a ctice a l so w o uld see m to h a ve

?

been a ncient fo r S enec a tell s u s th a t a t a pl a ce c a lled

,

the V ein s o f the N ile n o t fa r fr o m P hil a e the prie st s u sed , ,

t o c a s t m o n e y a n d o fferi n g s o f g o l d int o the river a t a

fe stiv a l w hich a pp a re n tl y t o o k pl a ce a t th e ri sin g o f the
w a ter A t C a ir o the ti m e h o n o ured cere m o ny c a m e t o a n
? -

end in 1 8 9 7 w hen the o l d c an a l w a s filled up A n electric

, .

tr a m w a y n o w ru ns o ver the s p o t w here fo r c o untle ss ag e s

cr o w d s o f w o r shipper s o r h o lid a y m a kers h a d a nnu a ll y -

a ssembled t o w itne s s the m a rri a e o f the N ile

?
g

3 . R ites f
o S o w ing

T he next g re a t O per a ti o n o f the a g ricultur a l y e a r in

E g y pt is the s o w i ng o f the seed in N o ve m b e r w hen the ,

w a ter o f the i n u n d a ti o n h a s r e tre a ted fr o m the field s With .

the E g y pti a n s a s w ith m a n y pe o ple s o f a nti q uity the co m

, ,

mitti ng o f the s eed to the e a rth a ss u med the ch a ra ct e r o f

a s o l e m n a n d m o ur n ful rite O n thi s s ubj e ct I w ill let .

P lut a rch s pe a k fo r hi m self Wh a t he a sk s a re w e to “ “

.
, ,

m a ke o f the g l o o my j o y l e s s a n d m o urnful s a crifice s if it is

, , ,

w r o ng either to o m it the e s t a bli s hed rite s o r t o c o n fu se a n d

di sturb o u r c o ncepti o n s o f th e g o d s by a b s urd su spici o n s ?
F o r the Greek s a l so perfo r m m a n y rite s w hich re se m ble
tho se o f the E g y pti a n s a nd a re o b served a b o ut the sa me
ti me Thu s a t the fe s tiv a l o f the T he s mo ph o ri a in A the ns
.

E W L an e , op cit p p 500 504

1 . . . . . is m e nt i o ne d
b y D io do ru s S icu l us
S ir A u ck and Co l lvi
n, Th e M a hing of (i .
36 a nd th e fe st
. a o n th a t iv l
M o dern E gy p t ( L o n do n , pp . o c ca s o n i
( r d xa m xv rhpt a ) is n o t c e d
.
'
i
2 7 8 sq r i
A cc o d ng to th e a tte w te ,
. l r ri r x
b y Eu do us ( o r o ne o f h is p u p s) il
r
a d esse d du m m y
w as th o w n nto th e r i in a pa ssag e w h ch h as a ea d b een i lr y
riv r i
e a t e a ch c u t t ng o f th e da m .
q uo ted b
S ee a o e, p 3 5, no te
.
2
v . .

2
S en eca , N a tu ra l es u aestio n es, Q
iv 2
.
7
. Th e cu tt ng o f th e dams
. i 3 S ir Au ck l a nd Co lvi n, l . c.
CH A P . 111 R I TE S OF S O WI N G

w o me n s it
g r o und a n d fas t
on the A n d t h e B o e o ti a n s .

O pen t h e v a ult s o f t h e S o rr o w ful O ne n a m in g th a t fe s tiv a l

1
,

so rr o w ful bec a u s e D e m eter is so rr o w i n g fo r the de sce n t o f

the M a ide n The m o n th is the m o nth o f so w in g a b o ut t h e
.

s etti n the lei a de s The pti n c a ll it A t h r t h e

?
g o f P E gy a s y ,

A theni a n s P y a n e p s io n the B o e o ti a n s the m o nth o f D e m eter ,

.

Th e O p o m p us i n fo r ms u s th a t the w e s tern pe o pl e s c o n s ider

a n d c a l l the w inter C r o nu s the s um m er A phr o dite a n d the , ,

s prin g P e r seph o ne a n d the y believe th a t a l l thin g s a re ,

bro u g ht int o bein g b y Cr o nu s a nd A phr o dite T he .

P hr y g i a n s i m a g ine th a t t h e g o d s leep s in w inter a n d w a ke s

in s u m me r a n d a cc o rdi n g l y they celebr a te w ith B a cchic
,

rite s the putti ng h im t o bed in w i n ter a nd h is a w a ke n i ng in

s u m m er T he P a phl a g o ni a n s a lle g e th a t he is b o und fa s t
.

a n d s hut up in w inter but th a t he s tir s a n d is se t free in ,

s prin A n d the s e a s o n furni s he s a hint th a t the s a dne ss is Th e s ad

g .

n es s o f
fo r the hidin g o f th o se fruit s o f the e a rth w hich the a n cie n t s a u tu mn
e s tee m ed n o t i n deed g o d s but g re a t a n d nec ess a ry g ifts
, ,

be sto w ed b y the g o d s in o rder th a t me n m i g ht no t le a d the

life o f sa v a g e s a n d o f w ild be a s t s F o r it w a s th a t ti m e o f .

y e a r w he n the y sa w s o m e o f the fruit s v a ni s hi n g a n d f a ili n g

fr o m the tree s w h ile the y so w ed o ther s g rud g in g l y a n d w ith
,

di fficulty s cr a p in g the e a rth w ith the ir h a nd s a n d huddli ng

,

it up a g a in o n the u ncert a i n ch a n ce th a t w h a t the y dep o s ited

,

in the g r o und w o uld ever ripen a n d c o me t o m a turit y Thu s .

the y did in ma n y re spect s like th o se w h o bury a nd m o urn

their de a d A nd j u st a s w e say th a t a purch a s er o f P l a t o s
.
»
’

b o o k s purch a se s P l a t o o r th a t a n a cto r w h o pl a y s the ,

c o medie s o f M e na n der pl a y s M e n a n d e r so the me n o f O l d ,

did n o t he sit a te to c a ll th e g ift s a nd pr o ducts o f the g o d s b y

the n a me s o f the g o d s th e mselve s thereby h o no uri ng a n d ,

g l o rif y gin the thin g s o n a cc o unt o f their utilit y But i n I .

P l t r h d riv ti q i ty th Pl i d
1 ’
Tfi Ax t s a a. s. th Iu a c e t es t e
2
n an u e e a es se a

na m fr m dx
e o
p i g ri fo s. d w “
b t th a n, d f O t b r
” “
e .
”
a n a ou e en o c o e or

B t th
u ty m l g y i
e e rt i I t
o o rl y i N v m b r S L I d l r
s u n ce a n . ea n o e e . ee . e e ,

h as l t l y b p r p d t d riv th H dh h d m th m t i h
a e ee n o o se o e d e e an uc er a e a sc en un

p i th t fr m 6705 ri h m t S l gi i
”
e e o , t h i h
no u Ch s en 4 ; A g
. ee ec n sc en ro n o o e, . 2 2 u .

M P N il
. . G i hi h sso n, F t M mm Ch l g i ( L i p i
r ec sc e es e o se n , ro n o o e e s c, 1

( L ip ie s c,
p 3 6 A t th pp. 6 2 7; G F U g r
. s Z it
o e . 1 , 2 . . n e ,
“
e

v l ( aéy p ) f D m t r
au ts a a P o r h g d G ri h
e e e d R Om
see i au ec nu n er ec en u n er,
”
n
i
sa n a s, i 8 ; S h li t
x . . 1 L i Iwc oM ull r H db h d hl i h
as on uc an , an e
’
s an uc er a ss sc en

Di l a M
. t ii pp 7 5 q d A l t t m w i
ere r . . . h aft i ( N O dl i g
2 s .
, e . er u s ssen sc , .
1
r n en ,

H R b ( L ip i
. a e e s c, 8 8 6) P P 558 58 5 1 ,
 CA L E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 111

fte r a g e s s i m ple fo l k in their i g n o r a nce a pplied to th e g o d s

a

s t a t e m ent s w hich o n l y held true o f the fruit s o f t h e e a rth ,

a n d s o the c a m e n o t m erel y t o sa y but a ctu a l l

y t o b e lieve
y
th a t the g r o w th a n d dec ay o f pl a nt s o n w hich the y s ub si s t e d , ,
1

w ere the birth a n d t h e de a th o f g o d s Thu s they fe l l into .

rd i mm o r a l a n d c o nfu sed w a y s o f thi n kin g tho u g h a l l

, , ,

a b s urdit y o f the fa ll a c y w a s m a n ife s t He n ce .

Xe n o ph a n e s o f C o l o ph o n decl a red th a t if the E g y pti a n s

dee med their g o d s divine they sh o uld no t w eep fo r the m ,

a n d th a t if they w ept fo r the m they sh o uld no t dee m

the m divi n e F o r it is ridicul o u s sa id he
.
’‘
t o l a m ent , ,
‘

a n d pr a y th a t the fruit s w o uld be o d en o u h t o r w n d

g o g g o a

ripe n a g a in in o rder th a t they m a y a g a in be e a ten a n d

’
l a m ented B ut he w a s w r o n g fo r th o u g h the l a m e n t a ti o ns
.
,

a re fo r the fruit s the pr a y er s a re a ddre s sed t o the o ds as

, g ,

the c a u ses a n d g iver s o f the m th a t they w o uld be ple a se d ,

t o m a ke fre sh fruit s t o S pri n g up in s te a d o f th o s e th a t

peri sh .
” 2

Pl I n thi s intere s tin g p a ssa g e P lut a rch expre ss e s h is beli e f

'
h
u ta re s

’
ffiitgfis éip th a t the w o r s hip o f the fruit s o f the e a rth w a s the r e s ult o f
‘

a verb a l mi sa pprehe ns i o n o r di se a se o f l a n g u a g e a s it h a s
53 1 bee n c a lled b a mo dern sch o o l o f m th o l o i st s w h o expl a i n
2 18
: ,
1 11 5 0

m e ar th
e y y g ,

the o ri g in o f m th s in ener l the a me e a s principl e of

[
n
fili g y g a o n s y
ve rb al me t a ph o r s m i s under s t o o d P ri m itive m a n o n P lut a rch s .
’
,

$23; n the or fir m l beli ved th t the fruit f the e rth hich

5 1
y y e ,
a s o a o n w
he s ub s i sted w ere no t the mselve s g o d s but m erel y the g ift s
o f the d w h w ere the re l iver f a l l d thin
g o s o a , g s o g o o
g s .

Y e t a t the sa m e ti m e m e n w ere in the h a bit o f be s t o w in g o n

the se divine pro duct s the n a m e s o f their divi n e cre a t o r s ,

either o u t o f g r a titude o r merel y fo r the sa ke o f brevity a s ,

w hen w e s a y th a t a m a n h a s b o u g ht a S h a ke s pe a re o r a cted
M o l ié re w hen w e m e a n th a t he h a s b o u g ht the w o rk s o f
,

S h a ke spe a re o r a ct e d the pl a y s o f M o l ié re Thi s a bbrevi a ted .

m o de o f expre ss i o n w a s m i su nder st o o d in l a ter ti m e s a n d s o ,

Ta p
1
f 63 g d na
y l i r
o va a s t i1 i Vth h uav yxa r i
wv Kat i m w h es s n e ea a n e, en ,

d i
p th r ox l et s . h y th g d V i h g t as e sa s, e o s nu o es o

Pl t r h 2
I i t
u a c O i i 69 , l p dd
s s e t w k
s r s, t ill O t b r s ee ,
an o es no a e c o e

7 W i th th
1 . l p f th P h r y g i ei w ll
s ee dv
o d e d th ti m
an h s e a a nc e an e e as

g d w o m y s m p re th l p f
a com t b
a e g i t tei g
s ee d r o h i gcot h e o e n cu n an c us n e

Vi h Th s t il
nu . d xi ti f e o g rs an d b i l
ani ge d w
es th
o j i su a -
c an e a n o n o n e u ce
”

th I di e f rm r n an ti a( W Cr k
e
“
a re N tico n f N th
nu o u s, . oo e, a v es o or ern

d hi an l y p ri d f m p r tiv I di L d
s on e o o 9 7 p
co a a e n a, on o n, 1 0 , .
C H AP . 111 R I TE S OF S O WI N G

pe o ple c a m e to l o o k up o n the fruit s o f the e a rth a s the m

selve s divi n e i n ste a d O f a s b e i n g t h e w o rk o f divi n itie s : in

s h o rt the y m i s to o k the cre a ture fo r the cre a t o r I n lik e

,
.

m a nn er P lut a rch w o uld e xpl a i n the E g y pti a n w o r s hip o f

a n i m a l s a s rev e rence d o ne n o t s o m uch t o the be a s t s the m

selve s a s t o the g re a t g o d w h o di s pl a y s the divine h a n di w o rk

in s e n tient o r g a ni s ms eve n m o re th a n in the m o s t be a utiful

a n d w o nderful w o rk s o f in a ni m a te n a ture
?

The c o m p a r a tive s tud y o f reli g i o n h a s pr o ved th a t the se H i h ry s t eo

the o rie s o f P lut a rch a re a n inver s i o n o f the truth F eti s hi s m iifg i .

’
, ‘ s on

o r the vie w th a t the fruit s o f the e a rth a p d thi n g s in g ener a l f h o t e

a re divine o r a n i m at e d b y p o w erful s pirit s is n o t a s P lut a rch

r h :f t ut or
, f i hi m
,
et s s

i m a g ined a l a te c o rrupti o n o f a pure a n d pri m itive th e i s m i h

, ,
s t e

tffg
e n t’
w hich re g a rded the g o d s a s th e cre a t o r s a n d g iver s o f a l l ig
e

g o o d thi n g s O n .the c o ntr a r y feti s hi,s m is e a rl y a n d thei s m rr p i co u t o n.

f h m O t el s
is l a te in the hi s t o ry o f ma n k ind I n thi s re s pect Xe n o ph a n e s
'

.
,

w h o m P lut a rch a tte m pt s t o c o rrect di s pl a y ed a m uch truer

,

i n si g ht int o the m i n d o f the sa v a g e To w eep cr o c o dile L m

. a e nt a

i f ’h
te a r s o ver the a ni ma l s a n d pl a n t s w hich he kill s a n d e a t s v g f t o nS O
sa a e or
e

a n d t o pr a the m t o c o m e a a i n I n o rder th a t the y m a h im l t e

y g y an a s

be a g a i n e a te n a nd a g a i n l a m ented — thi s m ay see m a b surd 111812 1 21

1
15

t o u s but it is preci s el y w h a t the s a v a g e d o e s

,
A n d fr o m kill
.
d s an

ea ts
h is p o int o f vie w t h e pr o ceedin g is n o t a t a l l a b s urd but
'

perfe ctl y ra ti o n a l a n d w ell c a lcul a ted t o a n sw er h is e n d s .

F o r he s i n cerel y believe s th a t a ni m a l s a n d fruit s a re te n a n ted

by s pirit s w h o c a n h a rm h im if the y pl e a s e a n d w h o c a n n o t ,

but be put t o c o nsider a ble inc o n venie nce by th a t de structi o n

o f their b o die s w hich iS u n fo rtu n a tel i n s ep a r a ble fr o m the
y
pro ce sse s o f m a s tic a ti o n a nd di g e sti o n Wh a t m o re n a tur a l
.
,

ther e fo re th a n th a t the sa v a g e s h o uld o ffer excu se s t o the

,

be a st s a n d the fruit s fo r the p a i n ful nece ssity he is u n der o f

c o ns u m i ng the m a nd th a t he sh o uld e nde a v o ur to a llevi a te
,

their p a n g s by so ft w o rd s a n d a n a ir o f re s pectful sy m p a th y ,

in o rder th a t the y ma y h e a r h im n o g rud g e a nd m ay in due ,

ti me c o me a g a in t o be a g a i n e a ten a n d a g a i n l a m e n t e d ?
J ud g ed by the st a n d a rd o f pri m itive m a n ne r s the a ttitude o f
the w a lru s t o the o y s ter s w a s s trictl y c o rrect
1
P l tr
u a ch , I sis et Os ir is, 7 7 .
 CA LE N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 111

I w eep f o r y o u , the
’
W a l ru s s a id

I deep ly sy mp ath iz e ?
l/ Vith so hs a n d tea rs h e sorted out

Th o se of t he l a rg es t s iz e,
H o l ding h is p o chet h a ndh erch ief
-

B ef ore h is s trea ming ey es ”

.

M a ny ex a m ple s
uch h y p o critic a l l a me nt a ti o n s fo r
o f s

a ni m a l s dr a w n n o t fr o m the fa nc y o f a pl a y ful w riter but

,

fro m the fa ct s o f sa va g e life c o uld b e cited ?

Here I
,

s h a ll q u o te the g e n er a l s t a te m e n t o f a w riter o n the I n di a n s

o f Briti s h C o lu m bi a bec a u s e it c o v e r s the c a s e o f ve g et a ble

,

a s w ell a s o f a n i m a l fo o d A fter de scribi n g the re s pectful

.

w elc o me a cc o rded by the S t l a tl u m I ndi a n s t o the fir st

so ck ey e sa l m o n w hich the y h a ve c a u g ht in the s e a s o n
“ ”
-
,

he g o e s o n : T he s i g nific a nce o f th ese cere mo n ies is e a sy

“

t o perceive w hen w e re m e m ber the a ttitude o f the I n di a n s

t o w a rd s n a ture g e nera ll y a nd rec a l l th e ir my th s rel a tin g to
,

t h e s a l m o n a n d their c o m i n g to their river s a nd s tre a m s

,
.

N o thin g th a t the I ndi a n o f thi s re g i o n e a t s is re g a rded by

h im a s m ere fo o d a n d n o t h in g m o re N o t a S i n g le pl a n t .
,

a ni m a l o r fi sh
,
o r o ther o bject up o n w hich he feed s
,
is ,

l o o k ed up o n in thi s li g ht o r a s so methi n g h e h a s secured ,

fo r hi m self b y h is o w n w it a n d s kill H e re g a rd s it r a th e r .

a s so m ethin g w hich h a s bee n v o lunt a ril y a n d c o m p a s s i o n a tel y

pl a ced in h is h a n d s by the g o o d w ill a n d c o n sent o f t h e

’
s pirit o f the o bj e ct it s elf o r b y the int e rce ss i o n a nd m a g ic
,

o f h is culture h e r o e s t o be ret a ined a n d u se d by h im o n l y

-

up o n the fulfil me nt o f cert a i n c o nditi o n s The se c o n diti o n s .

i nclude re s pect a nd revere n t c a re in the killin g o r pluckin g

o f the a ni m a l o r pl a n t a n d pr o per tr ea t m e n t o f the p a rt s he .

h a s n o u se fo r s uch a s the b o n e s bl o o d a n d o ffa l

,
a n d th e , ,

dep o s itin g o f the sa m e in so m e stre a m o r l a ke so th a t the ,

o bject m a b th a t me a n s rene w it s lif e a n d ph y s ic a l fo r m

y y .

The pr a ctice s in c o n necti o n w ith th e killin g o f a n i m a l s a n d

the g a therin g o f pl a nt s a n d fruit s a l l m a k e thi s q uite cle a r ,

a n d it is o nl w hen w e b e ar thi s a ttitude o f the sa v a g e

y
t o w a rd s n a ture in m i n d th a t w e c a n h o p e to ri g htl y under
s t a n d the m o tive s a n d purp o se s o f m a ny o f h is s tr a n g e
cu st o m s a n d beliefs .
” 2

1 d of th Wil d C H ill T t R p rt th 2 “
Sp i it of th C
r s e orn a n e , . ou , e o on e

11 . 2 0
4 qq s . E th l g y f th S tl tl m I d i f no o o e a u n an s o
CHA P . 111 R I TE S OF S O WI N G

We c a n no w u n der s t a n d w h y a mo n g ma n y p eo ple s o f Th h us t e

a n ti q uit y as P lut a rch tell s u s the ti m e o f s o w i n g w a s a

, ,

ti m e o f so rro w The l a y i n g o f the seed in the e a rth w a s h w r

.
t e so e

a buri a l o f t h e divi n e el e m e n t a n d it w a s fitti n g th a t like a PPZIIIgIbI

I
, I I e .

hu m a n buri a l it S h o uld be perfo r med w ith g r a vity a nd the

s e m bl a n ce if n o t the r e a lit y o f s o rr o w
,
Y e t the y so rr o w ed ,
.

n o t w ith o ut h o pe perh a p s a s ure a n d cert a i n h o p e th a t the

, ,

s eed w hich the y thu s c o mm itted w ith s i g h s a n d te a r s to

the g ro u n d w o uld y e t ri se fr o m the du st a n d y ield fruit a
hu n dredfo ld to the re a per Th ey th a t so w in te a r s sh a ll .
“

re a p in j o y H e th a t g o eth fo rth a nd w eepeth be a ri n g

.
,

preci o u s s eed s h a l l d o ubtle ss c o m e a g a in w ith rej o icin g

, ,

brin g in g h is she a ve s w ith h im .

” 1

4 . R ites o f H a rv es t
The E gy pti a n h a rve st as w e h a ve seen fa ll s n o t in L m , ,
a e nta

f
a utu m n but in s pri n g in the m o nth s o f M a rch A pril a n d p o ns o

h, , , e

M ay To the hu sb a nd m a n the ti m e o f h a rve s t a t le a s t in a Eg yp i

.
,
t an

o d y e a r m u s t nece ssa ril y be a s e a s o n o f j o y : in bri n g i n g

g o ,

h o me h is she a ve s he is r e q uited fo r h is l o n g a n d a nxi o u s

l a b o ur s Y e t if the o l d E g y pti a n fa r m er felt a s ecret j o y
.

a t r e a pi ng a n d g a rneri n g the g r a in it w a s e s s enti a l th a t he ,

s h o uld c o n c e a l the n a tur a l e m o ti o n u n der a n a ir o f pr o fo u n d

dejecti o n F o r w a s he n o t sev e ri ng the b o d y o f the c o rn

.

g o d w ith h is s ickl e a n d tr a m pli n

g it t o piece s under the
h o o fs o f h is c a ttle o n the thre shi n g flo o r P A cc o rdi n g l y w e -
2

a re t o ld th a t it w a s a n a ncie n t cu s t o m O f the E g y pti a n c o r n

r e a per s t o b e a t their bre a st s a n d l a ment o ver the firs t s he a f

cut w hile a t t h e sa m e ti m e the y c a lled up o n I s i s
,
The ?

i n v o c a ti o n see ms t o h a ve t a ken the fo r m o f a m el a nch o l y

ch a n t to w hich the Greek s g a ve the n a m e o f M a ne ro s
,
.

S i m il a r pl a i n tive s tr a i n s w ere ch a n ted b y c o r n re a per s in -

B it sh C o u m b a ,
r i l
j ou rn a l i ”
f th e
o
2 A s to th e y i
E g p t a n m o des of

A n th rop ol og ica l I n stit u te, x x xv .

( 1 90 5) r i
ea p ng a nd r i
th esh ng see S ir J .

pp . 1 4 0 sq . . G a d ne r i r l i
W i k nso n, M a n n ers a n d
1 P sa m l c xxvi .
5 ir i sq . F m c us Cu sto ms of th e A n cien t E gy p t ia n s
M a ternu s as ks th Eg y p t i
e (D an s e ( Lo ndo n, ii
4 1 9 sqq ; A
. .

erro re p f ro a n a ru
re i m l gi m ii on u , . r
E m a n , A egy p ten u nd a egy p t is ch es

Cu r p l a ng itis f rug es terra e et cre L ehen im A l tertu m , pp 57 2 sq q

'

. .

scen tia l ug et is sem in a r

? ” 3 D io do ru s
S icu l u s, 14 2 i . . .
 CA L E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R BOOK 111

P h o enici a ther p a rt s o f We ster n A si a P r o b a bl y a l l

?
a nd o

the se d o l e ful dittie s w ere l a me nt a ti o ns fo r the c o rn g o d -

kill e d by th e s ic k le s o f the re a per s I n E g y pt the s l a i n .

deity w a s O siri s a n d the n a m e M a neros a pplied t o the dirg e

,

a ppe a r s t o be derived fr o m cert a i n w o rd s me a n in g C o me “

t o t h y h o u se w hich o fte n o ccur i n the l a ment a ti o n s fo r the

”
,

de a d g o d ?

C e re m o n ie s o f the s a m e so rt h a ve be e n O b s erved by
o ther pe o pl e s pr o b a bl y fo r the s a m e purp o se
,
Thu s w e a re .

t o ld th a t a m o n g a l l v e g et a ble s c o r n ( sel u ) by w hich is ,

a pp a re n tl y m e a n t m a ize h o ld s the fir s t pl a ce in the h o u s e ,

h o ld ec o no my a n d the c e re m o ni a l o b se rv a n ce o f the
C h e r o kee I ndi a n s w h o i nv o k e it u n der the n a m e o f the ,
“

O l d W o m a n in a llu s i o n t o a my th th a t it s pr a n g fr o m
”

t h e bl o o d o f a n o l d w o m a n killed b y her di so bedient so n s .

M uch cere m o n y a cc o m p a n ied the pl a n ti ng a n d tendi ng o f

the cr o p S eve n g r a i n s the sa cred n u m ber w er e put i nt o
.
, ,

e a ch hill a n d the se w er e n o t a fter w a rd s thi nned o u t A fter

,
.

the l a st w o rki ng o f the cr o p the prie s t a nd a n a ss i st a n t ,

g ener a ll y the o w n er o f the fi e l d — w e n t i n t o t h e fi e ld a n d

built a s m a ll e ncl o s ure in the ce ntre Then enteri ng it .
,

they se a ted the m se lve s up o n the g r o u n d w ith he a d s b e n t ,

d o w n a n d w hile the a ss i st a n t kept perfe ct s ile n ce the prie s t

, ,

w ith r a ttl e in h a n d s a n g so n g s o f inv o c a ti o n t o the s pirit o f,

the c o rn S o o n a cc o rdi n g to the o rth o d o x b e l ief a l o ud

.
, ,

ru stli n g w o uld be he a rd o ut side w hich they w o uld k no w ,

w a s c a u se d b y the O l d W o m a n bri n g i n g the c o r n int o t h e

field but neither m u st l o o k up u n til the so n g w a s fi n i sh e d
,
.

Thi s cere mo n y w a s rep e a ted o n fo ur s ucce ssive n i g hts a fter ,

w hich n o o ne e n tered the field fo r s eve n o th e r ni g ht s w h e n ,

the pri es t hi mself w e n t in a n d if a l l the s a cred r e g ul a ti o ns , ,

h a d b e en pr o p e rl y o b se rved w a s re w a rded b y fi n din g y o u n g ,

e a r s up o n the st a l k s The c o r n cere mo n ie s c o uld b e per .

fo r med by the o w n er o f the field hi mself pr o vid e d he w a s ,

w illin g t o p a y a s ufficient fee t o the prie s t in o rd e r t o le a r n

the so ng s a n d ritu a l C a re w a s a l w a y s t a k e n to k e ep a .

H r d t
1 e o 7 9 ; J li
o u s, 11P ll x. H Br g h A d i hl g
u us do u ,
2 . u sc , on s a e un

iv 54 ; P
. i ix 9 7 ; Ath
a u sa n as, Li l i d ( B rli
. 2 .
p 4 e n os e e n, . 2 , co r

n aeu s, xiv q pp . 6 8
1 1 s 6 . A,
t t. d b y A 1 W i d m-
2 0H . d t s o re c e . e e a nn , ero o s

th ese s o n
g S p i i t f
s seet h C d w
r it B
s o h p 3 3 6 A t t
eh l m o rn a n z e es uc , . . s o e a en

o
f th W il
e d i 4 q q ,
. 2 1 t st i f O. iri b v p a o ns or s s se e a o e, . 12 .
 CA L E N D A R OF TH E E G YP TI A N F A R M E R B OO K 1 11

sa cre d w o o d fo r the fire in the a sse m bl y r o o m The -

.

w o o d m u s t be cut fr o m a tree o n the to p o f the hi g he s t

hill I n l o ppin g o ff the b o u g h s the I n di a n w e ep s a n d
.

s o b s pite o u s l y S heddin g r e a l t e a r s
,
a n d a t t h e to
p o f the ,

tree he le a ve s tw o br a nche s a nd a to p k no t r e s e mbli ng -

,

a m a n s h e a d a n d o ut s tretched a r ms H a vi n g d e scended
’
.

fr o m the tree he bi nd s the w o o d in a fa g g o t a n d c a rrie s

,

it b a ck t o the a sse m bl y r o o m blubberi n g a l l the w a y

'
-
, .

I f he is a s ked w h y he thu s w eep s a t cutti n g a n d fetchin g the

s a cred fuel h e w ill either g ive n o a n s w er o r sa y s i m pl y th a t
,

he d o e s it fo r l uck We m a y s u sp e ct th a t h is re a l m o tive
.
1

is t o a ppe as e the w r a th o f the tree spirit m a ny o f w h o se -

,

li mb s h e h a s a m put a ted th o u g h he t o o k c a re to le a ve h im,

t w o a r m s a n d a he a d .

The c o n cepti o n o f the c o rn spirit a s o l d a n d de a d a t -

h a rve st is very cle a rl y e m b o died in a cu sto m O b served by

the A r a b s o f M o a b When t h e h a rve ster s h a ve n e arl y .

fini shed their t a s k a n d o n l y a s m a ll c o rner o f the field

re m a i n s to be re a ped the o w ner t a ke s a h a n dful o f w he a t
,

tied up in a she a f A h o le is du g in the fo rm o f a g r a ve

.
,

a n d t w o s t o n e s a re se t upri g ht o n e a t the he a d a n d the ,

o ther a t the fo o t j u st a s in a n o rdin a ry buri a l

,
Th e n the .

s he a f o f w h e a t is l a id a t the b o tt o m o f the g r a ve a n d ,

the s heikh pro n o u nce s the se w o rd s The o ld m a n is de a d ,

“

E a rth is a fter w a rd s thr o w n in t o c o ver the she a f w ith a ,

pr a y er M a y A ll a h brin g u s b a ck the w he a t o f th e de a d
, .
” 2

1
S . P owe r s, Tribes f
o Ca l iforn ia R ev u e B ibl iq u e, 1 er
av1 11 1 903 , p . 2 58
V a sh i ng to n
(\ ,
p .
5 2 . id . Cou tu mes des A ra bes a u p ay s de
,
2 A . J aussen,
“
C o u tu mes A r ab e s, M o ab ( P a is r
p p 2 52 sq . .
 C H AP TER IV

TH E O F F I CI A L F E S TI V A L S OF OS I R I S

1 . Th e F es tiv a l at S a is

’
S UC H , then w ere the pri n cip a l event s o f the fa r m er c a lend a r W i h h
,
s t t e
2 92
in a n cie n t E g y pt a n d s uch the s i m ple reli g i o u s rite s b y f h A l
2 0 0“
, t e
o ex

w hich he cele b r a ted the m But w e h a ve s til l to c o n s ider dri .

an an

the O s iri a n fe stiv a l s o f the o ffici a l c a lend a r so far a s the se h , t e

a re de s cribed b y Gre e k w riters o r rec o rded o n the m o nu Eg y p i t an

I n ex a m i n i n g the m it is nece ssa ry t o be a r in m i n d 2222232

1
me n t s .
0

th a t o n a cc o unt o f the mo v a ble y e a r o f the o l d E g y pti a n {si h

g
c a le n d a r the true o r a str o n o m ic a l d a te s o f the o ffi ci a l fe stiv a l s h n at r al t e u

m u s t h a ve v a ri e d fro m y e a r t o y e a r a t le a s t until the a d o pti o n Y r ,

ea :

o f the fixed A lex a n dri a n y e a r in 3 0 B C F r o m th a t ti m e . .

o n w a rd a pp a re n tl y
,
the d a te s o f the fe stiv a l s w ere dete r ,

m i n e d b y the n e w c a le n d a r a n d s o ce a se d t o r o t a te ,

thr o u g h o ut the le n g th o f the so l a r y e a r A t a l l eve n t s .

P lut a rch w riti n g a b o ut the end o f the fir s t ce n tur y i m plie s

, ,

th a t the y w ere then fixed n o t mo v a ble ; fo r th o u g h he ,

d o e s n o t m e n ti o n the A lex a ndri a n c a lend a r he cle a rl y d a tes ,

the fe s tiv a l s by it M o re o ver the l o n g fe st a l c a lend a r o f ?

,

1
i
Th u s w th ega d to th e E g p t a n r r y i of A th y r in th e A e a nd a n ca enda , lx ri l r
m o n th o f A th y r h e te s u s th a t th e su n ll na m e ly
O c to b e 2 8 - N o emb e r 2 6 v r .

w a s th e n in th e s g n o f t he S co
p on i r i i y
A ga n, h e sa s ( op cit 4 3 ) th a t th e . .

( I s is Os iris,
et t h a t A th y r c o r iv l
fest a o f th e beg nn ng o f p ng w a s i i S ri
resp o nded to th e A th en an m o n th i l
h e d a t th e n e w m o o n o f th e m o n th
P y anep sio n a n d t h e B o e o t an m o nth i i
P h a meno th , wh ch , in th e A e a nd a n l x ri
D a m a t riu s ( op cit th a t it w a s th e
. . l
c a e n da , c o r rr
esp o nde d to F e b ua 2 4 r ry
m o n th o f so w ng i
th a t in it th e Mr a ch 2 6 r r
F u th e , h e t e s u s th a t a
. ll
il
N e s a nk , t h e ea th w as a d b a e b
y r li r iv l l r
fes t a w as ce eb a te d o n th e 2 3 rd o f
r r
th e e t ea t o f th e nu nda t o n th e ea es
,
i i l v P h a o p h i a fte th e r
a u tu m n eq u n o i x
ll
fe , an d th e n gh ts g ew o n e th a n
g i r l r ( op cit a n d in th e A e a n d a n l x ri
y
. .

th e da s ( op cit Th ese nd ca
. . i i l
ca en da r
P h ao p h i b ega n o n S e p te mb e r
i r
t o ns a g e e o n th e w h o e w th th e da te l i y
2 8 , a few da s afte th e autu mn e q u no r i x .

PT
. IV . V OL . II E
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OOK 1 11

E sn e ,
i mp o rt a n t d o cu m ent o f the I m peri a l a g e is o bv i
an ,

o u sl y b a s ed o n the fixed A lex a ndri a n y e a r ; fo r it a ss i n s

g
the ma rk fo r N ew Y e a r s D ay t o th e day w hich c o rre s p o nd s
’

t o the t w e n t y n i n th o f A u g u s t w hich w a s the fir s t day o f-

,

the A lex a ndri a n y e a r a n d its refe rence s to the ri s in g o f the ,

N ile the p o s iti o n o f the su n a n d the O per a ti o n s o f a g ric u l

, ,

ture a re a l l in h a r mo ny w ith thi s s upp o siti o n Thu s w e ?

ma y t a k e it a s fa irl y cert a i n th a t fr o m 3 0 B C o n w a rd s the . .

E g y pti a n fe s tiv a l s w e re s t a ti o n a r y in the s o l a r y e a r .

Th e Her o d o tu s tell s u s th a t the g ra ve o f O siri s w a s a t S a i s in

222 22t
11
L o w er E g y pt a n d th a t there w a s a l a ke there up o n w hich the
,

di p l y d s ufferin g s o f the g o d w ere di s pl a y ed a s a m y ster y b y ni g ht

?
s a e

2 5 2
T hi s c o m me mo r a ti o n o f the divi n e p a ss i o n w a s held o nce a
at S i
y
a s e a.r : the pe o ple m o urned a n d be a t their bre a s t s a t it t o te s tif
y
their s o rr o w fo r the de a th o f the g o d a nd a n i m a g e o f a co w ,

m a de o f g ilt w o o d w ith a g o lden s u n bet w ee n it s h o rn s w a s ,

c a rried o u t o f the ch a m ber in w hich it s to o d the re s t o f the

y e a r The c o w n
?
o d o ubt repre s ented I s i s her s elf fo r c o w s ,

w ere sa cred t o her a n d S h e w a s re g ul a rl y depicted w ith the ,

h o rn s o f a c o w o n her he a d ? o r eve n a s a w o m a n w ith the

he a d o f a c o w I t is pr o b a ble th a t the c a rry in g o u t o f her c o w
5
.

S h a ped i m a e s m b o lized the dde e a rchin f r the de ad

g y g o s s s g o

b o d y o f O siri s fo r thi s w a s the n a tive E g y pti a n interpret a ti o n

’
o f a s i m il a r cerem o n y o b served in P lut a rch s ti m e a b o ut the

w inter s o l s tice w hen the g ilt c o w w a s c a rried s even ti me s ,

r o und the te m ple 6

A g re a t fe a ture o f the fe s tiv a l w a s the .

r
O nce m o e, h e o b se es th a t a n o th e rv r th i s is rr o nei wh i h of th e a e case s n c

fest a iv l
w as h e d a ft e th e sp ng l ri r th me naf th r d im l gr
e o e sa c e an a a e es

i x i i li w i th th t f th d i ty
”
e q u no ( op cit w h ch .mp es . aH t w
o th e e . es as e

th e u se o f a fi ed so a ea S ee x l r y r . u su al Egy p ti f r m f th m an o o e na e

ii l r w h i h th G r k
’
G P a rth ey in h is e d t o n o f P u ta ch s
. c d R m e p ee s an o a ns re re

I s is et Os iris ( B e n, p p 1 65 rli . sen et d I i S R V L

as s s . ee . . a nz o n e ,

1 69 . D iz ion a rio di M itol og ia Egi z ia , pp .

1 H . r
B ug sch , D ie A gyp to l og ie, p . 813 sqq .

3 55
6 r r
I n th i s r
fo m sh e is ep esented o n
2
He r o do tu s, ii . 1 70 . a r li ri li i
e e f a t P h a e p o u ng a il ba t o n in
2
He r o do tu s, ii . 1 2 9- 1 3 2 . r
h o no u l
o f th e so u iri o f Os s S ee .

4 He r ,
o do tu s
4 1 , w th P o f ii
A . i r . . . lli
E A W a s B u dg e , Os iris a nd th e
.

W ie dem a nn s no te ( H ero do ts z zo eites

’
i
Egyp t ia n R esu rrect ion , 8 S h e is . .

B u ch , pp 1 87 . D io do rus i il rl y r r y
s m a p r
o t a e d in a b o nz e sta tu

S icu l us, 1 1 i
4 ; A el ia n, D e n a tu ra
. . i
e tte, w h ch vr
is n o w in th e Lo u e .

a n ima l iu m , 2 7 ; x
P u ta ch , I sis ct
. l r rr i i
S ee G P e o t e t C h C h p ez , H isto ire
. .

Os iris , 19 and 39 A cco d ng to . r i ’

de l A rt d a n s l
’
A nit iri
q u itc
‘
, ( P a s, .

r
P of .W e deman n i “
th e Eg p t an y i 1 8 8 2 ) p 6 0, fi g 4 0 . . .

n a me o f th e co w o f Is i s w a s h es-t, a nd ,
l r
6 P u ta ch I sis et Osiris
, 5
2 Th e .
C HA P . Iv TH E F E S TI VA L A T S A I S

no ctur na l illu m i n a ti o n P e o ple fa st e n ed r o w s o f o il l a mp s Th .

-
e

t o the o ut s ide o f their h o u s e s a nd the l a m p s bur n ed a l l

il l mi u na

i f ,
t on o
n i g ht l o n g The cu st o m w a s n o t c o n fined t o S a i s but w a s h o u s es

hr
.
,

gh
o b s erved thr o u h o ut the w h o le o f E pt ? t ou out
g gy E gyp t on

Thi s u n iver sa l illu m i na ti o n o f the h o u se s o n o ne n i g ht h i gh t e n t

f h o t
o f the e r u e t th t the fe tiv l h ve been e

y a s
g g s s a s a m a y a a c o m f iv l es t a

m e m o r a ti o n n o t m erel y o f the de a d O s iri s but o f t h e de a d gg su e st s

h h t at t e
in g ener a l in o ther wo rd s th a t it m ay h a ve bee n a n i g ht o f ri w
, , te as a

A l l S o ul s F o r it g a w ide s pre a d belief th a t the so ul s o f

? F f ea st o

Al l S l ou s
the d e a d revi s it their o l d h o m e s o n o n e n i g ht o f the y e a r ;
.

a n d o n th a t s o le m n o cc a s i o n e ple pr p re f the recep

p o e a o r

ti o n o f the g h o st s by l ay in g o u tfi fo o d fo r the m t o ea t a n d ‘
,

li g htin g l a mp s t o g uide them o n their d a rk ro a d fr o m a n d t o

the g r a ve The fo l l o w in g in s ta nce s $ 11 il lu str a te the cu st o m
. .

2 . F ea s ts f
o A ll S o u l s

T he E sq ui ma u x o f S t M ich a el a nd the l o w er Y uk o n .

Rive r in A l a s k a h o ld a fe st iv a l o f the de a d every y e a r a t

the end o f N o ve m ber o r the be g in n i n g o f D ece m b er a s ,

w el l a s a g re a ter fe s tiv a l a t i n terv a l s o f sever a l y e a r s At .

the s e se a so ns fo o d drink a n d cl o the s a re pr o vid e d fo r the

, , ,

returnin g g h o st s in the h a shim o r clubh o u se o f the vill a g e ,

w hich is ill u m i n a ted w ith o il l a m p s E ver y ma n o r .

w o ma n w h o w i s he s t o h o n o ur a de a d friend s et s up a l a m p
o n a s t a nd in fr o nt o f the pl a ce w hich the dece as ed u s ed t o

o ccup y in the clubh o u s e The se l a m p s filled w ith se a l o il .

, ,

a re kept burnin g day a nd n i g ht till the fe s tiv a l is o ver .

They a re believed t o l i g ht the s h a de s o n their retur n t o

i t rp r t ti
n e e a on is a cce
p t ed by P r of . A . w a s th e r e iden t ifi ed w th i Is i s . S ee
Wi d m e e a nn ( H erodots z w eites B u ch , A . W i edema nn D ie R el igio n der a l ten
,

p . Agyp ter, pp .
7 7 sq ; id , R el igio n of
. .

1
He r o do tu s, ii . 62 . In o ne o f th e t h e A n cien t Egy p t ia n s , pp .
4 0 sq
1 .

H ib eh p a p y ri
(N o 7 li 65 67) . 2 ,
ri n es 1 Mi l i g - 1
2
I n th e p e o d o f th e dd e K n

i
m en t o n is m a de o f th f tiv l d f d m th Egy pt i f Si t d t
‘

e es a an o o e an s o u use o

th li gh t w h i h w r b r
e s d th r gh
c li gh t l m p f th d d th l t
e e u ne ou a s or e ea on e as

ou t th di tri te S Th H ib h P py i
s c . d y ee d th fi r t d y f h y r
e e S
a r , a an e s a o t e ea . ee

p rat i d . B , P G re .f ll d.A S A E r m en e Z h V r t r g an d m an ,
“
e n o a e aus e

Z
. . . .

H t (L
un d on
p 49 ( p
o n, i t d m i t t l r R i h . it h1 f
i f t u agy p
o n e e en e c ,
”
e sc r
'

ou t t m o by M r W W y )
e I ti h . Sp h . d A l t th m h se .
d n sc e ra c e un er u s un e,

th e
p p y r a th f t iv l i
us i d t h e v xx
es ( 8 8 ) p
a 6 4 ; i
s sad A gyp t o d a e . 1 2 . 1 .
,
e en un

b e en h ld i h e r f Ath ( i
n gyp
o no u t i h Lo b im A l t t m
en a pp . e . ae sc es e en er u , .

N i th ) th g r t g dd
e , e f S i ea wh 43 4 n o ess o a s, o
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

their h o me a n d b a c k a g a i n t o the l a n d o f the de a d I f

o ld .

a ny o ne fa il s t o put up a l a m p in t h e clubh o u s e a n d t o k eep

it burni ng the s h a de w h o m he o r sh e de s ire s to h o n o ur

,

c o uld n o t find its w a y to the pl a ce a n d S O w o uld m i ss th e

i
E sq u m a u x fe a s t O n the eve o f th e fe s tiv a l the ne a re st ma le rel a ti o n
.

g o e s t o the g r a ve a n d s u m m o n s the g h o s t b
y pl a nti n g ther e

a s m a ll m o del o f a s e a l s pe a r o r o f a w o o de n di sh a cc o rd ,

in g a s the dece a s ed w a s a m a n o r a w o m a n The b a d g e s .

o f the de a d a re m a rked o n the se i m ple m ent s Whe n a l l is .

re a dy the g h o st s g a ther in the fi re pit u nder the clubh o u se

,
-
,

a n d a s cendi n g thr o u g h the fl o o r a t the pr o per m o m e n t t a k e

p o sse ss i o n o f the b o die s o f their n a me sa k e s to w h o m the ,

o ffe ri n g s o f fo o d dri n k a n d cl o thi n g a re m a de fo r the benefit

, ,

o f the de a d Thu s e a ch sh a d e o bt a in s th e s upplie s h e need s

.

in the o ther w o rld The de a d w h o h a ve n o ne to m a k e

.

o fferi n g s t o the m a re believed t o s uffer g re a t de stituti o n .

Hence the E sq ui ma ux fe a r t o die w ith o ut le avi ng b ehi n d

the m so me o ne w h o w ill sa crifice t o their spirit s a n d child ,

le ss pe o ple g enera ll y a d o pt children le s t th e ir sh a de s s h o uld

be fo r g o tte n a t the fe s tiv a l s Wh e n a per so n h a s be e n .

m uch di s liked h is g h o s t is so m eti m e s purp o sel y i g n o red

, ,

a n d th a t is d e e m ed the s evere s t pu n i s h m ent th a t c o uld be

i n flicted up o n h im A fter the s o ng s o f invit a ti o n to the

.

de a d h a ve bee n s u ng the g iver s o f the fe a s t t a ke a s m a ll

,

p o rti o n o f fo o d fr o m ever y di sh a n d c a st it d o w n a s a n
o fferi n t o the h de the n e a ch p o ur s a little w a t e r o n
g S a s

the fl o o r S O th a t it run s thr o u g h the cr a ck s I n thi s w ay .

th e y beli e ve th a t the s piritu a l e s se nce o f a l l the fo o d a n d

w a ter is c o nve y ed to the so ul s The re m a ind e r o f th e fo o d .

is a fter w a rd s di s tributed a m o ng the p eo ple pr e se n t w h o e a t ,

o f it he a rtil y Then w ith so ng s a n d d a n ce s th e fe a s t c o m es

.

t o a n e n d a n d the g h o s t s a re d i s m i sse d t o their o w n pl a c e

,
.

D a nce s fo r m a c o n s picu o u s fe a ture o f the g re a t fe s tiv a l o f t h e

de a d w hich is held every fe w y e a r s The d a nc e r s d a n ce n o t
,
.

o n l y in the clubh o u s e but a l s o a t t h e g r a v e s a n d o n the ice ,

if the d e ce a se d m e t th e ir de a th by dr o w n i ng ?

The I n di a n s o f C a l ifo rni a u sed t o o b se rve a n n u a l cere

1 E . W . Ne l so n ,
“
Th e E s ki m o ab o u t Pa tr i . i
( Wa sh ng to n ,
1 8 99) pp .
3 63
ri
B e ng St r it
a ,
”
E igh teen th A n n u a l sq q .

R ep ort f
o th e B u rea u of E th n o l ogy ,
CH AP . 1v F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

m o nie s of m o urnin g fo r
the de a d a t so m e o f w hich the so ul s A l ,
1
n nu a

o f the dep a rt e d w ere r e pr es e n t e d by l l v 1 n p r n T

f iv l est a s
g e s o s e n
o f t h e dea d .

o r m o re m e n w o uld prep a re the m s elv es t o pl a y the p a rt o f m g h a n t

o e

the g h o st s b y fa sti ng fo r sever a l d ay s e s peci a ll y by a b st a i n i n g ,

fro m fle s h D i sg ui sed w ith p a int a n d so o t a d o r n ed w ith

.
,

fea ther s a n d g r a sse s the y d a nced a n d s a n g in the vill a g e o r ,

ru shed a b o ut in the fo res t by n i g ht w ith bur n i n g t o rche s in

th e ir h a n d s A ft e r a ti me the y pre se n ted the mselve s t o the
.

rel a ti o ns o f the dec e a sed w h o l o o k e d up o n th e s e m a sker s ,

a s in v e r y truth their dep a rted frie n d s a n d received the m

a cc o rdi n g l y w ith a n o utbur s t o f l a m e n t a ti o n the o l d w o m en ,

s cr a tchi ng their o w n fa c es a nd sm iti n g their bre a st s w ith

s to n e s in t o k e n o f m o urnin g The s e m a s q uer a de s w ere .

g ener a ll y h e ld in F e b ru a r y D uri n g their c o nti n u a nce a .

s trict fa s t w a s o b serv e d in t h e vill a e the ?

g A m o n g K o n k a u s

o f C a li fo r n i a the d a nce o f t h e de a d is a l w a y s held a b o ut the

e n d o f A u g u s t a n d m a rk s their N e w Y e a r s D ay T he y ’
.

c o llect a l a r g e q u a ntity o f fo o d cl o thin g b a s ket s o r n a m ent s , , , ,

a n d w h a tever el s e the S pirit s a re s upp o sed t o n eed in the

o ther w o rld Th ese the y h a n g o n a se m icircle o f b o u g h s o r

.

s m a ll tree s cut a n d set in the g ro u n d l e a fle ss I n the

, .

c e ntre bur n s a g re a t fire a n d h a rd by a re the g r a ve s The , .

cere m o ny be g i ns a t eveni ng a n d l a st s till d a y bre a k A s .

d a rk n ess fa ll s me n a nd w o m e n s it o n the g r a ve s a nd w a il fo r
,

the de a d o f the y e a r Then they d a nce r o und the fi re w ith .

fre n zied y ell s a n d w h o o p s c a sti ng fr o m ti me to ti m e the , ,

o ffe ri n s i n t o t h e fl a m e s A l l m u t be c n u m ed b f re the
g s o s e o .

fir s t fa i n t str e a k s o f d a w n g li mm er in the E a s t The ?

Ch o ct aw s u sed to h a ve a g re a t re sp e ct fo r th e ir de a d They A l . n nu a
t l f
did no t bury their b o die s but l a id them o n bier s m a de o f h de a d C S I I V EL S O
’

t e
b a rk a n d s upp o rt e d by fo rked s tick s a b o ut fifte e n feet hi g h m g h .
a on t e
Ch w o c ta s
1
S P w r . T ib o
f C l
e s,if i d r d m i
es m i
o k i g th ir h
a r t r
o rn a d P ble cea se , c n e c a ac e an ue o

W i i r W
.

h m 1 1
( as
g t n o n,
pp 3 8 3 55 i t i g t d g . t 2 , d ,
s c a an es u es . o en an 11 1 12 11 5 :

3 56 3 8 4
, . h il dr w r pp d t t k t h c en e e su o se o a e ese
2K t mit w
o s ro B m rk o no
g m mm r f
, r l gh t S A C
e e un en u e s or ea os s . ee . .

u b r di I di
e e r i Ob r K lif r i
n an e H dd
n i R p t f th C m b idg
e - a o n en ,
”
a o n, n e or s o e a r e

i K F v B r
n . . d G .v H l m r A th p l g i l E p diti t T
ae an r . . e e n ro o o ca x e on o orres

S t it v ( C m b ri dg
’
B it g
'

se n s e R rat i d e z ur en n n ss
9 4) pp es
5 ru s ra s, . a e, 1 0 . 2 2
i h
s sc R ih
en i ( S t P t r b rg
e c 8 3 9)
es , .
56 ; Th B l i f i I mm t l ity
. e e s u , 1 d 2 e e e n or a an

pp 88 q
. Th s t iv
. f th w t r e na th W h p f th D d 1 7 6 qq
es o e es e n e o rs i o e ea , . 1 s .

i l d f T rr S tr i t d t h l d
s an s o o es a s use o o a

g r t d th d t w h i h di g i d S P w r T ib 3
ea ea - a n ce a c
f C l if
s i
u se . o e s, r es o a orn a ,

m en
p r t d th gh
e so n a e t f th l t l y pp 4 3 7 q
e os s o e a e . s .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

Whe n the w o r ms h a d c o n s u med the fle sh the s keleto n w a s ,

di s me m bered a ny re m a i ns o f m u scle s a n d s ine w s w e re

,

buri e d a n d the b o ne s w ere d e p o s ited in a b o x the s k ull

, ,

bei ng redde ne d w ith o chre The b o x c o n t a inin g the b o ne s .

w a s then c a rried t o the c o m m o n buri a l g r o und I n the .

e a rl y d ay s o f N o ve m ber the tribe celebr a ted a g re a t fe stiv al

w hich the y c a lled the F e s tiv a l o f the D e a d o r o f the S o ul s
every fa m il y the n g a thered in t h e c o m mo n buri a l g ro u n d ,

a n d th e re w ith w eepi n g a n d l a m e n t a ti o n vi s ited the b o x e s

w hich c o nt a i ne d the m o ulderin g relic s o f their de a d On .

returni ng fr o m the g r a ve y a rd they held a g re a t b a n q u e t ,

w hich ended the fe s tiv a l S o m e o f the P uebl o I ndi a n s

1
.

o f N e w M exic o bel i e ve th a t o n a certa in da y ( in A u g u st

“
,

I think ) the de a d ri s e fr o m their g r a ve s a n d flit a b o ut the

n ei g hb o urin g hill s a n d o n th a t da y a l l w h o h a ve l o s t friend s
,

c a rry o u t q u a ntitie s o f c o rn bre a d m e a t a nd s uch o ther g o o d , , ,

thin g s o f thi s life a s they ca n o bt a in a n d pl a ce the m in the ,

h a u n t s fre q ue n ted b y the de a d in o rder th a t the dep a rted ,

s pirit s m a y o nce m o re e nj o
y the c o m fo rt s o f thi s nether
w o rld T hey h a ve been e nc o ur a ged in thi s beli e f by the
.

priest s w h o w ere in the h a bit o f sendi ng o ut a n d a ppr o pri

,

a ti n g t o the m s elve s a l l the se thi n g s a n d then m a ki n the

g ,

p o o r s i m ple I n di a n s b e lieve th a t the de a d h a d e a te n

.

the m 2
.
”

A l
nnu a The M iz t e c s o f M exic o believed th a t the s o ul s o f the
f
est iv l de
a
a d c a m e b a ck in the t w elfth m o nth o f ever y y e a r w hich ,
o f h d d
t e ea

a m g h
on c o rre sp o nded t o o u r N o vem ber O n thi s da y o f A l l S o ul s
t e .

the h o u se s w ere dec k ed o u t t o w elc o m e t h e s pirit s a rs o f

Mi
M xie
z f
t ec s o
co
J .

fo o d a n d dri n k w ere set o n a t a ble in the pri ncip a l r o o m

.

a n d the fa m il y w e n t fo rth w ith t o rche s t o m eet t h e g h o s t s

a n d invite the m t o enter The n returnin g the mselve s to the .

h o u se the y k nelt a r o und the t a bl e a n d w ith e y es be n t o n ,

the g ro u n d pra y ed the so ul s to a ccept o f the o ffe ri n g s a n d

t o pr o cure the ble ss i n g s o f the g o d s up o n t h e fa m il y Thu s .

they re ma i n ed o n bended k n ee s a nd w ith d o w nc a st e y e s till

the mo rnin g n o t d a rin g to l o o k a t the t a ble le s t the y
,

B 1
N Vy g
o ssu , U it d S t t
o u v ea u x ( P h il d l ph i
o a es 8 53a ux n e a es a e a, 1

I d O id t l
n es ( P ri cc ii en a es iv 7 8 aT h s,P b l vill g t . . . e ue o a e o

w h i h th w ri t r p r ti l rl y r f r i
\

95 o s . c e e a cu a e e s s

T G S T 2 Br . k i H R . L g
. en o ec , n . . a u na .

S h l r f
’
c I di
oo c a t sT ib f th n an r es o e
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B O OK 1 1 1

the y thr o w a w a y the c o c o n ut s a n d the br a nd s in the -

directi o n o f the spirit l a nd le a vi ng th e g h o s t s to w e n d -

,

th e ir w a y thither w hile they the mselve s retur n t o the ,

vill a g e .
1

A l
n nu a I n K iri w in a o ne o f the T r o bri a n d I s l a n d s to the e a s t , ,
f iv l f o f N e w Gui ne a the s pirit s o f th e a n ce sto rs a re b e liev e d
e st a o

th d d i
e ea n ,

K iri w i t o revi s it their n a tive vill a g e in a b o d y o n ce a y e a r a fter

na .

the h a rve st h a s bee n g o t in A t thi s ti m e the m e n perfo r m .

s peci a l d a n ce s the p eo ple O pe n l y di spl a y their v a lu a bl es

, ,

s pre a d o u t o n pl a tfo r m s a n d g re a t fe a s t s a re m a de fo r ,

the spirit s O n a cert a i n n i g ht w he n the m o o n is a t the

.
,

full a l l the pe o ple r a i s e a g re a t s h o ut a n d so drive a w ay

,

F iv l f t h e s pirit s to the spirit l a n d

e st a o The S e a D y a k s o f B o r neo .
2

h d d
t
a
e

m g h on
celebr
ea

t e
a te a g r e a t fe s tiv a l in h o n o ur o f the de a d a t irre ul a r
g
S eaDy k interva l s it ma y be o n e o r m o re y e a r s a fter the de a th
a s

f B r
,

o f a p a rticul a r per so n A l l w h o h a ve died s i n ce the l as t

o o n eo .

fe ast w a s held a n d h a ve n o t y et be e n h o no ured by s uch ,

a celebr a ti o n a re re m e m bered a t thi s ti m e ; h e nce the

,

nu m ber o f per so n s c o m me m o r a ted m a y be g re a t e s peci a ll y ,

if m a ny y e a rs h a ve el a p sed s i n ce the l a s t c o m m e m o ra ti o n
s ervice The prep a r a ti o n s l a st m a ny w eek s : fo o d a n d
.

drink a nd a l l o ther nece ssa rie s a re s t o re d in ple n ty a n d ,

the w h o le n ei g hb o urh o o d fo r m ile s r o u n d is i nvited to

a ttend O n the eve o f the fe a s t the w o m e n t a k e b a m b o o
.

s pli n t s a n d fa s hi o n o ut o f them little m o del s o f v a ri o u s

u seful a rticle s a n d the se mo del s a re hun g o ver the g ra ve s ,

fo r the u se o f the de a d in the o ther w o rl d I f the fea s t .

is held in h o n o ur o f a m a n the thin g s m a n ufa ctured in ,

h is beh o o f w ill t a ke the fo r m o f a b a m b o o g u n a s hield , ,

a w a r c a p a n d so o n -
if it is a w o m a n w h o is c o mm e mo r
,

a ted little m o del s o f a l o o m a fi sh b a s k e t

,
a w i nn o w i n g fa n ,
-
,
-

a n d s uch like thi n g s w ill be pr o vided fo r her s pirit ; a n d

if it is a child fo r w h o m the rite is perfo r me d t o y s o f ,

v a ri o u s kind s w il l be ma d e re a d y fo r the childi sh g h o st .

F i n a ll y t o s t a y the a ppetit e o f g h o st s w h o m a y be t o o
,

s h a rp s e t t o w a it fo r the fo r ma l b a n q uet in the h o u se

-
,

S R 1
Bij d g t t d k
. i 63 6 5
o o s,
“
ra e o e enn s - .

t l l d v lk p h t il d
v an aa , an R S B F ll w
en qo t d by o e e an
2 ev . . . e o s, uo e

S mb V h
oe d li g a,
”
h t G rg erBr w an D D e M l i n en van e eo e o n, . .
,
e a n es a n s

B t i h G t h p
a a v a a sc K t d P ly i
en oo sc(L d p
a va n u n s en an o n es a n s on o n, .

Wt h pp
en xxvi ( 8 7 ) p p
e en sc 37 a en , x . 1 2 . 2 .
CH AP . lV F E A S TS OF A LL S O UL S

a uppl y o f victu a l s is very c o n s ider a tel y pl aced o ut s ide

s

the h o u se o n w hich the hun g ry s pirit s m a y fa l l t o w ith o ut

del a y Th e de a d a rrive in a b o a t fro m the o ther w o rld ;
.

fo r livin g D y a k s g ener a ll y tr a vel b y river fr o m w hich it ,

n ec ess a ril y fo ll o w s th a t D y a k g h o st s do so l ik e w i s e The .

s hip in w hich the g h o s tl y vi s it o r s v o y a g e t o the l a n d o f the

livi ng is n o t m uch to l o o k a t bein g in a ppe a r a nce no thi ng ,

but a tin y b o a t ma de o u t o f a b a mb o o w hich h a s bee n u sed

t o c o o k rice E ven thi s is n o t se t fl o a ti n g o n t h e river
.

but is s i m pl y thr o w n a w a y u n der the h o u se Ye t thr o u g h .

the i n c a nt a ti o n s uttered by the pr o fe ss i o na l w a ili ng w o m a n -

the b a rk is w a fted a w a y to the spirit w o rld a n d is there

c o nverted i n t o a l a r g e w a r c a n o e Gl a dl y the g h o st s
-
.

e m b a rk a n d sa il a w a y a s so o n a s the fi n a l s u mmo n s c o m e s .

I t a l w a y s c o me s in the evenin g fo r it is then th a t the w a iler ,

be g in s to cro o n her mo urnful dittie s but the w ay is so l o ng

th a t the spirit s do no t a rrive in the ho u s e till the da y is
bre a ki ng To refre sh the m a fter their w e a ry j o urney a
.

b a mb o o ful l o f rice spirit a w a it s the m ; a n d thi s they p a r

-

t a ke o f by deputy fo r a br a ve o l d m a n w h o d o e s n o t fe a r
, ,

the fa ce o f g h o s ts q u a ffs the bever a g e in their s te a d a m id

,

the j o y ful s h o uts o f the s pect a t o r s O n the mo r n in g a fter .

the fe a st the livin g p ay the l a s t o ffice s o f respect to the

de a d M o nu ment s ma de o f ir o n w o o d the little b a mb o o
.
,

a rticle s a n d fo o d
,
o f a ll kind s a re set up o n the g r av e s .

I n c o n s ider a ti o n o f the s e g ift s the g h o s t s n o w reli n q ui s h

a l l c l a i m s o n their s urvivin g rel a tive s a n d he ncefo rth e a rn ,

their o w n livi ng by the sw e a t o f th e ir br o w Befo r e they .

t a ke their fi n a l dep a rture the y c o m e to e a t a n d drink in the

h o u se fo r the l a s t ti me .
1

Thu s the D y a k fe stiv a l o f the de a d is no t a n a n nu a l A l nn u a

w elc o m e a cc o rded to a l l the s o ul s o f a n ce s t o r s ; it is a

f iv l f es t a o

h d d t e ea

pr o piti a t o ry cere mo ny de s i g n ed to s ecur e o nc e fo r a l l the m g h a on t e

N g f
eter na l w el fa re o f the recentl y dep a rted o r a t le a s t to p re M ip r ,
a

an
as o

u .

ve n t their g h o st s fro m r e tur n i ng t o i n fe s t a n d i m p o rtu n e

the l ivi ng The s a m e is perh a p s the i nt e n ti o n o f the so ul
.
“

dep a rture ( K a thi K a sha m) fe s tiv a l w hich the T a n g kul

1 E . H . G o mes, S ev en teen Yea rs a nd ri r
b efe a cco u nt o f th i s fest iv la see

a mo ng th e S ea Dy a hs of B orn eo ( L o n Th e S cap eg oa t , p 1 54 . .

do n , 1 91 pp 2 1 6 2 1 8
. F o r a n o th e
-
. r
58 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 1 11

N aga s o f M a n ipur , in
celebr a te every y e a r a b o ut
A ssa m,
the e n d o f J a n u a ry A t thi s g re a t fea st t h e de a d a re
.

repre sented by l ivi ng me n ch o se n o n the g r o und o f their

,

likene ss t o the dep a rted w h o a re deck e d w ith o rn a me n t s

,

a nd tre a ted a s if the y w ere in truth the dece a sed per so n s

c o m e to life a g a i n I n th a t ch a r a cter the y d a nce t o g ether

.

in the l a r g e o pe n s p a ce o f the vill a g e they a re fed by the ,

fe m a le rel a ti o ns a nd they g o fro m h o u se to h o u se receivin g

, ,

pre sent s o f cl o th The fe s tiv a l l a st s ten d ay s but the g re a t

.
,

da y is the n inth H u g e t o rche s o f pi n e w o o d a re m a de

.

re a d y to be u sed th a t eve n i n g w he n d a rkne ss h a s fa llen .

The ti me o f dep a rture o f the de a d is a t h a nd Their livi ng .

repre sent a tiv e s a re tre a ted to a l a st me a l in the h o u se s ,

a n d the y di s tribute fa re w ell pre s ent s t o the so rr o w in g kin s

fo lk w h o h a ve c o me to bid the m g o o d b y e When the su n

,
-
.

h as se t a pr o ce s s i o n is fo rmed
,
A t the he a d o f it m a rch
.

me n h o ldi ng a l o ft the fl a ri ng s putteri ng t o rche s , The n .

fo ll o w the elder s a r m ed a nd in ma rti a l a rr a y a n d behi n d ,

the m s t a lk the repre sent a tive s o f the de a d w ith the rel a ti o n s ,

o f the dep a rted cr o w din g a n d tr o o pin g a b o ut the m S l o w ly .

a n d m o ur n ful l y the sa d pr o ce ss i o n m o ve s w ith l o ud l a m e nt a ,

ti o n s thr o u g h the d a rkne ss t o a s p o t a t the n o rth e n d o f

,

the vill a g e w hich is o vers h a d o w ed by a g re a t tree The .

li g ht o f the t o rche s is t o g uide the so ul s o f the de a d to their

pl a ce o f re st ; the w a rlike a rra y o f the el ders is to g u a rd
the m fr o m the peril s a nd d a n g er s o f the w a y A t the .

vill a g e b o und a r y the pr o ce s s i o n s to p s a n d the t o rch be a rer s -

thr o w d o w n their t o rche s A t the s a me mo m e n t the s pirit s

.

o f the de a d a re believed t o p a ss i n t o the d in fl m b

y g a e au x

a n d in th a t g ui s e t o dep a rt to the far c o u n tr y There is .

therefo re n o further need fo r th e ir l ivin g repre se n t a tive s ,

w h o a re a cc o rdi n g l y s tripped o f a l l their finer y o n the s p o t .

When the pe o ple retur n h o m e e a ch fa m il y is c a reful to ,

li g ht a pi n e t o rch a n d set it burni ng o n a st o ne in the h o u se

j u s t i nside t h e fro nt d o o r ; thi s they do a s a prec a uti o n
t o prevent their o w n s o ul s fr o m fo ll o w i n g the s pirit s o f t h e
d ea d t o the o ther w o rld The expe nse o f thu s de s p a tchi ng
.

the de a d to their l o ng h o m e is very g rea t ; w hen the he a d

of a fa m il y die s debt s m ay be incurred a nd rice fi e l ds
,
-

a n d h o u se s s o ld t o defr a y the c o s t o f c a rri a g e Thu s .

C HAP . IV F E A S TS OF A LL S O UL S

th e livin g i mp o veri sh them selve s in o rder to e n rich the

de a d }

The O r a o n s o r Ura o ns o f Ben g a l fe a st their de a d every A l nnu a

e a r o n a da y in J a nu a r y T hi s cere m o ny is c a lled the

f iv l f est a o
y h d d
.
t e ea

Gre a t M a rri a g e bec a u se by it the b o n e s o f the dece a sed m g h a on t e

Or
,
f a o ns o
a re believed t o be m y s teri o u s l y reu n ited t o e a ch o ther The B g l .
en a .

O r a o n s tre a t the b o n e s o f the de a d differentl y a cc o rdi n g t o

the d a te s o f their de a th in the a g ricultur a l y e a r The b o n e s .

o f th o se w h o died befo re the seed s h a ve s pr o uted in the

field s a re burnt a n d the few ch a rred b o ne s w hich h a ve no t
,

bee n reduced to a she s a re g a th e red in a n e a rthen p o t .

With the b o ne s in the p o t a re pl a ced o fferin g s o f rice ,

n a tiv e g in a nd mo n ey a n d then
,
the y c a rry the u rn to ,

the river w here the b o n e s o f their fo refa th e r s rep o se But

,
.

the b o ne s o f a l l w h o die a fter the seed s h a ve spru ng up

a n d befo re the end o f h a rve s t m a y no t be t a ken to the
river bec a u se the pe o ple believe th a t w ere th a t t o be d o ne
,

the cro p s w o uld s uffer The se b o ne s a re therefo re put .

a w a y in a p o t under a s t o ne ne a r the h o u se til l t h e h a rve s t

is o ver Then o n the a pp o inted day in J a nu a ry they a re

.

a l l c o llected A b a n q uet is g iven in h o n o ur o f the de a d a n d

.
,

then b o th men a n d w o men fo r m a pro ce ss i o n to a cc o m p a n y ,

the b o ne s t o their l a st re sti ng pl a ce in the sa nd s o f the river -

.

But fir s t the relic s o f m o rt a l ity a re c a rried fr o m h o u s e to

h o u s e in the vill a g e a nd e a ch fa m il y p o ur s rice a nd g in i n t o ,

the urn w hich c o nt a in s the b o ne s o f its de a d T he n the p ro .

ce s s i o n set s o u t fo r the river men a n d w o men d a n ci ng ,

, ,

s i n g i n g be a tin g dru m s a n d w eepi n w hile the e rthen p t

, g a o ,
s ,

c o nt a i nin g the b o ne s a re p assed fr o m h a n d to h a nd a nd

d a nce w ith the j ig g i ng s tep s o f the d a ncer s Whe n the y .

a re e t s o me w a fr o m the s p o t the be a rer s o f the ur n s ru n

y y ,

fo r w a rd a nd bury the m in the s a nd o f the river Wh e n th e .

re st c o me up the y a l l b a the a nd the Gre a t M a rri a g e is o ver

,
.
2

1
R W m P t ti g r w
ev . K th i . R e P D h eS J R li g i
, a
2 ev . . e o n, . .
, e on

K h m th
as a S , l D p rt r f t e
‘
d C t m
ou f th U
e a M m i
u e
’
eas an us o s o e ra o n s , e o rs

as
p r ti d b y t h T g kk l N g
ac se
f th A i t i S i ty f B g l
e an l i
u a as, o e s a c oc e o en a ,
vo . .

M ip r A m j
an u , l ssad P N , 9 (C l t o u rn a p 3 6 C anm ro o . a cu ta , . 1 . o

cee di g of th A i ti S i ty f B
n s e
p r R
s a F H h
c S m N t
oc e o en a e ev . . a n, o e o es o n

g l
a , N S l. v 9 9 ( C l tt
. vo . th R li g i
. 1 d S p r t i ti
0 f th a cu a, e
~
e on an u e s on o e
”
3 7 46 ; T C H d O ao j l f t h A i t i S i ty f so n , o u rn a
- o
pp . . . o r s, e s a c oc e o

Th N g T ib
e a
f I ll ip ( L d
a r es oB g l lxxii P r t iii ( C l tt
an ur 9 4) on o n, en a , . a . a cu a, 1 0

pp 53 58 . 1 - 1
pp .
o A rdi g t th l tt r . 1 2 s . c co n o e a e
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

A nn u a l . the B il a sp o re di strict o f the C entr a l P ro vince s I ndi a

In , ,

the fes tiva l k no w n a s the F o rt n i g ht o f the M a

“
n e s— P itr
P a h— o ccur s a b o ut S epte m ber I t is believed th a t duri ng
'

B il paS o re .
.

thi s fo rt n i g ht it is the pr a ctice o f a l l the dep a rted to c o me

a n d vi s it their r e l a tive s The h o me s a re there fo re cle a n ed .
,

a n d the s p a ce s in fr o n t o f the h o u s e a re pl a s tered a n d p a inted

in o rder t o be ple a s i n g t o th o se w h o a re expected I t is .

beli e ved th a t the dep a rted w ill return o n the very d a te o n

w hich th e y w e n t a w a y A fa ther w h o left o n the fo urth
,
.
,

be it the fo urth o f the d a rk h a lf o r the li g ht h a lf o f the

m o o n w ill r e turn t o vi s it h is fa m il y o n the fo urth o f the
,

F o rt n i g ht o f the M a n e s O n th a t da y c a ke s a re prep a red .

,

a nd w ith c e rt a in cere m o n y the s e a re o ffe red t o the u n seen

h o ve ri n g s pirit Their i mplicit b elief is th a t the spirit w ill .

p a rt a k e o f the e ssence o f the fo o d a nd th a t w hich re ma in s ,

the m a teri a l p o rti o n — m ay be e a te n by member s o f the

fa m il y The so ul s o f w o men it is sa id w ill a l l c o me o n the
.
, ,

n inth o f the fo rt n i g ht O n the thirtee n th c o m e th o s e w h o .

h a ve m et w ith a vi o lent de a th a nd w h o l o s t their live s by a

fa ll by s n a k e bite o r a ny o ther u n u su a l c a u se D uri ng the
,
-
,
.

F o rt n i g ht o f the M a ne s a w o m a n is n o t s upp o sed to put o n

n e w b a n g le s a n d a m a n is n o t per m itted t o s h a ve In .

s h o rt thi s is a se a so n o f sa d re me mbra n ce s a n a nn u a l
, ,

fe s tiv a l fo r the dep a rted 1

.
”

A l
n nu a The t a i s a K a re n tribe o f Bur m a h o ld a n a n nu a l , ,

$2 52 ?
1
fe a s t fo r t h e d e a d a t the ne w m o o n w hich fa ll s n e a r the e n d

am g h
on o f A u g u s t o r the be g i n n i n g o f S epte m ber
t e A l l the vill a g er s .

’
w h o h a ve l o s t rel a tive s w ithi n the l a s t three y e a r s t a k e p a rt
giiffii
d

in it F o o d a n d drink a re se t o u t o n t a ble s fo r the g h o s t s

.
,

a n d ne w cl o the s fo r the m a re hun up in t h r m A l l

g e o o .

b e i n g r e a d y the pe o ple be a t g o n g s a n d be g in t o w e e p , .

E a ch o n e c a ll s up o n the rel a ti o n w h o m he h a s l o s t t o c o m e
an d eat When the de a d a re th o u g ht to h a ve a rrived the
.
,

w ri t r e th e r li p o ts c o n ta n n g i i th e e cs La m p s ( D iw al i) se em s to h a e b een v
o f th d d eb ri d t i th
ea d a re u e , no n e sa n i
b as ed o n “ th e dea th a t o n th s n g h t i i
o f th riv r b t i e p it g r ll y e ,
u n a , e ne a ir
th e sp its o f th e dea d e s t th e r vi i ir
co v r d w i th h g t
e e w hi h i d g u e s o n es, c s u i
h o m es, w h ch a re c eane d a nd g h ted l li
p rp m fi ld gr v ir r iS ee W C o o k e , r
”
f
or th i e u o se n so e e or o e . fo r th e ec e p t o n . .

1E M G rd I di
. F lh T l . o o n, n an a a es Th e P op u l a r R el igio n a n d F o l h l ore of -

(L d on p 8o n,A rdi g t . 1 . c co n o N ort h ern I n dia ( Wes tm nst e , i r

M r W C r k th H i d F t f
. . oo e, e n oo ea s o ii . 2 9 5 so
.
C H AP . 1v F E A S TS OF A LL S O UL S

livin g a ddr e s s the m sa y in g Yo u h a v e c o m e to m e y o u , ,

“
,

h a ve returned to m e I t h a s b e en r a ini n g h a rd a nd y o u .
,

m u s t be w e t D re ss y o ur s elve s cl o the y o ur s elve s w ith th e s e

.
,

n e w g a r m e n t s a n d a l l the c o m p a ni o n s th a t a re w ith y o u
, .

E a t betel t o g e ther w ith a l l th a t a cc o m p a n y y o u a l l y o ur ,

fri e nd s a nd a sso ci a te s a nd the l o n g de a d C a ll th e m a l l t o ,

.

e a t a n d dri n k The g h o sts h a vi ng fi n i shed their rep a st

”
.
,

the pe o ple dry their te a r s a n d s it d o w n to e a t w h a t is left .

M o re fo o d is then prep a red a n d put i n t o a b as ket a n d a t ,

c o ck cr o w next mo rni ng the c o n te nt s o f the b a s ket a re

-

thr o w n o u t o f the h o u se w hile the livi ng w eep a nd c a ll ,

up o n th e ir de a d a s befo re T he H k a m ie s a hill tribe o f .

1
,

N o rth A ra c a n h o l d a n imp o rt a nt fe s tiv a l every y e a r in

,

h o n o ur o f d e p a rted spirit s I t fa l l s a fter h a rve st a n d is .

c a lled the o pen in g o f the h o u se o f th e de a d

“
Whe n a .
”

per so n die s a n d h a s been burnt the a s he s a re c o llected a nd ,

pl a ced in a s ma ll h o u se in the fo re s t t o g e ther w ith h is spe a r

o r g u n w hich h a s fir s t been br o ken
,
The se little hut s a re .

g ener a ll y a rr a n g ed in g r o up s ne a r a vill a
g e a n d a r e s o m e ,

ti m e s l a r g e e n o u g h t o be m i st a ke n fo r o ne A fter h a rve s t .

a l l th e rel a ti o n s o f the dece a s ed c o o k v a ri o u s kind s o f fo o d

a n d t a ke the m w ith p o t s o f li q u o r di s tilled fr o m rice t o the

vill a g e o f the de a d There they O pe n th e d o o r s o f the .

h o u se s a nd h a vin g pl a ced the fo o d a nd dri n k i n s ide th ey

,

s hut the m a a in A fter th t the w ep e a t drink n d

g a y . e a , , ,

return h o m e ?

The g re a t fe stiva l o f the de ad in C a m b o di a t a k e s pl a ce A l n nu a

o n the l a s t da
y o f the m o nth P h a t r a b o t ( S epte m ber O ct o b e r ) $232 5; -
,

but ever si nc e the m o o n be g a n to w a n e every b o d y h as been C mb di a o a

bu sy pr e p a ri ng fo r it I n every h o u se c a k es a n d sw e et .

m e a t s a re se t o u t c a ndle s bur n inc e n se s tick s s m o k e a n d

, , ,

t h e w h o l e is o ffered t o t h e a n ce s tr a l s h a de s w ith a n inv o c a

ti o n w hich is thrice repe a ted : O a l l y o u o ur a nce st o r s w h o

a re dep a rt e d dei n t o c o m e a n d e a t w h a t w e h a v e prep a red
g ,

1
R F M
ev . D D
. Phy i l
a so n , th r r p t th
. .
“
rm i s ca o e es ec s e ce e o n es a re

C h r t r f th K r
a ac e o j e l f ty p i l
a en s , ou rn a o ca .

th A i ti S
e s a i ty f B g l
c 8 6 6 P rt
oc e o R en F S t A dr w S t J h
a 1 , a A 2 . . . n e . o n,

ii p p 9 o L i gh t
,

. . 2 s . t m S h rt A s a re t f th no H ill Tri b en f o cco u n o e es o

tio ne d b y th w ri t r b t th e f t iv l eN r th A
, u j el f t h
es A t
ah o ra c a n, o u rn a o e n ro

b i g
e n t r lw my
n o c u na m th t ep gl i l a I tit t
assu ii ( 8 7 3
e ) p a 3 8 o o ca ns u e, . 1 . 2 .

th y e a re d f th u se v i or f A t th i f tiv l th d d
e co n e n e n ce o p p r tl y s es a e ea a re a a en

th livi g w ll f th d d I
e n as e as o t pp d et r t r t eath . h n no su o se o e u n o e o u ses .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 1 1 1

fo r y o u , a n d t o ble ss y o ur p o st e rit y a n d m a ke it h a pp y .

F ifteen d a y s a fter w a rd s m a n y l ittle b o a t s a re m a d e o f bark

a n d filled w ith rice c a k e s s m a ll c o i n s s m o k i n g i nce n se

, , ,

s tick s a n d li hted c a n dle s A t eve n i n the s e a re s e t fl o a t

, g g .

ing o n the river a nd the so ul s o f the de a d e m b a rk in th e m

,

t o retur n t o their o w n pl a ce The l ivi ng n o w bid th e m .

fa re w ell . G o to the l a n d s
“
the y s a y g o t o the fi e ld s ,
”
,
“

y o u inh a bit t o the ,

m o unt a in s u n der the s t o ne s w hich a re ,

y o ur a b o de s G o a w a
.
y ! return ! I n due ti me y o ur so n s
a n d y o ur r a nd s o n s w ill think o f y o u Then w ill
g y o u .

retur n y o u w il l retur n y o u w ill retur n

,
The river is no w
,
.

c o vered w ith t w i n kli n g p o ints o f fire B ut the current so o n .

be a rs the m a w a y a nd a s the y v a ni sh o ne by o ne in the

,

d a rkne ss the so ul s dep a rt w ith the m to the fa r c o untry .

1

A n nu a l I n T o n q uin a s in S u m b a the de a d revi s it their ki n s fo lk

fest iv l f
a o
,

a n d their o l d h o m e s a t the N e w Y e a r
,

F r o m the h o ur o f
th e d d i
.
ea n
To n q i
u n .
m idni g ht w hen the N e w Y e a r be g in s n o o ne d a re s to shut
, ,

the d o o r o f h is h o u se fo r fe a r o f excludin g the g h o st s w h o ,

be g i n to a rrive a t th a t ti me P rep a r a ti o n s h a ve been m a d e .

t o w elc o m e a n d refre sh the m a fter their l o ng j o urne y Bed s .

a n d m a t s a re re a d y fo r their w e a r y b o di e s t o rep o s e up o n ,

w a ter t o w a s h their d u st y feet s lipper s t o c o m fo rt the m a n d , ,

c a ne s to s upp o rt their feeble s tep s C a ndle s burn o n th e .

d o m e stic a lt a r a n d p as tille s diffu se a fr a g ra nt o d o ur The

,
.

pe o ple b o w befo re the un seen vi s it o rs a n d be seech the m t o

re me mber a n d ble ss their de sce n d a nt s in the c o m i n g y e a r .

H a vi ng di sch a rg ed thi s pi o u s dut y they a b s ta in fr o m sw e e p

in g the h o u se s fo r three d a y s le s t the du s t s h o uld in co m
m o de the g h o s t s
?

An nu a l I n A nn a m o n e o f the m o s t i mp o rt a nt fe s tiva l s o f the

iv l
fe st a o f
e a r is the fe s tiv a l o f T e t w hich fa ll s o n the fir s t three d a s
th e dea d in y , y
An nam . o f the N e w Y e a r I t is dev o ted t o the w o r s hip o f a n c es t o r s
. .

E ver y b o d y eve n the p o o re s t m u s t pr o vide a g o o d m e a l fo r

, ,

the so ul s o f h is de a d a t thi s ti me a n d m u s t hi mself e a t a n d

1
E Ay mo nier, N o tice su r l e Ca m
. r i ti
su p e st des
eu se s Ca m b o dg ens, i
bodg e ( P a s, ri p 59 A L e c e e,. . lr Coch in ch in e F ra n fa ise, E x cu rsio n s ci
L e B u ddhisme a u Ca mbodg e ( P a s, ri R eco n n a issa n ces , No 16 ( S a g o n, . i
pp 3 7.
4
-
3 7 6 T h e de p a tu e
. r r pp . 2 0 5 so .

l
o f th e so u s is desc b ed o n ri
b y th e ly 2 M ri y R
a n , el a t io n n o u v el l e et cu

la tte r ri r
w te Co mp a e E Ay m o nier,
. r . i
r eu se d y es ro a u mes de Tu n gu in et de
N o tes sur l es c o u tu m es e t c o ry a n ces L ao ( P ri a s, pp . 2 51 -2
53 .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

g h o s t s c a n n eed in the o ther w o rld a re de s p a tched t o ,

the m in like m a nn er in the fl a m e s Then the fa m il y s its .

d o w n t o t a ble a n d fe a st s o n the re ma i ns o f the g h o stl y

b an q u e t .
1

But i n A nn a m it is n o t m erel y the s pirit s o f a nce s t o r s

w h o a re thu s fe a s t e d a n d s upplied w ith a l l the nece s sa rie s o f
life The p o o r g h o s t s o f th o se w h o died w ith o ut le a vi ng
.

de sce n d a n t s o r w h o se b o die s w ere left unburied a re no t

fo r g o tten by th e pi o u s A nn a m ite s But the se spirit s c o m e .

r o u n d a t a different ti me o f y e a r fr o m the o ther s The .

s eventh m o nth o f the y e a r is se t a p a rt fo r expi a t o r y sa cri

fi c e s de s tined t o b e n efit the s e unh a pp y bei n g s a n d th a t ,

is w h y in A nn a m n o b o d y s h o uld m a rr y o r be b etr o thed in

th a t mo nth The g re a t day o f the m o nth is the fi fteenth
.
,

w hich is c a lled the F e s tiv a l o f the S o ul s O n th a t da y the .

g h o s t s in q ue s ti o n a re s e t free b y the l o rd o f the u n der w o rld ,

a n d the y c o m e pr o w lin g a b o ut a mo ng the livin g They .

a re e xceedin g l y d a n g er o u s e s peci a ll y t o children Hence in

, .

o rder t o a ppe ase their w r a th a n d prevent the m fr o m e n t e ri n g

t h e h o u s e s every fa m il y t a ke s c a re t o put o u t o fferi n g s fo r

the m in the s treet Befo re every h o u se o n th a t ni g ht y o u .

m a y see c a ndle s li g hted p a per g a r m ent s o f m a ny c o l o ur s , ,

p a per h a t s p a per b o o ts p a per furniture in g o t s o f g o ld a nd

, , ,

s ilver p a per a l l h a n g in g in temptin g a rr a y fr o m a s tri n g

, ,

w hile pl a te s o f fo o d a n d cup s o f t e a a n d rice s pirit s t a n d -

re a d y fo r the u se o f hun g ry a nd thir s ty so ul s The the o ry .

is th a t th e g h o s t s w il l be s o bu sy c o n s u m in g the victu a l s ,

a ppr o pri a ti n g the d e ceitful riche s a n d tr y in n the p per

g o a ,

c o a ts h a t s a n d b o o t s th a t they w ill h a ve neither the lei s ure

, ,

n o r the inclin a ti o n t o intrude up o n the d o m e stic circle

’
ind o o r s A t s even o cl o ck in the eve n i ng fire is put t o the
.

o ffe ri n g s a n d the p a per w a rdr o be fur n iture a n d m o ne y s o o n

, , ,

va ni sh cra cklin g in the fl a me s A t the s a m e m o m e n t .

,

p e epi ng in a t a d o o r o r w i n d o w y o u ma y se e the d o m e stic ,

a n ce s tr a l a lt a r brilli a n tl y illu m in a ted A s fo r the fo o d it is .

,

s upp o sed t o be thr o w n o n the fire o r o n the g r o und fo r the

1
L R
e P C di er
. C t m. A a m t B l l ti
e,
“
d l
ou u S i te
es n na , e c. ,
u e ns e a oc cf

p p
o l ir
u a d l
es v ll é d N e
g o a d
a A th ep l g iud P i
n n V S é ri iv ’
n ro o o e e a r s, e
e, .

; E D ig
’ ’
E t em
‘
B l l ti d l E l F
u e n e c i d co e ( 9 3 ) pp 5
ra n a se 5 x r t L
e 1 0 . 00 - 02 . ue , es

O i t ii ( H
r en , . i 9 ) p p 3 7 6 3 7 9 ; A mit ( P ri
ano , 1 02 .
-
pp 37 n na es a s, . 2
dr i t rl
’
P dE j y
. n o D ,
“
u 3 75 o su ccesso a en .
CH A P . IV F E A S TS OF A LL S O UL S

u se o f the g h o st s but pr a ctic a ll y it is e a t e n by v a g a b o nd s a n d

,

be g g a r s w h o scuffl e fo r the b o o ty
, .
1

I n Co c h in c h in a t h e a nce s tr a l s pirit s a re s i m il a rl y p ro A l nnu a

a t e d a n d fed o n the fir s t da y o f t h e N e w Y e a r The f i 1 f eS ‘ v a 5 9

p it i .

h d d t e ea in

t a blet s w hich repre sent th e m a re pl a ced o n th e d o me s tic C h i oc n

a lt a r a nd
,
the fa m il y pr o s tr a te the m selve s befo re the se $53 “ 21

e m ble m s o f the dep a rted The he a d o f the fa m il y li g ht s J p .

a an

s tick s o f i n cen s e o n the a lt a r a n d pr a y s the s h a de s o f h is

fo refa ther s to a ccept the o fferin g s a n d be fa vo ur a ble to their

de scend a nt s With g re a t g ra vity he w a it s up o n the g h o s t s
.
,

p a ss i ng di she s o f fo o d b e fo re the a n ce s tr a l t a blet s a nd p o ur

in g o u t w ine a n d tea t o s l a k e the thir s t o f the s pirit s Whe n .

t h e de a d a re s upp o s ed t o be sa ti s fied w ith the s h a d o w y

e sse n ce o f the fo o d t h e livi ng p a rt a ke o f its g r o ss m a teri a l
,

s ub s t a n ce I n S i a m a n d J a p a n a l s o the so ul s o f the de a d
?

r e vi s it their fa m ilie s fo r three d a y s in every y e a r a nd the

J
,

l a m p s w hich the a p a n e s e ki n dle in m ultitude s o n th a t

o cc a s i o n t o li g ht the s pirit s o n their w a y h a ve pr o cured
fo r the fe s tiv a l the n a m e o f the F e a s t o f L a n ter n s .

I t is to be o b se rved th a t in S i a m a s in T o n q ui n a n d
"

S u m b a the return o f the g h o s t s t a ke s pl a ce a t the N e w

,

Ye a r .
3

The Ch ew su rs o f the Ca uc a s u s believe th a t the so ul s o f A l n nu a

the d e p a rted revi sit their o l d h o m e s o n the S a turd a y n i g ht h de a d f iv l f e st a s o

t e

o f the sec o nd w eek i n Le n t Thi s g a theri g the de d

n o f a m g h .
a on t e

Ch w e su rs
is c a lled the A s se m bl y o f S o ul s The pe o ple s p a re n o d
“ ”
.
an

expe nse t o tre a t the un see n g ue sts h a n d so mel y Beer s i A r m i .

en a “

bre w e d a nd l o a ve s o f v ari o u s sh a pe s b a ked speci a ll y fo r th e

o c c a s io n f
" The A r meni a n s c e lebr a te the m e mo ry o f the
de a d o n m a ny d a y s o f the y e a r bur n i ng incen se a n d ,

li g htin g t a per s in their h o n o ur O ne o f their cu s t o m s is to .

keep a li g ht o f the de a d bur n i ng a l l ni g ht in the h o u s e

“ ”

in o rder th a t the g h o s t s m a y be a ble t o e n ter F o r if the .

1
E . i
D g u et, L es A n n a m ites ( P a s, ri 2
L E . . v
Lo u e t , La Co ch in ch in e

pp 2 5 o
4 s P
. a u G a n , I lI ag ie . l ir g
rel i ie u se ri
( P a s, pp . 1 49
ci R el ig io n A n n a m ites ( P a s , ri 1 51 .

p p 2.
5 8 so A c co d ng to th e l a tt e
. r i r 3 Th e S cap eoa o a t p p 1 49 2 79
ri r v r l
w t e t h e o ffe r n g s t o th e a g a n t so u s i .

r l
a re m a de o n t h e fi st a n d ya st da s o f
4 H ah n ,
C . v .
R el g ose A n i i
h w h il ri fi m r sch au u n g e n u n d To ten g e da ch tn isfeie r
'

th em o nt f , e sa c ce s o a o e

d m
o i hr tr
e st c
p r f rcm d a ac e a re e o e on de r C h e w su ren , Gl o bu s, 1 ( 1 8 99 ) lxxv .

th e fi ft een th .
pp . 2 1 1 so .

PT IV . . V OL . 11
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

s pirit s find the h o u se d a rk the y s pit d o w n the chi m ney a nd ,

dep a rt curs i ng the churli sh i n m a te s

, .
1

E a rl y in A pril e ver y y e a r the D a h o m a n s o f We s t A fric a

se t a t a ble as the y ter m it a nd i n vite frie n d s t o e a t w ith
, ,

the d e ce a sed rel a tive s w h o se s pirit s a re s upp o sed to mo ve ,

r o und a nd p a rta ke o f the g o o d thin g s o f thi s l ife E ven my .

i nterpreter M a di K i Le mo n w h o pretend s t o de spi se the

,
-
,

belief in feti sh set s a t a ble to h is a nce s t o r s a n d w ill tel l y o u

, ,

th a t h is g r a nd o r g re a t g r a ndfa ther C o rp o r a l Le mo n m a ke s -
, ,

a m e a l o n thi s o cc a s i o n w hich w ill l a s t h im till the next

a n n u a l fe a s t The B a re a a n d a pp a rentl y the K un a ma t w o

.
” 2
,

he a then tribe s w h o le a d a settl e d a g ricultur a l life t o the

n o rth o f A b y ssi n i a c e lebr a te every y e a r a fe stiv a l in the
,

m o nth o f N o v e m ber I t is a fe s tiv a l o f th a n k sg ivin g fo r the

.

c o m pleti o n o f the h a rve s t a n d a t the s a m e ti m e a c o m ,

m e m o r a ti o n a nd pro piti a ti o n o f the de a d E very h o u s e .

prep a re s m uch beer fo r the o cc a si o n a nd a s m a ll p o t o f ,

beer is se t o u t fo r e a ch dece a sed me mber o f the h o u seh o ld .

A fter s t a n din g fo r t w o d a y s in the h o u s e the b eer w hich

w a s dev o ted t o the de a d is drunk b y the livin g A t the se .

fe stiv a l s a l l the pe o ple o f a d i strict meet in a s peci a l pl a ce ,

a n d there p a ss the ti m e in g a m e s a n d d a nce s A m o n g the .

B a re a the fe stive g a therin g s a re held in a s a cred g r o ve .

We a re t o ld th a t h e w h o o w e s a no ther a drub b in g o n thi s

“

da y c a n p ay h is debt w ith impunit y ; fo r it is a da y o f

pe a ce w he n a l l feud s a re in a be y a nce Wild h o ney may .
”

no t be g a thered till the fe s tiv a l h a s been held A pp a rentl y 3

.

the fe stiv a l is a so rt o f S a tur n a li a such a s is celebr a ted ,

e l se w here a t the e n d o f h a rve s t A t th a t s e a so n there is

4
.

fo o d a n d to s p a re fo r the de a d a s w ell a s the livi ng .

1 M Ab egh ia n , D er
. a rmen isch e r
to w a ds t h e A u gust Th e o ffe
e nd o f . r
Vo l hsg l a u be ( L e p s c , i i pp . 2 3 ing s a re r
p esented to th e de p a ted a t r
s9 th e ir r v
g a es S ee A B E s, Th e . . . lli
2 F r e d. E . F rb o e s, D a h o mey a nd Tsh i spea h ing P eop l es of th e Go l d Coa st
-

th e D a h o ma n s ( Lo ndo n , 73 ii . .
( L o ndo n , p p 2 2 7 s
q ; E P e e . . . rr
C o mp a e ohn r J
D unc an , Tra v el s in g a u x , Ch ez l es A ch a n ti ( N eu ch fi tel ,
Western Af rica ( Lo ndo n , i .
pp 1 3 6 ,
1 3 8 . A c co d n g to . r i
1 2 5 sq A B E s, Th e E zlxe sp ea hing
. . . lli -
l
th e a tt e w te r ri r
th e fe st a is ce e iv l l
P eop l es of t h e S l a v e Co ast ( Lo n do n , i
b ra ted a t th e t m e o f th e a rn h a e st y rv .

p 1 0 8 T
. h e T sh - spe a. ng i ki 3 W M u nz ing e r, Ostaf rih a n isch e
p l l
eo p e s o f th e G o d C o as t a n d A sh a n t ee
S tu dien
.

( S h fl h
l r
ce eb a te a n a nnu a fest a o f e gh t l iv l i c a a u se n , p .
4 73 .

y
da s in h o no u o f th e dea d r
I t fa s . ll 4 Th e S cap eg oa t, p p . 1 3 6 so .
CH AP . IV F E A S TS OF A LL S O UL S

A mo n g
pe o pl e s o f the A ry a n s t o ck so fa r b a ck a s w e A l , nnu a

c a n tr a ce their hi s t o r the w r hip n d pr piti ti n o f th e

f iv l f est a s o
y o s a o a o
h d d ,
t e ea

de a d see m to h a v e fo r m ed a pri ncip a l element o f th e p o pul a r m g a on

pl f
reli g i o n ; a n d like so ma n y o ther ra ce s the y a ppe a r to h a ve h A ry
1 p
t e
eo es o

an

believed th a t o nce a y e a r the so ul s o f their dep a rted ki nsfo l k k s to c

revi s ited th e ir o l d h o me s a nd expected to be refre shed w ith

a bund a n ce o f g o o d cheer b y their s urvivi n rel a ti n Thi
g o s s .

belief g a ve ri se t o th e cu st o m o f celebr a ti ng a n a n n u a l F e a s t
o f A l l S o ul s w hich h a s c o m e d o w n to u s fr o m a d a t e le ss
,

a nti q uit y a n d is s till o b served y e a r b y y e a r w ith rit e s o f ,

pri m itive si mplicity in so m e p a rt s o f E ur o pe S uch a A l , . n nu a

fe stiv a l w a s held every y e a r in s pri n g b y the o ld I r a n i a n s f iv l f

.
e st a o

h d d t e ea

The celebr a ti o n fell a t the end o f the y e a r a nd l a sted te n ( h F t e ra

hi )
d a y s n a mel y the l a st five d ay s o f the l a st mo nth a nd the five m g
,
va s

a on
s

fo ll o w in g s upple me n t a ry d a y s w hich w ere re g ul a rl y i n se rt e d h l d t e o

Ir i ,

to m a ke up a y e a r o f three hundred a n d s ixty fi v e d a y s

an a n s
fo r
.

the o l d I r a n i a n like the o ld E g y pti a n y e a r w a s a v a g u e y e a r

, ,

o f t w elve m o n th s o f thirt y d a y s e a ch w ith five s upple m e n t a r y ,

d a y s a dded a t the e n d fo r the s a k e o f b ri n g i n g it i n to

’
a pp a re n t th o u g h no t r e a l h a r m o n y w ith the s un s a n n u a l
, ,

c o ur se i n the s k y A cc o rdi ng to o n e c a lcul a ti o n the te n .

d a y s o f the fe stiva l c o rre s p o nded t o the l a st d a y s o f

F ebru a r y but a cc o rdi n g to a n o ther th e y fell in M a rch ; in
,

l a t e r a g e s the P a r see s a ssi g ned th e m t o the ti me o f the

s pri n g e q ui n o x The n a m e o f the fe stiv a l w a s H a m a s
—
.

p a t h m a e da y a F r o m a p a ssa g e i n
?
t h e Z en d A v es ta the , ,

1
O n th e w o sh p o f th e dea d, an d r i e in i g en der in do -g erma n isch en Vo l her
'

esp ec a i ll y
o f a n c es t o s, a m o ng A an r ry ( A m s t e da m ,
r pp . 64 sq .
; N .

eo
p p e s , seel W C a l a n d, Uber Toten
. d e rb l o m , L es F ra v a sh is (P a ri s,

v ereh ru ng bei ein igen der in do - erm a

g pp J M
. l t4 s
qq ; . . H . ou o n,

n isch en Viil her ( A m ste rda m , 1 8 8 8 ) O . E arly Z t i i m (L d

oroa s r a n s on o n,

r r
S ch a de , R ea l l ex iho n der in dog er pp .
56 qq 2 A l l th sw ri t r .
gr e se e s a ee

m a n isch en A l tert u msh u n de ( S t a sb u g , r r th t th F r v h i

a ef th Z dA t a as s o e en -
v es a

pp 2 1 sqq ;. id , s v A an . . . ry w r e e rig i ll y tho l f th d d

na e so u s o e ea .

l J m D m tt Z d
.

li i
R e g o n , in D r
’
.
J
H a st ng s s E n cy cl o . i S ee a so a es ar es e e r, en

p a edia
f
o R el igio n a nd E t h ics, ii . A t
v es a , P r ii ( O x f r d 883 ) p
a t 79 . o , 1 . 1 :
i r
( E d nb u g h , 1 909) p p 1 6 sqq Th F r v h i i th i
e arp ri as s e nne owe n

v r y b i g th m i t i it d m k
. .

2 A
s t o th e I a n a n c a e nda r i
se e l r e e e n at a n a ns an a es

i r
W G e ge , A l tira n isch e K u l tu r im it g r w d b i t O ri g i ll y th
'

. o an su s s . na e

A l tert u m ( E an ge n , rlpp 3 1 4 . F r v h i w r th
a as m
s th P it i
e e e sa e as e r s

sq q a s t o th e I a n a n w o sh
.

p r i
o f th e r i o f th Hi d e th M n f thus or e a n es o e

i
sa n te d dea d ( th e F a a sh s
) see id rv i . L tia th t i t
ns , y th a v rl t i g
s o sa ,
e e e as n

p p 2 8 6 sqq
. A s to th e a n n u a fest a
. l iv l an d d ifi d l f th d d ; b t i
e e so u s o e ea u n

o f t h e dea d ( H a m a s a t h m a e da a
p y ) se e r f i m th y g i d w i d r
c o u se o t e e a ne a e

W Cal a nd, Uber Toten vereh ru ng bei

. d m i
o d
a n, t ly m b t g d
an no on en, u o s
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OOK 111

ncient sa cred b o o k o f the I r a ni a n s w e le a rn th a t o n the

a ,

t e n n i g ht s o f the fe stiv a l the s o ul s o f the de a d ( the F r a v a s hi s)

w ere believed to g o a b o ut the vill a g e a s ki n g the p e o ple t o
do the m reverence to pr a y t o the m to m edit a te o n th e m , , ,

a nd to furni sh the m w ith me a t a nd cl o the s w hile a t the ,

s a m e ti m e the pr m i ed th t ble in s s h o uld re st o n the

y o s a ss g
A l pi o u s h o u seh o lder w h o c o m plied w ith their re q ue st
nn u a T he .
1

$232 ? A r a b g e o g r a pher A l b iru n i w h o fl o uri shed a b o ut the y e a r ,

am g h o ne t h o u s a n d o f o u r e ra tell s u s th a t a m o n g the P er s i a n s o f
on t e
P rm
,

h is ti me the l a s t five d a y s o f the m o n th A b a n w e re c a lled

e “?

D uri ng thi s time he say s pe o pl e put ”

F a rw a rdaj a n .
“
, ,
“

fo o d in the h a ll s o f the de a d a nd dri nk o n the r o o fs o f the

h o u se s believi ng th a t th e s pirit s o f their de a d duri ng the se
,

d ay s c o m e o u t fro m the pl a ce s o f the ir re w a rd o r their

puni sh me n t th a t the y g o to the di she s l a id o u t fo r the m
, ,

i m bibe their s tre ng th a n d s uck their t a s te Th e y fu m i g a te .

their h o u se s w ith j u n iper th a t the de a d m a y enj o y its sm ell , .

The spirit s o f the pi o u s me n d w ell a mo ng their fa milie s ,

childre n a nd rel a ti o n s a n d o ccup y the mselve s w ith their

, ,

a ffa ir s a lth o u h i n vi s ible t o the m He a dd s th a t there

g , .

w a s a c o ntr o ver s y a m o n g the P e r s i a n s a s t o the d a te o f thi s

fe stiv a l o f the de a d so m e m a int a i n i n g th a t the five d a y s ,

d urin g w hich it l a s ted w ere the l a st fi ve d a y s o f the m o n th

A b a n w here a s o th e r s held th a t the y w ere the five s upple
,

m ent a r y d a y s w hich w ere in s erted bet w een t h e m o n th s A b a n

a n d A dh a r The di s pute he c o nti n ue s w a s settled by the
.
, ,

a d o pti o n o f a l l ten d a s fo r th e celebr a ti o n o f t h e fe a s t

?
y

a nd e v
p h s ca o bj ec ts,
en yi le th e lik A n cien t N a t io n s , t r l a n s a t ed a n d e d it ed

sk y a nd t h e ea th , e tc , h a d ea ch a r . by D r . C . r
Edw a d S a c h au ( Lo n do n ,
rv
F a a sh ”
i
C o mp a e id
. Orm a z d etr .
p . 2 10 I n th e D in h a rd, a
.

A h r ima n ( P a s, ri
p p 1 3 0 sqq . . P ah l via wo rk wh i ch s ee ms to ha e v
N d e rbl o m, L a Vie F u t u re d ap res
.
’
b e en c o m p o se d ha in t h e fi rst l f o f th e
Le M a z deisme ( P a s,
’

p p 7risay . . i
n n th c e n tu A D , th e fest a ryis . . iv l
i r
A d ff e e nt e w o f th e o vi
g na n a tu e ri i l r k
sp o e n o f a s
“
th o se t e n da s w h ch y i
o f th e F ra v ash is w a s ta e n b
y C P k . . a re t h e e nd o f th e w n t e a n d t e m na i r r i
il r i
T e e , ac co d n g to w h o m th e w e e y r i y r
t o n o f t h e e a , b e ca u se th e fi v e G a th c i
e ssen t a i ll y
g u a d a n sp ts r i
S ee C P iri . . . y
da s , a m o ng th em , a re fo r th a t p u p o se r .

il
T e e , Gesch ich te der R el igio n im A l ter By “
y
t h e fi v e G a th c da s t h e w te i ri r
t u m ( G o th a , 1 8 96 2 56 sq q ii . . m th fi
ea n s pp l m ry d y dd d
e v e su e en t a a sa e
1 Th
e en d - A v esta ,Zt a n s a te d b y r l at th d f th
e tw l f h m
en h t o e e t o nt o

J a m e s D a rm este te r Pa t ( O fo d, r ii x r . com p l t th y r f 3 6 5 d y
e e S e ea o a s . ee

i T t tr l t d by E W W t
,

1 883 ) pp 1 92 so ( S a cred B oohs o th e P hl

.
f . a av ex s an s a e . . es ,

E a st , vol . P r t iv ( O x f r d
a 89 ) p.
7 ( Th o , 1 2 . 1 e
2 A l b iru ni, Th e Ch ron ol ogy o f S acred B o o hs o
f th e E a st , vo l .
 CH AP . IV F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

S i m il a r be li e fs a s to the a nn u a l retur n o f the de a d s u r F f e a st o

vive to thi s day in m a ny p a rt s o f E ur o pe a nd fi nd expre ss i o n i Bri y Al l S l ou s

n tt a n
i n s i m il a r c usto m s Th e day o f the de a d o r o f A l l S o ul s d h r
.
,
an ot e
"
1
a s w e c a ll it is c o mm o nl y the sec o n d o f N o ve m ber
,
Thu s 23252 .

in L o w er Britt a ny the so ul s o f the d e p a rted c o m e t o vi s it

the l ivin g o n the eve o f th a t da y A fter ve sper s a re o ver .
,

the prie sts a n d ch o ir w a lk in pr o ce ss i o n the pro ce ss i o n o f ,

the ch a rnel h o u se c h a nti n g a w eird dir g e in the Bret o n

-
,
”

t o n g ue T hen the pe o ple g o h o me g a ther r o und th e fire

.
’

, ,

a n d t a lk o f the dep a rted T he h o u se w ife c o vers the kitch e n

.

t a ble w ith a w hite cl o th set s o u t cider curd s a nd h o t p a n , , ,

c a ke s o n it a n d retire s w ith the fa m il y to re st T he fi re o n

,
.

the he a rth is kept up by a hu g e l o g k n o w n a s the l o g o f “

the de a d ( hef a nn A na o n) S o o n d o leful v o ic e s o ut s ide in .

the d a rkne ss bre a k the stillne ss o f ni g ht I t is the s i ng er s .

“

o f de a th w h o g o a b o ut the street s w a ki n g the s leeper s by

a w il d an so n in w hich the remi n d t h
V
g y , e
\
l e b e ds t o pr a y fo r the p o o r so ul s
"
l iv ing in L

in p a in A l l th a t n i g ht the d e a d w a r m the m selve s a t the

.

he a rth a nd fe a s t o n the vi a nd s prep a red fo r the m S o me .

ti me s the a w e struck li ste n er s he a r the s t o o l s cre a ki ng in

-

the kitchen o r the d e a d le a ve s o ut s ide ru stli ng under the

,
’
g h o s tl y fo o t s tep s I n the V o s
.
g e
1
s M o unt a in s o n A l l S o ul s

E v e the s o le m n s o und o f the church bell s i n vite s g o o d

Chri sti a n s to pr a y fo r the rep o se o f the de a d While the .

bell s a re ri n g in g it is cu s to ma ry in so m e fa m ilie s t o u n c o v e r
,

the bed s a n d o pe n th e w indo w s d o u b tle ss in o rder t o let the ,

p o o r so ul s enter a n d re st N 0 o ne th a t e veni ng w o uld d a re .

to re m a in de a f t o the a ppe a l o f the b e ll s The pr ay er s a re .

p r o l o n g ed t o a l a te h o ur o f the ni g ht Whe n t h e l a st D e .

p fro u n d is h a s been uttered the h e a d o f the fa m il y g ,

entl y
c o ve rs up the bed s s pri n kle s the m w ith h o l y w a ter a n d , ,

s hut s the w i n d o w s I n s o m e vill a g e s fire is kept Up o n the

.

he a rth a nd a b a s k e t o f nut s is pl a ced be side it fo r the u se

o f the g h o s t s A g a i n in s o m e p a rt s o f S a i n t o n g e a n d
?
,

A u nis a C a ndle m a s c a ndl e u sed t o be lit befo re the d o m e s tic

1
. r
A l e B a z , La L eg en de de l a M o rten e au , 883
1 11 2 8 3 sqq . .

B a sse B retag n e ( P a s,
-
pp 2 8 0ri 2 L F . S au . vé
L e f o l h - l ore des
,

q
.

2 87 . C o m pa e r J
L e coeu , E s u isses
. r H a u tes Vosg es ( P a s , pp ri
2 95 .

du B o cag e N o rm a n d ( C o n d su r N o é - -
ir sq .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K I I I

’
crucifix o n A l l S o ul s D a y a t t h e ver y h o ur w he n th e l a s t
m e m b e r o f the fa m il y dep a rt e d thi s life ; a n d so me p e o ple ,

j u st a s in T o n q ui n refr a i ned fro m s w ee pi ng th e h o u se th a t ,

da y le s t th e y s h o uld th e reb y di s turb the g h o s tl y vi s it o r s

1
.

I n B ru g e s D i n a n t a nd o ther t o w n s o f Bel g iu m h o l y
i

F e a se h , ,

l
Al l S o u s
c a ndle s bur n a l l ni g ht in the h o u se s o n the E v e o f A l l
in B el g ip m
S o ul s a nd the bell s t o ll till m id n i g ht o r even till m o rni n g
.

.
, ,

P e o ple t o o o fte n s e t li g hted c a nd l e s o n t h e g r a ve s

, ,
At .

S ch e rpe n heuvel the h o u s e s a re illu m i n a ted a n d the pe o ple ,

w a lk in pr o ce s si o n c a rr y i ng l i g ht e d c a ndle s in th e ir h a n d s .

A very c o m m o n cu s t o m in Bel g iu m is t o e a t so ul c a k e s
“ ”
-

s o ul bre a d o n the eve o r the da y o f A l l S o ul s The

“ ”
or -
.

e a ti ng o f the m is bel ieved to benefit the d ea d in so m e w a y .

P erh a p s o ri g i n a l l y a s a m o ng the E s q ui m a ux o f A l a s k a t o ,

thi s da y the g h o st s w er e th o u g ht to e n ter i n t o the b o die s

,
2

o f their rel a tive s a n d s o to s h a re the victu a l s w hich the

s urviv o r s c o n s u m ed S i m il a rl y a t fe s tiv a l s in h o n o ur o f the
.

de a d in N o rthern I n di a it is cu s to m a ry to feed Bra h ma n s ,

a n d the fo o d w hich th e s e h o l y m e n p a rt a ke o f is believed

t o p a ss t o the dece a sed a n d t o r e fre s h their l a ng uid s pirit s

3
.

Th e sa me ide a o f e a ti n g a nd drinkin g by pr o x y m a y perh a p s

p a rtl y expl a in m a ny o th e r fu n e ra l fe a s t s Be th a t a s it m ay .
,

a t D ix m ude a n d el se w here in Bel iu m the y s a y th a t y o u

g
deliv e r a so ul fr o m P urg a t o ry fo r every c a k e y o u e a t A t .

A nt w erp the y g ive a l o c a l c o l o ur to t h e s o ul c a ke s b y b a ki n g -

the m w ith ple n ty o f sa ffr o n the de e p y ell o w ti ng e bei ng su g ,

g e s t iv e o f the fl a m e s o f P ur g a t o r y P e o ple in A nt w erp a t .

the sa me se a so n a re c a reful n o t to s l a m d o o r s o r w i n d o w s
fo r fe a r o f hurti n g the g h o st s .
4

I n L e c h ra in a di s trict o f S o uthern B a v a ri a w hich ,

extend s a l o ng the v a lley o f the Lech fr o m its so urce t o

ne a r the p o int w here the river fl o w s i nt o the D a n u b e t h e ,

t w o fe s tiv a l s o f A l l S a i n t s a n d A ll S o ul s o n t h e fir s t ,

’
J L M Ngé L m
1 . . . o
5 u s, es a u rs 12 .

d au t f i re o sS i t g t
en A i a n on
Ab v e
p 5
e en un s 2
o e, 2
(S i t
. .

6 A t th
7
W C r k Th N ti
a n es, s o e
p .

3
f N
.

b rv l D y i th r th I di L d oo e, e a v es or
o se f Al l S
an c e o ou s
’
a o n o e
.

(
p rt f Fr 9 ern n a on o n, 2 1
a s o A M y
a nce see T di e p
ra c , ra
. .

R i b rg D i g f l d C l d i
.

4
ti t m l eg d d
'
on s, co u u t t
es, en es e co n es es e ns e -
ur n s e , a en r er

A d r ( C
en n esh rl vill ppa e B lg e,( B r l 8 6 ii 3 6 2 2 e e u s se s, 1 1 . 2

i i
.

2 4 C h B q. i L m i
ea u 4
u er, ; id D f t l i h j
esh ( L p o s en 2 0 .
,
as es c e a r e s c,

F h C m t ( P ri
'

ra nc e- o pp e 3 a s, pp 9 q . 1 2 . 2 2 s .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

the y a re o fte n e a ten by the livi n g I n the Upper P a l a ti n a t e .

pe o ple thr o w fo o d i nt o the fire o n A l l S o ul s D a y fo r the ’

p o o r so ul s se t li g ht s o n the t a ble fo r the m a n d pra y o n

, ,

bended k nee s fo r their rep o se O n the g r a v e s to o li g ht s .

, ,

a re ki n dled ve sse l s o f h o l y w a ter pl a ced a n d fo o d dep o s ited

, ,

fo r the refre sh m ent o f t h e s o ul s A l l o ver the Upper .

P a l a ti n a te o n A l l S o ul s D a y it is a l so cu st o m a ry to b a k e
’

s peci a l c a k e s o f fine b re a d a n d d i s tribute the m t o the p o o r

1
,

w h o e a t th e m perh a p s a s the d e putie s o f the de a d .

’
The Ger m a n s o f B o he m i a o b serve A l l S o ul s D a y w ith
m uch s o l e m n it y E a ch fa m il y c e l ebr a te s the m e mo r y o f it s
.

d e a d O n the eve o f the da y it is cu s t o m a ry t o ea t c a ke s a n d

.

t o drink c o ld m ilk fo r t h e purp o s e o f c o o li n g the p o o r so ul s

w h o a re r o a s ti ng in pur g a t o r y ; fr o m w hich it a ppe a r s th a t
s pirit s fee l the s o o thi n g e ffect o f victu a l s c o ns u m ed vic a ri

o u s l y b y their frie n d s o n e a rth The rin g i ng o f the church .

bell s t o pr a y er o n th a t e v e nin g is b eliev e d to be the s i g n a l

a t w hich the g h o s t s rele a sed fr o m the in fern a l g a o l c o m e
, ,

tr o o pi ng to the o l d fa m ili a r fi re s ide there to r es t fro m their -

,

p a n g s fo r a s in g le ni g ht S o in m a ny pl a c e s pe o pl e fill a .

l a mp w ith butter li g ht it a nd set it o n the h e a rth th a t w ith

, , ,

the butter the p o o r g h o s t s m ay a no i n t the bur n s they h a ve

receiv e d fr o m the s ulphure o u s a nd t o r me n ti ng fl a m e s o f
pur g a t o ry N ext m o r n in g the chi m e o f th e church bell s
.
,

rin g in g t o e a rl y m a ss is th e k nell th a t bid s th e so ul s retur n

,

t o their pl a ce o f p a i n ; but s uch a s h a ve c o m pl e t e d their

pen a nce t a ke fli g ht to he a ve n S o o n the eve o f A l l S a i nt s ’
.

D a y e a ch fa m il y g a ther s in the p a rl o ur o r the kitch e n s pe a k s ,

s o ftl y o f th o s e the y h a ve l o s t r e c a ll s w h a t the sa id a n d did

y ,

in life a n d pr a y s fo r the rep o s e o f their s o ul s

,
While the .

pr a y er is bei ng sa id the children kindle l ittle w a x l i g ht s ,

w hich h a ve be e n s peci a ll y b o u g ht fo r the purp o s e th a t da y .

N ext m o r n in g th e fa m ili e s g o t o church w h e re m a ss is ,

c e l e br a ted fo r th e d ea d the n the y w end their w a y to the

( ll d l in S w ab i E flo ur and of l gi h r o u n de d
“
ca e so u s a se e .
,
a re a on s

Myr e D eu tsche S ag en , S itten

e ,
u nd sh a p e i tw w th h o s m ll t i p
a t s a ea c

Gebrau ch e a u s S ch w a ben ( S tu ttg a t, r en d .

p 1 7 4 ;.A n t o n B irl in g er, Ad l b rt

1 K h aMy t h l g i h
e u n, o o sc e

Vo l hsth u m l ich es a u s S ch w a ben ( F e

’

ri S t di
u ii ( G t r l h 9 ) pp 4
en , . u e s o ,
1 12 . 1

r
b u g im B e sg au , 1 8 6 1 ri s
q . i,
t i g cF S h o w r
n h A d . c n e t ,
us er

s
q . Th e ca k es a re ba k ed of w h te i Ob pf l er i 83 a z , . 2 .
CH AP . IV F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

churchy a rd w here they dec k the g r a v es o f their kin sfo lk w ith

,

fl o w er s a n d w re a th s a n d set little li g hts up o n the m Thi s .

cu s t o m o f illu m i n i ng the g r a ve s a nd deckin g the m w ith

fl o w er s o n the E v e o r D a y o f A l l S o ul s 1 8 c o mmo n a l l o ver
B o he m i a it is o b served in P r a g ue a s w ell a s in the c o untry ,

by Czech s as w ell a s by Ger m a n s I n so m e C zech vill a g e s .

fo ur c o rnered c a k e s o f a s peci a l so rt b a ked o f w hite W he a t e n

-
,

m e a l w ith m il k a re e a te n o n A l l S o ul s D a y o r g ive n t o
’
,

be gg a r s th a t the y ma y pr a y fo r the de a d 1
A mo n g the .

Ger ma n s o f We stern B o he m i a p o o r children g o fr o m h o u se

t o h o u se o n A l l S o ul s D a y be gg i n g fo r so ul c a ke s a n d
’
-
, ,

w hen the y receive the m the y pr a y G o d to ble ss a l l p o o r

so ul s I n the s o uther n di s trict s e ver y fa r m er u sed t o g ri n d
.

a g re a t q u a n tit y o f c o rn a g a i n s t the da y a n d t o b a ke it

into five o r s ix hu ndre d l ittl e bl a ck so ul c a ke s w hich he -

g a v e a w a y t o the p o o r w h o c a m e be
gg g i n fo r the m .
2

A l l S o ul s D a y is cel e br a ted w ith s i m il a r rite s b y F

’
f e a st o

the Ger m a n s o f M o ra vi a The fe stiv a l o f th e fa re w e ll to $53 5 .

“ 1 “

s u mm er sa y s a G e r m a n w riter o n thi s s ubject w a s held

” “
, ,

by o u r he a then fo refa ther s in the be g in n i ng o f N o ve m ber ,

a n d w ith the m e m o r y o f the dep a rted s u m m er the y u n ited

the m e mo ry o f the dep a rted so ul s a nd thi s l a st h a s s urvived ,

in the F e a s t o f A l l S o ul s w hich is every w here o b served w ith ,

g re a t piet y O n the eveni n g o

. f A l l S o ul s the rel a ti o n s o f
the dep a rted a sse m ble in the church y a rd s a n d a d o rn the
g r a ve s o f their d e a r o ne s w ith fl o w er s a n d li g ht s w hile the ,

childre n ki n dle little w a x t a per s w hich h ave bee n b o u g ht fo r ,

’
the m to li g ht the p o o r so ul s A cc o rdin g t o the p o pul a r
,
‘
.

b e lief the de a d g o in pro ce ss i o n to the church a b o ut mid

,

n i g ht a n d a ny s t o ut he a rted un m n n there
-
ee a l l the
, y o g a ca s

livin g me n w h o w il l die w ithin th e y e a r .

” 3

I n the T y r o l the bel iefs a n d cu s t o m s a re s i m il a r There F f ea st o

’
.
,

to o so ul li g ht s
, th a t is l a m p s filled w ith l a rd o r butter a re TYT
-
, ,
S
SI
’ O I

li g hted a nd pl a ced o n the he a rth o n A l l S o ul s E v e in o rder ’

th a t p o o r so ul s e sc a p e d fr o m the fire s o f purg a t o ry m ay sm e a r

, ,

the m elted g re a se o n their burn s a n d so a l levi a te their p a n g s .

1
O F r i h rr R i b rg D u
e e (P r g
von
p 97
e ns e -
r a ue ,
i g f ld F t —
. . .

n s e K l d , B hm
es a en er aus o en

(Pr g a u e,
pp 4 9 3 95
4 .W illi b l d -M ll r . B it ag 3 a u e ,
e r e z ur
2
Al i J h S itt B h d V l h h d d D t h i M h
o s o n, e, ra u c un o s un e er eu sc en n a ren

V lh g l
o b im d t h
s au eW tb h m (V ie u sc d O l m iit
en es p 33
o en e nn a a n z , . 0
.
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

S o me pe o pl l le a ve m ilk a n d d o u g h n ut s fo r the m o n
e a so -

the t a b le a l l n i g ht Th e g r a ve s a l s o a re illu m i na ted w ith

.

w a x c a ndle s a n d d e c k e d w ith s uch a pr o fu s i o n o f fl o w er s

th a t y o u m i g ht thi n k it w a s S pri ng ti me I n the I t a li a n
?

T y ro l it is cu st o ma ry to g ive bre a d o r m o ne y to the p o o r o n

A l l S o ul s D a y ; in the V a l di Ledr o children thre a t e n t o
’

dirty th e d o o r s o f h o u se s if the y do no t g et the u s u a l d o le .

S o m e rich pe o ple tre a t the p o o r t o be a n s o up o n th a t da y -

.

O ther s put pitcher s full o f w a ter in the kitch e n o n A l l S o ul s

’

ni g ht th a t t h e p o o r so ul s may s l a k e their thir st ?

I n B ad e n
it is s till cu st o m a ry to deck the g r a ve s w ith fl o w er s a n d
li g ht s o n A l l S a i nt s D a y a nd A l l S o ul s D ay The li g ht s
’ ’
.

a re s o m eti m e s kindled in h o ll o w turnip s o n the s ide s o f ,

w hich i n s cripti o n s a re c a rved a n d s hi n e o u t in the d a r k ne s s .

I f a n y child s te a l s a tur n ip l a n t e r n o r a ny thi n g el s e fr o m a

-

g r a ve the, i n di g n a n t g h o s t w h o h a bee n r o bbed a pp e a r s t o s

the thief t h e s a m e ni g ht a nd recl a i m s h is s t o le n pr o perty .

A relic o f t h e o l d cu s t o m o f feedi n g the d e a d s urvive s in the

pr a ctice o f g ivin g s o ul c a ke s to g o dchildre n -
.
3

The Lett s u sed t o e n tert a in a nd fe ed th e so ul s o f the

de a d fo r fo ur w eek s fro m M ich a el m a s ( S eptember 2 9) to
the day o f S t S i m o n a nd S t J ude ( O ct o ber
. They .

c a lled the s ea so n Wel l a l a ich o r S eml icha a n d re g a rded it ,

a s so h o l y th a t w hile it l a sted they w o uld no t w illi ng l y

thre s h the c o rn a lle g i ng th a t g ra in thre shed a t th a t ti me
,

w o uld b e u sele ss fo r s o w in g s i n ce the so ul s o f the de a d ,

w o uld n o t a l l o w it t o s pr o ut But w e may s u s pect th a t .

t h e o ri g in a l mo tive o f the a b s tine n ce w a s a fe a r le s t the

bl o w s o f the fla il s s h o uld fa ll up o n the p o o r g h o st s
s w a r m i n g in the a ir A t thi s s e a so n the pe o ple w e r e w o n t
.

t o prep a re fo o d o f a l l s o rt s fo r the s pirit s a nd se t it o n the

fl o o r o f a r o o m w hich h a d bee n w ell he a ted a n d s w ept fo r
,

the purp o se L a te in the eve n i ng the m a s ter o f the h o u se

.

w e n t int o the r o o m te n ded the fire a n d c a lled up o n h is

, ,

de a d ki ns fo lk by their n a m e s to c o me a n d e a t a n d dri n k .

I f he s a w the g h o s t s he w o uld die w ithi n the y e a r ; but if

,

38
1 I g naz V Z ing erl e , S itten , B ra u ch e 2
.
p . .

u n d M ein ing en
2
des Tirol er V o / hes
( I nn sb ru c k , pp 1 7 6 -1
7 8 . .
3
B l ard H ug o e e , Myr B a disch es
2 ri i ll r
C h st a n S c h n e e , M a rch en u n d Vol hsl eben im n eu n z eh n ten j a h rh u n dert

S ag en aus Wa l scht irol ( I nnsb r k

uc , ( S t r
asb u g r
, p 6 0 1 . .
CH AP . IV F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

he did n o t see th e m h e w o uld o utliv e it Whe n he th o u g ht .

the so ul s h a d e a te n a nd dru n k e no u g h he t o o k the s t a ff ,

w hich s erved a s a p o k e r a n d l a y i n g it o n the thre sh o ld cut

it in tw o w ith a n a x e A t the s a m e ti m e he b a d e the s pirit s .

g o th e ir w a
y ch a r g i n
g th e m t o keep t o the
, r o a d s a n d p a th s

a n d n o t to tre a d up o n t h e ry e I f the cr 0p s tur n ed o u t ill .

n ext y e a r t h e p e o ple l a id the fa i lure a t the d o o r o f the

,

g h o st s w h o fa n cied, the m se lve s s curvil y tre a ted a nd h ad

t a k e n th e ir reve ng e b y tr a m pli n g d o w n th e c o r n The .

1

S a m a g it ia n s a nn u a ll y i n vited the de a d t o c o m e fro m their

g r a ve s a n d e nj o y a b a th a n d a fe a s t F o r their e n tert a i n .

m ent the y prep a red a s peci a l hut in w hich the y se t o u t ,

fo o d a nd dri n k t o g e ther w ith a se a t a n d a n a p k i n fo r ever y

,

so ul w h o h a d bee n i n vited The y left th e so ul s to rev e l by .

the mselve s fo r three d a y s in the hut ; the n they d e p o s ited

t h e re m a i n s o f the b a n q uet o n the g r a v e s a n d b a de the

g h o s t s fa re w ell The g o o d thin g s h o w e ver . w ere u s u a ll y , ,

c o n s u m e d by ch a rc o a l bur n er s in th e fo re s t Thi s fe a s t o f .

the de a d fell e a rl y in N o ve m ber The E s th o ni a n s prep a re ?

’
a m ea l fo r their de a d o n A l l S o ul s D a y t h e s ec o n d o f ,

N o v e m b e r a n d i nvite th e m b y their n a m e s t o c o m e a n d
,

p a rt a k e o f it The g h o st s a rrive in the e a rl y mo r n i ng a t

.

the fir st c o ck cr o w a n d dep a rt a t the sec o nd bei ng cere -

, ,

m o n io u s l y li g hted o u t o f the h o u se by the he a d o f the

fa m il y w h o w a v e s a w hite cl o th a fter the m a n d bid s th e m
,

c o me ag a in n ext y e a r .
3

I n s o m e p a rt s o f the R u s s ia h G o vern m e n t o f O l o n et s F iv l e st a of

h d d
the i nh a bit a n t s o f a vill a g e so meti m es celebr a te a j o i n t i R t
n
e ea

u ssia .

fe stiv a l in h o n o ur o f a l l th e ir de a d H a vi ng ch o se n a h o u se .

fo r the purp o se th ey s pre a d three t a b le s o ne o ut s ide the , ,

fr o nt d o o r o n e in th e p a ssa g e a n d o ne in the r o o m w hich

, ,

is he a ted by a s t o v e The n they g o o ut to m eet their .

1 P . E i nh o n , r H sto a L ett ica ,

“
i ri M ag a z in h era u sg eg eben von der l et
in S crzptores R eru m L iv o n ica r um, 1 1 . t isch -l itera r isch en Gesel l sch af t, xiv . 1 .

i i i
( R g a a n d L e p s c, 1 8 4 8 ) p p 58 7 , 598 , .
( Mit au , 92 p . .

6 3 0 sq , 6 4 5 sq S e e a so th e desc rip
. . l 3 F W ede m a nn , A u s dem
.
J. i
i
t o n o f D F ab c us in h is . ri i
L iv o nica e in n eren u n d du ssern L eben der E h sten
'

H sto ria e c o m p en d o sa se es, ih p

i ”
i ri . .
( S t P e te sb u g ,
. r
pp 3 6 6 r
sq ; . .

44 1 . F ab ri i
c us a ss ig ns t h e cu sto m to B o e cl er K reu tz w a l d, D er E h sten a ber
-

A l l S o u s D ay l ’
.
g l a u bisch e Gebrciu ch e, Weisen u n d Ge
'

2
J
L a sic ius, “ D e dn s S a m a g ita
. w o h n h eiten (S t . P e te r b rg
s u , p .

ru m ca e t e ro ru m u e S a rma ta ru m ,
”
q in 89 .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K m

un seen g ue st s a n d u sh e r th e m i n t o t h e h o u se w ith the se

w o rd s Ye a re tired o u r o w n o ne s ; t a k e s o m ethi ng t o e a t
“ ”
.
, ,

The g h o st s a cc o rdin g l y refre s h th e m selve s a t e a ch t a b le

in s ucce ss i o n Th e n the m a ster o f the h o u s e bid s the m
.

w a r m the mselve s a t the s t o ve re m a rki n g th a t the y m u s t ,

h a ve g r o w n c o ld in the d a m p e a rth A fter th a t the livi ng .

g ue s t s s it d o w n t o e a t a t the t a ble s T o w a rd s the end o f .

the m e a l the h o st O pe n s the w i n d o w a nd let s the g h o st s

g e n tl y o u t o f it b y m e a n s o f the s h ro ud in w hich the y w ere
l o w ered int o the g ra ve A s the y s lide d o w n it fr o m t h e .

w a r m r o o m i n t o t h e o uter a ir t h e pe o ple tel l th e m No w , ,

it is ti m e fo r y o u to g o h o me a nd y o ur feet m u st be tire d ; ,

the w ay is n o t a little o ne fo r y o u to tra vel Here it is .

’
so fter fo r y o u N o w in G o d s n a m e fa re w ell ! 1 ”
.
, ,

A m o ng the V o t ia k s o f Ru ss i a every fa m il y s a crifice s t o its

de a d o nce a y e a r in th e w eek befo re P a l m S u n d a y T he sa cri .

fi c e is o ffered in the h o u se a b o ut m id n i g ht F le sh bre a d o r .

, ,

c a ke s a nd beer a re se t o n the t a bl e a n d o n the fl o o r be s id e ,

the t a ble s t a nd s a tro u g h o f b a rk w ith a li g hted w a x c a ndle

s tuck o n the rim The m a ster o f the h o u se h a vi ng c o v e red
.
,

h is he a d w ith h is h a t t a ke s a piece o f m e a t in h is h a n d a n d
,

sa y s ,
Y e s pirit s o f the l o n g dep a rted g u a rd a n d pre s erve
“
,

u s w ell M a ke n o n e o f us cripple s
. S end n o pl a g ue s up o n .

us . C a u s e t h e c o r n the w i n e an d the fo o d t o pr o s per

, ,

w ith u s The V o tia k s o f the G o ver nme nt s o f Wj a t k a a nd

.
” 2

K a sa n celebra te tw o m e mo ri a l fe stiv a l s o f the de a d every

y e a r ,
o n e in a utu m n a n d the o ther in s prin g O n a cert a i n .

da y k o u m i ss is di s tilled b e er br e w ed a n d p o t a t o s c o ne s , ,

b a ked in every h o u se A l l the me mber s o f a cl a n w h o .

,

tr a c e their de sce n t thro u g h w o men fr o m o ne m y thic a l

a nce s tr e s s a ss e m ble in a s in g l e h o u se g e ner a ll y in o n e
, ,

w hich lie s a t the b o und a r y o f t h e cl a n l a nd H e re a n O l d .

m a n m o uld s w a x c a n dle s ; a n d w hen t h e re q ui s ite n u m b e r

is ma de he s tick s th e m o n the s helf o f the s t o ve a n d be g i n s ,

t o m e n ti o n the d e a d r e l a ti o n s o f the m a s ter o f the h o u s e b y

n a m e F o r e a ch o f the m he crumble s a piece o f bre a d
.
,

1 W . R S o ng s of t h e
. S . R l
a sto n , at irr g l r i t rv l
e u a n e a s .

2
R u ss ia n P eop l e ( L o ndo n , pp .

3 2 1 sq Th e da te o f th e fe st a is n o t
. iv l 2 M B h D i W t/ ah
. uc , e o en ( S tu ttg a rt ,

i
m ent o ned A p p a en t it is ce eb a te d
. r ly l r p . 1 45 .
 CH AP . IV F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

g ive s e a ch o f the m a piece o f p a n c a ke p o ur s k o u m i ss a n d ,

beer a nd put s a s p o o nful o f so up int o a tr o u g h m a de fo r

,

the purp o se A l l per so n s pre se nt w ho s e p a re n t s a re d e a d

.

fo ll o w h is ex a m ple The d o g s a re then a ll o w ed to e a t o ut.

o f the tr o u g h I f the y e a t q uietl y it is a s i g n th a t the d e a d

.
,

live a t pe a c e ; if the y do no t e a t q uietl y it a r g ue s the ,

c o ntr a ry The n the c o m p a ny sit d o w n t o t a ble a n d p a rt a ke

.

o f the m e a l N ext m o r n in g b o th the de a d a n d the livi ng

.

refre sh the m selve s w ith a drink a n d a fo w l is b o il e d The , .

pro ceedin g s a re the sa m e a s o n the evenin g befo re But .

n o w the y tre a t the so ul s fo r t h e l a s t ti m e a s a prep a r a ti o n

fo r their j o ur n e y sa y in g : E a t dri n k a n d g o h o m e t o y o ur
,
“
, ,

c o mp a ni o n s Live a t pe a ce be g r a ci o u s t o u s keep o ur
.
, ,

childre n g u a rd o u r c o rn o u r be a s t s a n d bird s
,
Then the
, .
”

pe o ple b a n q uet a nd indul g e in a l l so rt s o f i m pr o prietie s .

The w o m e n refr a in fr o m fe a sti ng u ntil the de a d h a ve t a ken

their dep a rture ; but w hen the so ul s a re g o ne there is no ,

l o n g er a ny m o tive fo r a b sti ne n ce the k o u m i s s circul a te s ,

freel y a mo ng the w o m e n a n d the y g ro w w a nt o n Y e t a t ,

.

thi s a s a t every o ther fe stiv a l the m e n a nd w o men e a t in

, ,

di ffere n t p a rt s o f th e r o o m .
1

’
O n A l l S a i n t s D a y the fir s t o f N o v e m ber s h o p s a n d F ,
f , e a st o

”
s treet s in the A bruzzi a re fill e d w ith c a n dle s w hich pe o ple
gig? ,

b u y in o rd e r t o k indle the m in the eveni n g o n the g r a ve s A br i uz z .

o f their rel a ti o n s F o r a l l the de a d c o m e t o vi s it their

.

h o me s th a t ni g ht the Ev e o f Al l S o ul s a n d the y n eed , ,

li g ht s to s h o w the m the w a y F o r their u s e t o o li g ht s a re .

, ,

k e pt bur n i ng in th e h o u se s a l l n i g ht Befo re pe o ple g o to .

s l e ep the pl ce n the t bl l i hted l m p c ndle n d

y a o a e a g a o r a a

a fru g a l m ea l o f br ea d a nd w a te r The de a d i ssue fro m s

their g r a ve s a nd st a l k in pr o ce ss i o n thr o u g h every s treet o f

the vill a g e Yo u c a n see the m if y o u st a n d a t a cr o ss r o a d
.
-

w ith y o ur chi n re s ti n g o n a fo rk ed s tick F ir s t p a ss the .

s o ul s o f the d n d th n t h ul f the murd e red a n d

g o o a e e so s o ,

th e d a m n e d O nce th e y s a y a m a n w a s thu s peepi ng a t

.
, ,

the g h a stl y pr o ce ss i o n Th e g o o d so ul s t o ld h im he h a d .

h eidn isch en
J
. W asilj ev ,

Gebrau ch e,
Ubersich t iiber
A berg l a u ben
die
’
l a S ociete‘ F in n o Oug r ienn e,
i
t o th e V o t a k c a ns se e th e l sa me w o k ,
As
r
u nd R el igi o n der Wo tj cihen ( H e l si ng
’

pp 42 44
-
. .

fo r s,
pp .
34 sq . ( M emo ires de
'
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF O S I R I S BOOK 111

better g o h o me He did n o t a nd w hen he s a w the t a il o f .

,

the pr o ce ss i o n he died o f fri g ht ?

I n o u r o w n c o untr y t h e o l d belief in the a n n u a l retur n

o f t h e d e a d l o n g li n g e r e d in the cu s t o m o f b a ki n g s o ul
“

c a k es a nd e a ti n g th e m o r di s tri b uti ng th e m to t h e p o o r o n
A l l S o ul s D a y P e a s a n t g irl s u s ed t o g o fr o m fa r m h o u se
’
.

t o fa r m h o u se o n th a t day s i n g i ng , ,

S oul , so u l ,
f o r a so u l ca h e,

P ray y ou,
g o od mis tress , a so u l ca h e .
” 2

In S hr o p shire eve n tee n th ce ntury it w a s do w n to the s

cu st o m a ry o n A l l S o ul s D a y to set o n the t a bl e a hi g h
’

he a p o f so ul c a ke s a n d m o s t vi s ito r s to the h o u se t o o k o ne
-
,

o f the m The a n ti q u a r y J o h n A u b rey w h o rec o rd s the

.
,

cu st o m m e n ti o ns a l so the a ppr o pri a t e ver se s

,

A s o u l -ca h e, a s o u l - ca h e,

H a v e mercy on al l Ch ris ten s o u l es

f o r a so u l e ca h e -
.
” 3

I ndeed the cu st o m o f so ul c a k e s s urvived in S hr o p shire -

d o w n to the l a tter p a rt o f th e ni net e enth ce n tury a nd m a y

n o t b e exti n ct even n o w With u s A l l S a int s D a y is “ ’
.
,
’
k no w n a s S o u l in g D a y a n d up t o the pre sent ti m e in
‘
,
O

m a ny pl a ce s p o o r children a n d so m eti m e s m e n g o o u t
, , ,

s o u l in g w hich me a n s th a t the y g o r o u n d t o t h e h o u se s o f
a l l the m o re w el l t o do pe o ple w ithin re a ch r e citi n g a ditt y - -
,

peculi a r to the da y a nd l o o ki ng fo r a d o le o f c a k es br o k e n , ,

victu a l s a l e a pple s o r m o n e y The t w o l a tter a re n o w t h e

, , , .

u su a l re w a rd s b ut there a re fe w o ld N o rth S a l o pi a ns w h o
,
’
c a n no t re me m b er w he n so ul c a ke s w er e m a de a t a l l the ‘ -

’
fa r ms a nd b ett e r mo s t h o u se s in re a dine ss fo r the day a n d ,

w ere g iven t o a l l w h o c a m e fo r th e m We a re t o ld o f .

G Fi m r
1 . C d na Ui C o e, rv t y th t w h h
re en z e, h il d
s e os se an sa s a en s e w as a c

t mi A b
u i ( P l rm ru z z es pp h r m mb r
a e i g h
o, l m . s e e e e s s ee n t e so u s co e

1 8 8
0- 1 M r W R P t ri t
2 . . . d p rt k A l m t th
. a on m ri t i w t es o an a a e . os e sa e e s

m ( e h D 12 t mb r 9 6 ) e ce Y d p r
e t i d f 1t h 0b x fl m d t h ou o ac se or e x v a a e on e

no t m ti th en pr i []
on the mm m r t i f p r ti l r d d
ac t ce s on e co e o a on o a cu a ea .
”

m d r Gr k f
’

p x b (i
'

b
o

a
e n

M y ) w h i h q it
t
rr p d Th
c
ee

u
ea s

e
J h Br
co
rt v
d P p l
es
A t iq it i
t v

on
t v n

e
2 o n an , o u ar n u es

f G t B t i (L d 88
.

K él fi t i m d i
v a sv ry h a e d
i n e e o u se an
o rea ri a n on o n, 1 2

p t
u t b l
on a l i d w i t ha w h iet t bl a
3 93 a e a e
. .

l th A g l
c o . f w t r d a ss t p r o J h A b r y R m i f G til
a e an a a e
3
o n u e ,
e a n es o en

a re p t h
u t b l on d l l
t e i l f a i m
e, a n d j d i m ( L d a s e t so s e an u a s e on o n,

for th w h l eig h t O G r k m i d p 3
o e n . ur ee a . 2 .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

m a de The c a ke s a re c a ll e d dir g e
. E v e n in the ‘

rem o te i sl a nd o f S t K ild a it w a s cu s t o m a ry o n A l l S a int s .

’

D a y to b a k e a l a r g e c a k e in t h e fo r m o f a tri a n g l e furro w ed
‘

r o und the c a ke m u s t be a l l e a te n th a t n i g ht ?

Th e sa m e m o de o f cel e br a ti ng A l l S o ul s D a y h a s bee n
’
F e a st of

Al l S o u l s
tr a n sp o rted by C a th o lici sm to the N e w W o rld a nd imp a rted
a m o ng th e

i
I nd a ns of t o the a b o ri g ine s o f th a t c o ntine n t Thu s in C a rchi a
r
.
,
E c u a do .

pr o vi n ce o f E cu a d o r the I n di a n s prep a re fo o d s o f v a ri o u s ,
’
s o rt s a a i n s t A l l S o ul s D ay a n d w he n the da y h a s c o m e
g ,

they t a k e so me o f the pr o vi s i o n s to t h e church a nd there

dep o s it the m o n t a ble s s e t o u t fo r the purp o se T he se g o o d .

thin g s a re the per q ui site o f th e prie st w h o celebr a te s ma ss ‘

fo r the de a d A fter the s ervice t h e I n di a n s rep a ir t o the

.

ce metery w here w ith burni n g c a n dle s a nd p o t s o f h o l y

,

w a ter the y pr o s tr a te the m selve s befo re the t o mb s o f their

rel a ti o n s w hile the prie s t o r the s a cri st a n recit es pr a y er s fo r
,

the so ul s o f the dep a rt e d I n th e eve n i ng the I n di a n s return .

t o their h o u s e s A t a ble w ith fo ur li g ht s o n it is s pre a d

.

w ith fo o d a n d dri n k e s peci a ll y w ith s uch thin g s a s t h e de a d

,

l o ved in their life T he d o o r is left o pe n a l l ni g ht n o d o ubt

.
,

t o let the s pirit s o f t h e de a d e n ter a n d the fa m il y s it s up , ,

k ee pi ng the invi sible g u e st s c o m p a n y thr o u g h the l o n g

'

’
h o ur s o f d a rkne ss F r o m seven o cl o ck a nd o n w a rd s tr o o p s
.

o f children tr a ver s e the vill a g e a n d it s n e i g hb o urh o o d The y .

g o fr o m h o u s e t o h o u s e rin g i n g a bell a n d cry i n g We are ,

a n el s w e de s ce n d fr o m the sk y w e a sk fo r bre a d T he
g , , .

pe o pl e g o t o their d o o r s a n d beg the childre n to recite a

P a ter N os ter o r a n A v e M a ria fo r the de a d w h o m the y
n a me When the pr a y er h a s been dul y s a id the y g ive the
.
,

children a l ittle o f the fo o d fr o m the t a bl e A l l n i g ht l o ng .

thi s g o e s o n b a n d s ucceedi ng b a n d o f childre n A t five

,
.

O cl o ck in the m o rni n g the fa m il y c o n s u m e s the r e m a inder

’

o f the fo o d o f the s o ul s H e r e the children g o in g fr o m d o o r 3

.

t o d o o r durin g the n i g ht o f A l l S o ul s a ppe a r t o per s o n a te

the so ul s o f the de a d w h o a re a l so a bro a d a t th a t ti me ;
hence t o g ive b re a d to the childre n i s th e sa m e thi ng a s to ‘

1 T F Th i l t
. D y r B iti h
. d
se 8 8
on iii 6 66 e ,
r s o n, 1 0 . .

P p l
o C t m p 4
u ar us o s, D .
R iv t10 L Ch ri ti
. im t 3 r. e ,
“
e s an s e e
2M M r ti . D ri p tia f th n, l “
I di e scd l R é p b li q
on d o e es n en s e a u ue e

W t r I l d f S tl d i J h
es e n s an l Eq t
s o co L A th p l g i
an , xvii
”
n o n
’
u a e ur,
” ’
n ro o o e, .

P i k rt
’
n e Vy g on sd T l (L o a ( 9 6 ) p p 93 q
es a n ra v e s on 1 0 . s .
CH A P . xv F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S

g ive bre a d to the p o o r hu n g r y s o ul s P r o b a bl

y the s a m e .

expl a na ti o n a pplie s to the g ivi ng o f so ul c a ke s to children -

’
a n d the p o o r o n A l l S o ul s D a y in E ur o pe .

A c o m p a ri so n o f th e se E ur o pe a n cu s t o ms w ith the Th e

s i m il a r he a then rite s c a n le a ve n o r o o m fo r d o ubt th a t the Ch r ist i a n

n o m i na ll y C h ri stl a n fe a s t o f A l l S o ul s l s n o th i n g but a n O l d f f east o

p a g a n fe s tiv a l o f the d ea d w hich the Church un a ble o r ,

un w illi ng to s uppre ss re so lved fr o m mo tive s o f p o licy to pp r ,

a ea s

b ’
c o nn ive a t But w he nce did it b o rr o w the pr a ctice
.

fid égii o c

s o le m nizi ng the fe s tiv a l o n th a t p a rticul a r da y the sec o nd f iv l f est a o

h de a d
,
t e
o f N o ve m ber ? I n o rder t o a n sw er thi s q ue s ti o n w e s h o uld d
p d a o te

o b serve fir s t th a t celebr a ti o n s o f thi s s o rt a re O ften held a t b y h

, ,
t e

the be g i n ni ng o f a N ew Y e a r a nd sec o nd th a t the pe o ple s $5 2 3 ,

1
, ,
1 ”

of N o rth We s tern E ur o pe the Celt s a n d the Teut o n s

-
, ,

a ppe a r to h a ve d a ted the be g i nn i ng o f their y e a r fr o m the

be g in n in g o f w inter the Celt s reck o n i ng it fr o m the fir st o f ,

N o ve mber a n d the Teut o n s fro m the fir s t o f O ct o ber

2 3
.

The difference o f reck o nin g m ay be due t o a differe nce o f

cli ma te the h o m e o f the T eut o n s in Centr a l a n d N o rthern
,

E ur o pe bein g a re g i o n w here w i n ter set s in e a rlier th a n o n

the mo re te mper a te a n d hu m id c o a st s o f the A tl a ntic the ,

h Ome o f the Celt s The se c o n s ider a ti o n s s u g g e st th a t the

'

fe stiv a l o f A l l S o ul s o n the sec o nd o f N o ve mber o ri g in a ted

w ith the C e lt s a n d spre a d fr o m the m t o the re s t o f the ,

E ur o pe a n pe o ple s w h o w hile the y pre served their o l d , ,

fe a st s O f the de a d pr a ctic a ll y unch a n g ed may h a ve tra n s ,

ferred them to the sec o nd o f N o ve m ber Thi s c o njecture .

is s upp o rt e d b y w h a t w e kn o w o f the eccle s i a s tic a l

in stituti o n o r r a ther rec o g niti o n o f the fe s tiv a l
,
Fo r ,
.

S 1 b v ee app 53 55 6 o 6 5
e, . M ,
A M i h ,
v D2 , . cx x x v n . . . c o ,
“
e

S r m ti A i E r p i
S i J h R h y C l t i H th d m
2
tq a a a s a na a ue u o ea , n

S G ry
r o n s, e c ea en o ’
N O bi R gi m
( L don don E d i b r ghan pp I l
n
m
u
t ib i ,
it m
.
. n a eu s s ov u s r s e on u

d G lli g ac n su a ra v e er us n co n a ru
46 id C lt
B al v
0,
5 4 q 1 s e ae an a
h
.
, ,
I
.

my ( p 5 t e, 2 0 a e o
f h B it i h A
.

P di g d
.

—
rocee t n s o
t h k e
P r f r r
H M C h
s
dwi k f
ca e ,
an o esso a c or
9 5 9 6 (L d
. .

[ 0 1 0
p 78 on
i t i o n,
th t w t
.

t if l i p g t p g o n n ou ese o a ssa es o
B l d th B
a er e 4 q ea u
m M r A Till p r f r t d t th
u , . 2 2 s .

e. . . e e e s o a e e

K M iil l h ff D t h e A l t
3 . en T t i w i t r fr m M r ti m
o , eu sc th er eu o n c n e o a n as, e

t m h
u d
s un i ( B rli e,
9 ) pp v. l v th f N v mb r S A Till
e n, 1 00 . e e en o o e e . ee . e,

3 79 q sTh fi r t f O t b r
. e m Di Gs h i ht d
o d t h c o W ih e se e s e esc c e er eu sc en c

t oh v b a
g r t f tiv l m
e een
g a h t ( L iea
p i pp
es 3 qq ; a a on n ac e s c, . 2 s .

th S x
e a d l th S m g iti
o ns an O S hr d r Ra so l l ih e d i dg
a a a ns . . c a e ,
ea ex on er n o er

S Wid k i d R g t S
ee u i
n m i h
, es Alt t m h es a e d ( S t r b rg ax o n cae, a n sc en er u s un e as u ,

i ( M ig
’
. 12 P t l gi L tiue s
P 3 95 a ro o a a na ,

PT IV . . V OL . II
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K in

th a t r e c o g niti o n w a s fi r s t a cc o rded a t the end o f the

tenth ce ntury in F r a n c e a C eltic c o u n try fro m w hich th e
, ,

Church fe stiv a l g r a du a ll y spre a d o ver E uro pe I t w a s O dil o .

,

a b b o t o f the g re a t Be n edicti n e m o n a s ter y o f C lu g ny w h o ,

i n iti a ted t h e ch a n g e in 9 9 8 A D by o rderin g th a t in a l l the

. .

m o na sterie s o ver w hich he ruled a so le m n m a ss sh o uld be ,

celebr a ted o n the sec o nd o f N o ve m ber fo r a l l th e de a d w h o

s leep in C hri st The ex a mple thu s se t w as fo ll o w ed by
.

o ther reli g i o u s h o u se s a n d the bi s h o p s o n e a fter a n o ther

, , ,

intr o duced the ne w cele b r a ti o n i n t o their di o ce se s Thu s .

the fe stiv a l o f A l l S o ul s g ra du a ll y e st a bli shed it self thr o u g h

o u t C hri s te n d o m th o u g h in fa ct the C hurch h a s never
,

fo r ma ll y sa ncti o ned it by a g e ner a l edict no r a tt a ched

much w ei g ht t o its o b serva nce I n deed w hen o bjecti o n s .
,

w er e r a i sed t o th e fe s tiv a l a t the Refo r m a ti o n the e c c l e s i ,

a uth o ritie s s ee m ed re a d y to a b a nd o n it T he se ?
a s t ic a l

fa ct s a re e xpl a i ned very s i mpl y by the the o ry th a t a n o l d

C eltic c o m m e m o r a ti o n o f the dea d l i ng ered in F r a nce d o w n
t o the end o f the tenth century a n d w a s then a s a m e a s ur e , ,

o f p o lic y a n d a c o nce s s i o n t o i n er a dic a ble p a g a ni s m a t l a s t ,

i n c o rp o ra ted in the C a th o lic ritu a l The c o ns ci o u sne ss o f .

the he a then o ri g in o f the pra ctice w o uld n a tur a l l y prevent

the s upr e m e a uth o ritie s fr o m in si sti ng str o ng l y o n its
o b s er v a nce They a ppe a r ri g htl y to h a ve r eg a rded it a s
.

a n o utp o s t w hich th e y c o uld s urrender to the fo rce s o f

r a ti o na li sm w ith o ut e n d a ng e ri ng the cit a del o f the fa ith .

P e rh a p s w e m a y g o a s t e p further a n d expl a in in like

m a nner the o ri g i n o f the fe a s t o f A l l S a int s o n the fir s t O f
N o ve m ber F o r the a n a l o g y o f s i m il a r cu s t o ms el s e w here
.

w o uld le a d u s t o s upp o s e th a t the o l d C e ltic fe s tiv a l o f the

’
d e a d w as held o n the Celtic N e w Y e a r s D ay th a t is o n the , ,

first no t the s ec o nd o f N o ve m ber M a y n o t then the

, , .

i ns tituti o n o f the fe a st o f A l l S a i nt s o n th a t day h a ve

been the firs t a tte m pt o f the Church to g ive a c o l o ur o f
Chri sti a nity to the a ncient he a then rite b y s ub stitutin g the
sa int s fo r the so ul s o f the d e a d a s the true O bj ect o f w o r s hip ?

1
A .
Jg
B interim, D ie v o rz ug l ich sten
'
.

D en hw urdz heiten der Ch r i st-I f a t h o

' '
t isch e Th eol og ie u n d
pp .
3 0 3 sq .
; W
S m th a n d S. i
v My
JJ r
’
l isch en A irch e, 1 ( a e n ce ,
. Ch eeth a m , D ict ion a ry of Ch rist ia n
p p 4 9 3 sq
. H e z o g u nd G F
. . . . q
A n ti u it ies ( Lo ndo n , 1 537 5 i .

li
P tt, R ea l -E n cy cl op adie f ar p rotesta n
'

57 sq .
C HAP . IV F E A S TS OF A L L S O UL S 83

The fa ct s o f hi st o ry s ee m to c o unten a nce thi s hy p o the s i s .

F o r the fe a s t o f A l l S a int s w a s in s tituted in F r a nce a n d

Ger ma ny by o rd e r o f the E m per o r Le w i s the P i o u s in
8 3 5 A D th a t is a b o ut a hu n dred a nd s ixt y y e a r s b e fo re
. .
, ,

the i n tr o d ucti o n o f the fe a st o f A l l S o ul s The in n o v a ti o n .

w a s m a de by the a dvice o f the p o pe Gre g o ry I V w h o se ,

.
,

m o tive ma y w ell h a ve been th a t o f s uppre ss i ng a n o l d p ag a n

cu st o m w hich w a s still n o t o ri o u s l y pra cti sed in F r a nce a nd
Ger ma n y The ide a h o w ever w a s no t a n o vel o ne fo r the
.
, , ,

te sti mo ny o f Bede pr o ve s th a t in Brit a in a n o ther Celtic ,

c o untry the fe as t o f A l l S a int s o n the fir s t o f N o ve m ber w a s

,

a lre a d y celebr a ted in the ei g hth c e ntury We m ay co n ?

j e c t u re th at thi s a tt e m pt t o divert the dev o ti o n o f the

fa ithful fro m the s o ul s o f the de a d to the sa i n ts pro ved a
fa ilure a nd th a t fin a ll y the Church reluct a ntl y decided to
,

s a ncti o n the p o pul a r s uper s titi o n by fr a nkl y a d m ittin fe t

g a a s

o f A l l S o ul s int o the c a le n d a r B ut it c o uld n o t a ss i g n the .

n e w o r r a ther the o l d fe s tiv a l t o the o l d da y the firs t o f

, , ,

N o ve m ber s ince th a t w a s a lre a d y o ccupied b y the fe a s t o f

,

A l l S a int s A cc o rdin g l y it pl a c e d the m a ss fo r the de a d o n

.

the next da y the sec o nd o f N o vember O n thi s the o ry the

,
.

fe a st s o f A l l S a int s a nd o f A l l S o ul s m a rk t w o succe ss ive

effo rt s o f the C a th o l ic Church to er a dic a te a n o l d he a then
fe stiva l o f the de a d B o th effo rts fa iled I n a l l C a th o lic
. .
“

c o u ntrie s the day o f A l l S o ul s h a s pre served the seri o u s

ch a r a cter o f a fe s tiv a l o f the de a d w hich no w o rld l y g a ietie s
a re a ll o w ed t o di s turb I t is then the sacred du ty o f the .

s urviv o r s t o vi sit the g r a ve s o f th e ir l o ved o ne s in the

church y a rd to deck them w ith fl o w ers a n d li g ht s a nd to
, ,

utter a d e v o ut pray er— a pi o u s cu sto m w ith w hich in citie s

li k e P a ri s a nd V ie n n a eve n th e g ay a nd friv o l o u s c o mpl y
fo r the sa ke o f a ppe a r a nce if n o t t o s a ti s fy a n impul s e o f ,

the he a rt .
” 2

A J B i t im v l r
qq ; J
1 . .
p it n er
p p w ,b t
o d . t
c R . m. I ,
B t t h . as ce e a e a o e . u e

r i r i l r M r y r l y
A J
4 87 s
J . H g d .G F d .t f h e zo p t un t .
g i. a e o t s a cu a a o o s

P li tt p , it i p 3 3 ; W S m i th
o . c . .d di p t d
. 0 S . B i t im p an it s u e . ee . . n er , o . c .

S C h th m D i ti
. ee ay f Ch i ti,
c pp 5 54
on a r o r s an v I .
. 2 -

A t iq iti
n i 57 I th l t f th
u es, .
J J
. n H r ge asd Go F P li
ese t 2
. . e zo un . . t ,

w rk
o
psa g f r m th
assa M ty l g i m
e p oit i 3 e4 A ari m il
ro or tt m p ut t o . c . . 0 . s a a e o

R m o m V t
a nu i q t d w h i h
e us r f r m r li s
g i b y d iv
uo e r t i g th d v ct i e o e on e n e e o on

t t
s a es th t f t f S i t ( F t i it
a a eas f th o p p l fr
a n s m t h p iri
es t f
v th as ir o e eo e o e s s o e

S t
a n c oru m) th fi r t f N v mb ron d d pp r te s h v
o ob e m d i e ea a ea s o a e een a e n
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K m

3 . Th e F es tiv a l in th e M o n th of A thy r

fo re g o in g evidenc e lend s so m e s upp o rt to the c o n

Th e
j e c t u re — fo r it is o nl y a c o nj ecture — th a t the
g re a t fe s tiv a l
o f O s iri s a t S a i s w ith it s a cc o m p a ny in g illu m in a ti o n o f the
,

h o u se s w a s a n i g ht o f A l l S o ul s w he n t h e g h o st s o f the
, ,

de a d s w a r m e d in the s tre e t s a nd revi s ited their o l d h o m e s ,

w hich w e re l it up t o w e lc o m e the m b a ck a g a in Hero d o tu s .

,

w h o briefl y de s cribe s t h e fe s tiv a l o m it s t o m e n ti o n its d a t e , ,

but w e c a n d e ter m i ne it w ith so me pr o b a bilit y fro m o ther

s o urc es Thu s P l ut a rch tell s u s t h a t O s iri s w a s m urdere d
.

on t h e s ev e nte e nth o f th e m o n th A th y r a nd th a t the ,

E g y pti a n s a cc o rdi ng l y o b served m o urnful rite s fo r fo ur

d a y s fro m the s eve n tee n th o f A thy r N o w in the A l e x
?

a n dri a n c a l e nd a r w hich P lut a rch u sed the se fo ur d a y s , ,

c o rr es p o nded to t h e thirt e e n th fo urte e nth fiftee n th a nd , , ,

s ixteenth o f N o ve m ber a n d thi s d a t e a n s w e r s ex a ctl y to ,

t h e o ther i n dic a ti o n s g ive n b y P lut a rch w h o s ay s th a t a t ,

t h e ti m e o f t h e fes tiv a l the N ile w as s in k i ng the n o rth ,

w i n d s d y i ng a w a y t h e n i g ht s le ng the n i ng a n d t h e le a v e s , ,

fa lli n g fro m th e tre e s D uri ng the s e fo ur d a y s a g ilt c o w .

s w a th e d in a bl a ck p a ll w a s exhibit e d a s a n i m a g e o f I s i s .

ant iq i ty by th
u e do c to r s of th e P e s ri an s ta r tl ed th e l r ry
ea n e d wo rl d by a th eo
i
fa th F o r th a t fa t h
. in its m o st i “
th t th
a C th w re mp r tiv l y
a as e e a co a a e

i
fi n sh ed a nd p u est fo m , in t h e Cath a s, r r l t w rk b d
a e o th t hi g f
a se on e ea c n o

r i P h il f A l x dri B t th i
J
do es no t ec o gn z e th e dea d a s o bj ec ts o o e t m pt an a . u s at e

w o th r y r i
o f w o sh p a n d sac fi ce But ri . o f w t a l i m f h i r th
e o c a or s ace e

th e p o p u al r li
b e e fs w e e to o fi m r r ly i p ir ti
ns f tha P r i
on ri p t r
o e e s an sc u es

r M li l dl y r iv d b y G til
J
o o te d, a n d th e a z dea n s , k e th e h as b e en co e ce e en e

sec ta ri
es o f m a n o th e dea a n d o ft y ri l l y sc h l r S
o a s H M lt
. E ly
ee . . ou o n, ar

r r li i
fo m s o f e g o n , w e e fo c ed to g e r r iv Z t i i m (L d
o roa s r a n s
pp 8 on o n, .

w ay . A th y s r e co u ld n o t su pp e ss th e sqq .

w r h ip
o s d g t id f th p ri m i tiv
an e r o e e Pl t r h I i
1 t O i i
u a c 39 A
, s s e s r s, . s

an d r d id c u i v lv d i it th y
e eas n o e n , e to th d th ef O iri ea th v o s s on e se en

se t b t th
a r f rm i
ou th r w y
e e o n a no e a : t ee n th of A th y r se e ib . 1 3 a nd 42 .

th y i t r p r t d th w r h i p i l t r h t t m t th i ’
e n e e e w e o s n a ne P u a c s s a e en on s su bj e c t is

m a n ner d th th w r h i p f th
,
an us e o s o e co nfi rm d by th vi d e f th e e en ce o e

d dbea m w r h i p f th
e ca g d
e a o s o e o s or p pyr
a S lli r I V d
us m t d ti ga e .
, a o cu en a n

o f ga d i f
o v r f th l v
n d a d l t
ou o e o e an os fr m th
o g th dy ty whi h pl
e l na s , c a c es

o n es, a p i m m m r t i
o us f t h
co ir e o a on o e th l m t t i f O iri t S i
e a en a on or s s a a s on

d th ir vir t v t th d y f A th y S
”
na m es an S e N u es . ee . th e se e n ee n a o r . ee

S Od b l m L F
er o h i ( P ri,
es ra v a s s a s, 1 A Wi d m
. H d te w it B h
e a nn , ero o s z e es uc ,

pp 6 q . Th C th
s . f r m th ld t
e a as o e O es
Ps 2 62 ; id .
, D ie R el igio n der a l ten
r Z J
.

p a t f th o d A t e m en - v es a . a es Agy pter, p 1 . 1 2 ; id , R el igion o

f th e
.

D m t t
ar i d d i h i l t r li f
es e er, n ee ,
n s a e e A n cien t Eg yp t ia n s, p p . 2 1 I sq .
CH AP . IV TH E F E S TI VA L I N TH E M ON TH OF A TH YR 85

Thi s d o ubt w as the i m a g e m enti o ned b y Her o d o tu s in

,
no ,

h is a cc o unt o f the fe s tiv a l O n the n in e teenth day o f the

?

mo n th the pe o ple w e n t d o w n t o th e se a the prie s t s c a rry i n g ,

a s hri n e w hich c o n t a i n ed a g o lden c a s ket I nt o thi s c a s ket .

they p o ured fres h w a t e r a n d th e r e up o n the spect a t o r s r a i s ed ,

a s h o ut th a t O s iri s w a s fo und A fter th a t the y t o o k s o m e .

ve g e t a b l e m o uld m o i stened it w ith w a ter m ixed it w ith , ,

pre ci o u s S pice s a nd ince nse a nd m o ulded the p a ste int o a ,

s m a ll m o o n s h a ped i m a g e w hich w a s then r o bed a nd

-
,

o r n a me n t e d Thu s it a ppe a rs th a t the purp o s e o f the

?

cere mo nie s de scribed b y P lut a rch w a s to re pre sent d ra ma tic

a ll y fir st the s e a rch fo r th e d e a d b o d y o f Os iri s a nd
, , , ,

s ec o n d it s j o y ful d i s c o ver y
,
fo ll o w ed by the re s urrecti o n o f ,

the de a d g o d w h o c a m e to life ag a in in the new i mag e o f

v e g et a bl e mo uld a nd s pice s L a c t a n t iu s tell s u s h o w o n .

the s e o cc a s i o n s the pri es t s w ith th e ir s h a ven b o die s be a t , ,

their bre a st s a n d l a m e n ted i m it a ti ng th e s o rro w ful se a rch ,

o f I s i s fo r her l o s t s o n O s iri s a nd h o w a ft e r w a rd s th e ir ,

s o rr o w w a s turn e d t o j o y w hen the j a c k a l he a d e d g o d -

A n ubi s o r r a ther a m u m m er in h is s te a d pr o duced a s m a l l

, ,

b o y the livin g r e pre s ent a tiv e o f the g o d w h o w a s l o s t a n d

,

w a s fo u nd Thu s L a c ta nt iu s r eg a rded O s iri s a s th e s o n

3
.

i nste a d o f th e hu sb a nd o f I s i s a nd he m a ke s n o menti o n o f ,

the i mag e o f ve g et a ble m o uld I t is pr o b a bl e th a t the b o y .

w h o fi g ured in the s a cred dr a m a pl a y ed the p a rt n o t o f

"
,

O s iri s bu t o f h is so n H o ru s ; i but a s the de a th a nd

,

re s urrecti o n o f the g o d w e re c e lebr a ted in m a n y citi es o f

E g y pt it is a l so p o s s ible th a t in s o m e pl a ce s t h e p a rt o f the
,

g o d c o m e t o life w a s pl a y ed b y a livin g a ct o r in s t e a d o f b y

1
S ee ab o v e, p .
50 . fr o m , th a t o f Lac tan tius . W e k no w
fr o m A p p a n ( B el l i
Civ iv 6
2
l t r h I i t O i i 3 9 Th
P u a c , s s e s r s, . e
ri t f I i p ri t p
th a t in t h e
. . . .
47)
w rd w h i h I h v tr l t d gt es o s s a es er
an s a e
bi ri g d g
o s c a e ve e ’
t d A
b l m ld 7 55 pm u li t r ll y ’ so n a e w nu s, ea n a o s, or

p rh p r th r l
a e ou are V xct ou, e a ’
m
,
“
fr i tf l r th Th mp i i f ”
os t o n
e a s
j k
a ek hia ac a s, as on s

h h i t ri t ll h w i th
u u ea . e co o
h d f
th i m g w v ry i m p r t t w
ea or t e s o an e s o n e

gr t pr ri p t i rt i V l i
e a e as e o an , as e

h ll pr tl y
ea o sc on a ce a n o u s u s,

d m d li t
s a see esen .

wh w th
o as o n
p d
e co n e ne s esc a e
tit t i
,

di g i p ri t f I i
3
L t ti Di i
ac a nI u s, v n . ns u . . 2 1 i th
n e f s u se o a es o s s,
id Ep it m I
.
, t Di i 3 ( 8
o de ns . v n . 2 1 ,
e . w ri g l g li g r m t d th
ea n a on ne n a en an e
Br d d L bm ) Th d ip
an t an au a nn . e esc r m k fas d g v r hi h d
o a o o e s ea
i f th r m y w h i h M i i
.

t on o e ce e on c nu c us Th 4
g g t i
e su i d t Pr f A
es on s ue o o
F lix g iv xxii ) g r
. .

e (O t i es c a v u s, . 1 a ee s Wi d m e
(H e d t
ann w it B h pero o s z e es uc
l l y w i th d i p r b b l y p i d
, .

c o se , an s o a co e 2 61 )
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K m

an i m ag e A n p t h e r Chri s ti a n w riter de scribe s h o w t h e

.

E g y pti a n s w ith s h o rn h e a d s a n nu a ll y l a m ented o ver a buri e d

, ,

id o l o f O s iri s s m iti ng their bre ast s s l a shi ng their s h o ulder s

, , ,

rippin g O pen their o l d w o und s until a fter severa l d ay s o f , ,

m o urnin g they pr o fe ss ed to fi n d the m a ng led re m a in s o f the

,

g o d a t w hich,
the y rej o iced H o w ever the det a il s o f the ?

cerem o n y may h a ve v a ried in d ifferent pl a ce s the pretence ,

’
o f findin g the g o d s b o d a n d pr o b a bl o f re t o rin it to
y y s
g ,

l ife w a s a g re a t event in th e fes t a l y e a r o f the E g y pti a n s

, .

The sh o ut s o f j o y w hich g reeted it a re de scribed o r a lluded

t o b y m a n y a ncient w riter s
?

4 . Th e F es tiv a l in th e M o n th f
o K ho ia h

Th e g r ea t The fu n er a l rite s o f O s iri s a s they w ere o b served a t h is ,

Os irian in
re t fe s tiv a l in the s ixtee n pr o vi n ce s o f E pt de cribed
sc ri p i
t o n at g a gy a re s ,

D e nde r ah . in a l o n g in scripti o n o f the P t o le ma ic peri o d w hich is ,

e n r a ved o n the w a ll s o f the d te ple ender h the

’
g g o s m a t D a ,

Tenty ra o f the Greek s a t o w n o f Upper E g y pt s itu a ted o n ,

the w e ster n b a nk o f th e N ile a b o ut fo rty m ile s n o rth o f

T hebe s Unfo rtun a tel y w hile the info r ma ti o n thu s fur n i shed
.
3
,

is rem a rk a bl y full a nd m inute o n m a n y p o int s the a rr a n g e ,

ment a d o pted in the i n scripti o n is so c o n fu sed a n d the

expre ss i o n o ft e n so o b scure th a t a cle a r a nd c o n si s te n t
a cc o unt o f the cere m o nie s a s a w h o le c a n h a rdl y be extr a cted

fro m it M o re o ver w e l e a r n fro m the d o cu ment th a t the

.
,

cere mo nie s v a ried so m e w h a t in the sever a l citi e s the ritu a l ,

o f A b y d o s fo r ex a m p le d ifferi n g fr o m th a t o f B u s iri s
, ,
With .

o u t a ttemptin g t o tr a c e a l l the p a rticul a riti e s o f l o c a l u s a g e

I s h a ll briefl y i n dic a te w h a t s e e m t o h a ve be e n the le a din g

fe a ture s o f the fes tiv a l s o fa r a s the s e c a n be a scert a ined ,

w ith t o ler a ble cert a i n t y

?

ir i
F m cus M a ternu s, D e errore p ro
-1
A dversu s M a rcion em, 1 3 ; A ugu st ne, i . i
f a n a ru m rel i io n u m ,
g 2 H e o do tus . r D e civ ita te D ei, 10 vi . .

ll ii
te s ( 6 1 ) h o w th e Ca ans c u t th e
. ri ir 3 W i
S m th , D ict ion a ry of Greek
.

r i
fo eh ea ds w th k n es a t th e m o u n ng iv r i a n d R o ma n Geogr ap hy , 1 12 7 ii . .

iri
fo r O s s .
4 Fo r l
co mp e te t a n s a t o n s o f th e r l i
2 I ii
n a dd t o n to th e w r te s w h o i r ri i
insc p t o n see H B u gsch , “
D as
. r
v lr
h a e b ee n a ea d c ted see y i
u e na , J v l Os s iri My ri
-
ste u m v o n Te n t a, eit yr Z
viii 2 9 sq
. A th e na g o as, S upp l ica t io
. r f f
sch r i t i ir agy
p t
’ ’

z s ch e Sp rach e u nd
'

p ro Ch rist ia n is, 2 2 ,
pp 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , e d . . A l terth u msh u n de, 1 8 8 1 , p p 7 7 - 1 1 1 ; .

J C T O tto ( e na , 1 8 57 )
. . . J
Te tu a n , r lli V Lo e t,
. r “
’
Les fé tes d O siris au mo s i
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

rde n w hich a ppe a r s to h a ve bee n a so rt o f l a rg e fl o w er

g a ,

p o t Thi . s w a s d o ne in t h e pre se n c e o f the c o w g o dde ss -

S h e n ty r e pre se nted se e m i n g l y b y the i m a g e o f a c o w ma de

,

o f g ilt sy c a m o re w o o d w ith a he a dl e ss hu m a n i m a g e in its

in s ide Then fre s h inu n d a ti o n w a ter w a s p o ured o u t o f a

.

g o lde n v a s e o ver b o th the g o dde ss a n d the g a rde n

’
a n d the ,

b a rley w a s a ll o w ed t o g ro w a s the e m ble m o f t h e resu rre c

ti o n o f the g o d a fter h is buri a l in the e a rth fo r the g r o w th ,

o f the g a rd e n is the g r o w th o f the divine s ub s t a n ce

’ 1
On .

the t w enty sec o n d o f K h o i a k a t the ei g hth h o ur th e i mag e s

-
, ,

o f Os iri s a tte n ded b y thirty fo ur i m a g e s o f deiti es p erfo rm é d

,
-
,

a my s teri o u s v o y a g e in thirty fo ur ti ny b o a t s m a d e o f -

p a p y ru s w hich w ere illu m in a ted by three hu n dre d a nd s ixty

,

fi v e li g ht s O n the t w e n t y fo urth o f K h o i a k a fter s un set

? “

-
, ,

t h e effi g y o f O s iri s in a c o ffi n o f m ulberry w o o d w a s l a id in

the g r a ve a nd a t the ninth h o ur o f the n i g ht the e ff ig y
,

w hich h a d been m a d e a n d dep o s ited the y e a r b e fo re w a s

re mo ved a nd pl a ced up o n b o u g h s o f sy c a m o r e L a s tl y o n ?
,

the thirtieth day o f K h o i a k they rep a ired to the h o l y

s epulchre a s ubterr a ne a n ,
ch a m ber o v e r w hich a ppe a r s t o
h ave g ro w n a clu m p o f P e r se a tree s E nteri ng the v a ult b y -
.

the w e stern d o o r th ey l a id the co flfine d e ffi g y o f the de a d g o d ,

reverentl y o n a bed o f s a nd in the ch a mber S o they left h im .

t o h is re s t a n d dep a rt e d fr o m the se pulchre b y the e a s ter n

,

d o o r Thu s e nded the c e rem o n ie s in the m o nth o f K h o i a k

.
?

M i M rg r t A M rr y Th b t i b r gh t f r th
1
ss a a e . S u Th a , e oa s ou o .
”
ee e

O i is re o n a t A by d p 8 H Br g h H ib h P py i P r t i
os , . 2 di t d b y B P . u sc ,
e a r ,
a .
, e e . .

op it
.
pp c 8 3 9 . T h h
. d l G ,
r f ll 2 d
. A S H t ( L ed ea ess en e an . . un on o n,

h m u i m g i th w m y h v
an a e n pp e46 53 co I th C p i a a e . 1 ,
1 . n e a no c

t
s oo df I i wh i or id t h v bs s, d r o th
s sa v y g f th rdb t
o a e een e c ee
“
e o a e o e sa c e oa

d eca
p i t t d b y h a eH r d t f O iri
e r so n i i d t t k p l o t
us,h an o o s s
”
s sa o a e a ce o n e

h v ra i d fr m Th th w h d 9th f K h i k fr m th
e ec e v e o o a co t ry ’
s ea 2 o o a o
“
e s a n c ua

as b ti t t
a su S Pl t r h I i t
s u e . i th eeH r l m t th u a c C p i ,
s s e n e e ac eu
”
o e ano c

O i is r s, G M p r 2 0 Hi t i . t ry S W D itt b g O i
as e o ,
s o re a n san c ua . ee . en er er, r
’
i
c en n e d P pl d l O i t Cl
es eu iq esti G e i I ip ti r en S l t N a ss u e, cu s r aec n scr o n es e ec a e, o .

i 7 7 ; Ed M y r 1 I i . i 56 ( l i pp
e e , 5 s v . H
.
“
it s s, n vo . . . 10 , en c e

l d m t h t h d t f th i p r t
.

W H R . h L ih
. do sc g i h er s
’
ex on er r ec . w ou see a t e a e o s a

un d m My th l g i ii 3 6 6
ro
'

. f th
o o fe, iv l v ri d m w h i . . o e es t a a e so e at n
2
H B g h p
. it pp ru 9 q sc d i f
f ,
r ot p l . t
c d i ff r . t t i m . 2 s . e en a c es o r a e en e s.

R V L . .
p it 7
an z o n e,
pp 3 8 7 4 ; o H . B r cg h p . i t p 99 ; E .
-
0 3 . u sc , o . c . . .

A Wi d m H e d t e w it Ba nn , h A W lli ero B dg Th
o s z G d qf th e es uc ,
. a s u e, e o s e

M
.

p . 6 ; 2M i M 2 A M rr y pss it E g yp .t i .ii 9 m p
u r a i , o . c . a ns, . 12 co a e ss

p 35 A E y
g p
. ti l d n r w ri t t M r g r t A
a n ca en M rr y p it p a 8 , en a a e . u a , o . c . . 2 ,

r f r th r m y t th tw ty
.

a t S i b t 3
a s h
a ou d r th wh00 B C . .
, as un e e o e e s e ce e on o e en

d t a e 6 K h i k th 2 f ll w i g o ary fi fth f K h i k e o o n en t : o o a .

“
O iri g s b t s d t h
o es g l d a H ou B r g h pan it pp 9 4 9 9 ; e o en
4
. u sc ,
o . c .
,
C HAP . IV TH E R E S UR R E C TI ON OF OS I R I S

5 . Th e R es u rrect io n o f Os iris
the fo re g o i ng a cc o unt o f th e fe stiv a l dr a w n fro m the Th r r
In ,
e e su

g r e a t i n s cripti o n o f D e n der a h the buri a l o f O s iri s fi ure s

g ,

pr o m in e n tl y w hil e h is re surrecti o n is i m plied r a ther th a n r p r

,
d e e se n te

expre ssed Thi s defect o f the d o cu m ent h o w ever is a m pl y

.
, ,

c o m pen sa ted b y a re m a r k a ble se rie s o f h a s reliefs w hich m - e n ts

a cc o m p a n y a nd illu s tr a te the in s cripti o n The se exhibit in .

a s erie s o f s cene s the de a d g o d l y i n g s w a thed a s a m u mm y

o n h is bier then g r a du a ll y r a i s in g hi m self up hi g her a nd

,

hi g h e r u ntil a t l a s t he h a s e n tirel y q uitted the bier a nd is

,

s een e rect b e t w een the g u a rdi a n w in g s o f the fa ithful I s i s ,

w h o s t a n d s behi n d him w hile a m a le fi g ure h o ld s up befo re ,

h is ey e s the crux a nsa ta the E g y pti a n sy mb o l o f life The 1

.
,

re surrecti o n o f the g o d c o uld h a rdl y b e p o rtr ay ed m o re

g r a phic a ll y E ven m o re in s tructive
. h o w e ver is a n o ther , ,

repre s e n t a ti o n o f the s a m e e vent in a ch a mber ded ic a ted to

O s iri s in the g re a t te m pl e o f I s i s a t P hil a e H ere w e se e .

the de a d b o d y o f O s iri s w ith s t a lk s o f c o rn s pri ng in g fr o m

it w hile a prie s t w a ter s the s t a lk s fr o m a pitcher w hich he
,

h o ld s in h is h a nd Th e a cc o m p a n y i ng in scripti o n s et s fo rth .

th a t thi s is th e fo r m o f h im w h o m o ne may no t n a m e
“
,

O s iri s o f the m y s terie s w h o s prin g s fr o m the returnin g ,

w a ter s T a ken t o g ether the picture a nd the w o rd s s ee m

.
” 2
,

t o le a ve n o d o ubt th a t O s iri s w a s here c o nceived a nd re p re

s e n ted a s a per s o nific a ti o n o f t h é c o rn w hich s prin s fr o m
g

A .M ri tt P h D d h p p 3 3 6
a e e- ac a, en
’
era , .
2
H . B r
g sch , R el igio n u n d I lIy / h o
u

s
q .
; R V L .
p it p 7 44
. a n z o n e, o . c . . . l og ic der a l ten A egyp ter, p 6 2 1 ; R . .

M ri tt pp d th t ft r d p i ti g
a e e su o se a a e e os n V . L an z o ne , D iz io n a rio di M ito l ogi a
th e w im g
ne i th p l h r th y
a e n e se u c e e E g iz ia , p a te c c l lxi
; A W e dema n n , . . i
ca rri d t th l d
e ou f th p r di g e o o ne o e ece n
“
L O siris
’
a nt, Le v ég é t
M u st o n ,
y r th tti g f r th th r rr ti
ea ,
u s se n o e esu ec on N S . . iv
( 1 90 3 ) p 1 1 2 ; E A W a s
. . . . lli
as w ll e th d th f th g d
as B t e ea o e o . u B u dg e , Os ii is a nd th e E gyp t ia n
th i vi w i pp r tly t h r d by
s e s a a en no s a e R esu rrect io n , r i r i
58 A c co d ng to P o f .
. .

Br g h u d L
sc an a nz o ne . i r ri i r
W edem a nn , th e c o n sp ng ng f o m
A M ri tt
1 . B y D de h i
a e e - e , en ra , v.
’
th e g o d s b o d y rl y i il rl y
is b a e S m a .

( P ri a 8 73 ) pl t
s, 1 6 5 66 68 6 9 7 a es , , , , 0, yr vr
in a p a p u s o f th e L o u e ( N o 3 3 7 7 ) .

7 1 , 72 8 8 , 8 9, 90 ; R V L a n z o ne ,
, . . O s s is iri r r
ep ese n t e d s w a th ed a s a

D iz io n a rio di M ito l og ia Eg iz ia , p p . m um m a nd y l yi il
n g o n h is b ack , w h e

7 57 sqq , w th p a t es cc . iccx c l lxviii .

-
ii . l
s ta k s o f co n s r r r y
p o u t f o m his b o d .

. . lli
E A W a s B u dg e , Th e Gods of th e S ee R V L a nz o n e , op cit p p 8 0 1
. . . . .

E 0 p t ia n s , 13 1 1 38 ; ii
id , Os iris. . s i l
q , w th p a te CCCl l l 2
. i A W ede . .

and th e E gy p t ia n R esu rrect io n , ii . m a nn , “ ’ ’

L O siris v é ge ta n t, L e M u seo n ,
’

3 1 W? N S . .iv
( 1 903 ) p 1 1 2
. . .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

the field s a fter they h a ve been fertilized by the i n und a ti o n .

T hi s a cc o rdin g t o the in scripti o n w as th e ker n el o f the

, ,

my s t e rie s the inner m o s t s ecret reve a led t o the initi a ted

, So .

in the rite s o f D emeter a t E leu si s a r e a ped ea r o f c o rn w a s

exhibited t o the w o rshippers a s the centr a l m y s tery o f their
reli g i o n We c a n no w ful ly under s t a nd w hy a t the g re a t
?

fe s tiva l o f so w in g in t h e m o nth o f K h o i a k the prie s t s u s ed

t o bury e ffi g ies o f O s iri s m a de o f e a rth a nd c o rn When .

th e se e ffi g ies w e re t a k e n up a g a i n a t the end o f a y e a r o r o f

a s h o rter i n terv a l the c o rn w o uld be fo und t o h a ve s pr o uted
,

fro m the b o d y o f O s iri s a nd thi s s pro uti ng o f th e g ra in ,

w o uld b e h a il e d a s a n o m e n o r r a ther a s the c a u se o f the , ,

g r o w th o f the cr o ps The c o rn g o d pr o duced the c o rn ? -

fro m hi m s elf he g a ve h is o w n b o d y to feed the p eO p l e : he

died th a t the y m i g ht live .

C r o n A n d fr o m the de a th a nd o f their g re a t g d
S ff d
tu e
the E t d t 1 t h
“

o rt a n d s u s te n a nce
“ m
_

mg i f g) 11 0 o n su
pp
r
e es o

O iri
s in thi s life but a l so their h O p e o f a life etern a l bey o nd the
s

b ri d wi h
u e t
,

h de a d
t e g r a ve T hi s h o pe .is indic a ted in the cle a re s t m a nner by
r the very rem a rk a ble e ffi g ie s o f O s iri s w hich h a ve c o me to
3 r r
e nsu e
'
el l esu

r i
ec t o n li g ht in E g y pti a n ce meteries Thu s in the V a lley o f the
,
.

K in g s a t T hebe s there w as fo und the t o m b o f a r o y a l fa n

be a rer w h o lived a b o u t 1 500 B C A m o ng the rich c o ntents . .

o f the t o m b there w a s a bier o n w hich re s ted a m a ttre ss o f

reed s c o vered w ith three l ay er s o f linen O n the upper s ide .

o f the li n en w as p a inted a life s ize fi g ure o f O s iri s a nd the -

int e ri o r o f the fi g ure w hich w a s w a terpro o f c o nt a ined a , ,

m ixture o f ve g et a ble m o u ld b a rle y a nd a s tick y fluid T he , ,

.

b a rley h a d s pro uted a nd s ent o u t sh o o ts t w o o r three i n che s

lo ng A g a in in the ce m et e ry a t C y n o p o li s w er e n u m er o u s
?
,
“

buri a l s o f O s iri s fi g ure s The s e w ere ma de o f g r a in w ra pp e d .

up in cl o th a nd r o u g hl y s h a ped like a n O s iri s a nd pl a c e d ,

in side a bricked up rece ss a t the s ide o f the t o mb s o metime s -

,

1 H pp o i ly t u s, R e u ta t io
f o m n iu m a s y mb l o of th e d ivi ne r rr ti
esu ec on .

h aeresiu m, v 8.
, p
6 2 e d L D u n ck e
. 1 . . r 3 A . W i ede mann
L O siris v é g é
,
’

an d F G
. . S ch neide w in ( G Ottin g en , ta nt , L e M u seo n , N S
‘
( 1 903 ) . . iv .

18 S ee S p i ri ts of th e Corn a n d of 1 1 I ; Egyp t ia n E xp l o ra t ion F u n d

p
—
.

th e Wi l d, i 3 8 sq . A rch aeol og i ca l R epo rt, 1 8 98 1 8 99, p p .

ly M r
.

2 P of r A E ma n
. .
gh t r a ssumes ri 2 4 sq ; A . o e t , K i ng s a n d Gods o
.
f
( D ie agyp t isch e R el igio n ,
2
p 2 3 4 ) t h at . E gyp t ( N e w Yo k a nd Lo ndo n , r
th e i
m ag es ma de in th e m o nth o f
.
p 94 ,
. w th p a te x i l
i i d , My steres . .

i r i
K h o a k w e e nten ded to g e m na te a s r i Egyp ti en s ( P ri
a s, p .
41 .
 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

e very pro vince o f E g y pt w e sh a ll be r e luct a nt to s upp o se

,

th a t a t so me o ne pl a ce o r e v e n a t a fe w pl a ce s it w a s
, ,

e xcepti o n a ll held in t h precedi n m o nth f A t h n d

y e g o y r a ,

th a t th e u su a ll y w ell i n fo r m ed P lut a rch de scrib e d the

-

e xcepti o n a s if it h a d b ee n the rul e o f w hich o n thi s ,

s upp o s iti o n he m u s t h a ve b e e n w h o ll y i g no r a n t M o re .

pro b a bl y t h e di s cre p a nc y is t o b e expl a i n e d b y the g re a t

ch a n g e w hich c a m e o ver the E g y pti a n c a lend a r b e t w een the
d a te o f the i ns cripti o n a nd the life ti me o f P lut a rch Fo r .

w h e n the i n s cripti o n w a s d r a w n up in the P t o le m a ic a g e ,

t h e fes tiv a l s w e re d a ted b y the o l d v a g ue o r m o v a ble y e a r ,

a n d th e refo r e r o t a ted g r a du a ll y thr o u h the w h o l e circle o f

g
the s e a so n s ; w her e a s a t the ti me w he n P l u t a rch w ro te ,

a b o ut t h e e n d o f t h e fir s t ce n tur y they w ere se e mi n g l y ,

d a ted b y the fixed A lex a ndri a n y e a r a nd acc o rdin g l y h ad ,

c e a sed to ro t a te ?

’
But e v e n if w e g ra n t th a t in P lut a rch s day the fes tiv a l s
h a d b e c o m e s t a ti o n a ry s till thi s w o uld n o t e xpl a i n w h y the
,

o l d fe s tiv a l o f K h o i a k h a d b e en tr a n s fe rred t o A t h y r In .

o rder t o u n d e r s t a n d th a t tr a n s fe rence it s e e m s nec ess a ry t o

s upp o s e th a t w h e n the E g y pti a n s g a v e t o their m o n th s fixed

pl a c e s in the so l a r y e a r by a cc e ptin g the A lex a ndri a n

sy s te m o f i n terc a l a ti o n the y at the s a m e ti m e tr a n sferred
, ’

the fe s tiv a l s fro m w h a t may be c a lled th eir a rtifi cial to th e ir

n a tur a l d a te s Under the o l d sy ste m a s u m m er fe s tiva l w a s
.

s o m e ti m es held in w i n ter a n d a w i n ter fe s tiv a l in s u mm er ;

a h a rve s t celebr a ti o n s o m eti m e s fell a t the s e a s o n o f so w in g ,

a nd a so w i n g celebr a ti o n a t t h e s e a s o n o f h a rve s t P e o ple .

m i g ht rec o ncile the mse lve s t o s uch a n o m a li e s s o l o n g a s

they k new th a t they w ere o n l y t e mp o r a ry a nd th a t in t h e ,

c o ur se o f ti m e the fes tiv a l s w o uld nece ss a ril y retur n t o their

pro per se a so n s But it m u s t h a v e b e e n o ther w i s e w hen
.

the y a d o pted a fix e d in s te a d o f a mo v a bl e y e a r a nd so ,

a rre s t e d the r o t a ti o n o f th e fe s tiv a l s fo r e v e r F o r the y .

c o uld n o t but be a w a re th a t every fe stiv a l w o uld thencefo rth

c o n tinue to o ccupy fo r a l l ti m e th a t p a rticul a r pl a ce in the
s o l a r y e a r w hich it ch a nc e d t o o ccup y in the y e a r 3 0 B C . .
,

w h e n the c a le n d a r bec a m e fi e d I f in th a t p a rticul a r y e a r

x .

it h a ppe ned a s it m i g ht h a ve h a ppe ne d th a t the s u mmer

, ,

S1
b v
ee a
ppo 4 q
e, 7 q 49 q
. 2 s .
, 2 s .
, s .
CH AP . lv R EA D/ US TM E N T OF E G YP TI A N F E S TI VA L S 93

fe s tiv a l s w e re held in w i nt e r a nd the w i n t e r fes tiv a l s in

s u m m er they w o uld a l w ay s be so held in future ; the
,

a b s urdit y a n d a n o m a l y w o uld never a g a i n b e r e ctified a s it

h a d b ee n befo re Thi s c o n s idera ti o n w hich c o uld n o t h a ve

.
,

e sc a p e d i n t e lli g e n t men m u s t h a ve s u gg es ted the a dvi sa bility ,

o f tr a n s ferrin g t h e fe s tiv a l s fr o m t h e d a t e s a t w hich th e y

ch a nc e d to be c e lebr a t e d in 3 0 B C to the d a t es a t w hich . .

they o u g ht pr o perl y to be c e lebr a ted in the c o urs e o f n a ture .

N o w w h a t in t h e y e a r 3 0 B C w as the a ctu a l a mo unt o f Th r . . e t a ns

di screp a n c y bet w een the a ccident a l a nd the n a tur a l d a te s o f { E ffigb

e

t h e fe s tiv a l s ? I t w a s a little m o re th a n a m o nth I n i l l ig ib l t

p e .
e

th a t y e a r Th o th the firs t m o nth o f the E g y pti a n c a lend a r p p 1

1

su
“e

o se

h a ppened to b e g in o n th e t w e n ty n in th o f A u g u st w h e re a s h i 1 t at n

3 h 0 B C t e
a cc o rdi ng t o the o ry it s h o uld h a ve be g un w ith the heli a c a l d a te
(
. .

f s o

ri s in g o f S iriu s o n the t w entieth o f J ul y th a t is fo rt y 13 3 1

23
1

d ay s o r r o u g hl y s pe a kin g a mo nth e a rlier F r o m thi s f iv l

5 ,

.
,

est a s
3 11

, ,

it fo l l o w s th a t in the y e a r 3 0 B C a l l the E g y pti a n 313?d . .

fe stiv a l s fel l a b o ut a m o nth l a ter th a n their n a tur a l da t e s b kw r d , ac a

a n d the mu s t h a ve c o nti n ued t o fal l a m o n th l a te

y
ever if they w er e a ll o w ed t o ret a in th o se pl a ce s in th e rd r o e to

c a lend a r w hich they ch a nced t o o ccup y in th a t p a rticul a r $2252

e ar I n the s e circu m s t a nce s it w o uld be a n a tur a l a n d h ir t e
y .

gig:
1
sen3 1b l e t h l n
g t o re s t o re the fe s t iv a l s t o the 1 r pr o p e r pl a ce s

in the so l a r y e a r by cel e bra ti ng the m o n e c a lend a r m o nth

1 h
t
2 1 ; e ] at
e a rlier th a n befo re ?
I f t h l s m e a s ure w ere a d o pted the

1
S o it w as r ec k o ned at th e t m e i . y i r l i
Eg p t an y ea co u d b e fo u n d by a dd ng
B ut , st ri tl y
p e ak ng , Th o th in th a t
c s i y
40 o r 4 2 da s to its da te in t h e A e lx
y r
ea b e g a n o n A u g u st 3 1 Th e m is . ri y r
a n d an ea Th us if th e dea th o f
.

l l i ri i
c a cu a t o n o l r
g na ted in a b unde o f iri ll
O s s fe o n th e 1 7 th o f A th y r in th e
i r i i
t h e g no a nt R o m a n p o n t ffs w h o , b e ng l x ri y r l v ll
A e a n d a n ea , it sh o u d h a e fa e n
r i i
w J
ch a g ed w th th e m a n a em en t o f th e o n th e 2 7 th o r 2 9 th o f K h o a k in th e
g
ne li u l d r t fir t i t r
an ca en a ,
a s n e o ld v y r
agu e ea r rr i
a n d if h is esu e ct o n

l t d
ca a e d y av ry th ir d i t d f
a e e ,
ns ea o ll
fe o n th e 1 9th o f A th y r in th e A e lx
e v ry f r th y r S S l i C l
e ou , ea . ee o nus , o ri y r
a nd a n l v ll
ea , it sh o u d h a e fa en o n

l t
ec a n ea , 1 45 47 ( p .
5 d Th -
. 1 , e . . i
th e 2 9th o f K h o a k o r th e I st o f
M m m B rli
o sen , M r bi
e n, ac o u s, y i v
T b in th e o l d a g u e eay r Th ese .

S t a u rn i 4 3 q L Id l r
. . 1 . 1 s . . e e ,
l l i
ca c u a t o n sr a g ee rl y
n ea ,
bu t no t
H an db h d uc m th m ti h er d a e a sc en un x ly i
e a ct , r i
w th th e so m e w h a t u n ce ta n
t h i h
ec n s c en Ch l gi i 57 6 ro n o o e, . 1 - 1 1 . i i i r l r
n d ca t o ns o f th e D e nde a h c a e n da
2
Th r t i ll y th
eo e h i ft hca ld h v e s s ou a e v
( ab o e, p l. i
a n d a so w th th e in

b een 4 r th r 4 d y th t b i g th
0, o r a e 2 a s, a e n e vi i
dep enden t e de n ce w h ch w e p o sse ss
i t rv l b tw J l y
n e a e dA g t 9
ee n u 2 0 an u us 2 r rr i
t h a t th e esu ec t o n O f iriO s s w as
or 3 ( 1 th p r
se e di g e t ) I f th t
ece n no e . a l r
ce eb a te d o n th e i
3 o th o f K h o a k
sh i ft w t
as ll y m d th l d r
a c ua a e, e c a en a l
( b e o w , pp 1 08 . Th ese a p p ro x i
d at e f o
y f t iv l i th
an esld v g a n e o a ue mt g m t t
a e a re e m xt t n
en s o so e e en co
94 TH E OF F I CI A L F E S TI VA L S OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

fe stiv a l s w hich h a d hith e rto been h eld fo r ex a m ple in t h e , ,

third m o nth A thy r w o uld hencefo rth be h e ld in the se c o nd

m o nth P h a o p h i ; the fe s tiv a l s w hich h a d hithert o fa llen in
the fo urth m o nth K h o i a k w o uld the n cefo rth fa ll in the
third mo nth A th y r a nd so o n Thu s the fe s t a l c a lend a r .

w o uld be red uced to h a r m o n y w ith t h e s e a so n s in s te a d o f

bein g in mo re o r le ss fl ag r a nt di s c o rd w ith the m a s it h a d ,

g ener a ll y been be fo re a n d m u s t a l w a y s h a ve been a fter

,

w a rd s if the ch a n g e w hich I h a ve ind ic a t e d h a d n o t been

intro duced I t is o n l y to credit the n a tiv e a s tro n o mers a nd
.

the Ro ma n ruler s o f E g y pt w ith c o mmo n s en s e to s upp o se

th a t they a ctu a ll y a d o pted the m e a sure O n th a t s upp o s iti o n .

w e c a n perfectl y under s t a nd w h y the fe s tiv a l o f s o w i n g ,

w hich h a d fo r m erl y bel o n g ed t o the m o nth o f K h o i a k w a s ,

tra ns ferred to A th y r F o r in the A lex a ndri a n c a l e nd a r

.

K h o i a k c o rre s p o nd s very ne a rl y to D ece mber a nd A th y r to ,

N o ve m ber .But in E g y pt the mo nth o f N o ve m ber n o t the ,

m o nth o f D ece m ber is the se a so n o f s o w in g There w a s

,
.

th e refo re every re a s o n w h y the g re a t so w in g fe stiv a l o f the

c o rn g o d O s iri s sh o uld be held in A th y r a n d no t K h o i a k in
-
.

N o vember a nd n o t in D ece m ber I n like ma nner w e m ay

.

s upp o s e th a t a l l the E g y pti a n fe s tiv a l s w ere re s t o red t o their

true pl a ce s in the so l a r y e a r a nd th a t w hen P lut a rch d a te s

,

a fe s tiv a l b o th b y it s c a lend a r m o nth a n d b y its rel a ti o n t o

fi rm my th eo ry i
th a t, w th th e a do p t o n i co rr e sp o nd ng na i m es o f th e m o n th s w e r e

x l
o f th e fi e d A exa n d a n ri y r
ea , th e da tes i l d
d sp a ce o ne m o n th b a ck w a ds I t is r .

il y i
o f t h e o ffi c a iv l r
E g p t a n fest a s w e e tr t h t th i
ue a i l
s d sp a c em en t ca n a s
y et
i r
sh fte d f o m th e ir i
a c c de n ta l l
p a ces in b pr v d f
e o e or on ly
fi v e m o nth s b u t as
l r
th e ca e nda to t h e ir r r l
o e
p p p a ces in th e n a m es o f th e se m o n th s a n d th e

th e n a tu a rly r
ea . festiv l k p th ir r l tiv p i ti
a s ee e e a e os on

i li
S nce I p ub sh ed in th e fi st ed t o nr ii t w rd
o a h th r th s eac m p ti io e , e assu on s

i
o f th s b o o k ( 1 906 ) my th e o ry
th a t i vi t b l th t th di pl m t ff t d
ne a e a e s a ce en a ec e

i i
w th th e a do p t o n o f th e fi e d A e x lx no t m r l y p r ti l r f t iv l b t th
e e a cu a es a s u e

ri y r
a nd a n ea in 3 0 B C th e Eg p t a n
. . y i wh l y t m q ll y
o e s s eS Ed e ua .
”
ee .

iv l r i
fest a s w e e sh fted a b o u t a m o n th M y r N h t ag
e e , gy p ti h
ac r
'

e z ur a sc en

r
b ac k w a d in th e y r r
ea , P o fe sso Edr . Ch l gi ( B rli
ro n o o p p 3 qq
e e n, . s .

Myr e e i
h as sh o w n ndep en den t g o u n ds r ( A b h a n dl u n en
g d er h o n igl P reu ss
'

. .

l i
fo r h o d ng “
iv l
th a t th e fest a s w h ch i A h a dem ie der I/ Vissen sch af ten v om

v ri
ga e se t o th e l r
a te na m es o f th e j a h re Th i l
u s it is
p o ss b e t h a t

y i r
( Eg p t an ) m o nth s w e e dem o nst ab r ly th di p l
e m t f th f t iv l b y
s a ce en o e es a s a

l l r
h e d a m o n th a te in ea e a g es, rli r m th b k w r d i th
on acl dr t k a n e ca e n a oo

r i i i
u n de th e t w e n t eth , e g h t een th , n dee d pl g d d l
a ce a rli r h I h d
oo ea ea e t an a

r ly
pa t u nde r l y y
th e tw e fth d na st ; in su pp d I t
o seh r t. i ty f th n e u nc e a n o e

o th e r r r
w o ds , th a t a fte th e en d o f th e wh l q ti
o e I l v my th ry
u es onit ea e eo as

i
N e w K ngdo m th e fest al s a nd th eiv st o o d.
 C HAP TER V

TH E N ATUR E OF OS I R I S

1 . O s iris a C o rn - Go d

TH E fo re g o in g surv ey O f th e my th a nd ritu a l o f O siri s m a y

s u ffice t o pr o ve th a t in o n e o f h is a s pect s the
g o d w as a
so n ific a ti o n o f the c o rn wh ich m ay b t o d ie a n d
per _

e
, _ _
__

c o m e t o l ife a g a in eve ry y e a r Thro u g h a l l the p o m p a nd

,
.

g l a m o ur w ith w hich in l a ter ti m e s the prie s t s h a d inve s ted

h is w o r s hip the c o ncepti o n o f h im a s the c o r n g o d c o me s
,
-

cle a rl y o u t in the fe stiva l o f h is de a th a n d re surrecti o n w hich ,

w a s celebr a t e d in the m o n th o f K h o i a k a n d a t a l a t e r peri o d

in th e m o nth o f A th y r Th a t fe stiv a l a ppe a rs to h a ve b een

.

e ssenti a ll y a fe stiv a l o f s o w i ng w hich pr o p e rl y fel l a t the

,

ti m e w h e n t h e hu s b a nd m a n a ctu a l l y c o mm itted the seed to

the e a rth O n th a t o cc a s i o n a n e ffi g y o f the c o rn g o d
.
-
,

m o ulded o f e a rth a n d c o r n w a s buried w ith fu n er a l rite s in

,

the g r o und in o rder th a t d y in g there he m i g ht c o m e to life

, ,

a g a in w ith the n e w cr o p s The c e re m o ny w a s in fa ct a

.
, ,

ch a r m to e ns ure the g r o w th o f the c o rn by sy m p a th etic

m a g ic a n d w e m a y c o nj ecture th a t a s s uch it w a s pr a cti sed
,

in a s i mple fo r m b y every E gy pti a n fa r m e r o n h is fi e ld s l o ng

befo re it w a s a d o pt e d a nd t ra ns fi g u red by the priest s in the
s t a tel y ritu a l o f the t e m ple I n the m o d e rn but d o ubtle s s
.
,

a n cie n t A r a b cu s t o m o f bury in g the O l d M a n n a m el y “

, , ,

a s he a f o f w he a t in the h a rve s t fi e l d a n d pr ay i n g th a t h e
,
-

m ay return fr o m the de a d w e se e t h e g e r m o u t o f w hich the

,
1

w o rs hip o f the c o rn g o d O s iri s w a s pr o b a bl y devel o p e d

-
.

The d e t a il s o f h is my th fit in w ell w ith thi s interpr e t a ti o n

o f the g o d . He w a s s a id t o be the o ffsprin g o f S k y a nd
S b v
1
p 48
ee a o e, . .

96
C H AP . V OS I R I S A COR N - G O D

E a rth Wh a t mo re a ppro pri a te p a re n t a g e c o uld be i n vented O iri

?
s s a

h il d f
fo r the c o r n w hich s pri ng s fr o m the g r o u n d th a t h a s be e n S k y d
c o

an I

fe rtilized b y the w a ter o f he a ven ? I t is tru e th a t the l a nd E r h a t .

o f E g y pt o w ed it s fertilit y d irectl y t o the N ile a nd n o t t o

s h o w er s ; but the inh a bit a nt s m u s t h a v e kn o w n o r g ue s s ed

th a t the g re a t river in its turn w a s fed b y the r a in s w hich

fell in the fa r interi o r A g a in the l e g end th a t O s iri s w a s .
,

the first to te a ch men th e u se o f c o rn w o uld be m o st 2

n a tur a ll y t o ld o f th e c o rn g o d hi mself F urth e r the s t o ry Th l g d -

.
, e e en

f h
th a t h is m an g led re ma in s w ere sc a ttered up a nd d o w n the di m m o

s
t e
e

l a nd a nd buried in di fferent pl a ce s m ay be a my thic a l w a y b m er e nt

f O iri
o f expre ss in g either the so w in g o r the w inn o w in g o f the p i o s s
o n ts

g r a i n The
. l a tter interpret a ti o n is s upp o rted b y the t a le h to t e
di m m s e
th a t I s i s pl ac e d the s ev e r e d li m b s o f O s iri s o n a c o rn s ieve b m t -
?
er en

O r m o re pr o b a bl y the l e g end m ay be a re mini cence o f a s f h m o u an

big e n s,
cu sto m o f s l ay in g a hu m a n victi m perh a p s a repre s ent a tiv e p rh p f , e a s o

t h ki g
o f the c o rn spirit a n d di s tributi n g h is fle s h o r s c a tt e rin
-
e n s,

i h n t e

a s he s o ver the field s t o fertilize the m I n m o dern E ur o pe h r r . c a a c te

the fi g ure o f D e a th is s o meti me s t o rn in piece s a n d the r irit f h

,
o

co n - s
t e

p .

fr a g ments a re then buried in the g ro und to m a ke the cro p s

g r o w w ell a n d in o ther p a rt s o f the w o rld hu m a n victi m s
,
4

a re tre a ted in the sa m e w ay With re g a rd to the a n cient

5
.

Eg y pti a n s w e h a ve it o n the a uth o rity o f M a neth o th a t the y

u sed to burn red h a ired me n a nd sc a tter their a she s w ith
-

w inn o w in g fa n s a n d it is hi g hl y s i g nific a nt th a t thi s b a rb a r

6
,

o u s sa crifice w as o ffered b y the ki ng s a t the g r a ve o f O s iri s

7
.

We may c o nj ecture th a t the victi ms repre s ented O s iri s h im

sel f w h o
, w as a nnu a ll y s l a in di s m e m bered a n d buried in , ,

their per so n s th a t h e m i g ht q uic k e n the s eed in the e a rth .

P o ss ibl y in prehi s t o ric ti m e s the kin g s the m selve s

1
S ee ab o e , p 6 v . .
p ri r
b efo e a go d
so ne s S ee A r
o e t, . . M r
2
S ee a b o e, p 7 v . . D u ca ractere rel igi eu x de l a roy a u te‘
3
Se us o n V rvig , Geo rg 1 66 ir il . i . . P h a ra on iq u e ( P a s, pp 1 7 9, ri .

4
Th e Dy ing God, p 2 50 . . 2 2 4 ; E A Wa s B u dg e , Os iris a n d
. . lli
5 S ir its o
p f th e Corn a n d of the th e E gyp t ia n R esu rrect io n , 1 9 7 sq
q i . .

Wil d, 1 2 3 6 sqq . . i il rl y
S m a t h e k ng s o f A sh a n tee a nd i
6 P
l r
u ta ch , I s is et Osiris, 7 3 , co m y
D ah o m e used o ften th e mse es to c u t lv
p a er 33 . r
th e th o a ts o f th e h u m a n ct ms S ee vi i .

7 D io do rus
S icu l us , i 8 8 5 Th e . . . . lli
A B E s , The Tsh i-sp ea h ing P eop l es
.

l
s a u gh te r
m ay h a e b ee n p e fo m ed b y v r r qf th e G o l d Coa st ( L o n do n ,

i
th e k ng w th his o w n h a n d i On .
p .1 6 2 id , Th e E w e -s
p ea hing P eop l es
.

y i
E g p t a n m o num e nts th e k ng is o ften i of t h e S l a v e Coa st ( L o n d o n ,

r r
ep e sen ted in t h e a ct o f s a ng l yi pp . 12 5, 12 9
.

PT . IV . V OL . 11
 TH E N A T UR E OF O S I R I S B OO K 111

pl ay ed the p a rt o f the g o d a nd w ere s l a in a nd di s me m bered

in th a t ch a r a cter S e t a s w e ll a s O s iri s is sa id t o h a ve .

been t o rn in piece s a fter a rei g n o f e i g hte e n d ay s w hich ,

w a s c o m m e mo ra ted by a n a n n u a l fe s tiv a l o f the s a m e

le n g th ?
A cc o rdi n g t o o ne s t o ry R o m ulu s the fir st ,

kin g o f R o me w a s cut in piece s by the sen a t o r s w h o , ,

buried the fra g m ent s o f h im in the g ro und ; a nd 2

the tr a diti o n a l day o f h is de a th the s eventh o f J ul y , ,

w a s celebr a ted w ith c e rt a in curi o u s rite s w hich w ere ,

a pp a rentl y c o nnected w ith the a rtifici a l fertiliz a ti o n o f the

fig A g a i n Greek l e g end t o ld h o w P e ntheu s ki ng o f
?
, ,

T hebe s a nd Ly curg u s kin g o f the Thr a ci a n E do n ia ns

, , ,

O pp o s ed the vine g o d D i o n y s u s a n d h o w the i m pi o u s -

,

m o n a rch s w ere rent in piece s the o ne b y the frenzi e d ,

B a cch a na l s the o ther by h o r se s ,

The se Greek tra diti o n s ?

m ay w ell be di s t o rted remini scence s o f a cu s t o m o f sa cri

fi c ing hu m a n bein g s a n d e s peci a l l y d ivi n e ki ng s in the , ,

ch a ra ct e r o f D i o n y s u s a g o d w h o re sembled O s iri s in m a n y ,

p o int s a nd w as sa id li k e him to h a ve been t o rn li mb fro m

limb We a re t o l d th a t in Chi o s m e n w ere rent in piece s
.
5

1S h li ci C
o a i G m n ii q H ygi
aes a r s F b 3 d 8 4 Th er an c 1 s . nu s, a . 1 2 an 1 . e
di ti d tr t i f Ly r g by h r
’
A t ra ea ,i F Ey nh dt . f sse n ar s e on o es uc on o cu us o se s

M r ti a C p ll
a nus p 4 8 ( La i p i e m
a, t b m t
. i d 0 l y b y A p ll e s c, se e s o e en o ne on o o

1 8 66 } d r A t P th p i ll y o us . s o en e u s s ee es ec a
2Di y i on H li s us i A A G B th ra Th P r b l m f th
ca rn a sen s s, n . . a e ,
“
e o e o e

tiq it u R m .
5 6 o 4 C . m p r11 B . h j . l f H . l l i S t di o a e ac c a e,
”
o u rn a o e en c u es ,

L iv y i , 6 4 ; Fl r
. 1 i . 6 q i ( 9 4) p p
o u s, 44 6 3 . 1 . 1 s . x v . 1 0 . 2 -
2 .

Pl t r h R m l
u a c , 7 Mr A B
o u u s, N 2 Di y . vi 6 5 5 ; . . .
5 o nnu s, on s. . 1 -2 0
C k w
oo I b li v a s, th fir t t i t r e C l m t f A l x dri
e e, e P t p t ii
s 7
o n e e en o e an a, ro re . . 1

p r et t h t r y e s o r m i i f t
as ah q p 5 e d P tt r J
n sc ence o
; t i M r t y r e s .
, . 1 e . o e us n a ,

s ac ri fi f k i g S hi r ti l Ap l gy i 54 ; F ir mi M t
ce o a n . ee s a c e o o , . cu s a e rn u s,

Th E r p
”
“
e S ky G d F l h l
u o ea n D p f-
m o ,l gi m 6; o -
ore, e erro re ro a n a ru re i on u ,

xv i ( 9 5) p p 3 4 q
. 1 0 H w v r th . A 2 bi s Ad . N ti o v 9
e e , e rn o us, v ersu s a o n es, . 1 .

a cu et h i t ri A S h w gl r l g g
s o an A . r di g t th Cl m ti R g i
c e e on a o c co n o e e en ne eco n

m i t i d th t th tr di t i r td ’
a n a ne a ti e 4 ( M ig
a P t l gi G
on es e on o n es, x . 2 ne s a ro o a ra eca ,

so m v ry e i t r li g i ri t w h i h i 4 3 4 ) D i y w t r i p i
e a n c en e o us e, c . 1 on su s as o n n e ce s

w as a ft r w rd e b li h d a mi d
s a t Th b
o s th e v ry p l or f whi h su n er a e es, e e a ce o c

t
s oo d d h,
anrigh tl y mp r d th P th w k i g Th d ri p ti
e co a e e en eu s as n . e e sc on

l g d ry d th f P th
e en a ea d f E ri p i d
s o (B h en 58 qq )
eu s an o u es acc a e, 10 s .

O r ph ( R m i h G h i h t Tub i
eus o sc gg t th t th h m
e esc vi ti m w ti d
c e, n su es s a e u an c as e

g en , 8 5 3 — 1 8 5 8 l i p1 p 5 3 4 ,
h
vo g t .
p i t
. r b f r. b i g r t or un o a ne - ee e o e e n en

S ee f r th r W O t t
u e J P hil . t pi o, W r m i d d f th ff gy
“
u no ,
”
o o eces. e a re e n e o e e i

l g o u s,lxiv ( 9 5) pp 8 7 qq . 1 0 f At i wh i h h . 1 g sth rd
. o t s c un on e sac e
3
Th M g i A t e d th E l t i
a c p i r ( b v
an l i p e d f
vo u on ne a o e, vo . . . an o

th im g f O iri w h i h w m d e a e o s s c as a e

E ri p i d t f pi tr d th b ri d i
4 B h 10 ne - an
u 4 3 qq es, 43 acc a e, s .
, ou o a ee en u e n

s qq T
. h ri t xxv i
eo c P i ii
u s, t h h ll w f th t r. k ( b l w p
a u sa n as , . e o o o e un e o , .

2 .
7 ; A p ll d r B
o i bl i th o iii
o us, 5 T h p i t r w h i ho P th
eca , w . . e ne- ee on c en eus as
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S B OOK 111

b a nd s o f m a rried a n d un m a rried m e n re sp e ctivel y F i na ll y .

,

he is s tripped o f the s kin s a nd thr o w n int o the river?

N rw g i
o e F urther w e re a d o f a N o r w e g i a n kin g H a lfd a n the
an , ,

r di i
t a
Bl
t on
a ck w h o s e b o d y w a s cut up a n d buried in diffe re n t p a rt s
,
of h t e
ki ng d o m fo r the sa k e o f en s uri ng the fruitfulne ss
.

di m m
s eo f h is
b m
o f t h e e a rth He s s a id h a ve been dr o w ned a t the
er e nt

o f ki g
a n
i t o .

H l fd an f f o rt y thr o ug h the bre a ki n f the ice in prin

a a e
g o g o s g
h Bl k
.

t e
Wh a t fo ll o w ed h is de a th is thu s r e l a ted by the o l d N o rs e
ac .

hi s t o ri a n S no rri S tu rl u so n : He h ad been the mo s t “

pr o s pero u s ( liter a ll y ble ssed w ith a bu n d a n c e ) o f a l l kin gs , .

S o g rea tl y did me n v a l ue h im th a t w he n the ne w s c a m e

,

th a t he w a s de a d a nd h is b o d y re mo ved to H ring a rik i a nd

i nte nded fo r buri a l ther e the chief men fr o m R a u ma ik i a nd ,
r

We st fo ld a nd H eith mo rk c a me a nd a l l re q ue sted th a t they

mi g ht t a ke h is b o dy w ith them a nd bury it in th e ir v a ri o u s
pro vi n ce s ; they th o u g ht th a t it w o uld brin g a bu nd a nce to
th o s e w h o o bt a in e d it E ventu a ll y it w a s settled th a t the .

b o d y w a s di stributed in fo ur pl a ce s The he a d w a s l a id in .

a b a rr o w a t S t e in n in H rin g a rik i a nd e a ch p a rty t o o k a w a y ,

their o w n s h a re a nd buried it A l l thes e b a rr o w s a re c a ll e d .

H a lfd a n s b a rr o w s I t s h o uld be re me m b e red th a t thi s

’
.
” 2

H a l fd a n bel o n g ed to the fa mil y o f the Y ng l ing s w h o tra ced ,

their de scent fro m F rey the g re a t S c a ndin avi a n g o d o f ,

Fr y h fertility F rey hi mself is sa id to h a ve rei g ned a s ki ng o f

?
e , t e
S di
w eden a t Up sa l a The e r s o f h is rei g n w ere ple n te o u s
ca n

na vi g d an
S o y a .
,

o f f r ili y a n d the pe o ple l a id the plent y t o h is a cc o unt

e t t S o w hen he
b ri d
, .

u e at

Up l sa a
R.
M D wki 1 Th
. M d r d th d m til ti f H l fd w
. a ns ,
“
e o e n ea an u a on o a an as

C r iv l i Th r a n d tha C lt f n t mm i tt d t
a ce w ri t i g f
an th r e u o no co e o n or ee

Di y j l f H ll
on i S t di
sus ,
”
h dr d y r
o u rn a h o r e t en c u es, un e ea s, e sees no e a so n o

xxvi ( 9 6 ) pp 9 6 S f r th r d b t it t r th H l i f r m m
. 1 0 . 1 1 -2 0 . ee u e ou s u . e a so n o s e

Sp i it f th C d qf th Wil d i
r s o t h t th w r d t r
e orn a n ltd b d e , . a e o a ns a e
“
a un a nc e

5 qq 2 s . m li t r ll y th p r d f th e a ns e a
“
e o u ce o e

S i St l 2
H im h i g l
n o rr u r u so n , Pl t y r i th e s r n a, sea so n .
“
e n e o us ea s
”
s e

S g H lf d S a t a h 9 a I h v r d ri g f M rri d M g
a na r va r a , c . . a e en e n o o s an a
'
n ti sso n .

t th k Pr f r H M C h dw i k
o an A t th d
o esso t f H l fd. d. a c
3 s o e e sc e n o a an an

f r f rri g m or th i e e
p g d n th Y gl i g fr m F r y
e to H im
s a ssa e an e n n s o e ,
se e e s

tr l ti g it f m S a ns a l Th h i g l d
n or i t E g li h by W
e . ee a so e r n a, o ne n o n s .

St i f th K i g f N w y ( H im
or es o M rri d E M g
e n s o i 37or a c s o s an . a
'

n t tsso n , . 2 -
1

h i gl ) d i t E g li h by W ( Th S g L ib y l
r n a , o ne n o n W i th s . e a a ra r , vo .

M rri d E M g o s (L d
an r g rd t F r y th g d f f r tili ty
. a
'
n l i sso n on o n, e a o e , e o o e ,

8 93 1 86 q
1 H l fd th b th . im l d v g t bl s . E H a an e o an a an e e a e, see . .

Bl k w th f th r ac f H r l d th as M y r [ My th l gi d G m
e a e o a o e e e , o o e er er a n en

F ir h ir d k i g f N rw y ( 8 6 —
a -
a 93 3
e , ( S t r b rg
n o
p p 3 6 6 oq ; P a 0 as u , . s . .

Pr f r Ch dw i k t ll m H rm N di h My th l g i ( L i p
o e sso a c e s e e a nn , or sc e o o e e

th t th gh th t r d
a ,i ti n t
ou th i e
pp 6 qqa o as o e s c, . 2 0 s .
CH AP . v OS I R I S A COR N - G OD

died they w o uld no t burn h im a s it h a d been cu st o m a ry t o

, ,

do w ith the de a d befo re h is ti m e ; but the y re so lved t o

pre s erve h is b o d y believin g th a t so l o n g a s it re ma i ned in
, ,

S w ede n the l a nd w o uld h a ve a bund a nce a n d pe a ce

,
There .

fo re they re a red a g re a t m o und a nd put h im in it a nd , ,

sa crificed t o h im fo r plenty a nd pe a ce ever a fter w a rd s .

A n d fo r three y e a r s a fter h is de a th th e y p o ured the tribute

to h im int o the m o u n d a s if he w ere a l ive ; the g o ld they ,

p o ured in b y o ne w i nd o w the s ilver by a sec o nd a nd the , ,

Co pper b y a third
?

The n a tive s o f K i w a i a n i sl a nd l y in g o ff the mo uth o f S g r , e e a, a

m gi i
the F l y River in Briti sh N e w Guine a tell o f a cert a in f K iw i ,
o
a c an

id t h v
,

m a g ici a n n a med S e g er a w h o h a d s a g o fo r h is t o te m sa o a e

b
, .

Whe n his so n died the de a th w a s set d o w n to the m a g ic f r d h

,
p
a te
ee n c u t u

ea t

o f a n ene m y a nd t h e bere a ved fa ther w a s s o a n g r y th a t d h an t e

pi
,

b y h is s pell s he c a u sed the w h o le cro p o f sa g o in the b ri d i

ec es

u e n

c o untry to fa il ; o nl y in h is o w n g a rde n the sag o g re w a s g rd a ens to

f r ili e t ze
luxuri a ntl y a s e ver When m a n y h a d died o f fa m ine the h m
.
, t e .

pe o ple w ent to h im a nd beg g ed h im t o re mo ve th e spell s

w hich he h a d c a s t o n the sa g o p a l m s so th a t the y m i g ht ,

e a t fo o d a nd live T he m a g ici a n t o uched w ith re m o rs e a nd

.
,

pity w ent r o und pl a ntin g a sa g o s h o o t in every g a rden a nd

, ,

t h e s h o o t s fl o uri s hed s a g o w a s plentiful o nce m o re a n d the

, ,

fa m ine c a me t o a n e nd When S e g er a w as o l d a nd ill he .

,

t o ld the pe o ple th a t he w o uld so o n d ie but th a t n ev erth e , ,

le ss he w o uld c au s e their g a rden s to thrive A cc o rdi ng l y

,
.
,

he in structed the m th a t w hen he w a s de a d they sh o uld

[

cut him up a nd pl a c e piece s o f h is fl e sh in their g a rden s ,

but h is he a d w a s t o be buried in h is o w n g a rden O f h im .

it is s a id th a t he o utlived th e o rdi n a ry a g e a nd th a t no m an ,

kne w h is fa ther but th a t he ma de the s ag o g o o d a n d no

,

o ne w as hun g r y a n y m o re O ld m e n w h o w ere a live a .

few y e a r s a g o a ffirmed th a t they h a d kn o w n S e g er a in their

y o uth a n d the g,
ener a l o pi n i o n o f the K i w a i pe o ple s ee m s

t o be th a t S e g er a died n o t m o re th a n t w o g e n era ti o n s a g o
?

T a ken a l l t o g ether the s e ,

ra c t ge c f d i s m embe rin the b d kin m i i

p i g o y o f a g o r a
g ap’
c .
,.

1 H eimshring l a , do ne i n to En g li h s Totem ism a n d E x og a my

2
3 2 sq , , ii . .

by W . M rrio s an dE M a g ntisso n ,
.
'
i .
4 ,
r i r i
f o m nfo m a t o n su pp ed b y D r C li . .

2 2 -
2 4 ( The S ag a L ibra ry , v o l . G S e g ma nn
. li .
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S Bo o x m

r ly
Ap p a e n t and bu
—ry i gn the pi e ce s in di ffer e n t p a rt s o f the c o untr y
i r
w des p ea d
Q

in o rder
.
m " _ “ . n m

t o e ns ure the fe rtil ity o f the g r o u n d a n d pr o b a bl y

c u stom
a l s o th e fecu n
_ __

o f di s dity o f m a n a nd be a st Wh e ther re g a rded a s .

m mb i g
e de s ce n d a nt o f a g o d a s hi m s elf divi n e o r s i m pl y a s a
e er n

a ki g n
t h or , ,

m gi i
a m i g hty e nch a nter the k in g w a s believed t o r a di a te m a g ic a l
c an

d b ry
,
an

i g h
n
virtue
t e
u
fo r the g o o d o f h is s ubj e ct s q uickeni ng the se e d in ,

pi i
e ces
the e a rth a nd in the w o mb Thi s r a di a ti o n o f repr o ductive
n
di ff r t
.

e en

p r
a f h ener
ts o gyt edid n o t c e a s e w ith h is life ; hence the pe o ple dee m ed
ki g d m it e ss enti a l to pre se rve h is b o d y a s a pled g e o f the c o n
n o .

t in ue d pr o s perity o f the c o untr y I t w o uld be n a tur a l t o .

i m ag ine th a t the s p o t w here the de a d kin g w as buried

w o uld enj o y a m o re th a n o rdin a ry s h a re o f h is ble s sed
in flu e nce a nd a cc o rdin g l y d i spute s w o uld a l mo st inevita bl y
,

a ri s e bet w een d ifferent di s trict s fo r the exclu s ive p o ss e ss i o n

o f s o p o w erful a t a li s m a n The se di spute s c o uld be settled .

a n d l o c a l je a l o u s ie s a ppe as ed b y dividin g the preci o u s b o d

y
bet w een the riv a l cl a i ma n t s in o rder th a t a l l sh o uld b e nefit ,

in e q u a l m e as ure b y its life g ivin g pro perti e s T hi s w a s -

.

cert a i n l y d o ne in N o r w ay w ith the b o d y o f H a lfd a n the

B l a ck the de scend a nt o f the h a rve st g o d F rey ; it a ppe a rs
,
-

t o h a ve been d o ne w ith the b o d y o f S e g e r a the sa g o ,

m a g ici a n o f K i wa i a nd w e may c o nj ecture th a t in pre

hi s t o ric ti m e s it w a s d o ne w ith the b o die s o f E g y pti a n
kin g s w h o pers o n a ted O siri s the g o d o f fertility in g ener a l
, ,

a nd o f the c o r n in p a rticul a r A t le as t s uch a pr a ctice .

w o uld a cc o unt fo r the le g end o f the m a n g li n g o f the g o d s

’

b o d y a n d t h e d i s tributi o n o f the piece s thro u g h o ut

I n th s i In thi s c o nnexi o n the s t o ry th a t the g enit a l m e mber

dism e m
b erm e nt
Of O s iri s w a s m i s s in g w h e n I s i s piec e d t o g eth e r h is
a s pe c a il m util a ted b o d y m ay n o t be w ith o ut s i g nific a n ce
1
Wh e n
vir
.
,
tu e
see m s to
a Zulu m edicine ma n w i she s to m a ke the cro p s g ro w
-

h v b
a e een w ell he w il l t a ke the b o d y o f a ma n w h o h a s died in
as crib d e
,

h
to t e full vi g o ur a nd cut m inute p o rti o ns o f ti ss ue fro m the fo o t ,

g i l
e n ta
the l eg the a rm the fa ce a n d the n a il o f a s in g le fin g er
o rg a ns
, , ,

in o rd e r to c o mp o und a fertilizi n g m ed icine o u t o f the m

.

B ut the m o s t i m p o rt a nt p a rt o f the medicine c o ns i st s

’
o f the de a d m a n s g ener a tive o rg a n s w hich a re rem o ved ,

entire A l l the se piece s o f the c o rp se a re fried w i t h herb s

.

S b v p
1 ee a o e, . 10 .
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

d ri nk T he M o a bite s burned the b o ne s o f the kin g o f

?

E d o m int o li m e Ly si m a chu s is sa id to h a ve o p e n e d the

?

g r a v es o f the kin g s o f E piru s a nd s c a ttered the b o n e s o f

the d ea d ?

With s av a g e a n d b a rb a ro u s tribe s in like m a n n er it is

n o t unu s u a l t o vi o l a te t h e sa nctit y o f the t o m b either fo r

the purp o s e o f w re a kin g ve ng e a n c e o n the de a d o r mo re

c o mmo n l y perh a p s fo r the sa ke o f g a i n i ng p o sse ss i o n o f the
b o nes a nd c o nverti ng th e m to m a g ic a l u se s Hence the .

M p o n g w e kin g s o f the G a b o o n re g i o n in We s t A fric a a re

buried s ecretl y le st their he a d s s h o uld fa ll int o the h a nd s o f
m e n o f a n o ther tribe w h o w o uld m a ke a p o w erful fe ti s h o u t ,

o f the br a in s A g a in in T o g o l a nd We s t A fric a the kin g s

?
, , ,

o f the H o tribe a re buried w ith re t ecrec in the f re st

g a s y o ,
’
a nd a fa l s e g r a ve is m a de o s tent a ti o u s l y in the kin s h o u se
g .

N o ne but h is p e r so n a l ret a iner s a nd a s in g le d a u g hter kn o w

’
w here the kin g s re a l g r a ve is T he intenti o n o f thi s secret .

buri a l is to prevent ene m ie s fr o m di g g in g up th e c o rp se a nd

cuttin g o ff the he a d 5
The he a d s o f i m p o rt a nt chi e fs in .
“

the C a l ab a r di strict s a re u su a ll y cut o ff fro m the b o d y o n

buri a l a nd kept secretl y fo r fe a r the he ad a nd thereby the ,

s pirit o f the de a d chief s h o uld be s t o len fr o m the t o w n

, If
,
.

it w ere s t o len it w o uld be no t o nl y a g re a t a dv a nt ag e to its

’
n ew p o s se sso r but a g re a t d a n g er t o the chief s o l d t o w n
, ,

bec a u se he w o uld kn o w a l l the peculi a r j u j u rel a ti ng to it -

.

F o r e a ch t o w n h a s a peculi a r o ne kept exceedin g l y s ecret , ,

in a dditi o n to the g ener a l j u j u s and thi s secret o ne w o uld -

,

then be in the h a nd s o f the n e w o w ners o f the s pirit 6

The .
”

g r a ve s o f B a s ut o chief s a re kept s ecret le s t cert a in m o re o r

l e ss i ma g in a ry w itche s a nd w iz a rd s c a lled B a l o i w h o h a unt ,

t o mb s sh o uld g e t p o sse ss i o n o f the b o ne s a nd w o rk evil

,

m a g ic w ith the m 7
I n the Th o n g a tribe o f S o uth A fric a .
,

1R F H rp r A y i . . d B by
a eM ry H K i g l y T l i
, ss r a n a n a
6 a . n s e ,
ra v e s n

l i
on a n L it t ( N w Y r k
era u re W t A f i ( L
e d o p p 44 9
,
es r ca on o n, .

p . 6 1 1C F y L M g i
. A y i o sse
q I ,
W t Aa fri j a r g th c w r d ss r s . n es ca n a on e o

en n e ( P ri p a
p 3 4s,
q j j m f t i h. m g is . u- u e an s e s or a c .

2Am ii os . 1 . F th r P r t L r mi i 7 a e o e,
“
es e n scences
3P i i 9 7 q
a u sa n a s, d . mi i . ir d B t l d
s .
’
un ss o nn a e u a su o a n ,
”

4
P B d . Ch il l E pl
. ti u Mi i C t h l iq
a u, viii ( 8 96 )
x ora ons ss o n s a o u es, xx . 1

an d Ad t i Eq t i l Af i
v en u res
pp 3 n q A t
u a or ath B l i r ca . 1 1 s . s o e a o , see

( L ond o n, pp 8 q A M r k y . B
1 it a gs . I f t i . e en s , e r e z ur
'

enn n ss
5
J p S i .t h D i B l S t m e ( B ,
S d A fe i h ( B rli
i j e- 8
a 7 pp 3
i/ z e 8 er
’’

ii - i as e n, 1 . 1

l in, p . 1 07 . sq . E . G o t tschl ing , “

Th e Ba w enda ,
 OS I R I S A COR N -G OD
'

CHA P . V

w he n a chief die s he is buried s ecretl y b y ni g ht in a sa cred,

w o o d a n d fe w p eo ple k n o w t h e pl a c e o f the g r a v e
,
With .

s o m e cl a n s o f t h e tri b e it is cu s t o m a r y t o level the m o und

o ver the g r a ve so th a t n o s i g n w h a t e ver re m a in s to s h o w
w h e re the b o d y h a s bee n buried Thi s is s a id to be d o ne .

le s t e ne m ie s s h o uld exhu me the c o rp s e a nd cut o ff th e e a rs ,

the di a phr a g m a nd o ther p a rt s in o rder t o m a ke p o w erful

,

w a r ch a r ms o u t o f the m B y m a n y tribe s in F ij i the B ri l ? “

- u a

buri a l pl a c e o f their chief is k e pt a pro fo und secret le s t 51322 ;

-
1
,
12 1

11

th o se w h o m he i nj ured durin g h is life ti m e s h o uld reven g e Fiii k p e t

sec re t
the mselv es by di g g in g up a nd in sultin g o r even e a ti ng h is
b o d y I n so m e pl ace s the de a d chief is buried in h is o w n
.

’
h o u s e a nd a r me d w a rri o r s o f h is mo ther s k in keep w a tch
,

n i g ht a n d da y o ver h is g r a ve A fter a ti m e h is b o ne s a re .

t a ken up a nd c a rri e d by ni g ht to s o m e fa r a w a y i n a cce ss ible .

-

c a ve in the mo u n t a in s w h o se p o siti o n is k n o w n o n l y to a ,

fe w tru s t w o rth y m e n L a dders a re c o n structed t o en a ble

.

the m to re a ch th e c ave a nd a re t a ke n d o w n w hen the b o n e s ,

h a ve been d e p o s ited there M a n y fri g htful s t o rie s a re t o ld .

in c o nnecti o n w ith thi s cu st o m a n d it is cert a in th a t n o t ,

even dec o mp o s iti o n it se l f a v a il s to b a ul k the l a st r e ven g e o f

c a n n ib a l s if they c a n fi n d the g r a ve The very b o n e s o f .

the de a d c hief a re no t s ecure fr o m the reve ng e o f th o s e

w h o s e friend s he kill e d durin g h is lifeti m e o r w h o m he ,

o th e r w i s e so ex a sp e ra t e d by the t y r a n n o u s exerci se o f h is
p o w e r a s to fil l their he a rt s w ith a de a d l y h a te I n o ne .

i nst a nce w ithin my Ow n k n o w l e d g e w h e n the hid in g pl a ce ,

-

w a s d i sc o v e red the b o ne s w e r e t a k e n a w ay scr a ped a nd

,
.

, ,

s te w ed d o w n int o a h o rribl e hell bro th Wh e n a G r v f

2 ”
- . a es o

M e l a n e s i a n d ie s w h o e nj o y e d a r e put a ti o n fo r m a g ic a l
’
p o w er s in h is life ti m e h is frie nd s w ill s o m e ti me s h o ld a k pi ,
e se cre t .

sh a m buri a l a nd keep the re a l g r a ve s ecre t fo r fe a r th a t

m e n m i g ht c o m e a nd dig up the s kul l a n d b o ne s t o m a ke
ch a r ms w ith the m ?

j o u rn a l o
f t he
A n th rop o l og ica l I n st itu te, 2 Lo ri m r P i
e so n , N o tes on F ij i an

xxxv .
( 1 90 5) p 3 7 5 F o r th ese tw o
. . Bu a ri l
Cu sto m s, j
”
o u rn a l f
o th e
rfr e e e n ce s I h a e to th a n k v E S Mr . . . A n th rop o l og i ca l I n stitu te, x. ( 1 88 1 ) p p .

H r tl
a an d . 1 41 sq .
1
H en ri A . J Th e L if e of
u n o d, a

S o u th Af rica n Tribe ( N eu c h ate , 1 9 1 2 l 3

R . H Co d . ri ng to n , Th e M el a
i .
3 87 s
q n es ia n s ( O fo d,x r p 2 69
. .
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S B OO K I I I

A m o ng t h e Beliefs a nd pra ctice s o f thi s so rt a re b y no m e a ns

K o n ia g s o f
Al k as a th e
c o nfined to a g ricultur a l pe o pl e s A mo ng t h e K o nia g s o f .

b di
o es o f A l ask a in a n cie n t ti m e s the pur s uit o f the w h a le w a s
“

d d
a cc o m p a nied b y nu m ero u s s uper s titi o u s O b s erv a nce s kept a
ea

wh l r
a e s

w r
e e cu t s ecret b y t h e hu n ter s Lieute na nt D a v ido f st a te s th a t the
.

u p a nd

u se d a s
w h a ler s pre s erved the b o die s o f br a ve o r di s tin g ui shed m e n
li
t a sm a n s .
in s ecluded c a ve s a nd befo re pr o ceedin g up o n a w h a le hunt
,
-

w o uld c a rr y the se de a d b o die s int o a s tre a m a n d then d rink

o f the w a ter thu s t a inted O n e fa mo u s w h a ler o f K a dia k .

w h o de s ired t o fl a tter B a ra n o f the fir s t chief m a n a g er o f the ,

Ru s si a n c o l o nie s sa id t o h im When y o u die I sh a l l t ry to

, ,
’
s te a l y o ur b o d y intendin g thu s to expre ss h is g re a t re s pect
,

fo r B a ra n o f O n the o cc a s i o n o f the de a th o f a w h a ler h is

.

fel l o w s w o uld cut the b o d y int o piece s e a ch ma n t a kin g

o f rubbin g h is s pe a r —
,

o ne o f them fo r the purp o s e he a d s

there w ith The se piece s w ere d ried o r o ther w i se pre served
.
,

a n d w ere fre q uentl y t a ken int o the c a n o e s a s t a li s m a n s

” 1
.

A ss m a i il To return t o the hu ma n victi m s w h o se a she s the E g y pti a n s

i
t on of
s c a tter e d w ith w inn o w in g fa n s th e red h a ir o f the s e u n fo rtu n -
2
:
h u ma n ,

vi i
c t m s to a te s w a s pr o b a bl y s i g nific a nt I f I a m ri g ht the cu st o m o f
r
.
,
th e c o n
s a crificin g s uch per s o n s w a s n o t a m ere w a o f w re a ki n
.

y g
a n a ti o n a l s pite o n fa ir h a ired fo rei g ner s w h o m the bl a ck -
,

h a ired E g y pti a n s o f o l d like the bl a ck h a ired Chine se o f ,

-

m o d e rn time s m a y h a ve re g a rded a s red h a ired devil s

,
Fo r -
.

in E g y pt the o xen w hich w ere sa crificed h ad a l so t o be red

a s in g le bl a ck o r w hite h a ir fo und o n the be a s t w o uld h a ve

di sq u a lified it fo r the sa crifice ?

I f a s I c o nj ecture the s e , ,

h u ma n s a crifice s w ere intended to pro mo te the g r o w th o f

the cro p s — a nd the w i nn o w in g o f their a she s see ms t o
s upp o rt thi s vie w — red h a ired victi ms w ere perh a p s s elected -

a s b e s t fitt e d t o per so n a te t h e s pirit o f the rudd y g r a in Fo r .

w hen a g o d is repre sented b y a livin g p e r so n it is n a tur a l .

th a t the hu ma n repre s ent a tive sh o uld b e ch o sen o n the

g r o und o f h is s upp o s ed re s e m bl a nce t o the divine o ri g in a l .

1 v th e it S ee H
”
H o mb e g , J l
Ub e r r
'

I an P etro fl, R e ort
p on F op u on . . .

l a tion , I n du stries, a n d R esou rces of die V Ol k er des u ss s ch en A m e k a ,r i ”

ri
A l a s/ea , p 1 4 2. Th e a cco u nt seem s to
. A cta S ocieta tis S cien t ia ru m F en n icae,
rr
b e b o o w ed f o m H r
H o mb e g , w h o .
J . l r iv li r
( H e s ng fo s, 1 8 56 ) p 3 9 1
. . .

i
a dds th a t p a n s w e e ta k en to p ese e r r rv 2 Abo
e, p 9 7 v . .

th e fl esh f o m deca , r “
b ec au se th e y y l r
3 P u ta ch I s is et Os iris
, , 3 1 ;
He o r
li v
b e e e d th at th e o wn fe dep ended ir li do tus, ii 3 8 . .
 TH E N A TUR E OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

per so n ag e th a n the tree g o d a nd a ttra cted a l a rg er sh a re o f -

,

their dev o ti o n The ch a ra cter o f O s iri s a s a tree spirit w a s

.
-

repr e sented very g ra phic a ll y in a cere m o n y de scribed by

F ir m icu s M a te rnu s ?
A pine tr e e h a vin g b e en cut d o w n the -
,

centre w a s h o ll o w e d o u t a n d w ith the w o o d thu s e xc av a ted ,

a n i m a g e o f O s iri s w a s m a de w hich w a s then buried like a ,

c o rp s e in the h o ll o w Of the tree I t is h a rd to i mag ine h o w .

the c o ncepti o n o f a tree a s ten anted by a perso n a l bein g

c o uld be m o re pl a i nl y expre ssed The im ag e o f O s iri s thu s .

m a de w a s kept fo r a y e a r a n d then burned ex a ctl y a s w a s ,

d o ne w ith the i ma g e o f A tti s w hich w a s a tt a ched to the

pine tre e
-
The cere mo ny o f cuttin g the tree as de scribed
?
,

b y F ir m icu s M a te rn u s a ppe a r s t o be a lluded t o b y P lut a rch

,
?

I t w a s pr o b a bl y the ritu a l c o unterp a rt o f the my thic a l dis

c o v e ry o f the b o d y o f O s iri s encl o s ed in the erica tree
?
-

N o w w e k n o w fr o m the mo nu m ent s th a t a t Bu s iri s ,

M e m phi s a n d el s e w here the g re a t fe s tiv a l o f O s iri s cl o sed

,

o n the thirtieth o f K h o i a k w ith the s ettin g u p o f a re m a rk

a ble pill a r kn o w n a s the ta tu ta t tet da d o r ded Thi s w as , , , ,

.

a c o lu m n w ith fo ur o r five cr o ss b a r s like s uperp o s ed c a pit a l s -

, ,

a t the t o p T he w h o le r o u g hl y re se m bled a tele g ra ph p o st

.
-

w ith the cr o ss piece s w hich s upp o rt the w ire s

-
S o m e ti m e s .

o n the m o n u m ent s a hum a n fo r m is g iven t o the pill a r b y

“

c a rvin g a g r o te sq ue fa ce o n it r o bi ng the l o w e r p a rt cr o w n , ,

ing t h e t o p w ith the sy m b o l s o f O s iri s a n d a ddin g t w o a r ms ,

w hich h o ld t w o o ther ch a r a cteri s tic e m bl e ms o f the g o d the ,

cro o k a nd the sc o ur g e O n a Theb a n t o m b the ki ng

him sel f a ss i sted b y h is rel a ti o ns a nd a prie st is repre sented
, ,

h a ul i ng a t the r o pe s b y w hich the pill a r is bein g ra i sed ,

w hile t h e q u e e n l o o k s o n a n d her s ixteen d a u g hter s a cco m

p a n y the cere mo ny w ith the m u s ic o f r a ttle s a nd s i stru ms .

A g a in in the h a ll o f the O s iri a n my s terie s a t A by d o s the

,

K in g S e ty I a nd t h e g o dde ss I s i s a re depicted r a i si ng the

.

c o lumn bet w een the m I n E g y pti a n the o l o g y the pill a r w a s

.

interpreted a s the b a ckb o ne o f O s iri s a nd w h a teverits m e a nin g ,

1 De errore p f
ro a n a ra m rel i g u m,
io n xeouéx/ a s, 6 iro
61 61 7 f or l i ve n /ribs: .

dra ueufxfla t r o bm t s '

A ga n , ibid 4 2 ,
'
.

’
i .

68 Shh o u 61: 7 11 2 s h e y oué ra t s Oa ipt do s

'

2
S ee ab o v e, v o l . i .
pp . 2 6 7, 2 77 .
’
'

T a ¢ a is r é/i ro vr es Ka r a a x evcl j o va t h dpra x a

’
.

3 P l tr
u a ch , I sis Osiris, 2 1 , a l u é)
et
’
unv o et afi .

6? r op ij v £ 19o Ka i a xia w Al iro u Ka l xo ds

4
S ee ab o e, p 9 v . .
C H AP . v OS I R I S A TR E E -S P I R I T

m ay h a ve bee n it w a s o ne o f the h o li es t sy mb o l s o f the

,

n a ti o n a l reli g i o n I t m i g ht very w el l be a c o nventi o n a l w ay

.

o f repre se nti n g a tree s tripped o f its le a ve s a nd if O s iri s w a s

a tree S p irit t h e b a re trunk a n d br a n che s m i g ht n a tur a ll y be

-
,
.

de scribed a s h is b a ckb o ne The setti ng up o f the c o lu m n Th i g . e sett n

12:
w o uld thu s a s s ever a l m o dern s ch o l a r s believe sh ad o w fo rth 5
,
3 ,

the re s urr e cti o n o f the g o d a nd the i mp o rt a nce o f th e h v b ,

a e ee n

o cc a s i o n w o uld expl a in a nd j u s tify the pro mi nent p a rt

w hich the kin g a ppe a r s to h a ve t a ken in the cer em o n y
? ’
It g d t o s e

rr l ea ”
is to b e n o ted th a t in the m y th o f O s iri s the erica tree w hich
su
-

s h o t u p a n d e n cl o sed h is de a d b o d y w a s cut d o w n b y a ,

kin g a nd turned b y him into a pill a r o f h is h o u s e ?

We
c a n h a rdl y d o ubt therefo re th a t thi s incident o f the le g end
, ,

w as s upp o s ed t o be dr a m a tic a l l y s e t fo rth in t h e er e cti o n o f

the ded c o lu mn b y the kin g Like the s i m il a r cu st o m o f .

cuttin g a pine tree a nd fastenin g a n i m a g e to it in the

-

rites o f A tti s the cere mo n y m a y h ave bel o n g ed to th a t cl a ss

,

o f cu st o m s o f w hich the brin g i n g in o f the M ay p o le is -

a m o n g the m o s t fa m ili a r The a ss o ci a ti o n o f th e ki ng a n d .

q uee n o f E g y pt w ith the ded pill a r re m ind s u s o f the a ss o ci a

ti o n o f a K i ng a nd Q ueen o f M a y w ith the M ay p o le Th e -
?

re se m bl a nce m a y be mo re th a n s uperfici a l .

1
As to th e tet o r ded p a and its ill r 51 sqq .
; Mi ss M rg r
a a et A . M rr y u a ,

r i
e ect o n a t th e fest a se e H iv l
B ugsch . r Th e Os ireion a t A by dos, p p 2 7 , 2 8 ; .

in Z eitsch rifl f ur amp t isch e Sp ra ch e

‘

E d .e eMyr, G esc h ich te d es A l t ert u m s,

2

u n d A l terth u msh u ri de, 1 8 8 1 , pp 8 4, . i 2 , p 70

. I n a e tte t o m e ( da te d
. . l r
r ll
.

96 ; id , R el igio n u nd My th ol og ie der
. 8 th D ecemb e , 1 9 1 0) my c o eag u e P ro
a l ten A egyp ter, p 6 1 8 ; A E .m an , . r fesso r P E N e w rry ll
be. te s m e th at h e
.

A egyp ten u n d a eg yp tisch es L eben im li v iri v

b e e e s O s s to h a e b een o g n ari i ll y
A l tertu m , p p 3 7 7 sq . id , D ie . . r r
a c eda -t e e
g o d i r i y
mp o ted n to E g p t
i i n
2
agy p tisch e R el g o , pp 2 2 , 6 4 C P . . . r r r
f o m th e L eb a n o n , a n d h e ega ds th e
il
T e e , H isto ry of t h e Egy p t ia n R el igi on ill r l
ded p a a s a o p p ed ceda -t ee r r Th e .

( Lo ndo n , p p 4 6 sq S ir . .
J . il y l iri li v
fl a , a s a s mb o o f O s s, h e b e e es to
r i r
G a d ne il i
W k nso n, M a n n ers a n d ll i
b e th e ins t ru m en t u se d t o c o ec t nc ense .

Cu stoms of th e A n cien t E gy ptia n s ( L o n i il r il

A s m a fla is used b y p ea sa n ts in
do n, pp iii
6 7 ,
n
. o te
3
,
a n d 8.2 r r l r
C e te to ex t a ct th e a da nu m g u m f o m
. i
A W edem ann , R el igion of th e A n cien t th e sh u b sr r r
S ee P de To u nefo t,
. .

E gy p tia n s , p p 2 8 9 sq . G a sp e o , . . M r R el a tion d u n Voy ag e du

’
L ev a n t
’
H isto ire a n cien n e des P eup l es de l Orien t r
( A m ste da m , i i
2 9 , w t h th e .

Cl assi u e, q 1 30 i sq
. A o et, . . M r l
p a te . i r r i
F o r th s e fe en c e I a m ndeb ted
D u ca ractére rel igieu x de l a r y o a u t e
‘
r r
to P o fesso N e w b erry .

P h a ra o n iq ue, p id , n o te 1 ;
Pl t r h I i
1 53 , 2 t O i i S
. .

My sté res Egyp tien s, p p 12 16 ; E A

u a c 5 , s s e s r s, 1 . ee

b v
-
. . . .

lli
W a s B u dg e , Th e Gods of th e Egy p t ia ns ,
a o p 9
e, . .

ii 1 2 2 , 1 2 4, sq ; id Osir is a n d th e
. . .
3 Th e M ag ic A rt a nd th e E v ol u tio n
Egyp tia n R esu rrectio n , 6, 3 7 4 8 , i .
f
o K ing s, 8 8 -90 ii . .
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

Os iri s h a l l o f O s iri s a t D endera h th e c o ffin c o n t a i n i ng

I n th e
the h a w k h e a d e d m u m my o f t h e g o d is cl e a rl y d e pict e d a s
-

encl o sed w ithin a tr e e a pp a r e ntl y a c o nife r t h e trunk a nd , ,

bra nche s o f w hich a re se e n a b o ve a n d bel o w the c o ffin ?

The s cene thu s c o rre sp o n d s cl o s el y b o th to the my th a nd

t o the cere m o n y d e s cribed b y F ir m icu s M a te rnu s In .

a n o ther s cene a t D e n d e r a h a tr e e o f the sa m e s o rt is re re

p
s ent e d g r o w i n g bet w een the de a d a n d the revivi ng O s iri s a s ,

i f o n purp o se to i n dic a te th a t the tree w as th e sy mb o l o f

the divi n e re s urrecti o n ?
A pine c o ne o ften a pp e a r s o n the -

m o nu m e n t s a s a n o fferi ng pre s e n ted t o O s iri s a nd a m a n u ,

s cript o f the L o uvr e s p e a k s o f the c e d a r a s s pru n fr ?

g o m h im
The sy c a mo re a nd the t a ma ri s k w ere a l so h is tre e s I n .

in scripti o n s he is s p o k en o f a s re s idi ng in the m ; a nd in 4

t o m b s h is m o ther N u t is o ften p o rtr a y ed s t a ndin g in the

m id s t o f a sy c a m o re tree a n d p o urin g a lib a ti o n fo r the -

ben efit o f the de ad I n o ne o f the P y r a m id Text s w e .

5

re a d H a il to thee S y c a mo re w hich e n c l o sest the g o d ;

,
6
, ,
”

a n d in cert a in te m ple s the s t a tue o f O siri s u sed t o be

pl a ced fo r seven d ay s up o n br a nche s o f sy c a mo re s The .

expl a n a ti o n a ppended in the s a cred text s decl a re s th a t the

pl a cin g o f the i m a g e o n the tree w a s int e nd e d t o rec a ll
the se ven mo nth s p a ssed by O siris in the w o mb o f h is
m o ther N u t t h e g o dde s s o f the sy c a m o re
,
7
Th e rite rec a ll s .

’
the s t o ry th a t A d o ni s w a s b o rn a fter ten mo nth s g e s t a ti o n
fr o m a m y rrh tree ?
F u rther in a s epulchre a t H o w
-
,

( D i o s p o li s P a rv a
) a t a m a ri s k is d e picted o ver sh a d o w i n g

the t o mb o f O s iri s w hile a bird is p e rched a mo n g th e ,

br a nche s w ith the s i g n ific a n t le g end the s o ul o f O siri s 9 “ ”

,

1 A . M ri tt a e e - B ey , D en dera h , iv . M as
p e o, r H isto ire a n c ien n e des P eu p l es
p l . 66
’
de l Orien t Cl a ss i u e , 1 85 q i . .

r
.

2
A . M ri tt
B ey , D endéra h , a e e- iv .
3
J
H B ea ste d, D ev el op m en t of
. .

p l 7.2 C o m p a e E . L e fé b u re , L e r . R el igion a n d Th o ug h t in A n cien t

my th e Osirien , p p 1 94 , 1 96, w h o t e . E gyp t ( Lo ndo n , p 2 8 . .

g r
a ds th e t e e as a c o n fe B r
u t it is i r .
7
A o e t, . M r
[ ( i ng s a n d Go ds of
'

pe rh a
p s a ta m a ri k
s . Egy p t ( N e w Yo k a nd Lo n do n , r
p 83
3
E Le fé b u re , op cit p p 1 9 5, 1 9 7 . . . . . .

v i
.

4
S B ch , in S ir ir
G W
’
nso n s
J . . ilki 8 Ab o e v o l
, pp 2 2 7 s
q . . . .

ilki
.

M a n n ers a nd Cu stoms of th e A n c ien t 9 S ir G W J

nso n , o
. .
p cit 1 1 1 . . .

Egy p t ia n s ( L o n do n 84 ,
iii . .
3 4 9 s q ; A E m. an , A egy ten
.
p ru nd
5
S ir G W J
nso n , op
. cit . ilki . . iii . aegy p t isch es L eben im A l tert u r n, p 3 6 8 .

6 2 -6 4 E A Wa s B u dg e , Th e Gods
. . lli . r
H B ug sch , R el ig io n u nd [ M y th ol og ie
f
o th e E gyp t ia n s, 1 0 6 s
q G ii . . . der a l ten A egyp ter, p 62 1 . .
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S BOO K 111

A cc o rdin g to le g e nd h e t a u g ht m e n to tra in th e vin e

o ne ,

t o p o le s t o prun e its s uperflu o u s fo li a g e

,
a nd t o extra ct ,

the j uice o f th e g ra pe I n th e p a p y ru s o f N e b s e n i w ritten

?
,

a b o ut 1 5 50 B C O s iri s is depicted s ittin g in a shri n e fr o m

. .
, ,

the r o o f o f w hich h a ng clu st e r s o f g ra p e s ; a nd in the

2

p a py ru s o f the ro y a l scribe N ek h t w e see the g o d e nthr o ned .

in fr o n t o f a p o o l fr o m the b a n k s o f w hich a luxuri a nt vine , ,

w ith m a n y bunche s o f g r a pe s g r o w s t o w a rd s the g re e n fa ce ,

o f the s e a ted d e it y The iv y w as sa cr e d to h im a nd w a s ?

,

c a lled h is pl a nt bec a u s e it is a l w ay s g reen ?

3 . Os iris a Go d f
o F ertil ity

As a ve g et a ti o n O s iri s w as n a tura ll y c o nceived

g o d of

a s a g o d o f cre a tive e n er g y in g e ner a l s ince m e n a t a cer ta i n ,

s t a g e o f ev o luti o n fa il t o di s ti n g ui s h bet w een the repr o ductive

p o w ers o f a n i ma l s a nd o f pl a nt s Henc e a s trikin g fe a ture .

in h is w o rship w a s t h e c o a r s e but expre ss ive sy m b o li s m b y

w hich thi s a spect o f h is n a ture w a s pre s ented to t h e e y e n ot
m erel y o f the initi a ted but o f the m ultitude A t h is fe s tiv a l .

w o m e n u sed t o g o a b o ut the vill a g e s s in g in g so n g s in h is

pra i se a nd c a rry i n g o b scene im a g e s o f h im w hich the y se t
in m o ti o n b y m e a n s
a ch a rm t o en s ure the g r o w th o f t h

o f h im decked w ith a l l the fruit s o f the

,
s a id t o h a ve

s t o o d in a te m ple befo re a fi g ure o f I s i s a nd in the ch a m ber s

6
,

dedic a ted t o him a t P hil a e the d e a d g o d is p o rtray ed l y in g

o n h is bier in a n a ttitude w hich indic a te s in the pl a ine s t w a y

th a t even in de a th h is g e n era tiv e virtue w a s no t exti nct but

o nl y s u s p e n ded re a d y to pro ve a so urce o f life a nd fertility
,

t o the w o rld w hen the o pp o rtu n ity s h o uld O ffe r H y mns

7
.

sa d a t h ea t r a nd w ea ry , on th e e dg e o f th e Egyp t ia n R esu rrect io n , i .

3 8, 3 9 .

a we ll . H en ce h a d b een th o se w h o 3 E . A . W a lli s B udg e, p

o . cit . i .

ii
in t a ted a t E eu s s w e e fo b dde n tol i r r i 19 , 4 5, w th f o n t sp ec e i r i i .

sit o n a w e ll
S ee P u ta ch , I sis et
. l r 4 D io do rus
S icu l u s, 1 7 4 sq i . . .

Os iris, 1 5 ; H o m e , Hy m n to D emeter, r 5 H e o do tu s
, r
4 8 ; P u ta ch , I sis ii . l r
9 8 sq ;.P a u s a n as , 3 9 1 ; A po o i i . . ll et Os ir is , 1 2 , 1 8 , 3 6 , 5 1 ; D io do ru s

r
do us, B ibl ioth eca , 5 1 N ica nde r, i . . S ic u l u s, 2 1 ,
2 2i .6 s , .
5 i
6 3 . .
q iv . . . .

Th eriaca , 4 86 ; C emen t o f A e an d a , l lx ri 3 H
pp o t u s ,
i R fl ly
e t ta tio o m n iu m

P rotrept ii
2 0, p
. 1 6 e d P o tte
. . . r . h a eresiu m , v
7 , p 1 44 ed D un ck e . . . r
1 T b u usi ll
, i
7 3 3 3 6 ; D io do rus. .
-
a n d S ch n eide w in .

S icu l us, i . 1 7 . 1 . i . 2 0 .
4 .
7 A a et te B ey ,
.
- M ri D en dera h ,
‘
iv .

2 E A . . Wa lli s B udg e , Os iris and

p l
a tes 6 6, 6 8 , 8 8 , 8 9, 90 Co m .
 C H AP . v OS I R I S A G OD OF F E R TI L I T Y

a ddre sse d to O s iri s c o n t a in a l lu s i o ns to thi s i m p o rt a n t s id e

o f h is n a tur e I n o n e o f the m it is sa i d th a t the w o rld
.

w a x es g re e n in triu m ph thr o u g h h im a n d a n o th e r d e cl a re s ,

“
Th o u a rt the fa ther a nd m o th e r o f m a n kind th ey live o n ,

t h y bre a t h they s ub s i s t o n t h e fle s h o f t h y b o d y We ” 1
.
,

m a y c o nj e ctur e th a t in thi s p a t e rn a l a spect he w a s s upp o se d ,

li k e o ther g o d s o f fe rtility t o ble ss m e n a nd w o m e n w ith ,

o ffs pri n g a nd th a t t h e pro c e ss i o n s a t h is fe s tiv a l w ere

,

i n tended to pr o mo te thi s o bj ect a s w ell a s to q uicke n the

se ed in the g r o und I t w o uld be t o m i j ud g e a ncient . s

reli g io n to d e no u n ce a s l w d a nd p ro flig a te the e m ble ms e

a n d the cer e m o nie s w hich the E g y pti a n s e m pl o y ed fo r the

purp o se o f g ivin g effect t o thi s c o ncepti o n o f the d ivi n e

p o w er Th e e nd s w hich th ey pro p o s e d to th e ms lve s in
. e

th e s e rite s w e re n a tura l a n d l a ud a ble o n l y the Be a ns they !

”

a d o pted t o c o m p a s s the m w e r e m i s t ke s i m il a r fa ll a c y n
a
6 11

i nd uc e d the Gre e k s t a l ik e sy m b o li s m in their ,

o

D i o ny s i a c f a n d the s uperfici a l b ut s trikin g re s e m

t
3 ee . 1 ,

bl a nce t " r o duced bet w e e n the t w o r e li g i o n s h a s p e rh a p s

p
m o r e t ha n a ny thi n g el s e m i s led in q uirer s b o th a nci e n t a nd ,

m o dern int o iden t ify in g w o r s hip s w hich th o u g h cert a i n l y

, ,

a k in in n a ture a re perfectl y di stinct a nd independent in,

o ri g i n
?

4 . Os iris a Go d o f th e D ea d

We h a v e se e n th a t in o ne o f h is a spe ct s O s iri s w a s the A g d f s o o

ruler a nd j ud g e o f the de a d To a p eo pl e like th e E g y pti a n s gig? ? “

"

w h o n o t o n l y b e li e ved in a life b ey o nd th e g r a ve but a ctu a l l y m b ca e to e

Zfii gfd gf
we
s p e n t m uch o f their ti m e l a b o ur a n d m o n e y in prep a ri n g
a

, ,

fo r it thi s o ffice o f t h e g o d m u s t h a v e a pp e a red h a rdl y if h r r t e e su

,

a t a l l le ss i m p o rt a nt th a n h is functi o n o f m a kin t h e rth r e no n

,
c '

, g e a

t o b ri ng fo rth it s fruit s in du e se a so n We m a y a ss u m e .

2 t ha t in t h e fa ith o f h is w o r s hipp e r s the t w o pr o vinc e s o f the

p r a eR V L . Di i i di
. th i g b t
a nz o n e , li gh tl y di g i d f r m z on a r o no n u a s s u se o

M it l g i E gi i t
o o lxxi lxxii
a z f th a, E gy p ti O iri h
a v v . cc b h ld .
, cc .
,
o e an s s as e en e

cc lxxvi lxxxv lxxxvi lxxxvii

.
, cc by H r d .
, cci i t d by M r .
, cc .
, e o o t us n a n c en an .

cc lxxxix x ; E A W lli B dg .
, cc P
c . F rt i m d r im
. . S a s u e, . o u ca n o e n t es . ee

Th G d f th E gyp t i
e o s ii 3 o H r d t e ii 4 9 ; P F r L a n s, . 1 2 ,
e o o us, . . o u c a t, e

1 36 37
,
1 . lt d Di y A ttiq ( P ri cu e e on s os en ue a s,
1
M i M rg r t A M rr y Th
ss a
9 4) ( M m i
a e d l A d mi d
. u a , e 1 0 e
’
o res e
’
ca
‘
e e es

O i i t A by d
s re o n a
p 7 I ip ti os ,t B ll L tt
. 2 . n s cr on s e e es - e res,
2
Th th Gr k Di
at y w e Ab v ppee
3 q on s us as
3 o e, . 1 s .

PT . IV . V OL . II 1
 TH E N A T UR E OF OS I R I S B O OK 111

g o d w ere inti ma t e l y c o n n e cted I n l a y i ng their d e a d in .

the g r a ve they c o m m itt e d the m to h i k ee pi ng w h o c o uld s

r a i s e the m fro m th e du s t to life etern a l eve n a s he c a u sed ,

t h e s e e d to s prin g fr o m t h e g r o u n d O f th a t fa ith the c o rn .

s tuffe d e ffi g ie s o f O s iri s fo u n d in E g y pti a n t o mb s furni s h a n

el o q u e n t a nd u n e q uivo c a l te sti m o ny T he y w e re a t o n c e .
1

a n e m b le m a nd a n in s tru m ent o f r e s urr e cti o n Thu s fro m .

the spr o utin g o f the g r a i n the a nci e n t E g y pti a ns dre w a n

a u g ur y of hu ma n i m mo rt a lity The y a re no t the o n l y .

p e o pl e w h o h ave built the s a m e fa r r ea chi ng h o pe s o n the -

sa me s l e nd e r fo u n d a ti o n Th o u fo o l th a t w hich th o u “
.
,

so w e s t ,
th o u s o w e s t no t th a t b o d y th a t s h a ll be but b a re ,

g r a i n,
it m a y ch a nce o f w he a t o r o f s o m e o th er
g r a in but ,

G o d g i eth it a b o d y a s it h a th pl e a s ed h im a n d t o every
v
,

s e e d h is b o d y S o a l so is th e re s urrecti o n o f t h e de a d
“
1 .
‘

I t is so w n in c o i np t io n ; it is r a i s ed in inc o rrupti o n : it is
x
"

so w n in w e a kne ss ; it i s r a i ; i
p o w er : it is s o w n a se n

n a tur a l b o d y it is r a i sed a s piritu a l b o d y 0

7
.

A g o d w h o thu s fe d h is p e o ple w ith h is bro ken '

b o d y in thi s life a nd w h o h e ld o u t to the m a p rc l ise o f a

,
..

bli ss ful eternity in a better w o rld here a ft e r n a tura ll y rei g ned ,

s upre m e in their a ffecti o n s We n e ed no t w o nd e r th e re fo r e .

, ,

th a t in E g y pt the w o rship o f the o th e r g o d s w a s o ver

sh ad o w e d b y th a t o f O s iri s a n d th a t w hile the y w e r e ,

revered e a ch in h is o w n di s trict he a nd h is d ivin e p a rt ne r ,

I s i s w e re a d o r e d in a l l .
3

1 Ab v
o 11 9
e, 3 1 9 0 5 ,A W lli B d g T fi G d f t ’ . a s u e, e o s o ze
.

E gy p t i
C ri th i xv 3 6 3 8 4 44
2 5 o 3 o id i a n s, i . 1 1 s . 2 0 s . .
,
I o n a ns -
2 -

d M Egy p t i
. .
,
O R t s i ri s a n e an esi nrec i on ,
3 H r d t
e o ii 4 C m p r E i
o u s, . 2 .
o o a e . . 2 2 s .
 B OO K III

a nd m o ther
it w a s in thi s c a p a city th a t the E g y pti a ns
,
a nd

h o n o ured a n d w o r shipped her m o s t .

” 1

Thu s in her ch a ra cter o f a g o dde ss o f fecundity I si s

a n s w ered t o t h e re t m ther dd s s e s o f A s i a th o u h sh e
g a o g o e
g ,

iffe re d fr o m the m in the ch a s tit y a n d fidelity o f her c o nj u g a l

f l ife fo r w hile th ey w ere u nm a rried a nd di sso lute sh e h a d a ,

hu sb a n d a n d w a s a true w ife t o h im a s w el l a s a n a ffecti o n a te

m o ther t o their so n H e nce her be a utiful M a d o nna like .
-

fi g ure reflects a m o re re fi ned st a te o f so ciety a nd o f m o r a l s

th a n the c o a r se se n s u a l cruel fi g ure s o f A st a rte A n a iti s
, , , ,

C y bel e a n d th e re s t o f th a t cre w A cle a r tr a ce i n deed o f

,
-
.
, ,

a n ethic a l s t a n d a rd ve r y d iffer e nt fr o m o u r o w n l in er s in
g
ib er d o ubl e rel a ti o n o f s i ster a n d w ife t o O siri s ; but 1 n mo st
o ther re s pect s s h e is r a th e r l a te th a n pri m itive the full bl o w n ,

fl o w e r r a ther th a n the s eed o f a l o n g reli g i o u s devel o p me n t .

The a ttribute s a scribed to her w ere to o v a ri o u s to be a l l

I

K h er o w n The y w ere g r a
. ce s b o rr o w ed fr o m m a n y le s ser
deitie s s w eet s rifled fr o m a th o u sa n d hu m bler pl a n t s to
,

fe ed the h o n ey o f her s uperb e fflo resc e n ce Y et in her .

c o m plex n a ture it is perh ap s stil l p o ss ible to detect the

o ri g i n a l n ucleu s r o und w hich b y a s l o w pr o ce ss o f a ccreti o n

I i s s
the o ther e l e m e nt s g a ther e d F o r if her bro ther a n d hu sb a n d .

p rh p
e
O s iri s w a s in o n e o f h is a spect s the c o rn g o d a s w e h a ve see n
a s -

or g i ll y
i na
,

a g dd ore a s o n t o believe sh e m u s t s urel y h a ve be e n the c o r n g o dde s s

e ss ,
-
.

of h t r Ther e a re a t le a st s o me g ro u n d s fo r thi n ki ng s o F o r if w e
e co n .
.

m a y tru s t D io do ru s S icu l u s w h o s e a uth o rit y a ppe a r s t o h a ve ,

bee n the E g y pti a n hi st o ri a n M a ne th o the di sc o very o f w he a t ,

a n d b a rle y w a s a ttributed t o I s i s a n d a t her fe s tiv a l s s t a lk s ,

o f the s e g r a i n s w ere c a rried in pr o ce s s i o n t o c o m me m o r a te

the b o o n sh e h a d co nfe rre d o n m e n A further det a il is

'

.
2

a dded b y A u g u s tine He say s th a t I s i s m a de the di sc o ver y

.

o f b a rl e y a t the m o me n t w hen s h e w a s s a crifici ng t o t h e

c o m mo n a nce s t o r s o f her hu s b a n d a n d her self a l l o f w h o m ,

h a d b e e n ki n g s a n d th a t s h e s h o w ed the n e w l y d i s c o ver e d
,

e a rs o f b a rl e y to O s iri s a n d h is c o uncill o r Th o th o r
M ercury a s R o m a n w riter s c a ll e d h im
,
Th a t is w h y .
,

E A W lli B dg 1
. T/ G d f
. a p s g u th e, rl y r lig i
ze fo s o a ssa e on e ea e on o

til E gy p t i ii 3 q
e a n s, E gy p
. 2 0 p r f i g it w i th th
s . r m rk t, e ac n e e a

Di d 2
Si l i 4
o o ru s q h t D i d
c u us , . t 1 f h . b 1 s . t a o o rus s
’
a cco u n o t e su

E bi (P pu seti E us g l ii iii j t w
r a e a ra m r
o i th th t f
van e ,
. ec as o e co n c se an a o

3) q t fr m Di duo es l g M th o o o rus a on a ne o .
CH AP . VI

a dd s A u g u stine they ide ntify I s i s w ith Cere s ,

F urth e r .
1
,

a t h a rve st ti m e w he n the E g y pti a n re a per s h a d cut t h e fir s t

-
,

s t a lk s the y l a id the m d o w n a n d be a t their b re a s t s w a ili n g

, ,

a n d c a lli n up o n I si s T he cu s t o m h a s bee n a lre a d y e x

2
g .

pl a i ned a s a l a ment fo r the c o r n s pirit s l a in u n der th e s ickle -

.
3

A m o n g s t the epithet s b y w hich I s i s is de s i g n a ted in the in

s c rip t io n s a re Cre a tre ss o f g reen thin g s Green g o dde ss ,
” “
,

w h o se g reen c o l o ur is like u n t o t h e g re e n ne ss o f the e a rth

”
,

“
L a d y o f Bre a d L a d y o f Be e r L a d y o f A bu n d a n ce
,
” “
,
” “
.

A cc o rdi n g t o Bru g s ch s h e is n o t o n l y the cre a tre ss o f the

fre sh verdure o f ve g et a ti o n w hich c o ver s the e a rth but is ,

a ctu a ll y t h e g reen c o rn fi e l d it s elf w hich is per so n ified a s a -

,

g o dde ss Thi s is c o nfir m ed by her e pithet S ocn

.
” 5
it o r S oc/t et ,

m e a n i ng a c o rn fi e l d a s en s e w hich t h e w o rd s till r e t a i n s
”
-
,

in C o ptic The Greek s c o nceive d o f I s i s a s a c o r n g o dd e ss

.
6 -
,

fo r the y identified h e r w ith D e m e ter

7
I n a Gre e k epi g r a m .

s h e is de scribed a s sh e w h o h a s g iven birth to the fruit s o f

the e a rth a n d the m o ther o f the e a r s o f c o rn

,
” “
a n d in

a h y m n c o m p o s ed in her h o n o ur sh e s pe a k s o f her s elf a s

q uee n o f the w he a t fi el d a n d is de scribed a s ch a r g ed w ith -

,
” “

’
the c a re o f the fruitful furr o w s w he a t rich p a th A cc o rd -
.
” 9

ing l y Greek o r R o ma n a rti s t s o ften repre se n ted her w ith e a r s

,

o f c o rn o n her he a d o r in her h a nd
0 1
.

S uch w e m ay s upp o s e w a s I s i s in the o lden ti m e a R fi m

, , ,
e ne ent

ru stic C o rn M o ther a d o red w ith unc o uth rite s by E g y pti a n

-

sw a i n s But the h o m el y fe a ture s o f the cl o w n i sh g o dde ss f I i i

. o s s n

l mm !
a te
c o uld h a rdl y be tr a ced in the refined the sa intl y fo r m w hich h p p , t e o
es ‘

s piritu a l ized b y a e s o f reli i o u s ev o luti o n s h e pre s ent e d t o l iy f t

g
ar
g ,
o

her w o r shippers o f a fter d ay s a s th e true w ife the te n der ,

R o ma n
e m p ire
A u g ustm e , D e ci v i ta te D ez V 1 11 . .
7 He r o do tu s, 1 1 .
59, 1 56 ; D io do ru s
.

2 7 . r lli
Te tu a n sa s th a t I s s w o e a y i r S icu l u s , 1 3, i . 2 5 , 96 ; Ap o l l o l o rus ,
r
w ea th o f th e c o n sh e h a d d sc o e e d r i vr B ibl io t/z eca , ii . 1 .
3 ; J Tz e tz es
.
, . Sc/z o l .

( D c co ron a , on Ly cop l z ron , 2 12 . S ee fu th e W r r .

2
D io do rus S ic u l u s , 14 2 i . . . r xl r
D e e , s v Is . .
“
i s, in W H R o s . .

3 S e ab o
e v
e , p 4 5, a n d v o l
p 2 32 . . i . . . r’
c h e s L ex ieo n der g riecn a n d ram . .

4 H
r
B u g sch , R el ig io n a n d I liy t/z o
. My th ol ogi e, 4 4 3 sq ii . .

l og ic der a l ten A egy p ter, p 64 7 .

8 A n tfi o l o ia P l a n n a’
g ea , c c 1 lxiv . .

. . li
E A W a l s B udg e , Os iris a n d t ii e 9 E i ra m m a ta Graeca ex l a idion
pg p s

Egy p t ia n R esu rrect io n , 2 77 ii . . co n l ecta , e d G K a ib e l ( B e n , . . rli

5 H
. r
B u g sch , op cit p 6 4 9 Co m . . . . No . 1 02 8 , p p 4 3 7 sq ; Orp /z ica , e d . . .

p a e Er A W . a s B u d e, l
.
g e lli
Go ds of l
E A b e ( Le p s c a n d P a g u e ,
. i i r
fi l e E gy p t ia n s , 2 16 ii . .
PP 2 95 59?
6 H B u gsch , l oc cit
. r . .
10
W . D r xl r e e , p
o . cit .
‘

11 .
448 sqq .
 B OO K III

m o ther the b ene fi ce nt q ueen o f n a ture encircled w ith th e

, ,

nimbu s o f mo r a l purity o f i mm e m o ri a l a nd my steri o u s ,

s a nctit y Thu s ch a stened a nd tra ns fi g u re d sh e w o n m a ny

.

he a rt s fa r be y o n d th e b o und a rie s o f her n a tive l a nd I n th a t .

w elter o f reli g i o n s w hich a cc o m p a nied the decli n e o f n a ti o n a l

life in a nti q uity her w o r ship w a s o ne o f the m o st p o pul a r a t
R o me a nd thr o u g h o ut the e m pire S o me o f th e R o ma n .

e m pero rs the ms elve s w ere o pe n l y a ddicted to it A n d h o w .

1

ever the reli g i o n o f I s i s ma y lik e a ny o ther h a ve be e n o fte n , ,

w o r n a s a cl o a k b y me n a n d w o m e n o f l o o s e life her rite s ,

a ppe a r o n the w h o l e t o h a ve b een h o n o ur a bl y di s ti ng ui shed

b y a di g nit y a n d c o m p o s ur e a s o le m nit y a n d dec o ru m w ell ,

fitte d t o so o the the tr o ubled m ind to e a se the burde ned he a rt , .

They a ppe a led there fo re to g entl e s pirit s a n d a b o ve a l l to ,

w o me n w h o m the bl o o d y a n d l ic e n ti o u s rite s o f o ther

,

O rient a l g o dde ss e s o nl y s h o cked a n d repelled We need .

n o t w o nder then th a t in a peri o d o f dec a dence w he n

, , ,

tr a diti o n a l fa ith s w e re sh a ke n w hen sy s te m s cl a shed w hen , ,

m e n s m ind s w ere di sq ui e ted w hen the fa bric o f e m pire

’
,

it self o n c e dee med etern a l be g a n t o sh o w o m in o u s rent s

, ,

a n d fi s s ure s the sere n e fi g ure o f I s i s w ith her s piritu a l

,

c a l m her g r a ci o u s pr o m i s e o f im mo rt a lity sh o uld h a ve

, ,

a ppe a red t o m a n y like a s t a r in a s t o r my sk y a n d s h o uld

’

h a ve r o u sed in their bre a s ts a r a pture o f d e vo ti o n no t unlike

th a t w hich w a s p a id in the M iddle A g e s to the V ir g i n
M a ry I ndeed her s t a tel y ritu a l
. w ith it s s h a ve n a n d ,

t o n s ured prie st s its m a ti n s a n d ve sper s its ti n k lin g mu s ic

, , ,

its b a pti s m a n d a s p e r s i o n s o f h o l y w a ter it s s o le m n p ro ,

ce ss i o n s its je w elled im a g e s o f the M o th e r o f G o d pre se n ted

, ,

m a n y p o i n t s o f s i m il a rity t o the p o m p s a nd c e r e m o n ie s o f
C a th o lici s m The r ese m bl a n ce ne e d n o t b e purel y a cci
?

1
O th f l br t d
o o te n l t M A el t l fi d M d A tiq
ce e a e ,
o r at ea s a rc- ur ee a n u on e n ue

a tt d d
en h e ri t f I i l d i
, t e ( P ri es o p p 57 qqs s,J R vill c a n a a s, . 0 s . . e e,

li ne n g rm t ( S a i Ot/ en L l igi m i
ue to n u s, d R m l zo, a re on ro a ne o e so u s es

w i th h v ( P ri
’
C mm d m
‘

o did t h
o us S e sa pp
e, 54 6 ; G s a en ev eros a s, .
-
1 .

h dea rry i g th ffigy f A b i L f y H i t i d l t d di i it ’

, ca n e e o nu s . a a e, s o re u cu e es v n cs

9 ; Sp r d i ( P ri E M y r
’
S ee L m p idi a C mm d r d Al
us, o o u s, a ex a n r e a s, . e e

d W D r xl r I i i W H
”
ti P
a n u s, i N g 6 id C
escen n u s i er, .
,
a ra an . e e , s v . . s s, n . .

’
ca ll 9u s, . R h L ik d g i n d m o sc er s ex on er r ec . an ra .

L P r ll r R m i / ii 3 6 qq S D ill
ii 3 7 3 3 8 5 ; J R m S i ty i tl L t C y of
2 . My tl l g i
e e My t/ l g i
,
o sc z e zo o e
3 zo o e, . 0 s . .
,

( B rli
e n, .
- . o an oc e n ze as en t u r

M rq rdt R mi n S t t w l t g t b W t E mp i ( L d
a ua ,
o sc e a a sv er a un e es ern re
2 on o n,

( L ip i iii 7 7 8 E R id R m
2
e s c, pp 7 9 q 8 5 q q 1 S i ty e na n , s s o an oc e
- . . . .
. .
, ,
 C HA P TER V II

OS I R I S AN D TH E S UN

OS I R I S bee n so m eti m e s interpret e d a s the su n g o d ;

h as -

a n d in m o d e r n ti m es thi s Vie w h a s be e n h e ld b y s o m a n
y
di stin g ui shed w riters th a t it de serve s a brief ex a m i n a ti o n .

I f w e i n q uire o n w h a t evidence O s iri s h a s bee n identifi e d

w ith the s u n o r the s u n g o d it w ill be fo u n d o n a na l y s i s -
,

t o be m i n ute in q u a n tity a n d du b i o u s w h e re it is n o t ,

a b s o l ut e l y w o rthl e s s i n q u a lit y Th e dili g e n t J a bl o n ski the

fir st m
.
, ,

o d e r n s ch o l a r t o c o llect a n d sift the t e sti mo n y o f

cl a ssic a l w riters o n E gy pti a n reli g i o n sa y s th a t it c a n be ,

s h o w n in m a n y w a y s th a t O s iri s is the s u n a nd th a t h e ,

c o uld pr o duce a cl o ud o f w it n e sse s to pr o ve it but th a t it is ,

n eedle s s t o do s o s i n ce n o le a r n ed m a n is i g n o r a n t o f t h e
,

fa ct 1
"O f the w riter s w h o m he c o n de s ce n d s t o q u o te t h e ,

o nl y t w o w h o e xpre s s l y ide n tify O s iri s w ith the su n a re

D io do ru s a nd M a cr o b iu s The p a ssa g e in D io do ru s ru ns
.

thu s : I t is sa id th a t the a b o ri g i n a l i n h a bit a n t s o f E g y pt

2
,

l o o ki ng up to the s k y a nd s m itte n w ith a w e a nd w o n d e r a t

,

the n a ture o f the u n iverse s upp o sed th a t there w e r e t w o , ,

g o d s et e r n a l a n d pri m a ev a l t h e s u n a n d the m o o n o f w h o m
, , ,

they n a m ed the su n O s iri s a n d the mo o n I si s E ven if .

”

D io do ru s s a uth o rit y fo r thi s s t a t e m ent is M a n eth o a s th e r e

’
,

is so m e g r o und fo r believi n g little o r n o w ei g ht ca n be 3 ’

a tt a ched t o it F o r it is pl a inl y a phil o so phic a l a n d there

.
,

fo re a l a te expl a n a ti o n o f t h e fi r s t be g i nn i n g s o f E g y pti a n
,
’
re li g i o n re m i n din g u s o f K a nt s fa m ili a r sa y i ng a b o ut
,

the s t a rry he a v e n s a nd the mo r a l l a w ra ther th a n o f the

P E J bl
1 . k i P t/i
. a A g p
o ns Di d
,
an Si leo n i e / 2 o o ru s c u u s, . 1 1 . 1 .

ti
o ru ni ( Fr k f r 75 an i 5
o t, 1 0 . 12
3
sq . S ee p . I 1 6, no te 2
C HA P . v 11 OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN

rude tr a diti o n s o f a pri m itive p e o ple

a uth o rit y M a cr o b iu s is n o better but r a ther w o r s e
sec o nd

Fo r
.
J ’
a b l o nsk i s

.
, , ,

M a cro b iu s w a s the fa ther o f th a t l a r g e fa m il y o f my th

o l o g i s t s w h o re so lve a ll o r m o s t g o d s i n t o t h e su n A cc o rd .

in g t o h im M e rcur y w a s the su n M a r s w a s the s u n J a n u s , ,

w a s the s u n S a tur n w a s the s u n so w a s J upiter a l so

, , ,

N eme s i s li k e w i s e P a n a n d so o n thr o u g h a g re a t p a rt o f
, ,

the p a nthe o n I t w a s n a tur a l therefo re th a t h e s h o uld

.
1
, ,

ide n tify O s iri s w ith the su n but h is re a so n s fo r d o i n g so 2

,

a re exceedi n g l y s li g ht H e refer s to th e cere m o n ie s o f .

a lter n a te l a m e n t a ti o n a n d j o y a s if the y reflect e d the

vici s situde s o f the g r e a t lu m i n a r y in h is c o ur s e thr o u g h the
sky F urther he a r g ue s th a t O s iri s m u s t be the su n
.
,

bec a u se a n ey e w a s o ne o f h is sy mb o l s I t is true th a t .

a n e y e w a s a sy m b o l o f O s iri s a n d it is a l so true th a t the

3
,

s u n w a s o ften c a lled the ey e o f H o ru s ; y e t the c o

4 ‘ ”

i ncide n ce h a rdl y s u ffi ce s t o e st a bli sh the identity o f the tw o

d e itie s The O pini o n th a t O siri s w a s the su n is a l so
'

m enti o ned but n o t a ccepted by P lut a rch a n d it is refe rred

, , ,
5

to b y F ir m icu s M a t e rn u s
6
.

A m o n g s t m o dern sch o l a r s Lep s iu s in identify in g O s iri s fl h l

‘

e a te r
, ,

w ith t h e s u n a ppe a r s t o rel y m a i n l y o n the p a ss a g e o f ffi g

ca ‘

D io do ru s a lre a d y q u o ted But the m o n u m ent s he a dd s i i i h

g
t
z hz
.
r s
, ,
t
a l so s h o th a t d o w n t o a l a te ti e s iri eti e m O m m
“
w s w as so s su dg
-
o d,

c o n ceived a s R a I n thi s q u a lity he is n a med Os iris R .

-
a
do es no t

S1 M r b i S t l i b k i i g m i gh t b ll d
ee ac o us, a u rn a H r y
a, . . n e ca e a
‘
o u s-e e,
’
2
S t i
a u rn . . 2 1
p i ll y if ff r d t th d d
. 1 1 .
E es ec a o e e o e ea x

Pl t r h I i
.

3
u a c t O i i , d p ti g th
s s e r d b tl s r s, rb 10 an ce n e sa c e ee e, or sca a ,

5 1; S i J G W il k i
r . M . it b m th mm n so n,t d th a n n ers eca e e co o nes an e
an d C t m f tl A i t Egyp t i
us o s o m t te r v r d y mb l k w t
n c en a ns os e e e s o no n o

(L d on o n, iii 3 53 ; R V Egy pti r lig i . d th m y ri d . . an e o n, an e a s

L anz o n e , Di i i di M it l g i z f y w r gh t i b l
on a r o
g r o o a o e es , ou n ue or ee n
Eg i i z
pp a, 7 8 q ; E. A W lli gl
2 s v .
t fr m tl y
.
t . a s az e , or e en cu o co s s o ne ,
B dgu Tle, G d f tl ze E gyp t i w h i h fi ll
o s o m m ll ti
ie d a n s, c o ur use u co ec o ns, a n
ii 3 q ; J H B r t d D l p
. 1 1 s . . b r g h t h m b y th
. ea s e d b y th , ev e o are ou o e o u san s e
m t f R l gi
en o d Tl e i
g / t i m d r
on t ri t an rviv l f th i z ou z n o e n ou s a re su a s o s
S t ri tl y
,

A i t E gy p t p p
n c en
q , i t t ry f H . 1 1 d hi d v
s . c a n c en s o o o rns an s e o
s p k i
ea g t h n y w , th y fH r
e e ti
e t h i f th r
as
(J H B r t d
e e e o o u s, on o s a e
”
ea s e
whi h d ti f l ri fi d i
. .
,

c th e u
p it p
u so n sac ce n o . c . .

b h l f f h i f h r O iri Th iat t E A W lli B dg

e a o s e s s s ac 4
Tb G d f
.

a s u e, e o s o
f fili l d v t i pr rv d t
. .

th
a

P y r m id T x t
e a
e

m d th
o i o n,
tl E gy p ti
lr dy D i igyp ti l R l gi p 8
e s,
i e se
46 7 ; A
a
e
E rm
o us n ze a n s, . . an,
e e a ea 2
e c sc z e on ,
sac er d H r y d bly r v r d i o us - e e ou e e e n
e i . .

t r di t i d f li g I i i 5
th e a on f th an
t O i 5 ee n o
s s e s r s, 2 .

e
Eg y p t i It b m th y mb l D m m 6
an s . e ca
p f e l gi e s o e errore ro a n a ra re i on u

ri fi ; v ry g i ft ff r
,
o f ll a sa c ce 8 e e or o e .
 OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN B OO K 1 11

’
p or v h eve n in the B o o k o f the D e a d a n d I s i s is o ften c a l l e d the
e t at
‘
,
Os iri w r o a l c o n so rt o f R a ’
s as
Th t R a w a s b o th the ph s ic a l s u n
1
o rig i lly na y a .
y
th e sun a n d the s u n g o d is u n di sputed ;
.
-
but w ith eve ry defere nce
fo r the a uth o rity o f so g r e a t a s ch o l a r a s Lep s iu s w e m a y ,

d o ubt w hether the ide n tific a ti o n o f O s iri s w ith R a c a n

be a ccepted a s pr o o f th a t O s iri s w a s o ri g in a ll y the su n .

Fo r the reli g i o n o f a ncie n t E g y pt m a y be de s cribed a s 2

S uc h
id ifi
a c o nfeder a c y o f l o c a l cult s w hich w hil e m a i n t a ini n g a g a i n s t
e nt ca
ti o ns ,

spr ang e a ch o ther a c e rt a in m e a sure o f je a l o u s a n d even h o stil e

fr mo

a t te mp
i n dependence w ere y e t c o n s t a n tl y s ubjected t o the fu s in g
ts t o ,

un i fy d a n d a m a l g a ma ti n g influe n ce o f p o litic a l c e n tra liz a ti o n a nd

an

m lg
a

m a te
a

h p
a
h
t e
iI O S O
p h ic th o u g ht The hi s t o ry o f the reli g
. i o n a ppe a r s
m y an
to h a ve l a rg el y c o n s i sted o f a s tru g g le betw een the se
l l l
o ca cu ts
f E g yp o pp o s ite fo rce s o r te n d e n cie s O n the o ne s ide there w a s
o
5 t .
.

the c o n serva tive tende n cy to pre se rve the l o c a l cults w ith a l l

their di s tinctive fe a ture s fre sh sh a rp a nd cri s p a s they h ad , , ,

bee n h a nded d o w n fr o m a n i mme mo ri a l p a st O n the o ther .

s ide there w a s t h e pr o re ss ive te n denc f v ured b the

g y a o y ,

g r a du a l fu s i o n o f the pe o ple und er a p o w e rful centr a l

g o v e rn m e n t fir s t to dull the ,
ed g e o f the s e pr o vinci a l di s

t inc t io n s a n d fi n a l l y t o bre a k them d o w n c o m pletel y a n d

,

m er g e the m in a s i ng le n a ti o n a l reli g i o n T he c o n serva tive .

p a rty pro b a bl y m u stered in its r a nk s the g r ea t bulk o f the

pe o ple their prej udice s a nd a ffecti o n s bein g w a r m l y enli st e d
,

in fa v o ur o f the l o c a l d e ity w ith w h o se te m ple a nd rite s ,

the y h a d been fa m ili a r fro m childh o o d ; a n d the p o pul a r

di slik e o f ch a n g e b a sed o n t h e e n d e a ri ng effect o f o
~
‘

a sso ci a ti o n m u s t h a ve been s tr o n g l y reinfo rced b y t h e l z s s

,

di s i n tere sted o pp o siti o n o f th e l o c a l clerg y w h o se m a t e ri a l j ,

intere sts w o uld n ece ss a ril y s uffer w ith a ny d e c a y o f their

s hrine s O n the o ther h a nd the ki ng s w h o s e p o w e r a n d
.
,

g l o r y r o s e w ith t h e p o litic a l a n d eccl e s i a s tic a l c o n s o l id a ti o n

o f the re a l m w ere the n a tur a l ch a m pi o ns o f reli g i o u s unit y

,

a n d their effo rt s w o uld be sec o n ded by the refin e d a n d

1 i
L e p s us, Ub e den r
e ste n r of y i
E g p t an e g o n is b a ser li i th e
a gy p t isch e n G o t terk reis u nd se n e i sk e tch in A d
’
E rm a n s A egy pten a n d
.

g e i li - y l i
s c h ch t c h m th o o g sch e E n t s t eh a egy t iscl z es L eoen im
p A l t ert u m ,
pp .

u ng , in A o/z a n dl u ng en der k o n ig 3 5 1 s qq C
.o m pa e C P T r
e e, G e . . il
l ic/z en A k adem ie der Wisscn scli af ten z u scl t icl z te der R el ig io n in: A l tertu nt
B erl in , 1 8 5 1 , p p 1 94 sq . .
( G o th a ,
1 8 96 i .
7 9 sq .

2 Th e vi r k
e w h e e ta e n o f th e h sto i ry
12 4 OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN B OO K I I I

live a nd
g r o w the m e a d
,
o w s fl o uri s h a t h is up g o in g a n d
a re drunke n at h is s i g ht a l l c a ttle s kip o n their fe et
, ,

a n d the bird s th a t a re in the m a r s h flutter fo r j o y

”
I t is .

he w h o bri n g eth the y e a r s cre a teth the m o nth s m a keth

“
, ,

the d a y s ca l c u l a te th the h o ur s the l o rd o f ti me by w h o m

, , ,

me n rec k o n I n h is ze a l fo r the u n ity o f g o d the ki n g

”
.
,

c o m m a nded to er a se the n a m e s o f a l l o ther g o d s fr o m the

m o nu m e n t s a nd t o de s tr o y their i m a g e s
,
H is r a g e w a s .

p a rticul a rl y d irected a g a i n st the go d A m mo n w h o se n a m e ,

a n d li k e n e s s w ere effa c e d w herever the y w ere fo und ; eve n

the sa nctity o f the t o m b w a s vi o l a ted in o rder t o d e str o y
the m e mo ri a l s o f the h a t e d deity I n so me o f the h a ll s o f .

the g re a t te mple s a t C a r n a c Lux o r a n d o ther pl a ce s a l l the

, , ,

n a me s o f the g o d s w ith a fe w ch a nce excepti o ns w ere

, ,

s cr a tched o u t The mo n a rch even ch a ng ed h is o w n n a me

.
,

A m e n o phi s bec a u s e it w a s c o m p o u n ded o f A m m o n a n d

, ,

t o o k i n s te a d the n a m e o f Chu e u a te n g l e a m o f the s un s -

’ -
,
“

di sc .
”
T hebe s it self the a ncie n t c a pit a l o f h is g l o ri o u s
,

a n ce s t o r s full o f the m o n u m e n t s o f their piet y a n d id o l a tr y

, ,

w a s n o l o n g er a fit h o m e fo r the purit a n ki ng He de serted .

it a nd built fo r hi m se lf a n ew c a pit a l in M iddl e E g y pt

,

a t the pl a ce n o w k n o w n as Tell e l A m a r n a Here in a - -

.

fe w y e a r s a cit y o f p a l a ce s a n d g a rden s r o se like a n

exh a l a ti o n a t h is c o m m a nd a nd her e the kin g h is de a rl y , ,

l o ved w ife a nd childre n a nd h is c o m pl a i sa n t c o urtier s

,

led a m erry life The g r a ve a n d so m bre ritu a l o f Thebe s

.

w a s d i s c a rded The s u n g o d w a s w o r shipped w ith so ng s

.
-

and h y m n s w ith the m u s ic o f h a rp s a nd flutes w ith

, ,

o fferi ng s o f c a k e s a n d fruit s a n d fl o w er s Bl o o d seld o m .

s t a i n ed h is kindl y a lt a r s The kin g hi mself celebr a ted t h e

.

o ffice s o f reli g i o n He pre a ched w ith u n cti o n a nd w e m a y

.
,

be s ure th a t h is c o urtier s li s te ned w ith a t le a s t a n o ut w a rd

s e m b l a nce o f dev o ti o n F r o m the t o o fa ithful p o rtr a it s o f
.
-

hi mself w hich he h a s be q ue a thed to u s w e c a n still pictur e

rse l v e s the heretic kin g in the pulpit w ith h is t a ll , ,

fi g ure h is b a n d y le g s h is p o t bell y h is l o ng le a n
, ,
-
, , ,

a g l o w w ith the fever o f reli g i o u s fa n a tici s m .

o c t rine as h e l o ved t o c a l l it w hich he

, ,

pro cl a i m e d to h is he a re rs w a s a pp a re n tl y n o s t e r n m e ss a g e
o f r e n u n ci a ti o n in thi s w o rld o f terr o rs in the w o rld to ,
CH A P . VII OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN

c o m e The th o u g ht s o f de a th o f j ud g ment a n d o f a
.
, ,

life bey o nd the g r a v e w hich w ei g hed like a n i g ht ma re

,

on the m i n d s o f the E g y pti a n s see m to h a v e be e n ,

b a n i shed fo r a ti m e E ven the n a m e o f O s iri s the

.
,

a w ful j ud g e o f the de a d is no t o nce m enti o n ed i n the

,

g r a ve s a t Tell e l A m a
-
r n
-
a A l l thi s l a s ted o nl y duri n
.
g the F il r a u e

life o f the refo r mer H is d e a th w a s fo ll o w ed by a vi o lent t gf

.
‘

r t
p
re a cti o n Th e o l d g o d s w ere rei ns t a t e d in th e ir r a n k a nd
.

privile g e s : th e ir n a me s a nd i m a g e s w ere re st o red a nd ne w ,

te m ple s w ere built But a l l the s hri ne s a nd p a l a ce s re a red

.

b y the l a te kin g w ere thr o w n d o w n : even the s culpture s

th a t referred to h im a nd to h is g o d in r o ck t o m b s a nd o n -

the s ide s o f hill s w ere er a s ed o r fil led up w ith stucc o : h is

n a me a pp e a r s o n n o l a ter m o n u m ent a nd w as c a refull y ,

o m itted fr o m a l l o ffici a l li st s T he ne w c a pit a l w a s

.

a b a nd o ned n e ver ,
t o be inh a bited a g a in I ts pl a n c a n .

s til l be tr a ced in the sa n d s o f the de s ert .

Thi s a tte m pt o f K i n g A m e n o phi s I V is o n l y a n ex .

tre me ex a m ple o f a t e n de nc y w hich a ppe a r s t o h a ve

a ffe ct e d the reli g i o n o f E g y pt a s fa r b a ck a s w e c a n
tr a ce it Therefo re t o c o me b a ck to o u r p o i nt in a tte m pt I d ifi
.
, , ent ca

in g t o di sc o ver the o ri g i n a l ch a r a cter o f a n y E g y pti a n g o d 2

3 2 331
1
,
1 1

n o w ei g ht ca n b e ive n t t h e identific a ti o n o f h im w ith id

g o no e v e nce

f the
o th e r g o d s le a s t o f a l l w ith the s u n g o d R a F a r fr o m O
-
, m l .
on

helpi ng to fo ll o w up the tr a il the se identific a ti o n s o nl y cro ss h i

a

c a c t er
,
f
a n d c o n fu s e it The be st e vid e nce fo r the o ri g i na l ch a r a cter figigi
.
(

t an

o f the E
g y pti a n g o d s is t o be fo u n d in th e ir ritu a l a n d g d o

my th s so fa r a s th e se a re k n o w n a n d in the m a n n e r in
, ,

w hich the y a re p o rtr a y e d o n the m o n u m e n t s I t is m a i n l y .

on evide nce dr a w n fr o m the se so urc e s th at I r es t my

i n terpre t a ti o n o f O siri s .

The g r o u n d up o n w hich so m e m o der n w riter s see m chiefl y Th l r e so a

t h e o ry f
t o rel y fo r the id e n tific a ti o n o f O s iri s w ith the su n is th a t
O

O iri d s s o es

the s t o ry o f IN S de a th fi ts better w ith the so l a r ph e no m e n a x pl i no t e a n

th a n w ith a ny o ther in n a ture I t ma y re a dil y be a d m itt e d .

th a t the d a il y a pp ea r a n ce a n d di sa ppe a r a nce o f the su n r i ect o n

m i g ht ver y n a tur a ll y be expr e ss ed b y a m y th o f h is de a th

a n d r e s urrecti o n ; a n d w riter s w h o re a rd O s iri s a s t h e su n
g
a re c a r e ful t o i n dic a t e th a t it is the diur n a l a n d n o t the ,

a n nu a l c o ur se o f the s u n t o w hich the y u nd e r s t a nd the

,
 OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN B OO K 111

’
my th
ppl y Thu s Re no uf w h o id e ntifi e d O siri s w ith
to a .
,
I

v
th e s u n a d m itted th a t the E g y pti a n s u n c o uld n o t w ith a ny
i
,

s h o w o f re a s o n b e de s cribed a s d e a d in w i n t e r But if h is 1
.

d a il y de a th w a s the the me o f t h e le g end w h y w a s it c e l e br a te d ,

by a n a nn u a l c e re m o ny ? Thi s fa ct a l o n e see ms fa t a l t o the

i n terpret a ti o n o f the my th a s d e scriptive o f su nset a n d s u n
ri se A g a i n th o u g h the su n may be s a id to die d a il y in
.
, ,

w h a t s en se c a n he be s a id t o be t o r n in piece s P
2

Th d e h ea t I n the c o ur s e o f o u r i n q uir y it h a s I tru s t b e e n m a de , ,

$213 ? cle a r th a t there is a n o ther n a tur a l phe n o m en o n t o w hich the

5

O iri
s s c o ncepti o n o f de a th a n d re surrecti o n is a s a pplic a b l e a s to
s un set a n d s unri s e a n d w hich a s a m a tter o f fa ct h a s bee n
ifi f fi;
r c

u a , , ,

s o c o nceived a n d repre se nted in fo lk cu s t o m T h a t phe n o

zfil
p d ne

g
-
.

a nn al
u
m en o n is t h e a nnu a l gro w ti a n d de cay o f ve g et a ti o n A
de cay d s tr o ng r e a so n fo r i nterpreti ng the de a th o f O s ir1 s a s the
an

5222222 25 dec a y o f ve g et a ti o n r a ther th a n a s the s un set is to b e fo u n d

1 ,

in the g ener a l th o u g h n o t un a n i m o u s v o ice o f a nti q uit y , , ,

w hich cl a ssed t o g eth e r the w o r s hip a n d m y th s o f O s iri s ,

A d o ni s A tti s D i o ny s u s a n d D e m eter a s reli g i o n s o f

, , , ,

e sse nti a ll y the sa me t y pe T he c o n se ns u s o f a n cie nt .

3

1 L e P a g e R e n o u f, L ect u res o n
P . a n c ien n e 4 (Pa ri s, p .
35; a nd

th e Orig in a n d Gro w l /z of R el igio n 2 h is H isto ire a n cien n e des P eupl es de

( Lo n do n , p 1 13 . . q i ri ’
l Orien t Cl a s s i u e, ( P a s, .

2 Th e l i
a te e m n e n t sc h o a l r
C P lli . l .
p 1 30
. D r E A W a s B udg e a so
. . . .

il
T e e , w h o fo m e r rl y i r r
n te
p e t ed O s s iri r rl y i r r iri il fo m e n t e p e te d O s s as th e N e

a s a su n
g o d ( H isto ry qf E gy p t ia n R e
-
( Th G d f th Egy p t i i e o s o e a n s, . 12 2 ,

l igian , p p 4 3 . r r
a ft e w a ds a do p t e d d th i vi w w h l d by m 1 2 an s e as e so e

a vi r i
e w o f h is na t u e w h ch a p p o a ch e s r i t w ri t r ( P l t r h I i t O i i a n c en e s u a c , s s e s r s,

r
m o e n ea rl y v
t o th e o ne a d o c a te d in 3 34 36 38 C mp r M i 2 , , , ,
o a e ss

i
th s b o o k S e e h is Gesc/z icnte der R e
. M A M rr y Th O i i t A by d . . u a , e s re o n a os

l igian iin A l tert u m , i

3 5 sq , 1 2 3 (L d .
p 9 D
. B d g . on o n, . 2 . r . u e

r
P o fesso rEd Myr l
e e a so . fo m e r rl y w x pl i O iri d ifi d ki g no e a ns s s as a e e n .

r r
e g a de d O s iri
s a s a su n g o d ; h e n o w S hi O i i -
d th E gy p t i R ee s s r s an e an esu r

i r r
n te
p e ts h im a s a
g ea tr v e g e t at o n i ti l i pp xviii 3 q 3 7 66 rec on , v o . . .
,
0 s .
, ,

lli
g o d, dw e ng in t h e de p th s o f th e q 68 54 56 9 3 3 s .
, 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 0, 00 , 12 ,

ea trh d an i g th p l t ca u s n d 3 8 4 A e t th i an svi w b l w
an . s o s e se e e o ,

tr ri r ’
ees t p o g fs m i t
n T h g o d 1 1 58 ee . e o s 3 1 1 s

s y mb l th d d p ill r (
o , e e b v pp a F t h
se e id t i
a fi t i o f
e, O iri .
3 or e en ca on o s s

10 8 h t k t eb a tr
es tr k w i th
o Di y e a d ee -f I i w i th
un on su s, an o s s

w i th r b m S Ed M y r D m t r
c o ss - ea s . ee H r d t . ii 4 49 e e , e e e , se e e o o u s, . 2 , ,

G l i / t d A l t t m i p 67
esc z c z e es er u 5 7 5 9 4 4s, 5 6 ; P. l t . r h I i ,
t O i i , 1 , 1 u a c ,
s s e s r s,

( fi r t di i
s e 884)
t on, 1 id i pp 7 3 3 5 ; Di d
.
, .
2
2Si l . i 3 5 . 0, 1 , o o ru s c u u s, . 1 , 2 ,

84 8 7 (
, d di i
s e co n e Si 9 6 iv
t o n, ; O p h i H y m 4 ; E b i r , . 1 r ca , n 2 u se us ,

G t as o n M p r h l b d d th P p E g iii
as e o a s a so a an 3
o ne S rvi e ra e ar . va n . . 1 1 . 1 e us o n

th eo ry th t O iri w th a s s ; h V ir g il A n xi
as e8 7 ; id
su n V irg il e ,
e . . 2 .
, on ,

no w pp su th t
o se sh d i t y a ri g i ll
t y G ge i 66 e; J T o S hnal eo r . . 1 z e t z e s, c o . on

p r
e so n i fi d h eN il S
t e h i H i te i . L y p h ee ; A s n y fi xxii
s o re co ro n , 2 12 t tt a r a , . 2 ,
12 8 OS I R I S A N D TH E S UN B OO K 111

th a t we k no w th e rite s o f the se d e itie s b e tt e r th a n the m e n

w h o pr a cti sed o r a t le a s t w h o w it n e sse d th e m
,
To a cc e pt .

the l a tter w o uld i nv o lve a w re n chi ng clippi n g m a n g li n g a nd

, , ,

di st o rti ng o f my th a n d ritu a l fr o m w hich even M a cro biu s

s hr a n k O n the o th e r h a n d the Vie w th a t the e sse n ce o f a l l
?
,

the se rite s w a s t h e m i m ic d e a th a nd reviv a l o f ve g et a ti o n ,

expl a i n s the m sep a ra tel y a nd c o llectivel y in a n e a sy a nd

n a tur a l w a y a n d h a r m o nize s w ith
,
the g e n e r a l te s ti mo n y
b o r n e b y the a ncie nt s to their s ub s t a n ti a l s i m il a rity .

1
O iri A t t i A d i
s s, s, d Di y
o n s, an h w v r b
on i t r p r t d th m
su s o e e , e n e e e as e o o n.

w r
e e a ll r lv d by h im i t th
eso e n o S h S t
e su n li eebk i
t e a u rn a a, . .

b t h
u p
e s r d
a e D m er ( C r
e te ) w h
e esm ,
o ,
 C H A P T E R VI I I

OSI R I S AN D TH E M OON

B EF O R E w e c o ncl ude thi s stud y o f O siri s it w ill be O iri w s s as

m im
w o rth w hile t o c o n s ider a n a ncie n t vie w o f h is n a ture
so et es

i rp r ,
n te e te d

w hich d e s erve s m o re a tte n ti o n th a n it h a s received in b y h t e

m o der n ti m e s We a re t o ld by P l ut a rch th a t a mo ng the h m

.
i a n c e n t s as

t e o o n.

phil o so pher s w h o s a w in the g o d s o f E g y pt p e rso n ifi c a tio n s

o f n a tur a l o bject s a n d fo rce s there w e re so me w h o inter ,

re t e d O s iri s a s t h e m o o n a n d h is e n e my T y ph o n a s the
p
sun ,
bec a u se the m o o n w ith her hu m id a n d g e ner a tive
“
,

li g ht is fa v o ura ble to the pro p a g a ti o n o f a n i m a l s a n d the

,

g r o w th o f pl a n t s w hile the su n w ith h is fierc e fi re s c o rche s

a n d burn s up a l l g r o w i n g thi n g s rend e r s t h e g re a ter p a rt ,

o f t h e e a rth uninh a b it a b le b y re a so n o f h is bl a ze a n d o fte n ,

o verp o w er s the m o o n her self Wh a t e ver ma y be th o u g h t ” 1

.

o f the ph y s ic a l q u a litie s here a ttrib uted t o the m o o n the ,

a r g u m e n t s a dduced b y t h e a n cient s t o pr o ve the id e ntit y o f ,

‘

O s iri s w ith th a t lu m i na r y c a rr y w ith the m a w ei g ht w hich

h a s a t le a st n o t been li g htened b y the re s ult s o f m o der n
re se a rch A n ex a m in a ti o n o f th e m a n d o f o ther e vide n ce
.

p o i n tin g in the sa me directi o n w ill perh a p s h e lp to se t the , ,

o ri g in a l ch a r a cter o f the E g y pti a n deit y in a cl ea rer l i g ht

?

I O s iri s w a s sa id to h a v e l iv e d o r rei g n ed t w e n t y ei g ht
.
-

y e a r s Thi
. s m i g ht fa irl y be t a ken a s a m y thic a l e xpre s s i o n

fo r a l un a r m o nth
3
.

2 H is b o d y w a s rep o rted t o h a ve been re n t i n t o fo urtee n

.

piece s Thi s m i g ht be i n terpret e d o f th e w a n i ng m o o n

.
4
,

1 Pl t r h I i t O i i 4
u a c , s s e 3 8 4 qq s r s, 1 . s .

2
O O iri
n ms g ds asE a P l t r h
o on- o I i t O i i 3 4 see .
3 u a c , s s e s r s, 1 ,
2 .

A W lli B dg O i i d th I bid 8 4 Th h i r g l y p h i 1
‘
. a s u e, s r s an e . 1 ,
2 . e e o c

E gy p t i R an ti i 9
esu rrec
59 t x t on , m i m .
p k 1 f f r t
2 2 , ,
e s so et es s ea o ou e en

P T IV . . V OL . II K
 OS I R I S A N D TH E M OON B OO K 111

E vid e n ce w hich a ppe a r s to l o se a p o rti o n O f it self o ne a c h o f th e fo ur

Zigg fi
s
l

a on
tee n d a y s th a t m a ke up the sec o nd h a lf o f a l un a r mo nth .

of O iri s s I t is expre ss l y sa id th a t h is e n e my T y ph o n fo und the b o d y

“
xi i o f O s iri s a t the full m o o n ; thu s the di s me mber me n t o f the
1

g o d w o uld be g i n w ith the w a n i n g o f the m o o n T o pri m itive .

m a n it see m s m a n ifes t th a t the w a ni n g m o o n is a ctu a ll y

d w indli n g a n d he n a tur a ll y e no u g h expl a i ns it s di m i n uti o n
,

by s upp o s i n g th a t the pl a n et is bei n g rent o r br o ke n in

pi e ce s o r e a ten a w ay The K l a m a th I ndi a ns o f O re g o n .

s pe a k o f th e m o o n a s the o ne bro ken to pi e ce s w ith “ ”

reference t o its ch a ng in g a spect ; they never a ppl y such a

term t o the su n w h o se a pp a rent ch a ng e o f bulk a t differe n t
,
2

se a so n s o f the y e a r is far t o o in s i nific a n t t o a ttr a ct the

g
a ttenti o n o f the s a v a g e o r a t le a s t t o be de s cribed b y h im in ,

s uch fo rcible l a n g u a g e The D a c o ta s believe th a t w he n the .

m o o n is full a g re a t m a n y little m ice be g i n t o n ibble a t o ne

,

s ide o f it a n d do n o t ce a se till the y h a ve e a ten it a l l up ,

a fter w hich a n e w m o o n is b o rn a n d g r o w s t o m a turit y o n l y ,

to sh a re the fa te o f it s c o u n tle ss predece sso r s A s i m il a r

?

belief is held by the H u z u l s o f th e C a rp a thi a n s except th a t ,

they a scribe the de structi o n o f the o l d m o o n to w o lve s

i n s te a d o f t o mice
4
.

3 A t the
. n e w m o o n o f the m o n th P h a m e n o t h w hich ,

w a s the be g in n i n g o f s prin g the E g y pti a ns c e lebr a ted w h a t ,

the y c a lled the e n try o f O s iri s i n t o the m o o n

“
.
” 5

4 A t the . cere m o n y c a l led the buri a l o f O s iri s the “

E g y pti a n s m a de a cre scent s h a ped c h e s t bec a u se the -

“

m o o n w hen it a ppr o a che s the su n a s s u m e s the fo r m o f a

, ,

cre s cent a n d v a n i she s .

” 6

5 The bul. l A pi s held t o be a n i m a e o f the so ul o f

g ,

O s iri s w a s b o r n o f a c o w w hich w a s b e li e v e d to h a ve been

7
,

pi ix i G a tsch e t, Th e K l a ma th
an d so m et m es of tee n , 2 A S
eces, s or . .

ev i gh t
en e B t f rt eenm t . u ou ee n see s o I n dia n s of S o u th Western Oreg on
h v a b e th tr mb r b
ee n e ue nu e , e c a u se ( W ash n g tio n,
p . lxxxix .

th i ri p ti
e nsc f D d r h wh i h o ns o en e a , c
3
. . i
S R R gg s, D a hota Gra m ma r,
r f r t th ri t f O iri d rib th
e e o e es o s s, esc e e Tex ts, a n d E th n og rap hy ( W a sh ng to n, i
my t i i m g
s c f th g d a mp de o e o a s co o se p 1 6. .

of f rt ou p i S E
een A W lli ece s . ee . . a s
4 R . F K a in dl , D ie H u z u l en
.

B dgu Th G d f th E gy p t i
e, e ii o s o e a ns , . i
( V en na , p 97 . .

1 2 6 sq id , Os ir is a n d th e Egyp tia n
. . l r
5 P u ta ch I s is et Osiris
, , 43 .

R esu rrect io n , 3 8 6 sq i . .
6 I bid
43 . .

l r
1 P uta ch I sis et Osiris 8
, , .
7 I bid 2 0 2 .
, 9 .
 OS I R I S A N D TI I E M O ON B OO K 111

thi n g s the e a rl y phil o so pher is led by cert a in o bvi o u s

, ,

th o u g h fa ll a ci o u s a ppe a r a nce s to re g a rd the mo o n a s the

,

ulti m a te c a u se o f the g ro w th o f pl a n t s I n the fir st pl a ce .

he a sso ci a te s its a pp a rent g r o w th a n d dec ay w ith the

g r o w th a nd dec a y o f s ublun a r y thi n g s a n d i m a g i n e s th a t in ,

virtue o f a secret sy m p a th y the c e le sti a l phe no m e na re a ll y

pr o d uce th o se terre s tri a l ch a n g e s w hich in p o int o f fa ct the y
me rel y re s e m ble Thu s P lin y s ay s th a t the mo o n ma y fa irl y
.

be c o n sidered the pl a n et o f bre a th b ec a u se it sa tur a te s the ,

“

e a rth a n d by its a ppr o a ch fill s b o die s w hile by its dep a rture ,

it e m ptie s the m H e nce it is he g o e s o n th a t shell fi sh

.
, ,
“ -

i n cre a se w ith the incre a se o f the mo o n a n d th a t bl o o d l e ss

cre a ture s e sp e ci a ll y feel bre a th a t th a t ti m e ; even the bl o o d
o f m e n g r o w s a n d di m i n i s he s w ith the li g ht o f the m o o n a nd ,

le a ve s a n d herb a g e a l so fe el the sa m e i n flu e nce si nce the ,

lu na r e n er gy pe netr a te s a l l thi ng s There is n o d o ubt .

” 1 “
,
”

w rite s M a cr o biu s th a t the m o o n is the a uth o r a nd fr a mer

“
,

o f m o rt a l b o die s s o m uch s o th a t s o m e thi ng s exp a n d o r

,

s hri n k a s it w a xe s o r w a n e s A g a i n A ulu s G e l l iu s put s

” 2
.
,

in the m o uth o f a fri e n d the re m a rk th a t the sa m e thi ng s “

w hich g r o w w ith the w a xin g do d w i n dle w ith the w a n in g ,

a n d he q u o t e s fr o m a c o m m e n t a r y o f P lut a rch s o n
’
mo o n ,

H e s i o d a s t a te m e n t th a t the o ni o n is the o nl y v e g et a ble

w hich vi o l a te s thi s g re a t l a w o f n a ture b y s pr o uti n g in the
w a n e a n d w itheri n g in the i n cr e a se o f the m o o n S c o tti sh
3
.

H i g hl a n der s a lle g e th a t in th e incre a se o f the m o o n every

thin g h a s a tende n c y to g ro w o r stick t o g ether ; a n d the y 4

c a ll the sec o n d m o o n o f a utu mn the ripe n in g m o o n “

bec u e the i ine th t cr p

’

( G ea l a ch a n a ha ch a idh
) a s y m a
g a , o s

ripen a s m uch by its li g ht a s b y day .

5

F r o m thi s s upp o sed i n flue n ce o f the m o o n o n the life o f

pl a nt s a nd a n i m a l s me n in a ncie n t a n d m o dern ti m e s h a ve ,
-

deduced a w h o le c o de o f rule s fo r the g uid a nc e o f the

hu sb a nd ma n the shepherd a nd o ther s in the c o n duct o f
, ,

P li y N t H i t ii
1 n ,
a . J h R m y f O h t ty S t
s . . 2 2 1 .
4 o n a sa o c er re , co

M r b i C mm t i m i
2 ac o us, l o d dS t men i
. th E gh t
n so th
n u in an an co s en n e i een

S ip i i i
c on s , 7 . 1 1 . C t y
. di t d b y A A ll r dy ( Edi en u r , e e . a ce n
A l
3 G l li
u us xx 8 F th b rgh d L d
e u s, . . ii 449or e u an on o n, . .

O pi i f th
n o ns o i t th i bj t J G C mpb ll Wit h f t d
e a nc e n s o n s su ec
6
. . a e ,
c c ra an

se e f r th r W H R
u e h Ub S l
. S
. d S gh t i
o sc th
e r, I I ig h l d
er d
e en e eco n i n e an s an

un d V w dt ( L i p i
er an es
pp 6 I l d
e f S
s c,t l d ( G l g w . 1 s an s o co an as o ,

s
qq .
pp .
3 06 sq .
 CH A P . v111 OS I R I S A N D TH E M OON

their a ffa ir s Thu s a n a ncie n t w riter o n a g riculture l ay s it

'

d o w n a s a m a xi m th a t w h a tever is to be so w n sh o uld be ,

s o w n w hile the m o o n is w a xi n g a n d th a t w h a tever is t o be ,

cut o r g a thered sh o uld be cut o r g a thered w hile it is w a n i ng ?

A m o dern tre a ti se o n s up e r s titi o n de scribe s h o w the s uper

s t it io u s m a n re g ul a te s a l l h is c o nduct by t h e m o o n : Wh a t
ever he w o uld h a ve to g r o w he s et s a b o ut it w hen sh e is in ,

her incre a se ; but fo r w h a t he w o uld h a ve m a de le ss he

ch o o se s her w a ne I n Ger m a n y the ph a se s o f the m o o n .
” 2

a re o b s erved b y s uper s titi o u s pe o ple a t a l l the m o re o r even

le ss i m p o rta nt a cti o n s o f life s uch a s tilli ng the field s , ,

buildi ng o r ch a ng in g h o u se s m a rri a g e s h a ir cuttin g bleedin g , ,

-
, ,

cuppi ng a n d so fo rth Th e p a rticul a r rule s v a ry in differe n t

,
.

pl a ce s but the pri n ciple g ener a l l y fo ll o w ed is th a t w h a tever is

,

d o ne to increa se a ny thin g sh o uld be d o n e w hile the m o o n

is w a xi ng ; w h a tever is d o ne t o di m i n i s h a n y thin g s h o ul d
be d o ne w hile the m o o n is w a n in g F o r ex a m ple so w in g S p p d .
, , u o se

pl a nti ng a nd g r a ftin g sh o uld be d o ne in the fir s t h a lf o f

,

the m o o n but the fe l lin g o f ti m ber a n d m o w in g s h o uld be p h

,
f a ses o

1
d o ne in the s ec o n d h a lf I n v a ri o u s p a rt s o f E ur o pe it 22 5
?
125
6

1
1 0“

is believed th a t pl a nt s n a il s h a ir a n d c o rn s cut w hile the p r i , , , ,

o e a t o ns

f
mo o n is o n the inCre a se w ill g ro w a a in fa s t but th a t 1 f cu t h b dry
' O
g
b s us an .

w hile it is o n the decre a se the y w ill g r o w s l o w l y o r w a s te

1
P a l l adiu s, D e re ru stica , i 3 4 8 . . . r
B em e k u ng en ub e den M r
o n d im b eu t i
Co mp a e id 6 12 rP n , N a t H ist
. i . . li y . . l ri
g en G au b e n des b e g s ch e n V o k es, l ”

xviii 3 2 1 ,.
“
o m n ia q u a e l a edu n t u r, A m Ur- u el l , q v
( 1 8 94 ) p 1 7 3
. Th e . .

ca rp u n tu r, to n den t u r in n o cen tiu s de r l

u e th a t t h e
g a ft nr i r l
g o f t ees sh o u d b e
crescen te l una q ua m crescen te
fi u nt
”
; xi
do ne a t th e w a ng o f th e mo o n is a d li
Geop on ica , i . 6 . T i v és
8, Bo mudgo vo i
'

li y
do w n by P n ( N a t H ist xvii . . .

my 1
de v ( 590
‘
50773
1 01
’
Tij s a eh ij vns dh h ci
’
a zi a E A t D eu tsch Z ep l in g in T a n s
-
r y lv i
an a ,

v oué v ns (pm chew

-
. i vri
b y a n n e s o n o f th e u su a custo m , l
r q se e d is g ene a r ll y i
so w n a t th e w a n ng
2
J
B an d, P op u l a r A n ti u ities of
.

o f th e m o o n ( A i ri
H e n c h , Ag ra risch e
.

Grea t B rita in ( L o n do n , 1 8 8 2
S itten u n d Gebrau ch e u n ter den S a ch sen
'

iii 1 44 , q u o t ng W erenfe l s, D issert a

. i r
S iehen hu rg en s , H e m a nnsta dt , 1 8 8 0, p .

tio n up o n S up erst ition ( Lo ndo n ,

r l r r
S o m e F en c h p easan ts a so p e fe
p 6
. .

to so w in th e w a ne ( F C h a p isea u , .

A W u ttk e, D er deu tsch e Vol hsa her

3
. F o l h l o re de l a B ea u ce et da P erch e,
-

g l a u he
3
( B e n, 6 5, pp 57rli . ri
P a s, 1 90 2 , i I n th e Ab uz z
. r i
sq . Co m p a e G m m, D eu tsch e r J . ri l i
a so so w ng a nd g a ft ng a re c o mm o n r i ly
I ll y th ol og ie 4 ( B e n , 1 8 7 5 rli ii . do n e w h en th e m o o n is o n th e w a n e ;
59 5 M
o n ta nu s D ie deu tsch e Vol /es , i
t mb e r
th a t is to b e du a b e m u st b e r l
f es te, Vo l hs l irau ch e u n d deu tsch er Vo l /es c u t in anua J ry
du ng th e mo o n s de
’
ri
g l a u he ( I se o h n , p rl
12 8 ; . M . r
c ea se ( G . i
F n a m o e , Creden z e, Usi e r
P ra to riu s , D el icia e P r uss ica e ( B e n , rli Costu m i A bru z z es i, P a e m o , 1 8 90, p lr .

p 1 8 ; O S ch e ,
.
“
E n ge . ll i i 43 )
 1 34 OS I R I S A N D TH E M O ON B OO K 1 11

aw H ence per so n s w h o w i s h th e ir h a ir to g r o w thick

ay ?

a nd l o n h uld cut it in e fir s t h a lf o f the m o o n

?
g s o t h O n

the sa me principle sheep a re sh o r n w he n the mo o n is

w a xin g bec a u se it is s upp o s ed th a t t h e w o o l w ill the n
,

be l o n g e s t a n d m o s t enduri n g S o m e n e g r o e s o f the
?

G a b o o n thi n k th a t t a ro a n d o ther ve g et a ble s n ever thrive

if they a re pl a nted a fter ful l m o o n but th a t the y g r o w fa st ,

a n d s tr o n g if th e y a re pl a nted in the fir s t q u a rt e r The ?

H i g hl a nder s o f S c o tl a n d u sed to expect b e tte r cr o p s o f

’
g r a i n b y s o w in g their s eed in the m o o n s incre a s e O n the ?

o ther h a nd they th o u g ht th a t g a rden ve g et a ble s s uch a s ,

o ni o n s a n d k a il run t o s eed if the y a re s o w n in the incre a se , ,

but th a t they g ro w t o p o t h e rb s if the y a re so w n in -

the w a ne 6
S o Th o m a s Tu ss er a dvi sed the pe a s a nt to
.

so w pe a s a n d be a n s in the w a ne o f the m o o n th a t the y “

w ith the pl a n et m a y re s t a n d a ri s e The Z ulu s w elc o m e

7 ”
.

1 P . S é b il l o t , T ditio n s et S up ersti ra W u ttk e ,

S a ch sische Vol hsh u n de 2 ( D e s r
t io n s de l a H a u te - B retag n e ( P a s, ri den, p 3 6
.
9 ; C S B u ne a n d . . r
ii3 55 ;. L F S au ,
F o l h -l o re . . vé G F . a ck so n, . J
S h rop shire F o l h -l ore
des H a u tes Vosg es ( P a s, ri p .
5 ( L o ndo n ,
p 2 59 Th e ea so n . . r
J r
B a nd, P op u l a r A n ti
. q u it ies o
f i
a ss g ne d in th e te x t w a s
p o b ab th e r ly
Grea t B rita in , 1 50 ; H o l z m a y er, iii . o ri i l
g n a o n e in a l l c a ses, t h o ugh it is
O sil ian a,
”
Verh a n dl u ng en der l y
n o t a w a s th e o n e a eg ed n o w ll .

g el eh rten E s t n ich en Gesel l sch a

fl eu
‘ 3 F
S
‘

K au ss, op cit p
. . r
16 ; . . .

D o rp a t, ( 1 8 72 ) p 47 vii . . . M o ntan u s, l c V a o , R eru m R a st i

. . rr
2 T
rl
h e u e is m ent o n ed by V a o , i rr ca ru m, i
3 7 ( see a b o e , n o te
. How v
R eru m R u st ica ru m, 3 7 (w h e e w e i . r vr
e e , th e O p o s t e
p u e is o b se ed in i r l rv
sh o u d p o b ab l ea d r
n e decrescen te ly r r
th e Upp e V o sg es, w h e e it is t h o u g h t r
”
t o n den s ca l v os fi a m , a n d efe istaec t o r r th a t if th e sh e ep a re sh o n a t th e n e w r
th e fo me r r
m em b e o f th e p ec e d ng r r i m o o n th e q ua nt t o f w o o w b e m uc h iy l ill
sen ten c e ) ; A W uttk e , t e Mon . . . l ess th a n if t h e w e e sh o n in th e y r r
ta nu s, op c it
p 12 8 ; P S é bil l o t,
. . . . i
w an ng o f th e m o o n ( L F S au , . . vé
l c . E . . Mir
e e , D eu tsch e S ag en , S itten B o th l o re des H a u tes Vosg es , p
-
In .

u nd Gebrau ch e a u s S ch w a ben ( S tu t t a t ,
g r th e B o ca g e o f N o m a n d , a so , w o o is r y l l
p 51 1 , 42 1 ; W . A vo n .
J . . li ri
c pp e d du ng th e w a n ng o f th e m o o n i
Te ttau u nd D H Te m m e , D ie J . . . r i
o th e w se m o th s w o u d g e t n to it ( l i J .

Vol hssag en Ostp reu ssen s, L itth a u en s r q

L ecoeu , E s u isses du B ocag e N o rma n d,
u nd Westp reu ssen s ( B e rli n , p . C o ndé - sur-N o ea u , 1 8 8 3 —1 8 8 7 , ir ii .

2 8 3 ; A K u h n, M a rh isch e S ag en
. u nd
4 F a th
e L ej eu ne , r
D a ns l a fo ré t, ”

M circh en ( B e n,
'

p 3 8 6 , 9 2 ; rli . [ Miss ion s Ca th o l i u es, x ( 1 8 9 5) p q xvii . .

L S ch a n dein , in B a v a ria , L a n des u n d

. 2 72 .

V o l hsh u nde des K o n igreich s B ay ern 5

S . J o h nso n , j o u rn e
y to th e Western
( M i
u n ch , 1 8 60 2 , p 4 02 ; iv . . I sl a n ds f
o S cotl a n d ( B a l ti m o r e ,
. . r
F S K a uss, Vo l h sg l a u he u n d rel igi oser P 1 83 .

B ra u ch der S iidsl a i/ en ( M iinste r, W i . .

6 C a m p b e , W itch craft a n d
J . G . ll
p 1 5 ; E K a use ,
“
. A b e . r r S eco n d S igh t in th e H igh l a n ds a n d

g l a u b isch e K u e n u nd so n st g e A b e r i r r I sl a n ds of S co tl a n d, p 3 06 . .

g aubel in B e n,
”
eitsch ri f t f ar rli Z ‘

7 Th o m as Tu sse , F ive H u n dred r

E th n ol ogi e, ( 1 883 ) p 9 1 R xv . . . P o in ts of Good B l u sha n dry , N e w
 OS I R I S A N D TH E M OON B OO K I I I

t o th e
th o u g ht fit a n d n a tura l th a t the o per a ti o n o f cutti n g d o w n
s h o uld be perfo r m ed o n e a rth a t the ti m e w hen the lun a r

o rb w a s s o t o sa
y bei
,
n g cut d o w n in the s k y
, I n F r a nc e .

befo re the Rev o l uti o n the fo re s try l a w s e nj o i ned tha t tree s

s h o uld o n l y be fell e d a fter the m o o n h a d p a ss ed the full ;

a n d in F re n ch bill s a n n o unci n the a le o f ti m ber y o u m ay

g s

s till r e a d a n o tice th a t the w o o d w a s cut in the w a n i n o f

g
the m o o n S o a m o ng the S h a n s o f Bur m a w h e n a h o u se
.
1
,

is t o b e built it is a rule th a t a luck y da y sh o uld be ch o se n ,

“

t o c o m m e n ce the cutti n g o f t h e b a m b o o s T he day m u st .

n o t o n l y be a fo rtun a te o n e fo r the builder but it m u s t a l s o ,

be in the s ec o n d h a lf o f the mo n th w he n t h e m o o n is ,

w a n i ng S h a n s believe th a t if b a m b o o s a re cut d urin g the

.

firs t h a lf o f the m o nth w h e n the m o o n is w a xi n g they do , ,

n o t l a s t w ell a s b o ri n g i n sect s a tt a ck the m a n d the y w ill

,

so o n bec o m e r o tte n Thi s belief is prev a le n t a l l o ver the .

E a st A lik e belief O bt a in s in v a ri o u s p a rt s o f M exic o

2
”
.

N O M exic a n w ill cut ti m ber w hile the m o o n is i n cre a s in g ;

the y say it m u st be cut w hile the m o o n is w a ni ng o r the w o o d
w ill cert a inl y ro t I n C o l o m bi a S o uth A m e ric a pe o ple thi n k
3
.
, ,

th a t c o r n sh o uld o n l y be so w n a nd ti mber fel l e d w hen the

m o o n is o n the w a ne They sa y th a t the w a xi ng mo o n .

dra w s the s ap up thr o u g h t h e trunk a nd bra nche s w here a s ,

the sa p fl o w s d o w n a n d le a ve s the w o o d dry d urin g the

w a ne o f the m o o n But so meti me s the O pp o site rul e is ?

L F . S vé R lh l d H t
. au , r mm d d dd th t th b t im
o - o re es a u es eco en e , a s a e es t e

V g p 5
o s es , ; F C h p i. F l h l f. l l a r d i g t se a u ,iv r l p i i o -
o re o a ,
a c co n o un e sa o n o n,

d l B
e a t d P
ea u ce e h i 9 q w a th i t rl r d y b tw th
erc e, . 2 1 s . as e n e u na a , e e en e

M M rti . D a ri p ti n, f h “
ld d th
e sc w m on wh oth t e O an e ne o o n, en e

W t r I l d f S l d i J
es e n s an s o p l t i i vi i b l t
co t a n h r g h b i
,
”
g i n . a ne s n s e ou e n n

P i k rt iii ti w i th th
’
n eVy g on s d T
o a es l j an ra v e s , . c o n u nc on e sun .

6 3 ; J G C m p b ll Wit h
0 . .
f t d
a J Le r
, E q i c d craB g an
1
. e coeu ,
s u sses u oca e

S d S gh t i
eco n th H ig h l
i d d nN m d iie q an s an or an , . 1 1 s .

I l d
s an f S tl d p s o 3 6 ; G co M an L li M il
, . Sh 0 t II m .
2
rs . es e ne , a ns a o e

A m l fi T di i i d U i
a ,
rall p i z (L d
on e
ps ne a en n on o n, . 1 00 .

l
so a S ti ( P l rm
orren na
p L t t
a er f M r A o, S F M r h ll .
3
e e o . . . . a s a ,

87 ; K d St i
. von U t d d t d H i d
en e n en, L Mr n er Cd en a e a c en a
“
a a o nn a ,
”
.

N t lh
a u rv o Z t l B il i ( B
'

ern P fi i
en ra Di - C h ra s M xi en s d er or r o az , oa .
, e co , 2 n

li n, p 55 9 C m p r F . d O t b r .
9 8 Toh w ri ra e
g iv l . e c o e 1 0 . e te es n

C t l E p é dit i
a s e na u , d l p ti
x on fi r m t r y f h i b li f
a ns es I ar es s ta n c e s co n a o o t s e e .

d S d ( P ri h v t th k Pr f r A C S w rd
’
d l A m iq
’
t
cen ra esl e er ue a u a s, a e o an o e s so . . e a

1 85 1 iii 4 3 8 P li y w h il f C mb ri dg f
. . ki dl y h w i g m
n , e o a e or n s o n e

h e y th t th p ri d fr m h th i l tt r
sa s a e e o o t e s e e .

tw ti th t
en th e t h ir ti th d y o f th e L tt r f M r F r e i S S hl
a o e
4
e e o . anc s . c o ss

l r m th w th
u na on g r ll y t
as m d t d
e sea so n 5 8 N w C v d i h
e ne a o e, a e e a en s
CH AP . v i1 1 OS I R I S A N D TH E M O ON

a d o pted a n d e q u a ll y fo rcible a r g u me n t s a re urg ed in it s

,

defe n ce Thu s w he n the W a b o n de i o f E a stern A fric a a re

.
,

a b o ut t o build a h o u se they t a ke c a re to cut the p o st s fo r ,

it w hen the mo o n is o n the incre a se ; fo r they say th a t

p o s t s cut w hen the m o o n is w a sti ng a w ay w o uld so o n ro t ,

w here as p o s t s cut w hile the m o o n is w a xi n g a re ver y

dur a ble The s a me rul e is O b ser ved fo r the sa m e re a so n in
?

s o m e p a rt s o f Germ a ny
?

But the p a rti sa n s o f the o rdi na ril y received o pi ni o n h a ve Th m e oo n

“
so m etime s s upp o rted it b y a n o ther re a so n w hich i n tr o duce s
2;n2
6
,

u s to the sec o nd o f th o se fa ll a ci o u s a ppe a ra nce s by w hich r f so u c e o

mm m
me n h a ve be e n led t o re g a rd the m o o n a s the c a u s e o f g r o w th
s re'

in pl a nt s F r o m O b s ervi n g ri g htl y th a t de w fa ll s m o s t
.

thickl y o n cl o udle ss ni g ht s they i n ferred w r o n g l y t h a t it ,

w a s c a u sed b y the m o o n a the o ry w hich the p o et A lc m a n ,

expre ssed in m y thic a l fo r m by sa y i ng th a t dew w a s a

d a u g hter o f Zeu s a n d the mo o n 3
H e nce the a n cient s c o n .

cluded th a t the m o o n is the g re a t so urce o f m o i s ture a s the ,

su n is the g re a t so urce o f he a t A n d a s the hu m id p o w er

?

o f the m o o n w a s a ss u m ed t o be g re a ter w hen the pl a n et

w a s w a xi n g th a n w he n it w a s w a n i n g the y th o u g ht th a t ,

ti mber cut duri ng the incre a se o f the lu m in a r y w o uld be

sa tur a ted w ith m o i s ture w here a s ti m ber cut in the w a ne ,

w o uld be c o m p a r a tivel y dry H enc e w e a re t o ld th a t in .

a nti q uit y c a rpe n t e r s w o uld reje c t ti m ber fe lled w hen the

mo o n w a s g r o w i n g o r full bec a u se the y believed th a t s uch ,

ti m ber tee med w ith s a p ; a n d in th e V o sg e s a t the pre sent 5

da y pe o ple a lle g e th a t w o o d cut a t the n e w m o o n d o e s n o t

dry
6
We h a ve seen th a t the s a m e re a so n is a ss i g ned fo r
.

the sa m e pr a ctice in C o l o m bi a 7
I n the H e bride s pe a sa n t s .

r
S t eet , W .
, 1 2 1h M ay 1 91 2 . Mr . l trh Q
3
P u a c ,
u a est . Co n v iv . 1 11 . 10 .

S ch o ss l a dds th a t as a m a tt e r f o 3 ; M r bi S tac o u s, a u rn . 1 6 . S ee
p r ti lac b rv ti ca ti m b rOt se a o n, e , e c .
,
f th r W H R
ur e , . . o sc h e r, Uber S el en e
sh l d l y b f ll d w h th m
ou on e e e en e o on u nd V erw a n dtes ( L e p s i i c, pp .

i w
s i g Th i h b t t d t m
an n . s as ee n s a e o e 4 9 5 99
no t l y by tiv b t l b y E g li h
on na es, u a so n s l rh
4 P u ta c and M r bi l l ; ac o u s, . cc.

mi i g n n
gi r f h i gh r p t w h
en n ee s o e u e, o P li y
n ,N t a . H i t ii s 3.
; . 2 2 ,
xx. 1

h v d w r k i C l mb i A ri t t l hl m t xxiv 4 p
”
a e o ne o n o o a . s o P e, ro e a a, . 1 , .

O B au m a n n , Usa m ha ra u n d sein e
1 .
93 7 B,
3 q s . e d I B k k r ( B rli )
. . e e e n .

N a chha rg ehiete ( B e n , p 1 2 5 rli . .

5M r bi ac o us an d P l t r h ll u a c ,
. cc .

2
M f
o n ta n u s, D ie deu tsch e Vo l hs es te , 6 L . F . S au vé F l / l d H t
, o e- o re es a u es

Vo l leshra u ch e u n d deu tsch er V o l hsg l a u he, Vosg es , p .

5 .

p 12 8
. .
7 Abo v e, p . 1 36 .
 OS I R I S A N D TH E M O ON B OO K 111

g ive the s a me re a so n fo r cutti n

g their pe a t s w hen the m o o n
is o n the w a n e ; fo r th e y O b serv e th a t if the y a re cut in “

the increa se they c o nti n ue s till mo i s t a n d never bur n cle a r, ,

n o r a re the y w ith o ut s m o ke but the c o n tr a ry is d a il y ,

o b se rved o f p ea t s cut in the decre a s e

” 1
.

Th m e o on,T hu s m i s led by a d o uble fa l l a cy pri m itive phil o so ph y

b mg
f

w d
V ie e
c o m e s to
as
vie w the m o o n a s the g re a t c a u s e o f ve g et a ble
h
t e c a u se
g r o w th fir s t bec a u se the ,
pl a net s ee
,
m s it s elf t o r
g w a nd
o ,

3232r 2ll1y2 a nd mo i sture I t is no nder therefo re th a t a ricultur l

1
s ec o nd
3 6
b ec a u se it i s s upp o s ed t o
,
b e t h e s o urce o f de w

na t u a wo .
g a , ,

flfg
p d
E f pe
l

r
o ple s
e
s h o uld a d o re the pl a ne t w hich th ey believe t o

r l influe n ce so pr o fo u n dl y the cro p s o n w hich they depend

c u tu a

p pl
eO eS '
fo r s ub s i stence A cc o rdin g l y w e find th a t in the h o tter .

re g i o n s o f A m eric a w here m a ize is cultiv a ted a nd ma ni o c is ,

the s t a ple fo o d the mo o n w a s rec o g nized a s the pri ncip a l ,

O bj e ct o f w o r s hip a n d pl a nt a ti o n s o f m a n i o c w ere a s s i n e d , g
t o it a s a retur n fo r the s ervice it re n dered in the pro ducti o n
o f t h e cr o p s T he w o r ship o f the m o o n inprefere nce to the
.

su n w a s g ener a l a m o n g the C a rib s a n d perh a p s a l so a m o n

g , , ,

m o s t o f the o ther I n di a n trib e s w h o cultiva ted m a ize in the

tro pic a l fo re st s to the e a st o f the A nde s ; a nd th e sa me
thi n g h a s been o b se rved u n der the s a me ph y s ic a l c o n diti o ns , ,

a mo n g the a b o ri g i nes o f the h o tte st re g i o n o f P eru the ,

n o rth e rn v a lle y s o f Y unc a p a t a Here th e I ndi a n s o f P a c a s .

m ay u a nd th e n ei g hb o urin g v a lle y s revered the m o o n a s

their pri ncip a l divi n ity The h o u se o f the mo o n a t P a c a s .

m a y u w a s t h e chief te m ple o f the di s trict ; a n d the s a m e

s a crifice s o f m a ize flo u r o f w i n e a n d o f childre n w hich w ere -
, ,

O ffered b y the m o unt a i n eer s o f the A n de s t o the S un g o d -

,

w ere o ffered b y the l o w l a nder s t o the M o o n g o d in o rd e r -

t h a t he m i g ht c a u s e th e ir cr o p s t o thrive I n a ncie n t
?

M M r ti 1
D ri pti
. f tha th m
n,
“
C mp r S i E B Ty l r
esc on o e e o on . o a e r . . o ,

W t r I l d es e n f S tl d i
s an P imit i s oC lt (L d co an ,
”
n r ve u u re
2
on o n,

J P i k r t . V y g n d e T lon s i’
3 P y
o a es g g t t
anh t th t m
rav e s , . 1 0 . a n e su es s a e cu s o

iii 6 3 . 0 . f m i g t h m th ft r th p ri i p l o na n e on s a e e nc a

E J P y 2 H i t y f th N w
. . a ne ,t r l p r d t th t ri p
s or o i th m m y e e na u a o uc s a en n e a

W ld l l d Am i or i ( O x f rd h v
ca e tri b t d t
er ca , th . m r lt o , a e co n u e o e sa e esu .

8 9 ) p 4 95 1 I2 h i r m rk . Th
. t m in r t i l y v ry mm
s e a s on e cu s o s ce a n e co on

th rig i f m w r h i p th i l r d m g v g
e o n o o o n- o s I h p s t h w
ea n e a on sa a e s, as
'

o e o s o

d ph il an
p h i l h i t ri h i d
o soi t d l
ca w h r b
s o t w h anth r i
ast h n ca e e se e e, u e e as co n

(p it i o 4 93 .
qq )c t h . t r . t ri b ts d t f
. t r th f e ll y i
ue q t i
c a u se s u e o os e e a ac n u es on

whi h l d p ri m i iv m c t ea tr th m d b tf l
t e an o a ce e se e s ou u .

g r w th f p l o t t t h i fl o f an s T h I od i f B er iln i
ue nc ed t o e n a ns o az are sa o
 C HAP TER IX

TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R SY M P ATH Y

IN the precedin g ch a pter so me evidence w a s a dduced o f the

sy m p a thetic i n flu e n c e w hich the w a xi n w nin m n is
g o r a g o o

p o pul a rl y s upp o sed to exert o n g ro w th e speci a l l y o n the ,

g r o w th o f ve g et a ti o n But the d.o ctri n e o f l u n a r s

y m p a th y
d o e s n o t sto p th e re it is a pplied a l so to the a ffa irs o f ma n ,

a n d v a ri o u s cu s t o m s a n d rule s h a ve bee n deduced fr o m it

w hich a im a t the a meli o r a ti o n a n d even the indefi n ite

exte n si o n o f hu ma n life To illu s tra te thi s a pplic a ti o n o f
.

the p o pul a r the o ry at len g th w o uld be o u t o f pl a ce here but ,

a fe w c a s e s m a y be m enti o ned by w a y o f s peci m en .

The n a tur a l fa ct o n w hich a ll the cu st o m s in q ue sti o n

s ee m t o re s t is the a pp a rent m o nthl i n cre a s e a n d decre s e
y a

o f the m o o n F r o m thi s O b se rv a ti o n me n h a ve inferred th a t

.

a l l thi n g s s imult a n e o u s l y w a x o r w a n e in sy m p a th y w ith it

?

Thu s the M e ntra s o r M a ntra s o f the M a l ay P e n in s ul a h a ve a

tr a diti o n th a t in the be g i n nin g me n did n o t die but g re w
thin w ith the w a nin g o f the m o o n a nd w a xed fa t a s sh e ,

ne a red the full O f the S c o tti s h H i g hl a nder s w e a re t o ld

? “

th a t the m o o n in her incre a se full g ro w th a n d in her

“
, , _

w a ne a re w ith the m the e m ble m s o f a ri s i n g fl o uri shin g , ,

a n d declinin g fo rtu n e A t the l a s t peri o d o f her rev o luti o n

.

they c a reful l y a v o id to en g a g e in a ny bu s ine ss o f i m p o rt a nce

but the fir s t a nd m iddle the y seize w ith a vidit y pre sa g i ng ,

the mo s t a u s pici o u s i ss ue to their u n dert a ki ng s 3

S i m il a rl y
”
.

Th i p ri i p l i l rl y r (Si g p r
d w ll ill t r t d b y J
1 s nc e g i d
s c ea N eco n ze o . 10
p 9 ; n a o e, . 1 0

an e us a e G ri m m W W Sk t. d C O B l gd
. . ea an . . a en ,

D h M h l i ii 4 P R
" h M l P i l
( t
eu sc y t
e g o o 59 4e, .
g y t a y an a ces c e a a en n su a
2 D F A H rv y
. . . Th M t
e e ,
“
(L d e ii 3 37
e n ra on o n, . .

Tr di ti
a
j
o n s, l of
ou rn at h S t it R e J G r
ra ts ( p ri 3 h m i ievt r .f . an a s n s e o

K ir k m i h l ) i Si J h S i l ir
’
B ra nc h f th R y l A i t i S i ty
o e o a s a c oc e , c ae ,
n r o n nc a s

1 40
C HAP . 1x TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y 1 41

in so me
p a rt s o f G e r ma n y it is c o m m o nl y believed th a t
w h a tever is undert a ke n w h e n the m o o n is o n the incre a se
s ucce e d s w ell a n d th a t the full m o o n brin g s ever y thi n g t o
,

perfecti o n w here a s bu s ine ss undert a ken in the w a n e o f the

m o o n is d o o m ed to fa ilure Thi s Ger ma n belief h a s c o m e ?

d o w n a s w e m i g ht h a ve a nticip a ted fr o m b a rb a ric ti m e s ;

, ,

fo r T a citu s tell s u s th a t the Ger m a n s c o n s idered the ne w o r

the full mo o n the mo s t a u spici o u s ti m e fo r bu s ine s s ; a n d 2

C a e sa r i nfo r m s u s th a t the Ger m a n s de s p a ired o f vict o ry if

they j o ined b a ttle befo re the n ew mo o n T he S p a rt a n s ?

see m t o h a v e been o f the s a m e O pini o n fo r it w a s a rule ,

w ith the m never t o m a rch o u t t o w a r except w he n the m o o n

w a s full The rule preve n ted the m fr o m s e n di ng tr o o p s in
.

ti m e to fi g ht the P er s i a n s a t M a r a th o n ? a nd but fo r
A theni a n v a l o ur thi s p a ltr y s uper s titi o n m i g ht h ave tur n ed
the sc a le o f b a ttle a nd deci ded the d es tin y o f Greece if no t ,

o f E ur o pe fo r centurie s,
T he A the n i a ns the m selve s p a id
.

de a r fo r a s i mil a r sc rUp l e : a n eclip se o f the mo o n c o st the m

the l o ss o f a g a ll a n t fleet a n d a r my befo re S y r a cu se a n d ,

pra ctic a ll y se a led the fa te o f A th en s fo r sh e n ever rec o vered ,

fro m the bl o w ?
S o he a vy is the s a crifice w hich s uper s titi o n
dem a nd s o f its v o t a rie s I n thi s re s p e ct the Gree k s w ere .

o n a level w ith the n e g r o e s o f the S ud a n a m o ng w h o m if a , ,

m a rch h a s been decided up o n duri n g the l a s t q u a rt e r o f the

m o o n the d e p a rture is a l w a y s deferred u n til the fir s t da y
,

o f the n e w m o o n N o chief w o uld d a re t o u n dert a k e a n

.

expediti o n a n d le a d o u t h is w a rri o r s befo re the a ppe a r a nce

o f the cre s cent M e rch a nt s a n d priv a te per so n s o b se rve the
.

sa m e rule o n their j o urn e s

y
?
I n li k e m a n n er the M a n di n g o e s

o f S ene a m bi a a re t tte n ti n t the ch n e s o f the

g p y g a a o o a g
m o o n a n d think it ver y u n luck y to be g i n a j o urne y o r a n y
,

o ther w o rk o f c o n s e q ue n ce in the l a s t q u a rt e r
7
.

I t is e s p e ci a ll y the a ppe a r a nc e o f the n e w m o o n w ith ,

S ta t istica l A ccou n t f
o S co tl a n d ( Ed n i a strol og ia , P a usa n as,
2 5 2 8 4 i i . . .

r
b u gh , 1 7 9 1 4 57 xii . .
5 y i
Th u c d des, v ii 50 . .

1
A K u h n u n d W S ch w a tz , N o rd
. . r 6 i i
L e ca p ta n e B ng e , D u N iger i r
deu tsch e S ag en , M a rch en u n d Gebrau ch e
'

au Golf e de Gu in ee ( P a s,
'

ri ii .

i i
( Le ps c , p 4 5 7 , §
.
4 19 . 1 1 6 .

2
i
Ta c tu s, Germa n ia , 1 1 .
7 M u ng o Pa rk ,
Trav el s in th e
r i
_

3 5
Ca esa , D e hel l o Ga l l ico , 50 . . I n terio r D istricts of Af rica ( Lo ndo n ,
4 H
e o do tus,r vi
1 06 ; Luc a n, D e
. i p 0 6
p 4
s .
q,
 TH E D OC TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y B OO K 11 1

Th e pro m i se o f g ro w th a nd i ncre a se w hich is g reeted w ith

its ,

6 1
22235231 2 cer e m o n ie s inte n ded t o
5

,
re n e w a n d i n vi o r a te b
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a t an .

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i d d m a n y c a se s r a th e r m a g ic a l th a n reli g i o u s The I n di a ns o f
n te n e .

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l t m o o n w ith g re a t j o y The y m a ke l o n g s peeche s t o her
.
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°

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invi g o r a te their b o di e s O n the da y w hen the n e w m o o n
?

fir s t a ppe a red it w a s a cu s to m w ith the I ndi a n s o f S a n J u a n

,

C a pi str a no in C a lifo rni a to c a ll t o g ether a l l the y o u n g me n

, ,

fo r the purp o s e o f its celebr a ti o n Correr l a l u na l s h o uted “ ”

.

o n e o f the o l d m e n C o me my b o y s the mo o n the m o o n , , ,

I mm edi a tel y the y o un g men be g a n t o ru n a b o ut in a

di so rderl y fa shi o n a s if the y w er e di str a cted w hile the o l d ,

m e n d a n ced in a circle s a y in g A s the m o o n dieth a n d , , ,

c o meth to life a g a i n so w e a l so h a vin g to die w ill a g a i n ,

l ive 2
A n O l d tr a veller tell s u s th a t a t the a ppe a r a nce o f
.
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eve ry ne w m o o n the ne g r o e s o f the C o ng o cl a pped their

h a nd s a n d cried o u t so m eti m e s fa lli ng o n their knee s S o , ,

m a y I rene w m y life a s th o u a rt ren e w ed But if t h e sk y ”

.

h a ppened to be cl o ud e d they did n o thin g a lle g in g th a t the , ,

pl a net h a d l o st its virtue A so m e w h a t s imil a r cu s t o m

?

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prev a il s a mo ng the O v a m b o O f S o uth We stern A fric a O n -
.

the fir st m o o nli g ht n i g ht o f the ne w m o o n y o u ng a nd O l d , ,

their b o dies s me a red w ith w hite e a rth perh a p s in i m it a ti o n ,

o f the pl a n et s s ilver y l i g ht d a n ce t o the m o o n a n d a ddr e s s

’
,

t o it w i s he s w hich the y fe el s ure w ill b e g r a nted We m a y ?

c o nj e cture th a t a m o ng the se w i she s is a pr a y e r fo r a rene w a l

o f l ife When a M a sa i s ee s the new mo o n he thro w s a
.

t w i g o r s to ne a t it w ith h is left h a nd a n d sa y s Give me , ,

“

1W . y
S m th e a nd F Lo w e , N a rra tiv e
.
3 M e ro l l a , “
Vo y ag e to Co ng o , in
of a j o u rn ey f ro m Lim a t o P a ra J . P i n k e r to n s ’
V oy ag es a n d Tra v el s,

L d x vi
( o n o n, p 2 3 0 . . . 2 73 .

2 F a th e G rB o sca na , “
. Ch inig
c h in ich ,
”
in L if e in Ca l ifo rn ia , by a n 4 H . S ch nz , i
D eu tsch - S iidw est
‘

A merica n [ A R o b nso n ] ( N ew Yo rk ,
. i Af riha l
( O denb u g a nd Le p s c, r i i
pp . 2 98 sq .
p 3 19
. .
 TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y B OO K 111

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.

b a s i n w ith w a ter a nd h o ld it so th a t the o rb o f th e full mo o n

is m irr o red in it The per so n t o be b e n e fited m u s t l o o k
.

s te a dfa stl y a t the m o o n in the b a s i n then shut h is e y e s ,

a n d dri n k the w a t e r a t o ne g ulp D o ct o r s r e c o mm e n d the .

dr a u g ht a s a re m e d y fo r n erv o u s di s o rd e r s a n d p a lpit a ti o n
o f the he a rt S o m e w h a t s i m il a r cu s t o m s pr e v a il a m o n g the
.

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o f K u a r ( S e pte m ber O ct o ber ) pe o ple l a y o u t fo o d o n the -

h o u s e t o p s a nd w hen it h a s a b so rbed the r a y s o f the mo o n

-
,

they di stribute it a mo n g their rel a ti o ns w h o a re s upp o sed to ,

le ng then their life by e a tin g o f the fo o d w hich h a s thu s bee n

s a tur a ted w ith m o o n shi n e P a tient s a re o ft e n m a de t o l o o k .

a t the m o o n reflected in melt e d butter o il o r milk a s a cure , ,

fo r lepr o sy a n d th e like di se a se s
?

Th e N a tur a l l y en o u g h the g eni a l influence o f mo o n sh l n e 1 s

O fte n s upp o s ed t o b e p a rticul a rl y be n efici a l t o childre n ; fo r

m li g h w ill no t the w a xi n g m o o n help the m to w a x in s tren g th a n d

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a

wa l w a
y s lift s up o r pre s e n t s her child t o the fir s t full m o o n

a fter it s birth in o rder th a t it m ay g r o w fa s t a n d t a lk so o n

m oon ?

S o a m o n g the B a g a n d a o f Centr a l A fric a it w a s cu s t o m a r y

fo r e a ch m o ther t o t a ke her child o u t a t the fir s t n e w
m o o n a fter it s birth a n d t o p o int o u t the m o o n t o the ,

i n fa nt ; thi s w a s th o u g ht to m a ke the child g ro w he a lth y

a n d s tr o n g A m o n g t h e Th o n g a o f S o uth A fric a the
?

pre sent a ti o n o f the b a by to the m o o n d o e s n o t t a k e pl a ce

u ntil the m o ther h as re s u med her m o n thl y p e ri o d s w hich ,

u s u a ll y h a ppen s in the third m o n th a fter the b irth Whe n .

the new mo o n a p p ea r s the m o ther t a k es a t o rch o r a ,

bur n in g br a n d fr o m the fire a n d g o e s to t h e a sh he a p behi n d -

the hut S h e is fo ll o w ed b y the g r a nd m o ther c a rry i ng the

.

child A t the a sh he a p the m o ther thr o w s th e bur n i n g

.
-

s tick t o w a rd s the m o o n w hile the g r a n d m o t her t o ss e s the ,

W C r k P p l R l gi
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e, d P ly
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,
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C H AP . 1 x . TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y

b a by into t h e a ir s ay i ng Thi s is y o ur m o o n ! ,
The ,
“ ”

child s q u a ll s a n d r o ll s o ver o n t h e a s h he a p Then the -

.

m o ther s n a tch e s up the i n fa nt a n d n ur se s it ; s o the y g o

h o me ?

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n nfl

n a nt s

pr
,
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fo re s t s o f E a s tern B o livi a lift up their child re n in the h , to t e
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a ir a t n e w m o o n in o rder th a t t h e y m a y g r o w A mo n g m by ?
oon

the A p ina g o s I n di a n s o n the T o c a n ti ns Riv e r in Br a zil the y h G r t e ua

, , a os

F re n ch tr a veller C a s tel n a u w itne s sed a re m a rk a ble d a n ce b y I di f n a ns o

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m o o n li g ht The I n di a n s d a nced in tw o l o ng r a n k s w hich d h
.
an t e

fa ced e a ch o ther the w o m e n o n o ne s id e the m e n o n the I di g f,

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.
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.
,

m o s t p a rt w o r e w hit e o r red s kull c a p s m a de o f m a ize flo u r - -

a n d re s i n Their d a n ci n g w a s ver y m o n o t o no u s a n d c o n
.

s i s ted o f a jer k y m o v e m e n t o f t h e b o d y w hile t h e d a n cer

“

a dv a n ced fir s t o n e l e g a n d the n the o ther Thi s d a n ce th e y .

a cc o m p a n ied w ith a m el a n ch o l y so n
g s triki n
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e
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w ith their w e a p o n s O pp o s ite the m t h e w o m e n n a ked a n d

.
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u n p a i nted s t o o d in a s i n g le ra n k th e ir b o di es b e n t s li g htl y
, ,

fo r w a rd their k n ee s pre ssed t o g ether their a r ms sw i n g i n g in

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, , ,

h a nd s A re ma rk a ble fi g ur e in th e d a n ce w a s a per so n a g e
.

p a i n ted s c a rl e t a l l o ver w h o h e ld in h is h a n d a r a ttle co m ,

p o se d o f a g o urd ful l o f pebble s F r o m ti m e to ti m e h e .

le a ped a cr o ss the g r e a t fire w hich bur n ed bet w e e n the m e n

a n d the w o m e n The n h e w o uld ru n r a pidl y in fr o n t o f the
.

w o m e n s t o ppi n g n o a n d the n befo re o n e o r o ther a n d

w ,

perfo r m i n g a serie s o f s tr a ng e g a m b o l s w hil e h e s h o o k h is ,

r a ttle vi o l e n tl y S o m eti m e s he w o uld s i n k w ith o n e k ne e

.

t o the g r o u n d a n d the n s udde n l y thr o w hi m se lf b a ck w a rd

, .

A lt o g ether t h e a g ilit y a n d endur a n ce w hich h e di s pl a y ed

w er e re m a rk a ble Thi s d a nc e l a s ted fo r h o ur s Whe n a. .

w o m a n w a s tir e d o u t sh e w ithdre w a n d her pl a ce w a s t a ke n ,

b y a n o ther ; but the sa m e m e n d a nc e d t h e m o n o t o n o u s

d a nce a l l n i g ht T o w a rd s m id ni g ht th e m o o n a tt a i n ed the
.

ze n ith a n d fl o o ded the s ce n e w ith her bri g ht r a y s A ch a ng e .

1 H en i A r . J Th e L if e of
u n o d, a
2 ’
A d O rb igny , Voy ag e da n s t A meri
.
’ '

S ou th Af r ica n Tribe ( N euch atel , 1 9 1 2 qu e M e‘ridio n a l e, I

re
iii
Pa t e (Pa s . ri ri
i .
51 . a nd St r asb u rg , p . 2 4 .

PT . IV . V OL . II L
1 46 TH E D O CTR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A THY B OO K 111

no w t o o k pl ace in the d a nce A l o n g li n e o f m e n a nd .

w o m en a dv a n ced t o the fire bet w een the r a n k s o f the

d a n cer s E a ch o f the m held o ne e n d o f a h a m mo ck in
.

w hich l a y a ne w b o rn i n fa n t w h o s e s q u a ll s c o uld be he a rd
-
, .

T he se b a be s w ere n o w to be pre se n ted by their p a re nt s to

the mo o n O n re a chi ng the end o f the line e a ch c o uple
.

sw un g the h a mm o ck a cc o m p a n in
y g the , m o ve m e n t b y a

ch a nt w hich a l l the I n di a n s sa n g in ch o ru s
,
The s o ng .

s ee m ed t o c o n s i s t o f three w o rd s repe a ted o ver a n d o ver ,

a ain S o o n a s hrill v o ice w a s he a rd a n d a hide o u s o l d

g .
,

h a g like a s kelet o n a ppe a red w ith her a r m s r a i sed a b o ve

, ,

her he a d S h e w ent r o und a n d r o und the a sse m bl y sever a l

.

ti me s the n di sa ppe a re d in s ile n ce While sh e w a s pre sent

, .
,

the sc a rlet d a ncer w ith the r a ttle b o u n ded a b o ut m o re

furi o u s l y th a n ever s to ppin g o nl y fo r a mo me n t w hile he
,

p a ss ed i n fr o nt o f the line o f w o m e n H is b o d y w a s c o n .

tr a cted a n d bent t o w a rd s the m a n d de scrib e d a n undul a to ry ,

m o ve me n t like th a t o f a w o r m w rithin g He sh o o k h is .

r a ttle vi o lentl y as if he w o uld fa in kindle in the w o me n the

,

fire w hich bur ned in him self T hen ri s i ng a bruptl y he w o uld .

re s u m e h is w ild c a reer D urin g thi s ti me the l o ud v o ice .

o f a n o r a t o r w a s he a rd fr o m the vill a g e repe a tin g a curi o u s

n a me w ith o ut ce ssa ti o n T hen the s pe a ker a ppro a ched .

‘

sl o w l y ,
c a rry in g o n h is b a ck so me g o r g e o u s bu n che s o f
brilli a nt fe a ther s a n d under h is a rm a s to ne a x e Behi n d .

h im w a lked a y o un g w o m a n be a rin g a n infa nt in a l o o se

g irdle a t her w a i st the child w a s w r a pp e d in a m a t w hich ,

pr o tected it a g a in st the chi ll ni g ht a ir The c o uple p aced .

sl o w l y fo r a m i n ute o r t w o a n d then v a ni s hed w ith o ut ,

s pe a kin g a w o rd A t the sa m e m o ment the curi o u s n a me

.

w hich the o ra t o r h a d s h o uted w a s t a ke n up by the w h o l e

.

a sse m bl y a n d repe a ted b y the m a g a in a nd a ga i n Thi s .

s c e ne in it s tur n l a s ted a l o n ti m e but ce a s ed s udde n l y

g ,

w ith the s etti ng o f the m o o n T he F re nch tr a veller w h o .

w itne ss ed it fe ll a s leep a n d w he n h e a w o k e a l l w a s c a l m
,

o nce m o re : there w a s n o thin g t o rec a ll the infern a l d a nce s o f

t h e n i g ht
?

I n expl a n a ti o n o f the s e d a nce s C a steln a u m erel y o b serve s

F d C t l
1 ’ ’
a
e E p dit i d
a s e nau , l p ti x t le d l A m iq
on d a ns es ar es cen ra es e cr
‘
ue a

S d ( P ri
u a 85 s, ii 3 3 4
1 0 . 1 -
.
 TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y B O OK 111

kin g the a ttenti o ns be st o w ed o n it a t the ne w m o o n

; a nd

m a y be s upp o sed t o refr e s h a n d i n vi g or a te it ther e by ,

refre shi n g a n d i n vi g o r a ti ng the ki n g s life

’
.

The A r me n i a n s a ppe a r to thi n k th a t the m o o n exerci se s

a b a leful i n flu e n ce o n little children To a vert th a t in flu .

ence a mo ther w ill sh o w the m o o n to her child a nd sa y ,

“
Thine u ncle thine uncle F o r the sa me purp o se the
,
.

fa ther a nd mo ther w ill mo u n t to the r o o f o f the h o u se a t

ne w m o o n o n a Wed n e s d a y o r F rid a y T he fa ther the n .

put s the child o n a sh o vel a n d g ive s it to the mo ther s ay i ng , ,

I f it is thi n e t a ke it t o thee But if it is m ine re a r it a n d

,
.
,

ive it m b ac k The m ther then t ke the child ”

g t o e o a s . a n d
t h e s h o vel a n d return s the m t o the fa ther in like m a nner
1
.
,

A s i m il a r o pini o n a s t o the n o xi o u s i n flue n ce o f m o o n s hi n e

o n children w a s a pp a rentl y hel d b y the a n cie n t Greek s fo r
Greek n ur s e s t o o k g re a t c a re n e ver to sh o w their infa nt s to
the m o o n ?
S o m e Br a zili a n I ndi a n s in li k e m a nner g u a rd
b a bie s a g a i ns t the m o o n believin g th a t it w o uld m a ke the m ,

ill I mmedi a t e l y a fter delivery m o ther s w ill hide the mselve s

.

a n d their i n fa nt s in the thicke s t p a rt s O f the fo re s t in o rder

th a t the m o o n li g ht may n o t fa ll o n the m I t w o ul d be ?

e a sy t o unders t a nd w h y the w a nin g mo o n sh o uld be d e e m ed

i njuri o u s to childre n they m i g ht be s upp o sed t o pe a k a nd
pi n e w ith its d w i n dli ng li g ht Thu s in A ng u s it is th o u g ht .

th a t if a child be w e a n ed d urin g the w a n i ng O f the m o o n ,

it w ill dec ay a l l the ti m e th a t the m o o n c o n ti n ue s t o

w a ne But it is le ss e a sy t o see w h y the s a me deleteri o u s
?

influence o n children s h o uld be a scribed to m o o nl i g ht in

g en e ra l .

There a re ma n y o ther w ay s in w hich pe o ple h a ve so u g ht

t o tur n lu n a r s y m p a th y t o pr a ctic a l a cc o unt Cle a rl y the .

i n cre a se o f the mo o n is the ti m e to i n cre a se y o ur g o o d s ,

a n d the decre a se o f the m o o n is the ti m e t o di m i n i sh y o ur

ill s A ctin g o n thi s i ma g i n a ry l a w o f n a ture m a n y per so n s
.

in E uro pe s h o w their mo n ey t o the n e w m o o n o r turn it in

M A b gh i D
1 . m i h e an , er ar en sc e 1 82 3 i 381, . 1 1 86 iii . .

V lh gl
o b ( L ip i
s p 49
au e e s c, . .
4
J J i
a m eso n ,
. D ict io n a ry f th e
o

Pl t r h Q
2 ti C
u a c i i l ,
u aes on es on v v a es, S cott ish L a ng u ag e, N e w E d t o n e d ted ii i
i
v .
3 710 . . . by J Lo ng mu ir a n d D D o na dso n
. . l
J 3B S p ix
. d C F P h. vo n an . . . von ily
( P a s e , 1 8 79 iii 3 00 ( s v . . .

M r ti R i i B il i ( M i h
a u s, e se n ra s en un c ,
CH A P . IX TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y 1 49

their p o cket s a t th a t se a so n in the beli e f th a t the m o ne y ,

w ill g r o w w ith the g r o w th o f the pl a n et s o meti m e s b

y w a y ,

o f a dditi o n a l prec a uti o n the y S pit o n the c o i n a t the s a m e ,

time ?
B o th Chri s ti a n s a n d M o s le ms in S y ri a turn their
“

s ilver m o ne y in their p o cket s a t the n e w m o o n fo r l uck ;

a n d t w o per s o n s m eetin g under the n e w m o o n w ill e a ch

t a ke o u t a s ilver c o i n a nd e mbr a ce s ay i ng M a y y o u be g i n , ,

a nd e nd ; a n d m a y it be a g o o d m o n th to u s ’
Co n .
” 2

v e rse l y the w a ni ng O f the m o o n is the m o s t n a tur a l ti m e t o

g e t rid o f b o dil y a il m e n t s I n Britt an

y the y thi n k th a t .

w a rt s v a ry w ith the ph a s e s o f t h e m o o n g r o w in g a s it w a xe s ,

a n d v a ni shi n g a w a y a s it w a n e s A cc o rdi n g l y the y s a y in

?
,

Ger m a n y th a t if y o u w o uld rid y o ur self o f w a rt s y o u sh o ul d

tre a t the m w he n th e m o o n is o n the decr e a se A nd a
?

Ger m a n cure fo r t o o th a che e a r a ch e he a d a che a n d so fo rth , , , ,

is t o l o o k t o w a rd s the w a n i n g m o o n a n d s a y A s the m o o n “
,

decre a s e s so m ay my p a i ns decr e a se a l so
,
5
H o w e ver .
”
,

so m e Ger m a n s rever s e the rul e Th ey say fo r ex a m ple .

, ,

th a t if y o u a re a fflicted w ith a w e n y o u s h o uld fa ce the ,

w a xi ng m o o n l a y y o ur fin g er o n t h e w e n a n d s a y thric e
, , ,

“
Wh a t I see w a xe s ; w h a t I t o uch let it v a ni sh a w ay ,
.
”

A fter e a ch o f the se t w o se n te n c e s y o u s h o uld cr o ss y o ur s elf

thrice Then g o h o me w ith o ut spe a ki ng to a ny o n e a n d
.
,

repe a t three p a tern o ster s behind the kitchen d o o r The ?

H u z u l s O f the C a rp a thi a n s rec o m m e n d a so m e w h a t s i m il a r ,

a nd n o d o ubt e q u a ll y e ffic a ci o u s cure fo r w a t e rb ra sh T h ey ,

.

sa y th a t a t ne w m o o n the p a tient s h o uld run thrice r o u n d

the h o u se a nd the n say t o the m o o n M o o n m o o n w h e re ,

“
, ,

w a s t th o u ? B e hi n d the m o unt a i n Wh a t h a s t th o u
” “
.

e a te n there ? H o r s e flesh W h y h a s t th o u br o u g ht .
” “

m e n o thi n g ? Bec a u se I fo r g o t M a y the w a te rb ra sh .

1
F P . r B it g a nz e d t h , ( L e d ra p 8 6
z ur eu sc en on o n, . 2 .

My th l g i ( M i h
o o 848
e ii un c P S é bil l t T dit i
,
1 t S p .
3
. o ,
ra ons e u er

2 6 ; P D r h l r S itt B
0 . ec h d s e titi ,
d l H t B
e, t g ra u c( P ri un s on s e a a u e- re a ne a s,

V l h gl
o sb i S hl i
’
au eii ( L i p i
n c ii 3 55
es en , . e s c, . .

3 ; W H d r A K h M hi h S g d 4
1 9 6) p 0 . 1 1 P lh . en e so n , o . u n, ar sc e a en un

l f
o re ot h N th C e t i forE g M a
ern h ( B rli ou n p
es o3 8 7 93 n
'

rc en e n, .
, .

d G F J
l d (L d 8 7 9) p D i g t i g l t R h ph il p h i 5
an on 4 ; C S
o n, 1 , . 1 1 . . e es r e e e o c en oso e

B r u ne an k Sh p h .
( Ch m i t
. ac 7 59 ) p 4 4 7
so n , ro s i re e n z . 1

P lh l
o (L d
ore
p on
57 ; W o n, F P r B t g . d 2 t h .
5 . a nz e ,
ei ra z ur eu sc en

Gr g r F lh l
e o , f t h N o th E-
t f
o re o
o M y th l g i ii e3 orC m p r -
J as o o e, . 02 . o a e .

S tl co d (L
an d p on 5 G
o n, ri mm D t h M y t
. h l g 1 1 .
,
eu sc e o o i e,
4 ii .

C R2
.C d r H th . d I lI
on b 59 6 e , e an oa .
1 50 TH E D O C TR I N E OF L UN A R S YM P A TH Y BOO K 111

fo r g et to bur n me Thu s a cur a tive virtue a ppe a rs to

I ”

be a ttributed by so me p e o ple to the w a ni n g a n d b y o thers

t o the w a xin g m o o n Ther e is perh a p s ju s t a s much o r a s
.
,

l ittle to be sa id fo r the o ne a ttributio n a s fo r the o ther

, .

1 R . F . K i dl ,
a n
“
Z aub ergl au b e b ei den H uz ul en, Gl obu s, l vi
xx .
( 1 8 99)
p . 2 56 .
1 52 TH E KI N G A S OS I R I S B OO K 111

y e a r s is uncert a in but w e c a n h a rdl y d o ubt th a t ,

the p e ri o d
w a s deter m i n ed by a str o n o m ic a l c o n s ider a ti o n s ; A cc o rdi ng
t o o ne Vie w it w a s b a se d o n the o b serva ti o n o f S a tur n s ’
,

peri o d o f rev o l uti o n r o u n d the su n w hich is r o u g hl y spe a ki ng , , ,

thirty y e a r s o r m o re e x a ctl y t w enty n i n e y e a r s a n d o ne

, , ,
-

hundred a n d seve n ty fo ur d ay s A cc o rdin g t o a n o th e r -

?

vie w the thirty y ea r s peri o d h a d r e fere n ce t o S iriu s t h e

,
’
,

st a r o f I s i s We h a ve s ee n th a t o n a cc o u n t o f the v a g ue
.

ch a r a cter o f the o l d E g y pti a n y e a r t h e heli a c a l ri si ng o f

S iriu s s hifted its pl a ce g r a du a ll y thr o u g h every m o nth o f
the c a le n d a r I n o n e hu n dred a n d t w e n t y y e a r s the s t a r
?

thu s p a ssed thr o u g h o n e w h o le mo nth o f thirty d a y s TO .

s pe a k m o re preci s el y it r o s e o n the fir s t o f the m o nth durin g

'

the fir st fo ur y e a rs o f the p e ri o d : it r o se o n the sec o nd o f

the m o nth in the sec o n d fo ur y e a r s o n the third o f th e ,

m o nth in the third fo u r y e a rs ; a n d so o n succe s

s iv e l y till in the l a st fo ur y e a r s o f the hu n dred a nd
,

t w e n ty y e a r s it ro s e o n the l a s t da y o f th e m o nth A s th e .

E g y pti a n s w a tched the a n nu a l s u m m er ri s i ng o f the st a r w ith

a tte n ti o n a n d a s so ci a ted it w ith the m o s t p o pul a r o f their

g o dd e ss e s it w o uld be n a tur a l th a t it s p a ssa g e fr o m o ne

,

m o nth t o a n o ther a t i nterv a l s o f o n e hu n dred a n d t w e n ty

,

y e a r s s h o uld,
be the o cc a s i o n o f a g re a t fe s tiv a l a n d th a t ,

the l o n g peri o d o f o ne hu n dred a n d t w e n ty y e a r s sh o uld be

divided i nt o fo ur m in o r peri o d s o f thirty y e a r s re sp e ctive l y ,

e a ch cel e bra ted by a m i n o r fe s tiv a l I f thi s the o ry o f t h e

?

S e d fe s tiv a l s is c o rrect w e s h o uld exp e ct t o fi n d th a t every ,

fo urth c e lebr a ti o n w a s d i s ti ng ui s hed fr o m the re s t b y a

hi g her de g r e e o f so le m n ity s i n ce it m a rk e d the c o m pl e ti o n ,
’
o f a t w e lfth p a rt o f the s t a r s j o urne y thr o u g h the t w elv e

x
te t is l o s t, th e dem o t i v ri
c e s on of th e Ch ro n o l og i e ( B e n, pp 4 3 sq rli . .

wo rd s is “
m a ste r of th y r e ea s of th e ( A bh a n dl u ng en der h bn igl A ha dem ie
’

S ed fest iv l a .
”
S ee R . L ep s i u s, o
p . der I Vissen sch af ten v o m j a h re 1 9 07 )
cit pp
. 6 1 s
.
q ; W
1 D it t e nb e rg e r,
. . id , Gesch ich te des A l tertu m s, 2
. 2 i . .

Orien t is Gra eci I n scriptio n es S el ecta e, pp . xix . 1 30 .

N o 90, . ne 2 li
( vo l 1 p A . . . . 1 Th i s w a s L e tro nn e
’
s th eo ry (R
M r vr
.

o e t , op c it 2 60 . H o w e e , th e
. .
L ep s i us, o p cit
p
i r v i l
. . .

k ng s a p p ea to h a e so m et m es c e e
iv l
b rat ed th e fest a a t m u ch sh o te r r
2 S ee ab o v e,
pp . 2 4 sqq .
, 3 4 sq q .

rv l
inte a s, so th a t th e da tes o f its re
3 Th i s w a s in su b s ta n ce th e th eo ry
cu rren ce ly
c a n no t sa fe b e u sed fo r of B i ot (R . L e ps
it is th e i u s, a nd

r l i l r
ch o n o o g ca u
p p o s es S ee E d . . vi e w o f P o fesso W r
F nde s P et e r . M li . r ri
Myre e , N a ch trage z u r agyp t ischen ( R esea rch es in S in a i, pp 1 7 6 .
CH A P . x TH E KI N G A S OS I R I S

m o n th s it a ppe a r s th a t in p o i n t o f fa ct ever y fo urth

. No w
S e d fe s tiv a l w a s m a rked o ff fr o m its fe ll o w s b y the a djective
tep o r chief a n d th a t the s e chief celebra ti o n s fell a s a
“ ” “
,

rule in t h e y e a r s w hen S iriu s r o se o n the firs t o f the m Onth .

l

The se fa ct s c o n fir m the vie w th a t the S e d fe stiv a l w a s cl o sel y

c o n n ected w ith the s ta r S iriu s a n d thr o u g h it w ith I s i s ,
.

H o w ever w e a re here c o n cer n ed r a ther w ith the m e a n in g I

,
i nte nt o n

a n d the rite s o f the fe s tiv a l th a n w ith the re a s o n s fo r h o ldi n g

it o nce every thirty y e a rs The i n tenti o n o f the fe stiv a l y l .

re ne v tle
k mg h f
s ee m s t o h a ve bee n t o pr o cur e fo r the ki n g a n e w le a s e o f
S e‘

life a ren o v a ti o n o f h is divin e energ ie s a rej uvene sce nc e

, ,
.

I n the i n s cripti o n s o f A by d o s w e re a d a fter a n a cc o u n t o f ,

the rite s th e fo ll o w i ng a ddr ess t o the kin g : Th o u d o s t

,

rec o m m e n ce thy re ne wa l th o u a rt g r a nted t o fl o uri s h a g a in ,

like the i n fa nt g o d M o o n th o u d o s t g r o w y o u ng a g a i n a n d , ,

th a t fr o m s e a so n to s ea so n like N u n a t the be g in n in g o f ,

ti me th o u a rt b o rn a g a in in re ne w i ng the S e d fe stiv a l s
, .

A l l life c o m e s t o th y n o stril a n d th o u a rt kin g o f t h e w h o le ,

e a rth fo r ever I n s h o rt o n the s e o cc a s i o n s it a ppe a r s t o

” 2
.
,

h a ve bee n s upp o s ed th a t the ki ng w a s in a m a n ner b o rn

a g a in .

But h o w w a s the n e w birth effected ? A pp a re ntl y the Th ki g e n

e ssenc e O f the rite s c o n s i sted in ide ntify in g the ki ng w ith

O s iri s ; fo r j u s t a s O s iri s h a d died a n d ri s en a g a in fr o m the d d O iri
‘
ea s s

de a d so the ki ng m i g ht be th o u g ht t o die a nd to liv e a g a i n

,

w ith t h e g o d w h o m h e per so n a ted The c e re m o ny w o uld -

.

thu s be fo r the ki n g a de a th a s w ell a s a rebirth A cc o rd .

ing l y in picture s o f th e S e d fe s tiv a l o n the m o n u m e n t s w e

se e the ki n p o s i n g a s the de a d O s iri s He it in a s hri n e
g s s .

like a g o d h o ldi n g in h is h a n d s the cr o o k a n d fl a il o f

,

O s iri s : h e is w r a pp e d in ti g ht b a n d a g e s like th e m u mm ified

O s iri s i n deed there is n o thi n g but h is n a m e t o pr o ve th a t ,

he is n o t O s iris hi mself T hi s e nthr o ne ment o f the ki ng in .

the a ttitude o f the d e a d g o d see ms to h a ve bee n the pri ncip a l

’
eve nt o f th e fe stiv a l F urther the q uee n a n d the ki n g s
?
,

d a u g hter s fi g ured pr o m i nentl y in the cere mo n ie s A ?

1W M F li d r P tri R
. . h i Si i p n 8 e s e e, esea rc es n na ,
. 1 1 .

i Si i p
n 8
na , . 1 A M r t p0 . it p 4 Mi 4
. o e ,
o . c . . 2 0 ss
2
A M r t D M A M rr y Th O i i t A by d ‘
. t ol gi e , u ca ra c ere re i eu x . . u a , e s re o n a os ,

d l
e a ro
y t P h iqau e
pp 55 q
'

pp 3 3 q w i th
a ra o n th li p i r t d t
u e, p 2 s . s e s ns e e a .

W M F li d r P tri R
.
. .
,
3
. . h 33 W F
n li d r P
e s t ri p eit p 8
e, 4 esea rc es . n e s e e, o . c . . 1 .
 TH E KI N G A S OS I R I S Bo o x 1 11

di sch a r g e o f a rr o w s fo r med p a rt o f the rite s ; a nd in so me

o
1

s culptur e s a t C a rn a c the q u e e n is p o rtr a y e d s h o o tin g a rr o w s

t o w a rd s the fo ur q u a rt e r s o f the w o rld w hile the ki ng ,

d o e s the sa me w ith rin g s The o lde st illu str a ti o n o f the ?

fe s tiv a l is o n the m a ce o f N a r mer w hich is bel ieved to d a te ,

fr o m 5500 B C H e re w e see the ki ng se a ted a s O siri s in a

. .

s hri n e a t the t o p o f n i n e s t e p s Bes ide the shrine s t a nd fa n .

be a rer s a nd in fro nt o f it is a fi g ure in a p a l a n q ui n w hich

, , ,

a cc o rdi n g t o a n in s cripti o n in a n o ther repre s ent a ti o n o f the

s cene a ppe a r s
, t o be the r o y a l child A n e n cl o s ure o f .

curt a i ns hun g o n p o le s s urr o und s the d a nci ng g ro u n d w here -

,

thre e m e n a re perfo r m in g a sa cred d a nce A pr o ce ssi o n o f .

s t a n d a rd s is depicted be s ide the encl o s ure ; it is he a ded b

y
the st a nd a rd o f the j a c k a l g o d Up u a t the O pener o f w a y s - -
,
“

fo r the de a d S i m il a rl y o n a se a l o f K in g Zer o r r a ther

?
,

K he u t o ne o f the e a rl y ki ng s o f the firs t d y n a sty the

, ,

m o n a rch a ppe a r s a s O s iri s w ith the s t a nd a rd o f the j a ck a l

g o d bef o re h im I n fr o n t O f h im t o o is the o s trich
. fe a ther , ,

o n w hich t h e de a d ki n g w a s s upp o s ed t o a sc e nd i n t o he a ven .

Here then the kin g identi fied w ith O siri s k in g o f the de a d

, , , , ,

h a s b e fo re h im the j a c k a l g o d w h o le a d s the d e a d a n d the -

, ,

o s trich fe a ther w hich sy m b o lize s h is recepti o n int o the s k y

” 4
.
,

T here a re e ve n g r o u n d s fo r thin k i ng th a t in o rder to c o mplete

the m i m ic de a th o f the ki n g a t the S e d fe stiv a l a n e ffi g y o f
h im cl a d in the c o stu m e o f O s iri s w a s so le m n l y buried in a
, ,

cen o t a ph ?

A cc o rdi n g t o P r o fe sso r F li n der s P etrie the c o nclu si o n ,

“

m a y be dr a w n thu s I n the sa v a g e a g e o f pr e hi s t o ric .

ti m e s the E g y pti a n s like m a n y o ther A fric a n a nd I ndi a n

&

, ,

pe o ple s killed their prie st ki ng a t s t a ted interv a l s in o rder

,
-
,

th a t the rul e r s h o uld w ith u n 1 m p a ired life a n d he a lth be , ,

e n a bled t o m a i n t a i n the kin d o m in its hi g he s t c o n diti o n

g .

The r o y a l d a u g hter s w ere pre se n t in o rder th a t they m i g ht

be m a rried to h is s ucce ss o r T he j a ck a l g o d w ent befo re .
-

1 M r t p it p
A . o e , o . c . . 2 42 . see a b o p v e, . 2 0 ,
n ote
1
.

M i M A M rr y
2
ss . u a ,
o
p . cit. , s lip 5
J Ca p a rt,’
.
“
B u et n c t q u e des ll i ri i
r li i
.

i rt d t p 3 3
nse e a . .
’
e g o ns de l Egy p te ,
” ’
R ev u e de t H is
W M F li d r P tri
3 . . n e s e e, R esea rch es to ire des R el igio n s, ( 1 906 ) pp liii . .

i Si i p
n na 83 , . 1 .
3 3 3 34
2 - I h a e t
.o th a n k P o fessov r r
W M F li d r P tri
4
. . n e s e e, l A s to
. c . W . M li
F nde s P e t e fo r ca ng my
. r ri lli
th k i g m ( Kh t i i i
’
e n s na e eu nstea d o f Z er) a ttent o n to th s p assa g e .
 1 56 TH E KI N G A S OS I R I S B OO K 111

’
pre ssi o n he rene w ed h is birth s A nd in te sti mo ny o f the
,
‘
.

due perfo r m a nce o f the rite s the kin g g irt h is l o in s w ith the
t a il a c o m pe n di o u s repre se n t a tive o f the skin o f the s a crificed
,
’
be a st w hence the n a me o f the fe s tiv a l o f the t a il
,
‘
.

H o w a re w e t o expl a i n the rule th a t a t a cert a in p o int

o f h is rei g n ever y P h a r a o h m u s t u n der g o thi s ritu a l de a th

fo ll o w ed by fictiti o u s rebirth ? I s it s i m pl y a rene w a l o f the

initi a ti o n i n t o the O s iri a n my sterie s ? o r d o e s the fe stiv a l
pre se n t so me mo re s peci a l fe a ture s ? T he ill de fi ned p a rt -

p l a y ed by the ro y a l children in the se rite s see m s to me to

i n dic a t e th a t the S e d fe s tiv a l repre sent s o ther epi so de s w hich
refer t o th e tr a n sm i ssi o n o f the re g a l o ffice A t th e d a w n .
°

o f civiliz a ti o n in E g y pt the pe o ple w ere perh a p s fa m ili a r

w ith the a ltern a tive e ither o f putti n g their kin g t o de a th in

h is full vi g o ur in o rder th a t h is p o w er sh o uld be tr a n s
m itt e d i n t a ct t o h is s ucce sso r o r o f a tt e m ptin g t o rej uven a te
h im a n d t o r e ne w h is life T he l a tter m e a sure w a s a n
‘
.

inventi o n o f the P h ar a o h s H o w c o uld it be c a rried o u t .

m o re effectivel y th a n b y identify i n g them s elve s w ith O s iri s ,

by a ppl y in g to the m selve s the pr o ce ss o f re s urrecti o n the ,

fu n er al rite s b y w hich I s i s a cc o rdi ng to the pri e st s h a d , ,

m a g ic a ll y sa ved her hu sb a nd fr o m de a th ? P erh a p s the

fictiti o u s de a th o f the ki n g m ay be re g a rded a s a m iti g a ti o n
o f the pri m itive m urder o f the divine ki n tr n iti n fr om
g a a s o ,

a b a rb a r o u s re a lit y to s y m b o li s m
” 1
.

1 A . M r o et , My steres Egy ptien s r r i r

b o th e o r s ste o f th e n ew -b o n ch d r il .

(Pari s,
pp 8 7 1 90 Fo r a . 1 -
. S ee C G S e gman n a n d
. li a ga et A Mr r .

d t il
e a e d a c c o u n t O f th e Eg p t a n e v i y i M rr y
u a , N o te upo n an ea rl y
denc e, m o nu m e n ta a nd insc pt o n a , l ri i l y i r
E g p t a n sta nda d, M a n , x i ( 1 9 1 1 )
”
.

o n w h ch i M M r
o et b a ses h is . vi
ew o f pp 1 6
.
5
-
1 7 1 T h i
e
. o bj ec t w h c h t h es e
’
i
t h e k ng s eb th b y de p u t f o m th er ir y r ri r k
w te s ta e to r r e p ese n t a h u ma n
i
h de o f a sac fi ced a n m a , see pp 1 6 ri i l . l i r r M l
p ace nta is nte p e ted b y A exa nd e . r
sqq , 7 2 s q.
q o f th e sa me w o k . r Co m . M r o et as li th e k eness o f a h u ma n
p a e r h is a t c e,
“
D uri lsac fi c e ri en em b ry o . li
A s to th e b e ef th a t th e
y ” ’
E g p te , R ev u e de l H isto ire des R el i r ir i r r
a fte b th is a t w n b o th e o r s ste i r
g i o n s , ( 1 9lvii
0 8 ) pp .
9 3 qq
s I n su p . . i v i
o f th e nfa n t, se e a b o e, v o l p 93 , . . .

p r
o t o f th e e w th a t th vi
e k n g o f Eg p t i y l
a nd b e o w ,
pp 1 6 9 s
q ; .T h e M ag ic .

w as de e med to b e b o n a g a n a t th e S ed r i A rt a n d th e E v o l u tio n of K ing s, i .

iv l
fest a it h a s b een p o nted o u t th a t o n i 8 2 sq q .

l
th ese so em n o cca s o ns, a s w e ea n i l r r
P o fesso rJ
H B ea sted th n k s th a t
. . r i
r
f o m t h e m o num ents, th e e w as ca ed r rri th e S ed fest a is p o b a biv l “
r
th e o dest ly l
r
b e fo e th e k ng o n a p o e a n o bj ec t i l r li i
e g o u s feast o f w h ch a ny t a ce h as i r
sh a ed
p k e a p a li
c e n t a ,
a p a t o f th e l r r rv
b een p ese ed in Eg p t
”
h e adm ts y i
h u m a n b o d w h ch m a n y sa ag e o r i y v th a t o n th ese O c cas o ns
“
th e k ng i i
r r
b a b a o u s p eo p es eg a d a s th e tw n l r r i a ssu m ed th e c o stu m e a n d ns gn a o f i i i
CH AP . x TH E KI N G A S OS I R I S

Whether thi s i n terpret a ti o n o f the S e d fe stiv a l be O iri s s

a ccepted 1 n a l l it s det a il s o r n o t o n e thi n g s ee m s q uit e a te d

Egigz
r
,

cert a i n : o n th e se so le m n o cc asi o n s the g o d O siri s w a s per ki g f n o

Egy p
so na te d b y the kin g o f E g y pt hi m s el f Th a t is the p o int t
.

w ith w hich w e a re here chiefl y c o ncer n ed .

iri
O s s, a nd u ndo ub ted ly i r
m p e so na ted iv l
fest a is a s y et O b scu e r . S ee J H
. .

h im ,
”
a nd fu th e r r
th a t “
o n e o f th e r
B ea ste d, D evel op m en t of R el igi o n a n d
r i
c e e mo n e s o f i y
th s fe as t s m b o z e d li Th oug h t in A n cien t Egy p t ( Lo ndo n,
th e r
esu rr i
ec t o n o f O s s iri
”
; bu t b e p .
39 .

i r i i
co ns de s th a t th e s g n fi ca n ce o f th e
 C HAP TER XI

TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S

H o w did T H US fa r w e h a ve di scu ssed th e ch a ra cter o f O s iri s a s he is

th e c o m e ?
it f
on o
pre s ented t o u s in the a rt a n d l iter a ture o f E y pt a n d in t h e
“

g
O iri
s te s ti mo nie s o f Gr e ek writers ; a n d w e h a ve fo u n d th a t j ud g ed
s as a

s ml l ig mai nm
g “ f
o

v g ti
e
O

e ta
b yon
the s e i n dic a ti o n s he w a i
g o d o f v e g et atig n

d f h a n d o f the
t e B ut w e h a ve s till t o a s k h o w did t h e c o n
w
an o
.
,

s ig “ n ,
ce p t io n o f s uch a c o m p o s ite deit y o ri g in a te ? D id it a ri se

s i m pl y thr o u g h o b serv a ti o n o f the g re a t a nn u a l fluctu a ti o n s

o f the s e a s o n s a n d a de s ire t o expl a i n the m ? W a s it a

r e s ult o f bro o din g o ver the m y s tery o f exter n a l n a ture ?
W a s it the a tte m pt o f a rude phil o so ph y to lift th e veil a n d \
e xpl o re the hidde n s prin g s th a t se t the v a s t m a chine in

m o ti o n ? Th a t m a n a t a v e ry e a rl y s t a g e o f h is l o n g hi s t o ry
m edit a ted o n the s e thi n g s a n d ev o lved c e rt a i n crude the o rie s
w hich p a rti a ll y s a ti s fied h is cr a vin g a fter kn o w l e d g e is
cert a i n fr o m s uch m edita ti o n s o f B a by l o n i a n a n d P hry g i a n
s a g e s a ppe a r t o h a ve s pru n g the p a thetic fi g ure s o f A d o ni s

a n d A tti s ; a n d fr o m s uch m edit a ti o n s o f E g y pti a n s a g e s

m a y h a ve s pr ung the tr a g ic fi g ure o f O s iri s .

W h il e Y e t a br o a d di stincti o n s ee m s t o sev e r the m y th a n d

’
fiifi ifi
d
w o r s hip o f O s iri s fr o m the ki n dred m y th s a n d w o r s hip s o f
r

su b r di
o A d o ni s a n d A tti s
n F o r w hil e A d o ni s a nd A tti s w ere m i n o r
fi g re
.

a te

in t h ir e
divinitie
u s
s in the reli g i o n o f We s ter n A s i a c o m pl e tel y o ver
,

i s h a d o w e d b y the g r e a t e r deitie s o f their re s pective p a n th e o n s

et v e

g
re 8p ,
l
the so l emn fi g ure o f O s iri s t o w ered in so lit a ry g r a ndeur o v e r
a l l the w elter o f Eg y pti a n g o d s like a p y r a m id o f h is n a tive
111 5 1 5 3 1 51

3m 5
5 ,
an os

l r l a nd l l t up b y the l a s t r a y s o f the se t t l ng s u n w he n a l l
o

o
p p u a

ays: sented A d o n i s a nd A tti s a s s i m ple sw a in s m ere herd smen

bel o w it is in s h a d o w A n d w h e re a s le g end g e n e r a ll y re p re
d
.

1 58
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S BOO K I I I

i divid l C o nfuci a n i sm w ith Chri s ti a n ity a n d w ith M o h a mm ed a n i s m

n ua , ,

gr m
a n d thu s it m a y w ell h a ve be e n w ith the reli i o n o f O s iri s
eat en .

g .

Cert a i n l y w e sh a l l do le ss vi o le nce to the evidence if w e

a cc e pt the u n a n i m ou s tr a diti o n o f a n cient E g y pt o n thi s
p o i n t th a n if w e re so lve the fi g ure o f O siri s i n t o a my th pure
a n d s i m ple A n d w he n w e c o n s ider th a t fr o m the e a rl i e st
.

t o the l a te s t ti m e s E g y pti a n ki n g s w ere w o r s hipped a s g o d s

b o th in life a nd in d e a th there a ppe a r s to b e n o thi ng ex ,

t ra v a g a n t o r i m pr o b a ble in the vie w th a t o n e o f the m b y h is

per so n a l q u a litie s excited a l a r g er m e a sure o f devo ti o n th a n
u s u a l duri n g h is life a nd w a s re me m b er e d w ith fo nder a ffe c
ti o n a n d deeper r e vere n ce a fter h is de a th ; till in ti m e h is
f

bel o ved m e mo r y di m m e d t ra n sfi g u red a n d encircled w ith a , , ,

h a l o o f g l o r y b y the m i st s o f ti me g re w i n t o the d o m i na nt ,

reli g i o n o f h is pe o ple A t le a s t thi s the o ry is re a so n a bl e .

e n o u g h to de serve a s eri o u s c o ns ider a ti o n I f w e a ccept it .

,

w e m a y s upp o se th a t the m y thic a l el e m ent s w hich l e g e n d ,

und o ubt e dl y a s cribed to O s iri s w e re l a ter a ccr e ti o ns w hich ,

g a thered a b o ut h is m e m o r y li k e iv y a b o ut a rui n Ther e i s .

n o i m pr o b a bilit y in s uch a s upp o s iti o n o n the c o ntr a r

y a l l ,

a n a l o g y is in it s fa v o ur fo r n o thi n g is m o re cert a i n t h a n ,

th a t my tt m ik e x zee de umi The g r ea t his t o ric a l

of th e p a s};
Th e I n rece n t y e a r s the hi s t o ric a l r e a lit y o f O siri s a s a ki n g
hi ri l s to ca
w h o o n ce lived a n d rei g n e d in E g y pt h a s b e en m a i n t a i n ed
r li y f
ea t o

O iri b y m o re th a n o n e l ea r n e d sch o l a r ; a n d w ith o ut v e n turi n

1
s s as an
g
t o pr o n o unce a decided O pi n i o n o n so o b s cure a n d di fficult a
gigg ig?
( n

b e su
p q ue s ti o n I thi n k it w o rth w hile fo ll o w i ng t h e ex a m ple o f
, ,

535324? D r W a lli s B ud g e t o i n dic a t e c e rt a i n m o d e r n A fric a n a n a l o

.
,

Afri ie
ca w hich te n d t o c o n fir m the vi ew th at be n e a th the
} g s
lg
a na o
thic l r ppin s o f s iri s th e re l a th e m u m m o f a
1e s
my O
.

a w a g y y
de a d m a n ev e n t s the a n a l o g ie s w hich I s h a ll cit e
. At all
s u ffice t o pr o ve th a t the cu s t o m o f w o r s hippi ng de a d kin g s

h a s n o t bee n c o n fi n ed t o E g y pt but h a s b ee n app a re n tl y ,

w ide s pr e a d thr o u g h o ut A fric a th o u g h the e vide n c e n o w a t ,

o u r di sp o sa l o n l y e n a ble s u s t o detect the o b serv a nce o f t h e

1 I t i m i t i d b y th di
s v r r l b r t tr ti Oi i d th Egyp
a n a ne e sco e e e a o a e ea se s r s an e

Of th t mb
e f O iri
o Ab yd tio R s ti s i w h i h th
at th r o s, an esu rrec on , n c e au o

M i r E A m él i
o n s eu i h i w rk
.
p y m h t t
nea u , t i t n l g i dr
s w o a s uc a en on o a na o es a n

d O i i ( P ri fr m th r li g i fm d r
’
L T mb
e o ea u 8 99 ) d s r s a d t m
s, I an o e e o n an cus o so o e n

by D E A W lli
r. . B dg i .hi A fri t ri b
a s u e n s c an es.
 C H AP . xl TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S

cu st o m a t a fe w p o i nt s o f the g r e a t c o nti n e n t But even if .

the r e se m bl a nce in thi s re s pect bet w ee n a n ci e n t E g y pt a n d

m o d e rn A fric a s h o uld be r e g a rded a s e s t a b li s h e d it w o uld ,

n o t j u stify u s in i n ferri n g a n eth n ic a l a ffi n it y b et w ee n the

fa ir o r rudd y E g y pti a n s a n d t h e b l a ck a b o ri g in a l r a ce s ,

w h o o ccup y a l m o s t the w h o le O f A fric a e cept a c o m x

a ra t iv e l y n a rr o w fri n e o n the n o rther n se a b o a rd S ch l r

p g o a s -
.

a re s till divid e d o n the q ue s ti o n o f the o ri g in a l h o m e a n d

ra ci a l r e l a ti o nship o f the a ncie nt E g y pti a ns I t h a s b een

“

held o n the o n e h a nd th a t th ey bel o n g to a n i ndi g en

o u s w hit e r a ce w hich h a s bee n a l w a y s in p o sse s s i o n o f the

M e diterr a n e a n c o a s t s o f A fric a ; a n d o n the o ther h a n d

it h a s b ee n s upp o sed th a t the y a re a k i n to the S e m ite s
in bl o o d a s w el l a s in l a n g u a g e a n d th a t the y e n tered ,

A fric a fr o m the E a s t w hether b y g ra du a l i n filtr a ti o n o r ,

on a s udden w a ve o f c o n q ue s t l i k e t h e A r a b s in the
decli ne o f the R o m a n e m pire O n either Vie w a g re a t g ulf
?

divided the m fr o m t h e sw a rth y n a tive s o f the S ud a n w ith ,

w h o m the y w er e a l w a y s in c o n t a ct o n their so uther n b o rder

a n d th o u h a cert a i n a d m ixture m a h a ve t a ke n pl a ce
g y
thr o u g h m a rri a g e bet w een the tw o r a ce s it se e m s u nsa fe t o ,

a s s u m e th a t the reli i o u s a n d p o litic a l re s e m bl a n ce s w hich

g
c a n b e tr a ced bet w e e n the m a re b a sed o n a n cl o s er re l a
y
t io n sh ip th a n the g ener a l s i m il a rity in s tructure a n d functi o n s
o f the hu m a n m i n d .

I n a fo r me r p a rt o f thi s w o rk w e sa w th a t t h e S hil l uk s Th
‘

,
e

m“
a p ast o r a l a nd p a rti a l l y a g ricultur a l p e o ple O f the White d d ki g 1 f 5

ea
? O

n s

N il e w o r ship th e s pirit s o f th e ir de a d ki n g s The g ra v e s w r h i pp d ?

m
o s e
,

o f t h e dece a se d m o n a rch s fo r m i n de e d the n a ti o n a l o r trib a l

ga “
e

1 G r Hi t i
. M i
as
pe o, s o re a n c en n e i
s nce p ub li hit w
s th f
ed
u e d e ta s i ll r il .

iq i 43 li
’
d P es p l d l O i t Cl
eu es e r en a ss u e, . S ee C G
. S e g ma nn , Th e Cu l t of
.

qq ; J H B r
’
s . t d H i t y f th
. . ea s e ,
s or o e N y a ha ng a n d th e D iv in e A ing s of th e
A i t E gyp t i
n c en
pp 9 q Ed a n s, . 2 s . . S h il l u h ( Kh a to u m , 1 9 1 r pp 2 1 6 -2
3 2 .

M y r G h i ht d A lt t m i
e e , esc c e es er u s,
2
. 2 . r ri r
( e p n t f o m F ou rt h R ep ort of th e
pp 4 .
qq Th 1 sffi i ty f th Eg y p t i
. e a n o e an Wel l come Trop ica l R esea rch L abora
l g g t th S m i ti f m il y f
an ua e o e e c a o to ries , Gordo n M emo r ia l Co l l eg e, K h a r
sp h
eec m w t b se edm i tt d v s no o e a e e en to u m ) ; \ V H o fmay r,
.
“
R e g o n der li i
b y h i t ri wh m i t i
s o th A fri
a ns o a n a n e ca n S ch il l u k , A n th rop o s , ( 1 9 1 1 ) pp vi . .

o rig i f h Egy pti

n O t e a ns .
- i ri
1 2 0 1 3 1 ; D e d ch W e st e m a nn Th e r ,

S h il l i i h P eop l e , th eir La ng u ag e a n d R o th
Th e D y ing God, p p 1 7 sqq
2
Th e . . rli
l o re ( B e n, p efa c e da te d r pp .

r i
info m a t o n th e e g en w as nd su p r iv ki l y xxxix .sqq I n w h a t fo o w s I h a e
. ll v
li ’

p e d b y D r C G S e g m a nn , w h o h a s
. . . li r
d a w n o n a l l th e se a u th o t es ri i .

PT . IV . V OL . II M
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S soon in

of th e te m pl e s ; a n d a s e a ch ki ng is interred a t the vil l a g e w here

he w a s b o rn a nd w here h is a fterbirth is buried the se g r a ve ,

s hri n e s a re s c a ttered o ver the c o u n tr y E a ch o f the m

.

u su a ll y c o m pri se s a s m a ll g ro up o f r o und hut s re se mbli ng ,

the c o m m o n h o u se s o f the pe o ple the w h o le bein g encl o se d

,

b y a fence ; o ne o f the hut s is built o ver the g r a ve the ,

o ther s a re o ccupied b y the g u a rdi a n s o f the s hrine w h o a t ,

fir st a re g e ne r a ll y the w id o w s o r o l d men serva nt s o f the -

d e ce a sed kin g When the se w o m e n o r ret a iner s d ie the y

.
,

a re s ucceeded in O ffice b y their de scend a nt s fo r the t o m b s,

a re m a int a i n ed in perpetuity so,

th a t the n u mber o f
te mple s a n d o f g o d s is a l w a y s o n the incre a se C a ttle a re .

dedic a ted to the s e r o y a l shrine s a n d a ni m a l s sa crificed a t

the m F o r ex a m ple w hen the m illet cro p thre a ten s to fa il
.
,

o r a m urr a i n b re a k s o u t a m o n g the be a st s o ne O f the d e a d ,

ki ng s w ill a ppe a r t o so m e b o d y in a dre a m a nd de ma nd a

s a crifice The dr e a m is rep o rted t o the kin g a nd he
.
,

i mm edi a tel y o rder s a bull o ck a n d a c o w to be sent to the

g r a ve o f the de a d kin g w h o a ppe a red in a vi s i o n o f the

n i g ht t o the s leeper Thi s is d o ne ; the bull o ck is kil led a n d

.

the c o w a dded to the s a cred herd o f t h e shri n e I t is .

cu st o m a ry a l so th o u g h no t nece ssa ry a t h a rve s t to o ffer

, , ,

s o m e O f the n e w m illet a t the te m ple t o m b s o f the ki ng s ;

-

a n d s ick pe o ple s e n d a ni m a l s t o be s a crificed there o n their

beh a lf S peci a l re g a rd is p a id t o tree s th a t g r o w n e a r

.

t h e g r a ve s o f the kin g s ; a n d the s pirit s o f the dep a rted

m o n a rch s a re believed t o a ppe a r fr o m ti m e t o ti m e in the
fo r m o f cert a in a nim a l s O n e o f them fo r ex a m ple a l w a y s
.
, ,

t a ke s th e sh a pe o f a cert a in in sect w hich seem s t o be the

,

l a rva o f the M a ntida e When a S hilluk fi n d s o ne o f the se

.

i n sect s he w ill t a ke it up in h is h a n d s a nd dep o s it it re v e ren

,

t ia l l y a t the s hri ne O ther ki ng s m a n ife s t the mselve s a s a

.

cert a in s peci e s o f w hite bird s ; o thers a ss u m e the fo r m o f

g ir a ffe s .Whe n o n e o f the s e l o n g le g g ed a n d l o n g necked
- -

cre a ture s c o m e s st a lkin g up fe a rle ss l y to a vill a g e w here

’ ’
there is a ki ng s g ra ve the p e o pl e kn o w th a t the kin g s s o ul
,

is in the a n i m a l a n d the a ttend a nt s a t the r o y a l t o m b te s tify

,

their j o y a t the a ppe a r a nce o f their m aster by sa crificin g a

s he e p o r even a bull o ck .

But o f a l l the de a d ki ng s n o ne is revered so deepl y o r

 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

pl u ma g e a nd butterflie s o f a l l so rt s w ith their brilli a nt a n d

,

v a ried hue s A n u n u s u a ll y fine he a d o f c a ttle is a l s o

.

’
rec o g nized a s the a b o de o f the g re a t ki ng s so ul fo r ex a m pl e
he o nc e a pp e a red in the s h a pe o f a w hit e bull w h e r e up o n ,

the livin g ki n g c o m m a n ded s peci a l sa crific e s to be o ffere d in

h o n o ur O f h is deified predece sso r Whe n a bird in w hich the .

r o y a l spirit is k no w n t o be l o d g ed li g ht s o n a tree th a t tree ,

bec o m e s sa cred to N y a k a n g be a d s a nd cl o th s a re hu ng o n its

b o u g h s sa crifice s a nd pr a y er s a re o ffe red bel o w it O nce w he n
, .

the Turk s un k n o w i ng l y fe lled s uch a tree fe a r a n d h o rro r fel l ,

o n the S hilluk s w h o beheld the s a crile g e They filled the a ir .

w ith l a me n t a ti o n s a n d killed a n o x t o a ppe a s e th e ir in s ult e d

a nce s t o r P a rticul a r re g a rd is a l s o p a id to tree s th a t g r o w
?

n e a r the g r a ve s o f N y a k a n g th o u g h the y a re n o t re g ul a rl y ,

w o r s hipped I n o n e pl a ce t w o g i g a n tic b a o b a b tree s a re

?

p o i n ted o u t a s ma rkin g the sp o t w here N y a k a n g o nce st o o d ,

a n d s a crific e s a re n o w O ffered u n d e r th e ir s pre a di ng s h a de

?

Th d ifi d
e e There see m s t o b e n o d o ubt th a t in s pit e O f the my thic a l
e

Ny k
m
se e
ga
ele
an

s
m
to
e n t s w hich h a ve g a thered r o u n d h is m e m o r y N y a k a ng ,

h v b
a e w a s a re a l m a n w h o led the S hilluk s t o their pre sent h o m e
een
,
a r l m o n the N ile either fr o m the w e s t o r fr o m the so uth fo r o n
ea an .

;
thi s p o int tr a diti o n v a rie s The first a n d m o s t i m p o rt a n t .
“

a nce s t o r w h o is e ver y w here rever e d ,

is N y a k a n g the fir s t , ,

S hill uk k i n g He a l w a y s receive s the h o n o ur a b le title s O f

.

F a ther ( u b) A n ce s t o r ( q ua ) K i n g ( red) o r K i n g s ( ro r)
, , ,

A nc e s t o r s a n d Gre a t M a n A b o v e ( Za l du o ng ma l ) t o di stin
,

ui s h h im fr o m the o ther g r ea t m e n o n e a rth N akan

g y g a s .
,

w e kn o w w a s a n hi s t o ric a l p e r so n a g e ; h e led the S hilluk s

,

to the l a n d w hich the y n o w o ccup y ; he helped the m t o

vict o ry m a de the m g re a t a nd w a rlike r e g ul a t e d m a rri a g e
, ,

a nd l a w di stributed the c o u n try a mo ng the m divided it i nt o

, ,

d i strict s a nd in o rd e r t o i ncre a se the d e p e ndence o f the

,

pe o ple o n h im a n d to s h o w the m h is p o w er bec a m e their ,

g r e a te s t be n e fa ct o r b y g ivi n g hi m self o u t a s the be st o w er

o f ra i n Y e t N y a k a n g is n o w u n iver sa ll y rev e red by

.

the pe o ple a s a d e m i g o d ; i n deed fo r a l l pr a ctic a l pur -

W H fm y 1 R li g i d .S h il o W H fm y p it p a r,
“
5 e on er c
3
. o a r, o . c . . 12 .

l k A th p u vi ( 9 ) pp 3 q ;
,
”
n W H fm y
ro os , p t p.
31 1 1 . 12 s .
4
. o a r, o . ci . . 12 .

C G S li g m .
p it .
p 3 ; eD T h i w ri r ll
a nn ,
p th m o f t h. c . . 2 0 . s te s e s e na e o e

W t rm p it p xliii
es e d ifi d ki g
a nn , N yk
o g
. I h v
c d pt d
. . . e e n as an . a e a o e

C G S li g m li p lli g
’
2
p it pp
.
9 q . D S g m
e a nn , o . c . . 2 2 s . r
. e ann s s e n .
C H AP . x1 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S

p o se s h is w o r s hip
q uite eclip se s th a t o f the s upre m e g o d R l i
J
e at o n Of

u o k the cre a t o r w h o h a vi n g o rdered the w o rld c o mm itted

, , , ,

it to the c a re o f a nce s tr a l spirits a nd de mo n s a n d n o w r r , ,

c ea t o

1 1 11 0 ”
d w elli ng a l o ft c o ncern s hi mself n o further w ith hu ma n a ffa ir s
,
.

Hence m e n p ay l ittle heed to their cre a t o r a nd seld o m t a ke

h is n a m e int o their lip s except in a fe w c o nve n ti o n a l fo r m s o f
s a lut a ti o n a t m eeti ng a n d p a rtin g like o u r G o o d by e F a r ”
-
.

o ther w i se is it w ith N y a k a n g He is the a nce st o r o f the “

.

S hilluk n a ti o n a n d the fo under o f the S hill uk d y n a s t y He .

is w o r s hipped s a crifice s a n d pr a y er s a re o ffered to h im

,
he
m a y b e sa id to be lifted to the r a n k o f a demi g o d th o u g h -
,

the y n ever fo rg e t th a t he h a s b een a re a l m a n He is .

’
expr ess l y de si g na te d a s l ittl e in c o mp a ri so n w ith G o d ‘
.
”

in the p o litic a l reli g i o u s a n d per s o n a l l ife N y a k a n g

J
Y et “
,

t a ke s a far m o re i mp o rt a n t pl a ce th a n uo k N y a k a n g is .

the n a ti o n a l her o o f w h o m e a ch S hilluk feel s pr o ud w h o is

, ,

pr a i sed in in n umera ble p o pul a r so ng s a n d sa y i ng s he is no t

o n l y a s up e ri o r bei n g b ut a l so a m a n H e is the su b l ime
, .

m o del fo r ever y true S hillu k every thi n g they v a lue m o s t in

their n a ti o na l a n d priv a te life h a s its o ri g in in h im : their
ki ng d o m a nd their fi g hti ng a s w ell a s c a ttl e breedin g a n d -

fa r m in g While N y a k a n g is their g o o d fa ther w h o o n l y

J
.
,

d o e s the m g o o d u o k is the g re a t u nc o ntr o ll a ble p o w er

, , ,

w hich is t o be pr o piti a ted in o rder t o a v o id h is in flic t io n s o f ,

evil .
”
I nd ee d
1
the w h o le w o rki ng re li g i o n o f the S hill uk
“

is a cult o f N y a k a n g the se m i divi n e a nce st o r o f their kin g s ,

-
,

in e a ch o f w h o m h is s pirit is i m m a ne n t The tr a n sm i ssi o n ” 2

.

o f the divi n e o r s e m i divi n e s pirit o f N a k a n t the

-
rei nin
y g o g g
’
m o n a rch a ppe a r s t o t a ke pl a c e a t the kin g s i n s t a ll a ti o n a n d
t o be e ffe cted b y m e a n s o f a rude w o o den e ffi g y o f N y a k a n g ,

in w hich the s pirit o f th a t deified m a n is perh a p s s upp o sed

t o be i mm a n ent But h o w ever the s piritu a l tr a n smi ssi o n
.

m a y be c a rried o u t the fu n d a me n t a l ide a o f the cult o f th e

,
“

S hilluk divi n e kin g s is the i m m a ne n ce in e a ch o f the s pirit o f

Ny ak ang Thu s the S hill u k ki ng s a re e ncircled w ith a
.
” 3

1Di d i h W t m e er cTh S h il l h Ny k g
es er dJ k th f r m d p t d
ann , e u a an an ao , e o s a o e

P pleo th i e, L g g d F l hl
e r by Dan C G S lig m
ua e an o ore r . . . e a nn .

( B rli p r f
e n, d t d e ac e
pp xlii C
a e G S li g m Th C lt f .
,
2
. . e an n , e u o

xliii M r W t r m g iv th m
. . es eI Vj h g d th D i i
an n esR i g f
e na t h es /
a an an e v ne n s o e

o f th d m i g d
e d th g d
e N y ik
-
o
g S h il l h ( K h r t m
an e o 9 as
p an u a ou , 1 1 2 2 0 .

d o k r p t iv l y
.

an F th
es k ec C G
e S li gm
. or
p it e
p sa e
3
. e a nn , o . c . .

i f r m i ty I h v l t r d t h m t
.

o f un o
3 a e a e e e o 2 1 .
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OOK 1 11

c e rt a in h a l o O f divinity b ec a u se the y a re tho u g ht to be

a ni m a ted b y the di v i n e s pirit o f their a nce s t o r the fo und e r ,

o f the d y n a s t y .

T h b li f
e e The u n ive r sa l belief o f the S hilluk s in the fo r mer
e

i
n t h
f rm r
o
e

e
hu m a n it
y o f N y a k a n g is s tr o n g l y c o n fir m ed b y the ex a ct
h m u i y p a r a lleli s m w hich prev a il s bet w een h is w o r ship a n d th a t o f
an t
f Ny k g the de a d ki n s h is s ucce ss o r s
o

i
s co n
a an
g Like the m he is w o r s hipped .

fir m d b y a t h is t o m b ; but unlike the m he h a s n o t o ne t o mb

e

h l gy
t e a na o
o nl y but t e n s c a ttered o ver the c o untr y E a ch o f the se
f hi
.
o s ,

w r h ip t o m b s is c a lled the g r a ve o f Ny a k a n g th o u g h the pe o ple ”

o s to
,
h
t at o f h t e
d d ea
w ell k n o w th a t n o b o d y is buried there Li k e the g ra ve .

S h ill k u
s hri n e s o f the o ther kin s th o s e o f N a k a n c n i st o f a
ki gn s.
g y g o s ,

s m a l l g r o up o f circul a r hut s o f the o rdin a r y p a ttern encl o sed

by a fence O nl y children u n der pubert y a nd the fe w o l d

.

pe o ple w h o se duty it is to t a ke c a re o f the shri ne s m ay

enter the se sa cre d encl o s ure s The rite s perfo r m ed a t th e m .

re se m ble th o se O b served a t the s hrine s o f the ki ng s Tw o .

g re a t cere m o nie s a r e a n nu a ll y perf o r m ed a t the s hrine s o f

N y a k a n g : o ne is O b ser ved befo re the b e g i n ni n g o f the
r a in y se a so n in o rder t o en s ure a due s uppl y o f r a in ;
the o ther is a th a nk s g ivin g a t h a rve st w hen p o rrid g e ,

m a de fr o m th e ne w g r a in is p o ured o u t o n the thre s h o ld

o f N y ak a n
g s hut a n d s me a red o n the o uter w a ll s o f the
’

buildin g E ven b efo re the millet is re a ped the pe o ple

.

cut so m e o f the ripeni n g e a r s a nd thru st the m int o t h e

th a tch o f the sa cred hut Thu s it w o uld se e m th a t th e .

S hill uk s believe the m selve s t o be depe n de nt o n the fa v o ur

o f N y a k a n g fo r the r a i n a nd the cr o p s A s t h e g iver o f “
.

r a in N y a k a ng is the first a n d g re a te s t ben e fa ct o r O f t h e

,

pe o ple I n th a t c o u n try r a in is every thin g w ith o ut r a in

.
,

there is n o thin g The S hillu k d o es n o t tro uble h is he a d

.

a b o ut a rtifici a l irri g a ti o n he w a it s fo r the r a in I f the r a in

, .

fa ll s then the m illet g ro w s the c o w s thrive ma n h as fo o d

, , ,

a n d c a n d a nce a n d m a rry ; fo r th a t is t h e id e a l o f t h e
S hilluk s S ick pe o ple a l so bri ng o r send s heep a s a n
” 1
.

o ffe rin g t o the ne a re s t s hri n e o f N y a k a n g in o rder th a t the y

m a y be he a led o f their s ickne ss T he a ttend a n t s O f the .

1 W H o fma y r, op
. cit p 1 2 5 . . . . i mp r t o a nt p a rt f th e
o vg e etab e l wo rl d,

r
I t m u st b e em em b e e d th a t th e du e r dep ends o n th e n o f th e
w e -b e ll i g divine

r r
g o w th o f th e c o p s , i e o f th e m o st . . i
k ng ( C G S e g ma nn, op cit p
”
. . li . . .
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OO K I I I

h o no ured Hence th e j a w b o ne s o f a l l the k i ng s o f U g a nd a

?

fro m t h e e a rlie s t ti m e s t o t h e pre se n t da y h a ve b ee n pr e serv e d

w ith the ut mo s t c a r e e a ch o f th e m bei ng dep o s ited a l o n g , ,
’
w ith the s tu m p o f t h e m o n a rch s n a v e l s trin g in a te m pl e -
,

s peci a ll y dedic a t e d t o the w o r s hip o f the ki ng s g h o st ; fo r

’

it is believ e d th a t th e g h o s t s O f the dec ea sed m o n a rch s

w o uld q u a rrel if the y s h a red the s a m e t e m ple the q ue s ti o n ,

o f precede n ce bei n o ne w hich it w uld b e ver d ifficult

g o y
fo r the m t o a dj u s t t o th e ir m utu a l s a ti s fa cti o n A l l the
?

te m ple s o f the de a d k i ng s s t a nd in the di strict c a lled B u s iro ,

w hich m e a n s the pl a ce o f the g r a ve s bec a u s e the t o m b s a s ,

w ell a s the te m pl e s o f the dep a rted p o t e nt a te s a re s itu a t e d

w ithi n it s b o und a rie s The s upervi s i o n o f the t e m ple s a n d
.

o f t h e e s t a te s a tt a ched t o the m w a s a d uty i ncu m be n t o n

t h e M ug ema o r e a rl o f Bu s ir o o ne o f the fe w heredit a r y ,

chiefs in the c o u n tr y H is pri n cip a l o ffice w a s th a t o f .

P ri m e M i n i s ter ( K a tih iro ) t o the de a d k i ng s

?

When a ki ng d ie s h is b o d y is se n t to Bu sir o a n d ther e ,

e m b a l m ed The n it is l a id t o r es t in a l a r g e r o und h o u se
.
,

w hich h a s bee n built fo r it s recepti o n o n the t o p o f a hill .

Thi s is the kin g s to mb I t is a c o nic a l s tructure s upp o rted

’
.

by a c e n tr a l p o s t w ith a th a tch e d r o o f re a chi n g d o w n t o

,

the g r o u n d R o u nd the hut a hi g h stro ng fence o f re e d s

.

is erect e d a n d a n o uter fe nce e n circle s the w h o le a t so m e

,

di s ta n ce l o w e r d o w n the hill H ere the b o d y is pl a ced o n .

a bed s te a d the sepulchra l ch a m b e r is filled w ith b a rk cl o th s

till it c a n h o ld n o m o r e th e m a i np o s t is cut d o w n a n d the , ,

d o o r o f the t o m b cl o se d s o th a t n o o ne c a n e n ter it a g a i n ,
.

Whe n th a t w a s d o n e th e w iv e s o f the l a te ki ng u s ed to b e ,

bro u g ht w ith th e ir a r m s pi ni o n ed a n d pl a ced a t i n t e rv a l s

, ,

r o un d the o uter w a ll o f the to m b w h e re the y w ere club b ed ,

t o de a th H u n dred s o f me n w e r e a l so killed in th e s p a ce
.

bet w een the t w o fe n c e s th a t their g h o s t s m i g ht w a it o n the ,

g h o s t o f the d e a d ki ng in the o th e r w o rld N o n e o f th e ir .

b o die s w e re buri e d ; the y w e re l e ft to ro t w here the y fe ll .

T hen the g a te s in the fe nce s w ere cl o sed ; a n d three chiefs

1
R ev .
J . R o sco e , o
p . c it .
pp . 1 1 3 ,
3 R ev .
J . R o sco e , o p
pp . cit . . 1 04 ,

2 82 .
2 52 s
q.
; L .F . i
Cu nn ng h a m , Ug a n da
2
R ev . J
. R o sco e , p
o . c it .
pp . 1 1 0, a nd its P eop l e ( L o n do n , p .

2 2 6)
CH A P . x1 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S

w ith their m e n g u a rd e d the de a d b o die s fr o m the w ild

b e a s t s a n d the vulture s But the hut in w hich th e ki ng s ’
.

b o d y rep o sed w a s n ever rep a ired it w a s a ll o w ed to mo ulder

a nd fa ll i nt o dec a y
?

F ive m o n th s l a ter t h e j a w b o ne o f the r o y a l c o rp se w a s G h f o st s o

re mo ved in o rder to be fa shi o ned i n t o a n e ffi g y o r re p re 3355?

s e n t a t iv e o f the de a d ki n g F o r thi s purp o s e three chief s U g d .
an a

entered the t o m b n o t thr o u g h the d o o r but by cutti n g a h o le fg fliffi p ‘

, , a

thr o u g h the w a ll a n d h a vin g s ev e red the he a d fr o m the {$25

s
1
,

b o d y they b r o u g ht it o u t c a refull y filli ng up the h o l e in the b d , o ne s a n

w a l l b e hi n d the m repl a ci n g the th a tch a n d securi n g the

TSZgZ
a
L
‘

, ,

a te s in t h e fe n c e Whe n the j a w b o ne h a d been re m o ved w h i h E r

g . c i e

b y a chief o f the C ivet cl a n the s kull w a s sent b a ck t o Bu s ir o fif

g gi
‘

m ,
r

a n d buried w ith h o no ur ne a r the m o ulderi ng t o m b I n rv d i . se e n

c o n tr a s t to th e n e g lect o f the t o m b w here the r o y a l b o d y h-liiiifi d e

t e

l a y the pl a ce w here t h e s kull w a s buried w a s kept in g o o d

,
h w to t e or

t
rep a ir a n d g u a rd e d b y so m e o f the O l d pri n ce sse s a nd {1222 , 5
2

w id o w s A s fo r the j a w b o n e it w a s put in a n a n t hill a n d

.
,
-

left there till the a nt s h a d e a te n a w a y a l l the fle s h T he n .

,

a ft e r it h a d bee n w a sh e d in beer a n d m ilk it w a s dec o r a ted ,

w ith c o w r y s hell s a n d pl a ced in a w o o de n ve ss el

-
thi s ve ssel
w a s next w r a pt in b a rk cl o th s til l it a s s u m ed a c o n ic a l
s h a pe a b o ut t w o a n d a h a lf fe et hi h by a fo o t a n d a h a lf
, g
bro a d a t the b a se T hi s c o n ic a l p a cket dec o r a ted o n the .
,

o ut s ide w ith be a d s w a s tre a ted a s a n i m a g e o f the dece a s ed

,

kin g o r r a ther a s if it w er e th ekin g hi m sel f in life fo r it ,

w a s c a l led s i m pl y The K i n g Be side it w a s pl a ced the “ ”

.

s tu m p o f the k i ng s n a vel s tri n g s i m il a rl y w r a pt in b a rk

’ -
,

cl o th s a nd d e c o r a ted th o u g h n o t ma de Up i nt o a c o n ic a l ,

s h a pe The re a so n fo r pre servi n g b o th the j aw b o ne a nd

?

the n a vel s tri n g w a s th a t the g h o s t o f the kin g w a s su p

-

p o sed to a tt a ch it self to h is j a w b o n e a nd th e g h o s t o f h is ,

do uble t o h is n a vel s tri n g F o r in the belief o f the B a g a nd a

-
.

every per so n h a s a d o uble n a m el y the a ft e rbirth o r pl a ce n t a , , ,

w hich is b o r n i m m edi a t e l y a fter h im a n d is re g a rded b y th e

1 R ev .
J
R o sco e , Th e B ag a n da ,
. C u s to m s of th e B a g a n da , ibid .
, x xx u .

pp . 1 04 1 0 7 , id ,- “
N o te s o n th e .
( 1 90 2 ) p p .
44 sq . Co m pa r e L . F .

r
M a nn e s a nd C us to m s o f th e B a g a n da , ”
i
C u n n ng h a m , Ug a n da and its P eop l e
j o u rn a l
f
o t h e A n t h rop ol og ica l I n st i ( L o n do n , pp 2 . 2 4, 2 2 6 .

l a te, xxxi .
( 1 90 1 ) p . 12 9 id .
,
2 R ev .
J . R o sc o e , Th e B ag a n da ,
Fu r th r N
e o te s o n th e M a nne s r a nd
pp . 1 0 9 sq .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

pe o ple ec o n d child N o w th a t d o u b le h a s a g h o s t o f
as a s .

its o w n w hich a dhere s to the n a vel s tri ng ; a nd if the

,
-

per so n is t o re m a i n he a lth y it is e ssenti a l th a t the g h o st o f ,

h is d o uble s h o uld be c a re full y pre served He nce every .

B a g a n d a m a n a nd w o m a n ke e p s h is o r her na vel s tri ng -

w r a pt up in b a rk cl o th a s a tr e a s ur e o f g re a t price o n w hich
h is he a lth a n d pr o s p e rit y a re dependent the pre ci o u s little
bundle is c a lled h is T w in ( mu l ong o) bec a u se it c o nt a i ns the ,

g h o s t o f h is d'

o uble t h e a fterbirth I f th a t is dee m ed

, .

nece ssa ry fo r every b o d y m uch m o re is it dee m ed e sse n ti a l ,

fo r the w elfa re O f the ki ng ; he n ce d urin g h is life the s tu m p

o f h is n a v e l s tri n g is k ept a s w e sa w by o ne o f the
-
1
, ,

princip a l m i n i s ters o f s ta te a nd is i nspected by the kin g

hi m self every mo n th A n d w he n h is m aj e s ty h a s dep a rted .

thi s life the u n ity o f h is spirit i m p e r a tivel y de m a n d s th a t

,

h is o w n g h o s t a nd the g h o s t o f h is d o ubl e s h o uld be k ept

t o g ether in the s a m e pl a ce ; th a t is w h y th e j a w b o ne a n d
the n a vel s trin g o f every d e a d ki ng a re c a refull y pre served
-

in the s a m e te mple bec a u se the t w o g h o st s a dhere re sp ec ,

t iv e l y t o the s e t w o p a rt s o f h is per s o n a n d it w o uld b e ,

unre a so n a bl e a n d i n deed cruel to divide th e m ?

Th e T he tw o g h o st s h a vi ng bee n thu s sa fel y l o d g ed in the

t w o preci o u s p a rcel s t h e next thin g w a s to i n s t a ll the m in ,

d d ki g
ea n the te mple w here they w ere to enter o n their c a re er o f
s ,
f U g a nd
b e n e fi ce n t a ctivity A s ite h a vi n g bee n ch o se n the w h o le
° “
a
.
,

c o untry s upplied th e l a b o ur n e ce s sa r y fo r buildi ng the

te m ple ; a n d mi ni ster s w ere a pp o int e d to w a it up o n th e
de a d ki ng The o flic e rs o f s t a t e w h o h a d h e ld i m p o rt a nt
.

p o st s d urin g h is life ret a i n ed their title s a nd c o n ti n ued to

di sch a rg e their dutie s t o w a rd s th e ir o l d m a s t e r in de a th .

A cc o rdi n g l y h o u se s w ere built fo r the m ne a r the te m ple .

The d o w a g er q ueen a l so t o o k up her re sidence a t t h e

entr a nce to th e te m ple e n cl o sure a n d bec a m e its pri n cip a l ,

g u a rdi a n M a n y a l s
. o o f the ki n g s w id o w s o f l o w er r a n k
’

w ere dr a fted o ff t o l ive i n s ide the e n cl o s ure a n d keep

w a tch o ver it Whe n the q uee n o r a ny o f the s e w id o w s
.

died her pl a ce w a s supplied b y a n o ther pri nce ss o r a

,

1 Ab o v e, p . 1 47 . War G o d Of th e B a g a nda , M an , V 11 .

( 1 9 07 ) pp . 1 6 4 sq . id . Th e B ag a n da ,
2
R ev .
J . R o sco e ,
“
i
K b uk a , th e pp . 2 3 5 sq .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

a nd g reet e d the j a w b o ne in a n a w e s truc k v o ice fo r h e ,

re g a rded it a s th e k i ng in per so n S o le m n m u s ic pl ay ed .

durin g the recepti o n the dru ms r o lli n g a nd the w o me n ,

ch a nti ng w hile th ey cl a pped their h a n d s to the rh y th m o f

,

the so n g s S o meti me s t h e de a d kin g s p o ke to the c o n g re

.

g a t io n b y the v o ice o f h i s pr o phet Th a t w a s a

g re a t e ve n t . .

When t h e o r a cle w a s a b o ut to be g iven to the expect a n t

thro n g the pro phet stepped up to the thro ne a n d a ddre ss i ng
, ,

the s pirit i n fo r m ed h im o f t h e bu s ine ss in h a nd Then h e .

s m o ked o n e o r t w o pipe s a nd the fu me s bri ng i ng o n the ,

p prO h e t ic fit h e be g a n t o
,
r a ve a n d t o s pe a k in the ver y
v o ice a nd w ith the ch a r a cteri stic tur n s o f s p e ech o f the
’
dep a rted mo na rch fo r the ki ng s s pirit w a s n o w in h im , .

Thi s m e ssa g e fro m the w o rld be y o nd the g ra ve w a s n a tur a l l y

receive d w ith r a pt a ttenti o n Gr a du a ll y the fi L O f 1 n s p 1 ra .

ti o n p a ssed : the v o ice o f the pr o phet re s u m ed its n a tur a l

t g nes : the s pirit h a d dep a rted fr o m h im a n d r e tur n ed t o it s
a b o de in the i nn er r o o m S uch a so le m n a udienc e u sed t o
.

be a nn o u n ced b e fo reh a n d by the be a ti ng o f th e dru ms in

the e a rl y mo r n i n g a nd the w o r sh ipper s bro u g ht w ith the m
,

t o the te m ple o fferi n g s o f fo o d fo r the d e a d ki n g a s if he ,

w er e s till a l ive
?

But the g re a te s t day o f a l l w a s w he n the rei g nin g ki n g

vi s ited the te m ple o f h is fa ther Thi s he did a s a rule o n l y .

o n ce duri ng h is rei g n N o r did the pe o ple a ppr o ve o f the

.

vi sit s bein g repe a ted fo r e a ch vi s it w a s the s i g na l fo r t h e ,

de a th O f m a ny Ye t a ttr a ct e d b y a p a inful curi o sity cr o w d s

.
, ,

a s se m bled fo ll o w ed the m o n a rch t o t h e te m ple a n d thr o n g ed

, ,

t o s ee t h e g re a t cere mo ny o f the m e e tin g bet w een the k i ng

a n d the h t o f h is r o a l f th r The s a cred relic s w ere
g o s y a e .

di s pl a y ed : a n o l d m a n expl a i ned the m to the m o n a rch a n d

pl a ced th e m in h is h a n d s : the pr o phet in spired by the de a d ,
’
kin g s S pirit reve a led t o the livi ng ki ng h is d es ti ny T he
,
.

intervie w o v e r the ki n g w a s c a rried b a ck to h is h o u se I t

,
.

w a s o n the retur n j o ur n e y th a t he a l w a y s g a ve s udde n l y ,

a n d w ith o ut w a r n i ng the s i g n a l o f de a th ,
O bedie n t t o h is .

1 R ev .
J . N o t es o n th e
R o sco e ,
“
N o t es o n t h e M r
a n n e s a n d Cus to m s

M r
a nn e s a n d Cu st o m s o f th e B a g a n da ,
”
o f t h e B a a n da ,
g
”
ib id ,
x x xu (
. 1 902 ) .

6 id Th e B ag a n da , 2 83
j f
o u rn a l o th e A n th rop ol og ica l I n stit u te, p .
4 ; ,
.
p p .

xxxi .
( 1 90 1 ) p 1 3 0 ; id ,
“
.F u th e . r r 2 85 .
C HAP . x1 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S

o rder s the g u a rd s ru s hed up o n t h e cr o w d c a ptured hu n dr e d s H m , u an

o f s pect a t o r s pi n i o n ed the m m a rched the m b a ck to the 22 2; d 11

, ,
1

te m ple a nd s l a u g htered the m w ithi n the precinct s th a t their i r d r

, , n o e
‘

g h o s t s m i g ht w a it o n the g h o s t o f the d e a d kin

g
?
But
’
th o u g h the kin g r a rel y vi s ited h is fa ther s g h o st a t the m ig h t serve

te mple he h a d a priv a te ch a pel fo r the g h o st w ithi n the v a s t

,

e n cl o s ure o f the r o y a l re s ide nc e ; a nd here he o fte n p a id ki g n

h is dev o ti o ns t o the a u g u s t s pirit o f w h o m he s t o o d g re a tl y ,

in a w e H e t o o k h is w ive s w ith h im to s in g the dep a rted

.

’
m o n a rch s pr a i s e a n d he c o n st a ntl y m a de O ffe ri n g s a t the ,

s hri n e Thither t o o w o uld c o m e the pr o phet to s uck w o rd s

.
, ,

o f w i s d o m fr o m t h e vener a ble g h o s t a n d t o i m p a rt the m

t o th e kin g w h o thu s w a l k ed in the c o u n s el o f h is g l o rified

,

fa th e r ?

I n K izib a a di strict o f Centr a l A fric a o n t h e w e s tern Th

,
l e so u s

s ide O f La k e V ict o ri a N y a n z a the so ul s o f de a d kin g s ,

b e c o m e rulin g s pirit s te mpl e s a re built in their h o n o ur a nd w r h i p p o s ed

"K m b
pri e sts a pp o i n ted to serve the m The pe o ple a re c o m p o sed .
1 a
‘

o f t w o d ifferent r a ce s the B a iru w h o a re a b o ri g i n a l s a nd , , ,

the B a hi ma w h o a re i m m i g r a n t s fro m the n o rth T he

,
.

r o y a l fa m il y bel o ng s to the B a hi m a s t o ck I n h is lifeti m e .

’
the ki n g s per so n is sa cred ; a nd a l l h is a cti o n s pr o perty , ,

a n d so fo rth a re de s cribed by s peci a l ter m s a ppr o pri a ted t o

th a t purp o se The pe o ple a re divided i nt o t o te m ic cl a n s

.

th e t o te m s ( muz iro) a re m o s tl y a n i m a l s o r p a rt s o f a ni ma l s :
m a n m a y kill o r e a t h is t o t e m a n i m a l n o r m a rry a
‘

no ,

w o m a n w h o h as the s a m e t o te m a s hi mself The r o y a l .

fa m il y see m s t o h a ve serpe n ts fo r their t o te m ; a fter de a th

’
the ki ng s so ul live s in a serpent w hile h is b o d y is buried in ,

t h e hut w here he died The pe o p le revere a s upre me g o d .

n a m ed R u g a b a w h o is b e lieved t o h a ve cre a ted ma n a n d ,

c a ttle ; but they k n o w little a b o ut h im a n d th o u g h the y ,

1 R ev .
J . R o sco e , Th e B ag a n da , as de m i
g o ds, a n d th e
- ir r v g a es a re
pp . 1 12 , 2 84 . i r li i r
k ep t w th e g o u s c a e , a n d h o uses a re
2
R ev . Th e B ag a n da ,
J . R o sc o e , r
e e c te d o e vr i r
t h e m , w h c h a re u nde

p . 1 1 2 I t m. a
y b e w o th w h e to r il th e co n sta n t su p ervi i s o n o f o n e o f th e

q u o te a n ea rl y
n o t ce o f th e w o sh
p of i r i p n c ri i l i
p a c h e fs o f t h e c ry
o unt , a nd

i
t h e K ng s o f Ug a nda S ee C T . . . w h e re h u m a n sa c rifi ce s a re a l so o c ca sio n
il
W so n an d R W F el k in, Ug a n da . . a ll y r
o ffe e d
”
rv r k
Th e g a es h e e sp o e n
.

a n d th e Egypt ia n S o u da n ( Lo ndo n , l i
o f a re n o do u b t t h e t e m p es in w h ch

2 08 : i “
.Th e fo m e ng s o f r r ki j v l ri
th e a w b o n es a n d n a e s t ng s o f t h e -

th e co u n t a pp ea ry
a so to b e eg a de d r l r r dea d ki r i
n s a re k e t a n d w o sh
g p p p ed .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

o cc a si o n a ll y pr a y t o h im p a rticul a rl y in the c a se o f a ,

di fficult birth he h a s n o prie st s a n d receive s n o sa crifice s

, .

The bu si ne ss o f the prie st s is t o a c t a s inter m edi a rie s n o t ,

bet w een G o d a nd m a n but bet w een me n a nd the s pirit s , .

The s pirit s a re believ e d t o h a ve bee n fo r m erl y kin g s o f the

w o rld The hi g hes t O f them is a cert a in W a m a ra w h o
.
,

ru le s o ver the so ul s o f th e de a d a n d w h o w o uld see m t o ,

h a ve been a g re a t ki ng in h is life T e m ple s a re built fo r .

h im ; the y a re like the h o u s e s o f m e n but o nl y h a lf a s ,

l a r g e A perpetu a l h o l y fire is kept up in e a ch te m ple

.
,

a n d the prie s t p a s s e s the n i g ht in it He receive s w hite .

s heep o r g o a t s a s victi m s a nd g e n er a ll a ct s a l a
y so s a ,

d ivi ner o r ph y sici a n Whe n a m a n is very ill he think s .

,

th a t W a m a r a the l o rd o f the s pirits o f the de a d is s um m o n

, ,

in g h im t o the far c o u n try ; S O he s end s a s a crifice t o

Wa m a ra s prie st w h o pra y s t o the s pirit t o let the s ick
’
,

m a n live y e t a w hile Thi s g re a t s pirit o f a n a n cient ?

kin g w h o no w rule s o ver the de a d re semble s the E g y pti a n

, ,

O s iri s .

The B a ntu tribe s w h o i nh a bit the g re a t t a blel a nd o f

N o rthern Rh o de s i a revere a s upre m e bei n g w h o m they c a ll
Lez a but their ide a s a b o ut h im a re h a z y Thu n der li g ht
, .
,

nin g e a rth q u a ke s ra in a nd o th er n a tur a l phe no m en a a re

, , ,

g r o uped t o g ether u n der h is n a m e a s m a n ife st a ti o n s o f h is

p o w er A m o ng the m o re pr o g re ss ive tribe s s uch a s t h e

.
,

A w e m b a a n d the W a b isa th e g re a t g o d is th o u g ht to t a ke ,

so me int e re s t in hu m a n a ffa ir s ; a n d th o u g h the y do n o t

pr a y to h im they n everthele ss inv o ke h im by h is n a mes o f
,

pr a i se w hich s et fo rth h is a ttribute s a s the pro tect o r a n d

,

j ud g e o f m a nkind l t is he to o w h o receive s the s o ul s o f .

, ,

t h e d e p a rted Y e t a s fa r a s the d o m i n a nt We m b a tribe

.
“
,

is co n cerned the cult o f Lez a is o ut s ide their o rdin a ry

,

rel i g i o n There is n o direct a cce ss t o h im b y pra y er o r by

.

s a crifice s w hich a re m a de t o M ulen g a a n d the o ther g re a t

,

1 H e mann r R eh se , K iz iba , La n d dap p l ed d th e h ea ts o f a l l

c o w s, an r
u nd Leu te ( S tu ttg a rt , pp 4 7 ,
.
-
a n ma si l Th e m emb e s o f t h e c a n
. r l
1 0 6 sq q .
, 12 1 , 12 5 qqs .
,
1 30 . A m o ng i
w h ch is ch a g e d w th th e du t r of i y
th e t o te ms f th e p eo p e a re th e o ng
o l l bu ry i
n
’
i
g th e k ng s b o d h a e fo r t h e y v ir
il
ta e d m o n e ( Cercop ith ecu s ) , a sm a ky ll r i
t o t em t h e e ma ns o f a g o a t t h a t h a s
i
S p ec es o f a n te o p e , th e o c u st, th e l l ill
b een k ed b y a eo p a d S ee H l r . .

i
h p p o p o tamu s, th e b u ffa o , th e p tt e r, l R e h se , o p . cit .
pp .
5 q s .
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OO K 1 11

the fa m il y w hich h o no ur s the m w ith l ib a ti o n s o f b eer a n d

,

o fferi ng s o f the fi rs t fruit s -

” 1
.

Thu s a m o ng th e se tri be s w h o a l l bel o ng to the g re a t ,

B a ntu fa m il y the pu b lic w o rs hip w hich a w h o le tribe p a y s

,

t o the s o ul s o f its de a d chiefs is pr o b a bl y n o thi ng but a n

exten s i o n o f th e priv a t e w o r ship w hich every fa m il y p ay s
priva tel y to the s o ul s o f its d ea d m e mber s A nd j u st a s .

the m e m ber s o f h is fa m il y w h o m a ma n w o r s hip s priv a t e l y

a re no t m y thic a l b e i n g s c o njured up b y i m a in a ti o n o u t O f
g
a di st a n t p a s t b ut w ere o n ce re a l m e n l i k e hi m s elf w h o m he
,

k ne w in life it m a y b e h is fa ther o r uncle o r elder br o ther

, , , ,

so w e m a y be s ure th a t in li k e m a nn er the d e a d chiefs

revered by the w h o le tribe a re no t cre a ti o ns O f th e my thic a l
fa nc y but w ere o n ce re a l me n o f fle sh a nd bl o o d w h o ruled
, ,

o ver the tri b e a n d w h o se m e m o r y h a s b ee n m o re o r l e ss

,

fa ithfull y pr e s erved b y tr a diti o n I n thi s re spect the tri b e s .

o f N o rther n Rh o de s i a a re t y pic a l o f a l l t h e tribe s o f th a t

g r e a t B a ntu fa m il y w hich o ccupie s n e a rl y t h e w h o le s o uther n

h a lf o f A fric a fro m th e g re a t e q u a t o ri a l l a ke s t o the C a pe

,

o f Go o d H o pe The m a in pra ctic a l reli g i o n o f a l l th e se

.

nu mer o u s a nd w ide spre a d pe o ple s a ppe a r s to be the w o rship

o f their a n ce s t o r s .

To a dduce in full the evidence w hich p o i n t s t o thi s

c o nclu si o n w o uld le a d u s t o o fa r fr o m o u r pre se n t su b
j e c t ; it m u s t s uffice t o cite a fe w t y pic a l s t a te m e n t s o f
c o m pet e n t a uth o ritie s w hich re fe r t o d iffere n t tri b e s o f the
B a n tu s t o ck S pe a ki ng w ith s peci a l reference to t h e tri b e s o f
.

S o uth E a s ter n A fric a t h e R e v J a me s M a cd o n a ld tell s u s

-
,
.

th a t the r e li g i o n o f the B a n tu w hich they no t o n l y pr o fe ss ,

but re a ll y re g ul a te their c o nduct by is b a se d o n the beli e f ,

th a t the s pirits o f their a nce sto r s i n terfe re c o n st a n tl y in th e ir

a ffa irs E very m a n w o r s hip s h is o w n a n ce s t o r s a n d o ffe r s
.

sa crifice s t o a vert their w r a th The cl a n w o rship s the S pirit s .

o f the a n ce s t o r s o f it s chi e fs a n d the trib e w o r s hip s the ,

s pirit s o f the a n ce s t o r s o f the p a r a mo u n t chi e f 2

Th e
” “
.

r e li g i o n o f the B a n tu w a s b a sed up o n the s upp o s iti o n o f the

1
CG o u l dsb u ry a n d H
. S h ea ne, . of ri ri
S o u th A f c a n T b es , j o ii rn a l of th e
op cit pp 8 4 sq . A n th rop o l ogi ca l I n st itu te, ( 1 8 90 ) xix .

J M M
.

l r r
. .

2 R v a m es a cdo na d, 8 6 C o m p a e id , L igh t in Af rica

“
a nn e s, 2
e .
p . . .

r ii
C u sto m s, S u p e st t o ns, a nd R el igio u s ( Lo ndo n , p 1 91 . .
CHAP . x 1 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S 1 77

e x iste nce O f spirits th a t c o uld i n te rfere w ith the a ffa irs o f

thi s w o rld The se spirit s w ere th o se o f their a nce s t o r s a n d
.

their dece a se d chiefs the g re a te st o f w h o m h a d c o n tro l o ver

,

l i g htni ng When th e spirit s b e c a m e o ffe n ded o r hu ng ry

.

they se n t a pl a g ue o r di sa ster until s a crific es w ere o ffe r e d

a nd their w r a th o r hu n g er w a s a ppe a se d The he a d O f a .

fa m il y o f c o m m o ner s o n s uch a n o cc a si o n killed a n a n i ma l ,

a n d a l l a t e o f the m e a t a s the hun g r y g h o s t w a s s upp o s ed

'

to be s a ti s fied w ith the s m ell F o r ex a m pl e in the y e a r

” 1
.
,

1 8 9 1 the so n o f a chief o f the P o n d o m i s i tribe w a s a rre s ted

fo r a n a s s a ult a nd s ent fo r tri a l befo re a c o l o n i a l c o urt It .

ch a n ced t o be a se aso n o f i n t e n se he a t a n d s ever e dr ou g ht ,

a n d the P o nd o m i s i tribe a ttri b uted the s e c a l a m itie s t o the

w r a th o f a de a d chief n a m ed G w a ny a ver y fa mo u s in h is ,

lifeti m e w h o se b o d y fa stened t o a l o g h ad been buried

, , ,

und e r a he a p o f st o ne s in a deep p o o l o f the Li na river .

Thi s red o ubt a ble Chieft a i n w a s th e seventh a nce st o r in the

dire ct l i ne o f the m a n w h o h a d c o m mitted the a ssa ult ; a n d
he w a r m l y re se nted the indi g n it y w hich the w hite s h a d d o ne
t o a n o ble s ci o n o f h is h o u s e b y c o n s i g ni ng h im to dur a n ce
vile To a pp e a se the n a tur a l i ndi g n a ti o n o f the g h o s t the
.
,

tribe s me n k ill e d c a ttle o n t h e b a n k s o f the p o o l w hich

c o nt a ined h is g r a ve a nd thre w the fle s h i nt o the w a ter
,

a l o n g w ith n e w di s he s full o f beer The pri so ner h o w ever .

, ,

w a s c o nvicted o f the a s s a ult a n d s e n tenc e d by the ruthle ss

m a g i s tra t e w h o w a s n o r e s pect e r o f g h o s t s t o p a y a fi ne
, , .

But the tribe clubbed t o g ether a n d p a id the fi ne fo r h im ;

a n d a fe w d a s l a ter r a i n fell in plent The m o l l ifi e d h o s t
y y g .

h a d O pe n ed the cele s ti a l s l uice s ?

A n o ther w riter de scribin g the reli g i o n o f t h e S o uth

,

1 G . M c Cal l Th ea l , R eco rds of y

th e taret ll l r no t wh i h a a c ea as o c

S ou th -E a stern Af rica , vii

( 1 90 1 ) p p
. . o f h ir t e t r i i t d d by h i
a n c es o s s n en e t s

3 99 sq .i r r
W th ega d to th e gh o st w h o d i g ti
es naH th y
on ll w f
. e n ce e a o o no

r l li i
co n t o s g h tn ng see Mr
Wa ne s ’
. r r l m t ti b i g m d f a p r
a en a on e n a e or e so n

n o t es in Co lM l .
’
a c ea n s Co m en diu m
p k ill d b y li gh t i g
e th y y h t it n n as e sa t a

of K a r La w s
fi a nd Cu sto ms ( Ca p e w l d b i g f di l y l ty t l m t
ou e a s n o s o a o a en

To w n , pp 8 2 s
q .
“
Th e f o r o newh m h i h i h d o t f t e n os a sen o r,

v r i r
K a fi rs h a e s t a ng e n o t o ns esp ect ng i an d wh rvi h o se q setl y c es e c o n se u en

th e li i
g h t n ng y
. i r
Th e c o ns de th a t it nee d d; d it w
e ld an h im t ou c au se o

vr
is g o e n ed b y th e u in sh o l og u , o r g h o st, p i h t
un sh m b y m k i g t
e h li g h,
i g a n e tn n
r s r
o f t h e g ea t e t a n d m o st e n o w n ed o f a
g i t d
a n d d d th m
o e sce n th r an o e an o e

th e ir r i
de p a t ed c h e fs ; a n d w h o is i j ry
n u .
”

i ll y yl
e m ph a t c a st e d th e
g i h os i ; b u t G M C l l Th l p it
2 . c 4 a ea ,
o . c . vu . 00 .

PT IV. . V OL . 11 N
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S BOOK 1 11

S ac rifi ce s B a ntu s tell s u s th a t the a nc eSt ra l s pirit s l o v e t h e

A fric a n “

de a d ver thi n s the l o v e d befo re the p a sse d thr o u h the fle h

to th e
,

am g on y g y y g s

th Be the y cheri sh the sa m e d e sire s a n d h a ve the s a m e a ntip a thie s

a n tu
.

$n
f O
T h e l ivin g c a nn o t a d d t o the n u m ber o f the w ive s o f a n ce s tr a l
A fri ca
s pirit s ; but the y c a n kill c a ttl e in their h o n o ur a n d ke e p

th e ir pr a i se a n d m e mo r y a live o n e a rth A b o ve a l l thi ng s .

,

the y c a n g ive the m b ee f a nd b e e r A nd if the livi ng do .

n o t g ive th e m s u fficie n t o f th e s e thi ng s the s pirit s a re s upp o sed

t o g ive the pe o ple a b a d ti m e : th e y s end dr o u g ht a n d s ick ,

n e ss a n d fa m i n e
,
u n til pe o ple kill c a ttle in their h o no ur
, .

Wh e n m e n a re a live they l o ve to be pr a i sed a nd fl a ttered ,

fed and a tte n ded t o ; a fter de a th the y w a n t the very sa m e

thi ng s fo r de a th d o e s no t ch a ng e per s o na lity
, In .

ti me o f dro u g ht o r s ick n e ss o r g re a t tr o uble there w o uld

, , ,

be g re a t se a rchin g s o f h e a rt a s to w hich a nce st o r h a d been

n e g lected fo r the tr o ubl e w o uld be s upp o s ed t o be c a u s ed
,

b y the n e g lected a nce s t o r M o s t o f the pe o ple w o uld g e t

.

the s ubject o n their n erv e s ( a t le a s t a s fa r a s a K a fi r c o uld ,

g e t a n y thi n g o n the le a ther s tri n g s w hich do dut y fo r nerv e s ) ,

a n d s o m e o ne w o uld be s ure t o h a ve a vivid dre a m in w hich

a n a nce s t o r w o uld c o m pl a i n th a t t h e p e o ple h a d n o t pr a i se d

h im h a lf en o u g h o f l a t e S o a n o x w o uld be kil led e ither

.
,

b y the he a d m a n o f the kr a a l o f b y a divi n er

-
Then the .

m a n w o uld sa y o ver the o x a s it w a s b e i n g killed Cry o u t , ,

o x o f S o a n d S o ; li ste n t o u s S O a n d S o ; thi s is y o ur o x
- -
,
- -

w e pr a i s e y o u b y a l l y o ur l a ud g ivi ng n a m e s a n d tell o f a l l
-
,

y o ur de e d s d o n o t be a ng r y w ith u s a n y m o re ; do y o u n o t

see th a t thi s is y o ur o x ? D o no t a ccu se u s o f n e g lecti ng

y o u w he n fo r so o th h a ve w e ce a s ed t o pr a i se y o u a n d o ffe r
, ,

o u m e a t a n d b eer ? T a ke n o t e the n th a t here is a no ther

y , ,

o x w e a re o fferi n g t o y o u Whe n t h e o x is de a d so me o f
’
.

the m e a t is m ixed w ith h e rb s a nd m e dici ne s a nd pl a ced in

a hut w ith a b o w lful o f bl o o d Thi s m e a t is pl a ced in the
.

p a rt o f the hut w h e re the m a n l o ved to sit w hile h e w a s

a live a n d so m e o n e is t o ld o ff to g u a rd the s a crifice
,
The .

m e a t is left fo r a n i g ht o r l o n g er a n d t h e s pirit s a re
, ,

s upp o se d t o c o m e a nd e nj o y the s m e ll o r dri n k t h e s eru m ,

w hich o o ze s fr o m the m e a t a n d t o i n h a le the s me ll o f the

,

b e er The prie st o r divi ner w ill th e n s pri nkl e the pe o p le

.

a nd the hut s w ith m edicine m a de fr o m the c o n t e n t s o f the

 TH E OR I G I V OF OS I R I S J B OO K 1 11

The a ncient s s p o ke m u ch o f i nce nsed s h a de s I f they .

s a crificed t o the m a n e s it w a s e n er ll i n rder t ppe e

g a y o o a , a s

the m The s e ide a s p e rfec tl y c o rre s p o nd t o th o se o f the

'

B a s ut o s They c o nj ure ra ther th a n pr a y ; a lth o u g h they

.

s eek t o g a in fa v o ur s th e y thi n k m o re o f a vertin ch a s ti s e

g
,

m ent . Their pred o m i na ti n g ide a a s t o their a nce st o rs is ,

th a t the y a re c o n ti n u a ll y ende a v o urin g t o dra w th e m t o

the m selve s E very di se a se is a ttributed to the m ; thu s
.

medici n e a m o n g the se p eo ple is a l mo st entir e l y a reli g i o u s

a ffa ir . The fir s t thin g is to di sc o ver by m e a n s o f the l ita ol a ,

( divinin g b o ne s ) u n der the i n flue n ce o,

f w h a t m o l im o the
’
p a tient is s upp o sed t o be I s it a n a nce s to r o n the fa ther s .

s ide o r the mo ther s ? A cc o rdin g a s fa te de c ide s t h e

’ ~

p a tern a l o r m a ter n a l uncle w ill O ffer the purify i ng sacrifice ,

but r a rel y the fa ther o r br o ther Thi s sacrifice a l o ne c a n .

render e ffic a ci o u s the med icine s pre scribed by the ng a ha

( d o ct o r ) . A s s o o n a s a per s o n is de a d he t a ke s h is

pl a ce a m o ng the fa m il y g o d s H is re ma in s a re dep o sited .

in the c a ttle p e n A n o x is im mo l a ted o ver h is g r a v e

-
.

thi s is the fir s t o bl a ti o n m a de t o the new divinity a nd a t ,

the sa m e ti me a n a c t o f interce ss i o n in h is fav o ur servi ng ,

t o en s ure h is h a pp y recepti o n in the s ubterr a n e a n r e g i o n s .

A l l th o s e pre s e n t a id in s pri n kli ng the g r a ve a nd rep e a t the ,

fo ll o w i ng pr a y er : Rep o se in pe a ce w ith the g o d s ; g ive u s

’
tra n q uil n i g ht s .
” 1

S imil a rl y a m o n g the T h o n g a a n o ther B a n tu tribe O f ,

S o uth A fric a a ny m a n w h o h a s dep a rted thi s e a rthl y life

, , ,

bec o me s a s hih ivein bu a g o d w hen a n o ld decrepit ,

“

m a n o r w o m a n d ie s h e a t o nce bec o m e s a g o d : he h a s ,

entered the d o m a i n o f infinity I n thi s tri b e t h e s pirit s

” 3
.

o f t h e a nce s t o r s a re the m a in o bject s o f r e li g i o u s w o r s hip .

T h e y fo r m the pri n cip a l c a te g o ry o f s pirit s O n the .

” 4 “

o n e h a nd the a n ce s t o r g o d s a re trul y g o d s end o w ed w ith

,
-
,

the a ttribute s O f divi n ity ; w hil st o n the o th e r the y see m , ,

t o be n o thin g but m ere hu ma n b e i ng s e a ctl y o n t h e s a m e ,

x

level a s their w o rs hipper s 5

There a re t w o g re a t cl a sse s .
”

li
J
1 R ev . E . Casa s, Th e B asu tos 11 . 3 47 .

( L o n do n, pp . 2 48 -2
50 .
3 H A . . u no d, o
p . cit . 11 .
385 .

2 H en ri A . J Th e Lif e of
u n o d, a
4 H A . . J u no d op
, . cit . ii .
3 44 .

S ou th Af rica n Tribe ( N eu ch ate , 1 9 1 2 l 5 H A . . J u n o d, op . cit . ii .

3 85 .
CHAP . xl TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S

of the se a nce s t o r g o d s to w it th o se O f the fa mil y a nd-

, ,
“
,

th o se o f the c o u n try the l a tter bei ng th o se o f the rei g nin g ,

fa m il y The y do no t differ a s re g a rd s their n a ture I n

. .

n a ti o na l c a l a m itie s th o se o f th e c o u ntry a re inv o ked w hil st , ,

fo r purel y fa m il y m a tt e rs th o se o f the fa mil y a re c a lled ,

up o n M o re o ver e a ch fa mil y h a s t w o set s o f g o d s tho se

.
, ,
’ ’
o n the fa ther s s ide a n d th o s e o n the m o ther s th o se o f ,

h w eru a n d th o se o f ba h oh w a na They a re e q u a l in di g nity . .

B o th ca n be inv o ked a n d the d ivi na t o ry b o ne s a re a l w a y s ,

a s ked to w hich the o ffe rin g m u s t be m a de I t s eem s .

,

h o w ever a s if the g o d s o n the m o ther s s ide w e re mo re

,
’

tender he a rted a nd m o re p o pul a r th a n th o se o n the fa ther s

-
’
.

Th e r e a so n fo r thi s is perh a p s th a t rel a ti o n s a re e a sier w ith , ,

the fa m il y o f the m o ther th a n w ith th a t o f th e fa ther I t is .

a l so j u s t p o s s ible th a t it is a relic o f the m a tri a rch a l peri o d ,

w hen the a nce s t o r s o f the m o ther o nl y w er e kn o w n a n d ,

c o n s e q ue n tl y i nvo ked A t a ny r a t e the p a rt pl ay ed by .

,

ba tu h u l u [uterine] n ephe w s in the o ffe ri n g s s h o w s th a t the y

a re the true repre s ent a tive s o f the g o d s n o t o f th o s e o f th e ir ,

fa th e r but o f their m o ther

,
A m o n g the Th o n g a the .
” 1 “

belief in the c o ntinu a ti o n o f life a fter de a th is univer sa l ,

bein g a t the b a s e o f the a n cest ro l a try w hich is the r e li g i o n ,

o f the tribe H o w r e a l is the a n ces tro l a try the reli g i o n

2
”
.
,

o f the Th o n g a o f in fa ct a l l the S o uth A fric a n B a n tu s !

, , ,

H o w fre q uent a n d m a n ifo ld a re its m a nife s t a ti o n s ! Thi s is

the fir st a n d the m o s t perceptible se t o f their reli g i o u s
,

i n tuiti o n s a nd a ny E uro pe a n w h o h a s s t ay ed in their

, ,

vill a g e s le a r n t their l a n g u a g e a nd tried t o under st a nd t h eir

, ,

cu sto m s h as h a d the O pp o rtunity o f fa m ili a rizin g hi ms el f

,

w ith thi s reli g i o n

” 3
.

A m o n g t h e B a s ut o s a n d Bechu a n a s w h o a l so bel o n g t o S rifi ,

ac c es

d d
the g re a t B a ntu fa m il y the sa crific i a l ritu a l is n o t hi g hl y h i f ,
to
c e s
ea

devel o ped O n l y in g re a t m i s fo rtune s w hich a ffect the m g h

“
a on t e
B
.

a su to s
w h o l e pe o ple o r the r o y a l fa m il y a bl a ck o x is s l a u g htered d , an

fo r in s uch c a se s the y a l w a y s thi n k th a t the a n g r y s pirit s B h ee ua u a s

o f the dep a rt e d a re the c a u se o f all the s ufferi ng Re ‘

.

’
a mo io a
g h i ba dim o sa y the pe o ple the s pirit s a,
re ro b ,
‘

’
bi ng u s The o x is led to the chief s g ra ve ; there the y
.
’

1 H A J d p it
. .
3 48
u no H A J
, o d p . it c
34. 11 .
2
. . u no ,
o . c . 1 1. 1 .

H A J d p it ii 3 46 3 . . u no ,
o . c . . .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 1 11

pra y ,Lo rd w e a re c o m e t o c a ll up o n thee w e w h o a re

‘
, ,

t h y childr e n m a ke n o t o u r he a rt s tr o ubl e d ; t a ke n o t ,

Lo rd th a t w hich is o ur s The O l d chief is h o n o ured a n d

,
’
.

pra i sed in so ng s he is i nv o k ed b y a l l h is pr a i se n a me s the

,
-
,

ox is killed a n d its fle sh e a te n but the bl o o d a n d the ,

c o n te n t s o f the st o ma ch a re p o ured o n the g r a v e a n d there ,

the b o ne s o f the sa crificed a n i m a l a re a l so dep o s ited .

” 1

The Zulu s a n o th e r g re a t B antu tribe o f S o uth A fric a

, ,

b e lieve in t h e e xi ste nce O f a bei ng w h o m th ey c a ll U nk u l

u nk u l u w hich m e a n s the O l d O l d o ne the mo st a n ci e n t “ -
-
, ,

ma n .
”
They say th a t it is he w h o w a s the fir st m a n ; he
br o ke o ff in the be g in n in g We do no t k n o w h is w ife ; a nd .

the a n cient s do n o t tel l u s th a t he h a d a w ife Thi s .

” 2

O l d O l d o ne o r Gre a t Gr ea t o ne
- -
is repre s ented a s h a vi n g
- -

m a de a l l thin g s— m e n c a ttle w a ter fire the m o u n t a i n s , , , , ,

a n d w h a tever el s e is see n He is a l s o sa id t o h a ve a pp o i n ted .

their n a me s C re a ti o n w a s effecte d by s pl itti ng a r e ed w hen

.
,

the firs t m a n a n d o ther thi ng s i ssued fr o m th e cleft ” ?

F urther the Zul u s a n d o ther C a ffre tribe s o f N a t a l believe “

th a t w he n a per so n die s h is i—
,

,
h l oz e o r is i tu te s urvive s ,
-
.

’
The se w o rd s a re tr a n sl a ted s pirit a nd there see m s no ‘
,

O bjecti o n t o the r e n derin g The y refer to so methin g ma n i .

fest l y di sti ng ui s hed fr o m the b o d y a n d the n a ture o f w hich ,

the pr o phet s e n de a v o ur to expl a i n by sa y i ng th a t it is

ide n tic a l w ith the sh a d o w Th e re sidence o f the a ma h l oz e .
-
,

o r s pirit s s ee ms t o be be ne a th ; th e pra ctice o f bre a ki ng a

,

’
m a n s a ss ag a i s befo re they a re buried w ith h im sh o w s th a t
, ,

he is believed to return to e a rth thr o u g h the g r a ve w hile it

a ppe a r s t o be g e n er a ll y th o u g ht th a t if the e a r th w ere ,

re m o ved fr o m the g r a ve the g h o st w o uld return a nd fri g hten ,

h is de scend a n t s When s pirits h a ve e n ter e d the future st a te

.
,

the y a re believed to p o sse ss g re a t p o w er ; pr o s perity is

a s cri b ed t o their fa v o ur a n d m i sfo rtu n e t o their a n g er ; the y,

a re elev a ted in fa ct t o the r a n k o f d e itie s a n d ( except w her e ,

the Gre a t Gre a t is w o r shipped c o n curre n tl y w ith the m ) the y

-

a re the o nl y o bject s o f a K a fi r s a d o r a ti o n Their a ttenti o n

’
.

1 A . Mr
e e nsk , B eitrag e z u r K en n t y Sp ri g v ln a e, 8 6 8 ) p p 1 sq
e tc .
, 1 . .

n is S u d Af riha s ( B e
'

- n, 1 8 7
p 1 3 0 rli . .
3 R ev
. J
o sep h S h o o te , Th e R a rs r '

2 R ev H Ca a w a , Th e R el igi ou s
. . ll y f
o Z
N a ta l a n d th e u l u Co u n try ( Lo ndo n ,
Sy stem of th e A ma z u l u , ( N a ta , i . l p . 1 59 .
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OO K I I I

s erved by o u r divi nity w hich w a s s till w a tchi ng o ver me , .

’

P erh a p s he s l a u g hter s a g o a t in h o n o ur o f the sa m e a n d ,

put s the g a ll o n h is he a d a n d w hen the g o a t crie s o u t fo r

p a i n o f bei ng killed he say s Ye s the n there is y o ur a ni m a l , , , , ,

let it c ry th a t y e m ay he a r y e o u r g o d s w h o h a ve pr e served
, ,

m e ; I my s elf a m d e s ir o u s o f l ivi ng o n thu s a l o n g ti me here

o n the e a rth ; w h y th e n do y o u c a ll me t o a cc o u n t s i n ce I ,

thi n k I a m a l l ri g ht in re s pect t o y o u ? A n d w h ile I live I ,

put my tru st in y o u o u r p a tern a l a nd m a tern a l g o d s ,

’
.
1

Bl a ck pe o ple sa y the Zulu s do no t w o r s hip a l l ,

”
,
“

A m a t o ng o indifferentl y th a t is a l l the de a d o f their trib e , , .

S pe a ki ng g ener a ll y the he a d o f e a ch h o u s e is w o r shipped

,

b y the childre n o f th a t h o u s e ; fo r the y do n o t k n o w the

a n cient s w h o a re de a d n o r their l a ud g ivi n g n a m e s n o r their ,
-
,

n a me s But their fa ther w h o m the y k ne w is the he a d by

.

w h o m the y be g in a nd e n d in their pr a y er fo r the y kn o w ,

h im b e s t a n d h is l o ve fo r h is children ; th ey re me m ber h is
,

kind n e ss t o the m w hil s t he w a s livi ng ; they c o m p a re his

tre a t m e n t o f the m w hil s t he w a s livin g s upp o rt the mselve s ,

by it a n d s a y
,
H e w ill s till tr e a t u s in the s a m e w a y n o w
,

he is de a d W e do no t kn o w w h y he S h o uld re g a rd o thers
.

’
be s ide s u s he w ill re g a rd u s o nl y S O it is the n a lth o u g h .

th ey w o rs hip the m a n y A ma to ng o o f their tribe m a ki n g a ,

g re a t fence a r o und the m fo r their pr o tecti o n y e t their fa ther

is fa r b efo re a l l o ther s w hen the y w o r s hip the A m a to ng o .

Their fa ther is a g re a t tre a sure t o the m even w hen he is

de a d A n d th o se o f h is childr e n w h o a re a lr ea d y g r o w n up
.

kn o w h im th o ro u g hl y h is g e ntlene ss a nd h is br a very A n d , , .

if there I S 1 l l ness in the vill a g e the elde s t so n l a ud s h im ,

w ith the l a ud g ivi ng n a m e s w hich he g a i n ed w hen fi g hti ng

-

w ith the ene my a n d a t the sa m e ti m e l a ud s a l l the o ther

,

A ma to ng o ; t h e s o n repr o ve s the fa ther sa y i n g We fo r o u r

‘
, ,

p a rts m a y ju s t d ie W h o a re y o u l o o k i ng a fter ? Let u s

.

d ie a l l o f u s th a t w e ma y see i nt o w h o se h o u se y o u w ill
,

e n ter Y o u w ill ea t g r a ss h o pper s ; y o u w ill n o l o n g er be

?

1 R ev Le w i s G r o u t, Z u l u -l a n d, o r o r y
f ca e th e a re a fll ic te d, th a t if th e y
Z
.

L if e a m o ng t h e u l u R a z rs
j ( P h a -
' ’

il l
sh o u d a l l die in c o nseq u en ce , a nd th u s

l i
de p h a , pp 1 3 7, 43 4 5
1 -1
. . r i r
h is w o sh pp e s c o m e t o an e nd, h e
2 “ Th a
t is, th e s u gg es t t o th ey l v
w o u d h a e no ne t o w o sh p h im ; a nd r i
I to n g o [a nc est a sp rl
t, s ng u a of iri i l r r r
t h e e fo e fo r h is o w n sa k e , a s w e
-
as ll
A m a to ng o ] , by w h o se -w o r w a nt ill ill ir
fo r th e s , h e h a d b et te p ese e his r r rv
CH AP . x1 TH E OR I GI N OF O S I R I S

’
i nvited t o g o a ny w h e re if y o u d e s tr o y y o ur o w n vill a g e , .

A ft e r th a t b e c a u s e the y h a v e w o rs hipp e d h im the y t a k e

, ,

c o ura g e say i ng He h a s he a rd h e w ill c o m e a n d tre a t o u r

,
’
di se a se s a nd th ey w il l ce a se
,
S uch the n is the fa ith w hich .

children h a ve in the I t o n g o [a nce str a l spirit] w hich is their

fa ther A n d if there is a chief w i fe o f a vill a g e w h o h a s
.
,

g iven birth t o chi ldren a n d if her hu s b a n d is n o t de a d her, ,

I t o n g o is m uch reverenced by her hu s b a n d a nd a l l the

childre n A nd th a t chief w ife bec o me s a n I to ng o w hich
.

t a k e s g re a t c a re o f the vill a g e But it is the fa ther e speci a ll y .

th a t is the he a d o f t h e vill a g e Thu s a mo ng the Zu lu s .

” 1

it is t h e spirit s o f th o se w h o h a ve j u st died e speci a ll y the ,

s pirit s o f fa ther s a n d m o ther s w h o a re m o s t revered a n d ,

w o r s hipped The spirit s o f the mo re re mo te de a d a re fo r

.

g o tte n .

Whe n the m i ss i o n a rie s in q uire d int o the reli g i o u s ide a s Th e

w r h ip
o f the Herer o a B a ntu tribe o f Ger m a n S o uth We s t A fric a
o s
-
, f h d d , o t e ea

the y he a rd m uch o f a cert a in M ukuru w h o m a t fir s t the y m g h a on t e

H r r
,
e e o
t o o k t o be the g r e a t g o d o f he a ven a nd e a rth A cc o rd f G r m .
o e an

ing l y the y a d o pted M ukuru a s the n a tive n a m e fo r the S h out

W e st
Chri sti a n G o d a n d se t o u t o n th e ir m i ss i o n to pre a ch th e Afri
, ca .

g l a d tidi n g s o f M ukuru a n d h is divi n e S o n t o t h e p o o r

be n i g hted he a then But th e ir fir s t experie nce s w ere dis.

c o nc e rtin g A g a i n a n d a g a in w he n
. the y a rrived in
a vill a g e a n d a n n o unced th eir intenti o n t o the chief the y ,

w ere br o u g ht up ver y s h o rt by t h a t g re a t m a n w h o t o ld
1
,

the m w ith a n a ir o f a st o n i sh ment th a t he hi m self w a s

M ukuru F o r ex a m pl e M e ss rs Buttner a n d I rle p a id a vi sit
.
,
.

t o a n o l d chief n a m ed Tj e nda a n d re m o n s tr a ted w ith h im o n

the i m pr o priety o f w hich he h a d b een g uilty in g i v in g a
b a ptiz e d g irl in m a rri a g e to a n a tive g e n tle ma n w h o se
d o m e stic a rr a n g e me n t s w ere fr a m ed o n the p o l y g a m o u s
p a tri a rch a l p a ttern M ukuru w ill pu n i s h y o u fo r th a t
.
“ ”

sa id M r Wh a t ? r o a red th e chi e f Wh o s ”
B iit t n e r
. .
“
.
“

M ukuru ? W h y I a m M ukuru in my o w n tribe a nd he , ,

l
p eo p e , t h a t t h e e m a y b e a r vill a
g e fo r A ma to ng o or A n cesto r Wo rsh ip a s ex ist
r
h l m to en te , a nd mea t o f th e sa c ri fi c es ing a m o ng th e A ma z u l u , in th eir o w n
fo r h i m t o ea t ”
.
w o rds , w ith a tra n sl a t ion in to E ng l ish
1 R ev H en
. C a a w a , The Rry ll y e ( N a ta l , Sp ri gv l
n a e, e tc. , pp .

l ig io u s S y stem of t he A maz u l u , P a t r ii .
, 1 44 -1
46 .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

bu n dled the t w o m i ssi o n a rie s o u t o f the vill a g e A repetiti o n .

o f the s e p a i n ful i n cide n t s a t l a s t i m pre sse d o n the m i n d s o f

the m i ssi o na rie s the c o nvicti o n th a t M u k uru w a s n o t G o d a t

a l l but m erel t h e h ea d o f a fa m il y a n a n ce s t o r w hether
y , ,

a live o r d e a d The y a sc e rt a i n ed a t the s a m e ti me th a t the

?

Herero rec o g nize a g o o d go d w h o d w e ll s in he a ven a nd

be a rs the n a m e o f N dj a mb i K a ru ng a But the y do n o t .

w o r s hip h im n o r bri ng h im O ffe ri n g s bec a u se he is so ki n d ,

th a t he hurt s n o b o d y a nd therefo re th e y n eed no t fe a r h im , .

R a ther they sh a re the o pi n i o n o f the o ther B a ntu tribe s

th a t N dj a mb i the g o o d C re a t o r h a s w ithdr a w n t o he a ve n
, ,

a n d left the g o v e r n m ent o n e a rth t o the de mo n s

” 2
I t is
“
.

true th a t the Her e r o a re a c q u a inted w ith puni s h m ent fo r

An ce st a r l w h a t is b a d But th a t pu n i sh m e n t the y a scri b e to M ukuru
S p iri
.

ts
o r th e ir a n ce s t o r s s their a nce s t o r s h 3
I t i ( O v a h u ru
) w o m
(O h )
.
va u ru

wo r h i pp d they m u s t fe a r ; it is the y w h o a re a n g ry a n d c a n bri ng

s e

by h t e

H r r
e e o .
da n g er a n d m i s fo rtune o n a m a n S o it is i n t e lli g ible th a t .

the w h o le o f their w o r ship turn s n o t o n N dj a m b i K a run g a , ,

but o n their a nce st o r s I t is in o rd e r to w in a n d k eep th e ir .

fa v o ur t o a vert th e ir di sple a sure a nd w r a th in s h o rt to

, ,

pr o piti a te the m th a t the H erero bri ng their m a n y o fferi ng s,

th e y do so no t o u t O f g r a titude but o u t o f fe a r n o t o u t o f , ,

l o ve but O u t o f terr o r Their reli g i o n is a w o rship o f

,
‘

a n ce s t o r s w ith here a n d there t o uche s o f fe ti shi s m Thu s ” ‘1

.

a mo n
g the Herer o a s a m o n g a l l B a ntu tribe s there exi s t s a , ,

re li g i o u s du a li s m : the y k n o w the hi g he st the true G o d but , ,

they wo r ship their a n ce s t o r s A n d a m o n g the w o r s hipful 5

”
.

1 Mi i ss o na r J I rl. e, D ie H erero , ein N j a me , O nj a m e , N g a m b e , N sa mb ; i

B eitrag z u r L a ndes Vo l hs u n d M is in th e Ca m e o o ns it is N z a mb , e tcr i .

s io n sh u n de ( G iite rsl o h ,
pp .
72 Co mpa e ohn r J
H W eek s , A mo ng .

59 Co ng o Ca n n iba l s ( Lo n do n , pp .

2
J.rl I e, o p . c it .
p 73. . 2 4 6 sq :
“W
e h a e fo u nd a
. ag u e v v
3 Ova h ii ru , t he p l rl
u a fo m r Of k l
no w e dg e o f a S u p e m e B e ng , a nd r i
li v ry rl
J
M u h u ru . a b e ef in H im , e g e n e a a m o ng
4 .rl I p p 74
e, o . cit . . . ri
th o se t b es o n t h e C o ng o w th w h ch i i
5
J rl
. I e , op cit p 7 5 Th e w te
. . . . ri r w e h a e co me v
i t t O n o co nta c . n

te ll s us th a t th e H e e o na me fo r rr th L w r C
e o g H i e ll d N mbi
on o e s ca e za ,

th e l il y
g o o d ce est a G o d, w h o m th e or b y H i f ll r t i t l N m bi mp g ;
s u e e za a un u

ac k w l dg b t d
no e t w r hip e i u o no o s , s n o sa t i f t ry r t w rd h
s ac o y t b oo o as e ee n

co mm i di ff r t f r m t
o n, nlm t e en o s, o a os f d f
o un N mbi b t f
or mp g
za ,
u or un u

al l th B t t ri b
e A m g th
an u es .
’
on e th r e e y i g d p r v r b th t
a re sa n s an o e s a

O v m b it i K l u g
a o m g t ri b
s a n fi a on es l rl y i di t it m i g
c ea n ca e m t s ea n n a s, os

of L g th
o an C g A g l
o, d e on o, n o a an o f ll p
a r m,
h i
su g h t d
e N m b
e,i es , an za

B g l
en i i Z mb i N j m b i A mb i
ue a t s a ,
a , , a mp g un th B i g m t H i gh
u as e e n os ,
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OOK 1 11

further a n d further int o the p a st th e ir me mo ry peri she s a nd ,

the ni m bu s o f s uper n a tur a l g l o ry w hich encircled it fo r a ti me

fa de s g r a du a ll y a w a y .

Th e The reli g i o n o f the O va mb o a no ther B a ntu tribe o f

w r h ip
,

o
o s

f h d d
G
t e
e r m a n S o uth We s t A fric a is s i m il a r
ea
-
The y a l s o rec o g,n ize .

m g h ona g re a t bein g n a med K a lun a w h o cre a ted the w o rld a n d

t e
a
g
O v mb
,

m a n but the y n either fe a r n o r w o r ship h im A fa r g re a ter

a o .

.
,

p a rt is pl a y ed in the reli g i o n o f the O v a m b o b y their b e lief

in s pirit s a nd a m o ng st the w o r shipful S pirits a c o n spicu o u s
, ,

pl a ce is a ssi g ned t o the so ul s o f the de a d E v e ry m a n .

le a ve s behind hi m a t de a th a spirit w hich c o n tinue s to exi st ,

o n e a rth a n d c a n in fluence the livin g ; fo r ex a m ple it m a y ,

enter int o their b o die s a nd thereb y c a u se a l l s o rt s o f S ick

ne ss H o w ever the s o ul s o f o rdin a ry de a d m e n c a n exert
.
,

their influe nce o nl y o n m e m ber s o f their o w n fa m ilie s ; the

s o u l s O f de a d chiefs o n the o ther h a nd h a ve p o w er o ver the
, ,

r a i n w hich the y c a n either g ive o r w ithh o ld To the se

,
'

p o w erful S pirit s a p o rti o n o f the n ew c o rn is O ffered a t

h a rve st a s a th a n k o fferin g fo r their fo rbe a r a n c e in no t
-

vi s itin g the pe o ple w ith s ick n ess a n d a b o ve a l l fo r their ,

b o unty in se n din g d o w n the fertilizin g s h o w er s o n the cr o p s .

The s o ul s o f de a d m a g ici a n s a re p a rticul a rl y dre a ded ; a n d

t o prevent the m ultipl ic a ti o n o f the se d a ng e r o u s s pirit s it
is cu s t o m a r y t o di s m e m ber their b o die s s everi n g th e a r m s ,

a n d le g s fr o m the tru n k a n d cuttin g the t o n g ue o u t o f

the m o uth I f the s e prec a uti o n s a re t a ken i m m edi a tel y
.

a fter d e a th the so ul o f the de a d ma n c a nn o t bec o me

,

a d a n e ro u s h s t ; the m util a ti o n o f h is b o d y h a s p ra c t i
g g o

c a l l y di s a r med h is spirit ?

Th e The W a hehe a B a ntu tribe o f Ger ma n E a st A fric a

, ,

w r hip f
o

h d d
t e
s
believe
ea
o
in a g re a t invi s ible s pirit n a m ed N g u ru h i w h o cre a ted ,

am g h onth e w o rld a n d rul es b o th hu m a n de s ti ny a n d the ele m e n t s

t e .

W h h f
G rm
a

e
Hee

an
e o
it is w h o m a ke s the r a i n t o fa ll the s u n to s hine , ,

E a st the w i n d to bl o w the thu nder t o r o ll a nd the cr o p s t o ,

Afri
,
ca .
g r ow Thi s g o d is a cc o rdin g l y c o nceived a s a l l p o w e rful
.
“ -
,

y e t w ith t h e l i m it a ti o n th a t he o nl y exerci se s a g ener a l

p o w e r o f directi o n o ver t h e w o rld e speci a ll y hu ma n fa te , ,

w hile the ma s aha t h e s pirit s o f the de a d w ield a per, ,

H rm 1 T j e O mb l
a nn d L d L t
o n es , Mi i ( B rli
va o an , pp
an ,
eu e, ss o n e n, .
CH A P . x1 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S 1 89

m a ne n t very c o nsider a ble i n flue nc e o n the c o ur se o f

a nd

p a rticul a r e ve n t s N g u ru h i is l o rd a l so o f a l l the s pirit s

.

of the de a d ( ma s oha ) but h is rel a ti o n t o the m h a s no t ,

bee n furth e r th o u g ht o ut With thi s S upreme Bei ng the .

pe o ple h o ld n o interc o urse by m e a n s O f pr a y er sa crifice , ,

o r in a ny o ther w a y H e st a nd s re mo te fr o m the reli g i o u s

.

life o f the W a hehe a n d re a ll y serve s o nl y a s a n expl a n a

ti o n o f a ll th o se thi ng s a nd event s w hich a re o ther w i s e
i nexplic a ble A l l reli g i o u s interc o urs e a l l w o rs hip c e n tre s
.
,
.

a l o ne o n the s pirit s o f the de a d H e nce if w e s pe a k o f a .

re li g i o n o f the W a hehe it mu s t be de scribed a s a pure ,

w o r s hip o f a nce s t o r s The hu ma n so ul q uit s the b o d y a t

.
” 1

de a th a nd a t o n ce bec o m e s a n a nc e str a l s pirit

invi s i b le a n d end o w ed w ith c o m plete li b erty o f m o ti o n .

E ven the y o un g e s t children h a ve s o ul s w hich r a n k a m o n g

the a nce str a l spirit s a t de a th H e n ce the g re a t m ultitude o f .

the de a d c o m pri se s S pirit s o f a l l a g e s fr o m the i nfa n t o ne ,

day o l d to the g re y h a ired p a tri a rch The y a re g o o d o r b a d

-
.

a cc o rdi n g a s the y w ere o o d o r b a d in li fe a nd their so ci a l

g ,

p o siti o n a l so is u n ch a ng ed He w h o w a s p o w erful in life is .

p o w erful a l so in de a th he w h o w a s a n o b o d y a m o n g me n
is a n o b o d y a l so a m o n g the S pirit s He nce the g h o s t o f a .

g re a t m a n c a n do m o re fo r the livin
g th a n the g h o s t of a

c o mmo n ma n ; a nd the g h o st o f a m a n ca n do mo re th a n
the g h o s t o f a w o m a n Y e t even the m e a ne s t g h o s t h a s p o w er
.

o ver the g re a te s t livi ng m a n wh o c a n o nl y defe n d hi m self ,

by a ppe a l i ng fo r help t o s tr o n g er a n ce s tr a l s pirit s Thu s .

w hile the S upre m e Bein g e erci se s a g e n er a l s uperinte n de n ce x

o ver a ffa ir s t h e re a l a d m i n i s tr a ti o n is in the h a nd s o f the

,

a n ce s tr a l s pirit s While he fo r e x a m ple re g ul a te s the

.
, ,

w e a ther a s a w h o l e it is the gh o s t s w h o c a u se e a ch p a r ,

t ic u l a r S h o w er t o fa ll o r the s u n t o bre a k o u t in g l o ry fr o m
the cl o ud s I f he s e n d s pl a g ue s o n the w h o le peo pl e o r
.

s t a y s t h e r a v a g e s o f d i s e a s e it is the g h o s t s w h o m a ke e a ch ,

i ndividu a l s ick o r so u n d The s e p o w erful s pirit s exert .

the mselve s e speci a ll y t o help their de scend a n t s th o u g h they ,

1 E N ig m . D i W h h (B li
an n , th t ri b
e i divi d l tri b m th
a e e er n , e e, n ua es en , e

pp q T
.h w ri t
2 2r d s . t r y d f
e r h ( p it p e 4) o es c o un ,
an so o t o . c . . 12

no t d ri b th W h h
e sc e B te w m y i f r th t th p
a e e as a pl b l g an u e a n e a e eo e e on to
t ri b b t fr m th
e, u h r t ri t i p
o th Be c t t k
a ac e s c re e an u s o c .

fix es w h i h th y mp l y t d ig t
c e e o o es na e
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OOK 111

do no the s it a te to pl a g ue their o w n kith a n d kin if they think

t he m selve s ne g lected They flit freel y thro u g h the a ir a n d
.

perch o n tree s m o u nt a i ns a n d s o fo rth but the y l o d g e by

, , ,

prefe re nce a t their g r a v es a n d y o u a re a l w a y s s ure o f fi ndi ng

,

the m there if y o u w i s h to c o n s ult the m

,
Th a t is w h y in ?

t he c o u n try o f the W a hehe the o nl y pl a ce s o f s a crifice a re

the g r a v e s te mple s a n d a lt a r s a re u n kn o w n H o w ever it is ?
,

o n l y t h e b o die s o f c o ns id e r a b le p e r s o n s th a t a re buried th e
c o rp se s o f c o m mo n fo lk a re S i m pl y thro w n a w a y in the
bu sh ; so th a t the n u mber o f g r a ve s a nd c o nse q u e n tl y o f
3

s a crifici a l pl a ce s is s trictl y li m ited The S pirit s o f the de a d .

a pp e a r t o the livi n g m o s t c o m mo n l y in dre a m s t o g ive

th e m info r m a ti o n o r w a r ni n g but O fte n er to chide a n d ,

t o r m ent the m S o the sl ee p e r w a ke s in a fri g ht a nd c o n s ult s

.

a divi n er w h o ,
direct s h im w h a t he m u s t do in o rd e r to
a ppe a s e the a n g ry g h o s t F o l l o w i n g the directi o n s o f h is
.

s piritu a l a dvi s er the m a n sa crifice s a n o x o r it m a y be o n l

y ,

a s heep o r a fo w l a t the t o m b o f o n e o f h is a n ce s t o r s pr a s
, y ,

t o the g h o s t a n d h a vi n g s c a tter e d a fe w m o r s e l s o f the

,

victi m s fle s h o n the g r a ve a nd sp a t a mo uthful o f beer up o n

’
,

it retire s w ith h is fa mil y to fe a st o n the re m a inder o f the

,

c a rc a se S uch sa crifice s to the de a d a re O ffered o n o cc a si o n

.

o f s ick n e ss the l a ck o f m a le heir s a th re a te ned w a r a n ‘

, , ,

i n te n d e d j o urn ey in s h o rt befo re a ny i mp o rt a n t u n dert a k i ng

, ,

o f w hich the i s s ue is d o ubtful ; a n d the y a re a cc o m p a n ied -

by pr a y er s fo r h ea lth vict o ry g o o d h a rve s t s an d so fo rth

, , ,
?

O nce m o re the B a hi ma a B a ntu pe o ple o f A n k o le in

, , ,

Ce ntr a l A fric a b e liev e in a supre m e g o d L u g a b a w h o

, ,

d w ell s in the sk y a n d cre a ted m a n a n d b e a s t ; but thi s “

s upre m e bei ng is n o t w o r s hipped no r a re o fferi ng s m a de t o

h im ; he h a s n o sa cred pl a c e A lth o u g h the y t a l k freel y a b o ut .

h im a n d a c k n o w led g e h im t o b e their g r e a t be n e fa ct o r
, ,

the y a ccept a l l h is g ift s a s a ma tt e r o f c o ur s e a nd m a ke h im ,

o ffe ri n g in r e tur n O n e m u s t n o t ther e fo re c o n

-
no .
, ,

c l u de th a t the B a hi m a a re a n irrel i g i o u s pe o pl e like mo s t o f

the B a ntu tri b e s their r e li g i o n c o n s i s t s chiefl y in d e a lin g w ith
g h o s t s o f d e p a rted rel a tiv e s a n d in s t a n di n g w ell w ith the m ; ,

1 E N ig ma n n, D ie
. Wa h eh e, p p . 2 3
3 E . N ig ma nn , op . cit .
p 39. .

4
E . N ig m a nn , op . cit .
pp 2 4 . s
qq .
,
2 E . N igm an n , op . c it .
p .
35 .
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

to m a ke di st a n t e ne my he a n d t h e o l der m e n
w ar on a ,

o f the tribe w o uld pr a y d a il y fo r vict o r y t o the s pirit s o f

the de a d kin g s h is predece sso r s The da y befo re the a r m y

,
.

w a s t o s e t fo rth the g re a t w a r dru m b o o med o u t a n d t h e

,
-

w a rri o r s fl o cked t o g eth e r fr o m the o utl y in g di strict s u n der

th e ir re s pective c a pt a in s I n the du s k o f the eve n i ng the .

kin g a nd the elderl y w o men w h o p a ssed fo r t h e w ive s o f ,

the de a d kin g s a nd tended their shrine s a t the c a pit a l ,

w ent a n d pr ay ed a t the se shrine s th a t t h e s o ul s O f the

dep a rted mo n a rch s w o uld keep the w a r p a th free fro m fo e s -

a nd le a d the kin g in a s tr a i g ht c o urs e to the ene m y s ’

s t o ck a de The s e so lemn pr a y er s the kin g led in perso n

.
,

a n d the w o m en be a t thei r b a re bre a s t s a s the j o ined i n

y
the e a rne st a ppe a l N ext mo r n in g the w h o le a r my w a s
.

m a r s h a lled in fr o nt o f the g h o s t hut s o f the de a d ki ng s -

the livin g kin g d a nc e d a w a r d a nce befo re h is a n ce sto rs -

,

w hile h is chief w ife s pri n kled h im w ith h o l y fl o ur ; a n d

a l l pr o s tr a ted the m s elve s in s upplic a ti o n befo re the s hrine s ?

A m o n g the s e tribe s o f N o rther n Rh o de s i a the s pirit s

o f de a d chiefs o r k i n g s s o m eti m e s t a ke p o sse ss i o n o f t h e

b o die s o f live m e n o r w o m en a nd pr o ph e sy thr o u g h their

m o uth s When the s pirit o f a de a d chief c o m e s o ver a
.

m a n he be g in s t o r o a r l ike a l i o n w hereup o n the w o me n

, ,

a ther t o g ether a n d be a t the dru m s S h o uti ng th a t the chief

g ,

h a s c o me to vi s it the vil l a g e The m a n thu s te m p o r a ril y .

i n spired w ill pro phe sy o f future w a r s o r impendi ng a tt a ck s

b y li o n s While the i ns pira ti o n l a st s he ma y e a t no thi ng
.
,

c o o ked by fire b ut o nl y unfer m e n ted d o u g h

,
H o w ever ‘

.
,

the s pirit o f a dep a rted chief t a ke s p o s se ss i o n o f w o me n

o ft e ner th a n o f m e n The se w o me n a ssert th a t th ey a re
“
.

p o sse ssed by the s o ul o f so m e de a d chief a n d w hen th e y ,

feel th e divi ne a ffla t u s w hite n th e ir fa ce s to a ttr a ct a tt e n

,

ti o n a n d a n o int th e mselve s w ith fl o ur w hich h a s a reli g i o u s

, ,

a n d s a n ctify in g p o te nc y O ne o f their n umber be a t s a .

dru m a nd the o ther s d a nce s i ng in g a t the sa m e ti me

, ,

a w eird s o n g w ith curi o u s i n terv a l s

,
F i n a ll y w hen th e y .
,

h a ve a rrived a t the re q ui site pitch o f r e li g i o u s ex a lta ti o n ,

the p o ssessexl w o ma n fa ll s t o the g r o u nd a n d b ur s t s fo rth ,

1
J
W rp th
H
. W t S .h
”
W
es

A f
m
i
b S i ty N xli ( O t b r 9 ) p p
ea n e ,
“
e a oc e ,
o . . c o e , 1 1 1 .

a a j s, l f t h ou rn a 5 q
o e r ca n 2 s .
CHAP . xl TH E OR I GI N OF O S I R I S

i nt o a l o w a n d a l m o st i n a rticul a te ch a n t w hich h a s a m o s t ,

u nc a n n y e ffe ct A l l a re s ile n t a t o n c e a nd the ba s h ing a ng a

.
’
,

( m edici n e m e n ) g a ther r o u n d t o i n terpret the v o ice o f the

-

s pirit S o m eti m e s the s pirit s o f dep a rted chi e fs a re

” 1
.

rei nc a r n a ted in a n i ma l s w hich a re the n revered a s the ,

a b o de s o f the d e a d ruler s Thu s the p a r a mo u n t chief o f .

the A ma m b w e is inc a r na ted a fter d ea th in the fo r m o f a

y o un g li o n w hile Bi s a a n d Wi w a chiefs c o m e b a ck in the
,

S h a pe o f p y th o n s I n o n e o f t h e re s t h o u se s n e a r F ife
.
-

a t a m e p y th o n w a xed fa t o n the o ffe ri n s o f fo w l s a n d s o ur

g
b e er w hich the W in a mw a ng a pre se n ted t o it in th e fo n d
,

belief th a t it h o u se d the s pirit o f o n e o f their de a d chiefs .

O n e da y unfo rtun a tel y fo r hi m sel f the reptile deity ve n tur e d

t o d i spute the p o sse ss i o n o f the r e s t h o u se w ith a G e r m a n -

c a ttle de a l e r w h o w a s p a ssin g by ; a di sch a rg e o f sh o t

-

s ettled the di s pute in fa v o ur o f the c a ttle de a ler a n d the -

,

w o r s hipper s o f the deit y beheld h im n o m o re

?

A n o ther B a n tu pe o ple w h o w o r s hip the S pirit s o f their B li f f e e o

de a d kin g s a re the B a r o t se o r M a r o tse o f the Upp e r gm m , i

e “

Z a m be si The B a ro t se believ e in a s upre m e g o d the

.
p m ,
a su re e

cr e a to r o f a ll thin g s w h o m they c a ll N i a m be ,
H e live s fi gmb .
e’

in the su n a n d by h is ma rri a g e w ith the m o o n be g a t the

,

w o rld the a ni m a l s a n d l a s t o f a ll m e n
,
But the cu nn i ng
,
.

a n d fer o cit y o f h is cre a ture m a n terrified the b e n e fi ce n t

cre a t o r so th a t he fled fr o m e a rth a n d e sc a ped up the
,

thre a d o f a spider s w eb to he a ven There he s till ret a i n s

’
.

a cert a i n p o w er to i n terfere in hu ma n a ffa irs a n d th a t is ,

w h y m e n s o m eti m e s pr a y a n d sa crifice t o h im Fo r .

ex a m ple the w o r shipper sa lute s the ri s i ng s u n a n d o ffe r s

,

h im a ve s s el o f w a ter n o d o ubt t o q ue n ch t h e thir s t o f ,

the deity o n h is h o t j o urn ey a cr o ss the sk y A g a i n w h e n .

,

a l o n g dr o u g ht h a s prev a iled a bl a ck o x is sa crificed t o ,

N i a mb e a s a sy m b o l o f the cl o ud s b ig w ith t h e l o n g ed fo r
-

r a in . A n d befo re the y so w the field s the w o m en pil e the

”
,

s eed s a nd th e ir di in h e s in a h ea p a n d pr a y t o the g o d
gg g o ,

th a t he w o uld render their l a b o ur fruitful ?

1C G o u l dsb u ry an d H S h ea n e , .
p
o . c it
p . . 84
é i
. .

Ma
'
3
Th e Grea t P l a tea u of N o rth ern N igeria , E ug ene B gu n , L es -
ro tse

p. 8 3 .
( Lau sa nn e a nd F o nta i n es , pp .

2
C G o u l dsb u ry a n d H S h ea n e ,
. . 1 1 8 sq .

PT . IV . V OL . II
 TH E OR I G I N OF OS I R I S B OO K 11 1

Th e Y e t w hile they a ckn o w led g e the di v ine supre ma c y o f

N i a m be the B a r o t s e a ddre ss their pray er s m o s t fre q ue n tl y
,

t o the i n feri o r deitie s the ditino w h o a re the d e ified ki n g s

, ,

o f t h e c o u n tr y .The t o m b s o f the dep a rted mo n a rch s m ay

be s een ne a r the vill a g e s w hich the y inh a bited in life E a ch .

t o m b st a n d s in a g r o ve o f be a utiful tree s a n d is e ncircled b y

a t a ll p a li s a de o f p o inted s t a ke s c o vered w ith fi ne m a t s like
, ,

the p a li s a d e w hich s urr o u nd s the r o y a l re side n ce o f a livin g

k in g. S uch a n encl o s ure is s a cred ; the pe o ple a re fo r
bidd e n to enter it le s t they sh o uld di sturb t h e g h o s t o f h im
w h o s l eep s bel o w But the inh a bita nt s o f the ne a rest vill a g e
.

a re ch a r g ed w ith the duty o f ke e pin g the t o m b a nd the e n

cl o sure in g o o d o rder rep a iri ng the p a li sa de a n d repl a cin g

, ,

t h e m a t s w hen the y a re w o rn o u t O nce a m o nth a t the

.
,

n e w m o o n the w o m en s w eep n o t o nl y the g r a ve a n d the

,

e ncl o s ure but the w h o le vill a g e The g u a rdi a n o f the t o m b

.

is a t the s a m e ti m e a prie s t ; he a ct s a s inter m edi a r y b e

t w ee n the g o d a nd th e pe o ple w h o c o m e t o pra y t o the deit y .

H e be a r s the title o f N g o m b o ti ; he a l o ne h a s the ri g ht to

enter the sa cred encl o s ure the pr o fa ne m ultitude m u st st a nd
a t a re s pectful d i s t a nce E ven the kin g hi m se lf w hen h e
.
,

c o m e s t o c o n s ult o ne o f h is a nce s t o r s is fo rbidden to set ,

fo o t o n the h o l y g ro u n d I n pre sence o f the g o d o r a s

.
, ,

th e y c a l l h im the M a ster o f the T o mb the mo n a rch m u st

, ,

be a r hi m self like a s l a ve in the pre se n ce o f h is l o rd He .

k neel s d o w n n e a r the entr a nce cl a p s h is h a nd s a nd g ive s

, ,

t h e r o y a l sa lute ; a n d fr o m w ithi n the encl o s ure the prie s t

so le m n l y retur n s the s a lute j u s t a s the ki n g hi m s elf w hen
, ,

h e h o ld s h is c o urt r eturn s the sa lute o f h is s ubject s

,
The n .

the s uppli a nt w h e ther k i ng o r c o m mo ner m a ke s h is petiti o n

, ,

t o the deit y a n d dep o s it s h is o fferin g ; fo r n o m a n m a y pr a y

t o t h e g o d w ith e m pty h a n d s I n s ide the encl o s ur e cl o s e
.
,

t o the entr a n c e is a h o le w hich is Supp o s ed t o s e rve a s a

,

ch a n n e l o f c o m m u n ic a ti o n w ith the s pirit o f the deifi e d kin g .

I n it the o ffe ri n g s a re pl a ced O fte n the y c o n s i s t o f m il k

.

w hich is p o ured i n t o the h o le ; a n d the faster it dr a i n s .

aw ay ,
the mo re fa vo ur a b l y incli ned is the g o d th o u g ht to be
t o t h e petiti o n er M o re so lid O ffe rin g s s uch a s fle sh cl o the s
.
, , ,

a nd
g l a ss b e a d s bec o me t h e pr o p e rt y o f the pri es t a fter the y
,

h a v e been a ll o w e d to lie fo r a dece n t t ime b eside the sa cred

 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

s pirit s o f its o w n a nce st o rs the w h o le tribe w o rs hip s pu b licl y

,

the s pirits o f it s dep a rted mo na rch s p a y in g to e a ch o f the se ,

i nvi s ible p o tent a te s w h o se re a lity th ey neve r dr e a m o f

,

d o ubti ng a h o ma g e o f preci sel y the sa m e so rt a s th a t w hich

,

th ey re n der t o h is livi ng s ucc e sso r o n the thro ne S uch a .

reli g i o n o f the d e a d is b y n o m e a n s i nc o mp a tible w ith the

rec o g n iti o n o f hi g her s piritu a l p o w ers w h o m a y h a ve a n o ri g in
q uite indepe nd e n t o f the w o rship o f a n ce st o r s We h a ve .

se e n in p o i n t o f fa ct th a t m a n y tribe s w h o s e pr a ctic a l re ,

l ig io n is c o ncentr a ted chiefl y o n their de a d n ev e rthel e ss ,

a c k n o w led g e the e xi s tence o f a s upre m e g o d the cr e a t o r o f ,

m a n a n d O f a l l thin g s w h o m the y do n o t re g a rd a s a
,

g l o rified g h o st The . B a anda

g the m o s t pr o g r e ss ive a n d
,

a dv a nced o f a l l the B a n tu tribe s h a d a w h o le p a n th eo n o f ,

g o d s w h o m th e y S h a rpl y di s tin g ui s hed fr o m the w o r s hipful

s pirit s o f their fo refa th e r s .

Y e t in s pit e o f thi s d i s ti n cti o n w e m a y su s p ec t th a t in m a n y

c a se s the see m i n g l in e o f divi si o n bet w een g o d s a n d w o rshipful
g h o s t s is deceptive a n d th a t the m a ic t o uch o f ti m e w hich
g ,

di sto rt s a nd m a g nifie s the p ast e s p e ci a ll y a mo ng pe o ple s w h o ,

se e it o n l y thr o u g h the h a ze o f o r a l tr a diti o n h a s g l o rifi e d a n d ,

t ra n s fi g u re d m a n y a de a d m a n i n t o a deity Thi s a t a l l .

eve n t s see ms to h a ve bee n the hi s to ry o f so m e o f th e B a g a nd a

g o d.s O n thi s s ubject o u r be s t a uth o rit y s ay s th a t t h e
“

pri n cip a l g o d s a ppe a r to h a ve be e n a t o ne ti me hu m a n

bei ng s n o ted fo r their s kill a nd br a v e ry w h o w ere a fter
, ,

w a rd s deified b y the pe o ple a n d i n ve s ted w ith s uper n a tur a l

p o w er s .
” 1
M uk a sa held the hi g he s t r a nk a mo n g th e g o d s
o f U ganda He w a s a be n i g n g o d he never a sked fo r th e
.

life o f a n y hu m a n bei n g but a ni ma l s w ere sa crificed t o h im

,

a t the y e a rl y fe s tiv a l s a n d a l so a t o ther ti m e s w h e n t h e

,

ki ng o r a le a di ng chief w i shed to c o n s ul t h im H e h a d
, , .

n o thin g to do w ith w a r but s o u g ht to he a l the b o di e s a nd

,

m i n d s o f me n He w a s the g o d O f plenty he g a ve th e
.

pe o pl e a n i ncre a se o f fo o d c a ttl e a n d childre n F r o m the , , .

l e g e n d s s till curr e n t it se e m s to b e a l m o s t cert a i n th a t h e

w a s a hu m a n bei n g w h o bec a u se o f h is benev o l e n c e c a m e
, ,

t o be r e g a rded a s a g o d Th e l e g e n d s a b o ut M u k a sa
.

a re o f g r e a t i n t e re s t ; th e y S h o w h o w t h e hu m a n el e ment

R 1
J Rev . Th B g
. d (L d
o sc o e , e
p 7 a an a on o n, . 2 1 .
CH AP . x1 TH E OR I GI N OF O S I R I S

h as b e e n l o st in the divi ne h o w the n a tura l h a s b e e n effa ced ,

b y the s upern a tur a l until in the m ind s o f t h e c o mm o n , ,

pe o ple o n l y the s upern a tur a l re m a in s

, .
” 1

I f w e c a n n o t pr o ve th a t the g re a t g o d M uk a sa hi m self Th e

w a s o n c e a m a n w e h a ve very t a n g ible evidence th a t h is 1 2 132 “

1

, 1 5

br o th e r the w a r g o d K ibuk a w a s so F o r li k e the de a d k in g s K ib k

- u a.

’
.

g gifliib
‘
o f U g a nd a K ibu k a w a s w o r s hipped in a g re a t c o nic a l hut
‘

, e

re s e mblin g the hut s w hich l ivin g pe o ple i nh a bit : like the m B g d

,
a an a

h is S pirit w a s s upp o sed t o enter fr o m ti m e t o ti m e i n t o the

b o d y o f h is prie st a n d to g ive o r a cl es thro u g h h im a n d like
th e m he w a s repre sented in h is te m ple by h is per so n a l relic s ,

h is j a w b o n e a n d h is n a vel s trin g w hich w e re re s cued fr o m -

,

the rui n s o f h is te m ple a n d no w re s t in the E th no l o g ic a l

M u seu m a t C a m brid g e I n fa ce o f thi s c o m plete p a r a lleli s m .

bet w een the g o d a n d the ki n g s w h o se perso n a l exi st e nce is

n o t o pen t o q ue s ti o n it s ee m s di fficult t o d o ubt th a t K ibuk a ,

w a s o n ce like the m a re a l m a n a n d th a t he s p o k e w ith the ,

j a w b o ne a nd ma de b o dil y u se o f the o ther c o rp o re a l o rg a n s

w hich w ere pre s erved in h is te m ple ?
The se a n a l o g ie s lend so m e supp o rt to the the o ry th a t in Th i i us t s

’’
a n cient E y pt w here the ki n s w ere w o r s hipped b y their fi
g g , Fjfgsi r s

pe o ple b o th in life a n d de th O s ir is may h a ve b een o rig i lly

a n a d I i an s s

m y h v
, _
I “

a a e

q h ese j eifi e dfl g fi gh
n s fl h ose w p b een a
n d ed b Y s iV a m
s

r
g adu a ll y e c l i s e
iz dj h et 0
e the e n g
1
213 13
3
- -
“
o r even s ur
pa ss in
g s n g o d hi m s elf
u W e f E g y p
-
. o t,

h a ve seen th a t a t Ab y d o s o n e o f the pr i nc ip a l ce n tre s o f h is gj 2 gl , ‘

e

w o r ship the t o m b o f O s iri s w a s ide n tified w ith the t o m b o f w i h K i g

,
t n

d
K i n g K h e nt o ne o f the e a rlie s t m o n a rch s o f the firs t E g y pti a n 132q
,
1 8 11 1 an
u een .

’
d y n a s ty a n d th a t i n th is t o m b w ere fo u n d a w o m a n s r ichl y
,

je w elled a rm a n d a hu ma n s kull l a ckin g the l o w er j a w b o n e ,

w hich m a y w ell be t h e he a d o f the kin g hi m s e l f a n d the

a rm o f h is q ue e n The c a rved m o nu m ent o f O s iri s w hich w a s
.

fo u n d in the sepulchr a l ch a mber a ppe a r s i n deed to be a

1 R ev .
J . R o sc o e , o
p . c it .
pp 2 90 , 1 ) pp
90 7 6 1 - 1 66
; id , The B ag a n da ,
. 1 .

r hip f M k
.

2 91 . I n th e w o th s o u a sa
“
e pp 3 0 1
.
-
3 08 A m o ng th e p e so na
. r l
p ri i nc
p l r m a y w t h ce e l on as e a nnua r li i
e cs o f K b u k a k l
ep t in h is t e m p e

f t iv l w h
es a th
, ki g t hi p en e n se n s re r i l r
w e e h is g e n ta o g ans ; l
th ese a so
t t th
se n s
g d t
o r bl i ge o , o se c u e a e ss n w r re e d wh th M h mm d
esc u e en e o a e ans

on th r p d th p p l f th
e c o s an on e eo e or e b r d d w
u ne h i t mp l i th
o ivil n s e e n e c

y r (J R w r 8 8 7 —8 9 Th y
”
ea p it p
. o sco e , o . c . . f
a s o 1 w 1 0 . e a re no
2 R J R ev . K i b k th
. o sco e , u a, e w i th th r t f th g d e r th r
es o e o
’
s, or a e

W ar God of th e B a g an da ,
”
M an, v ii . th m e r m i t C mb ri dg
’
an s , e a ns a a e .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 111

wo rk o f l a te E g y pti a n a rt but it m ay h a ve repl a ced a n e a rlier ,

s a rc o ph a g u s Cert a inl y w e m ay re a so n a bl y s upp o se th a t the

.

ide n t ifi ca t io n o f the t o m b o f O s iri s w ith the t o m b o f K i n g

-

K h e n t w a s very a nci e nt ; fo r th o u g h the prie s t s m ay h a ve

re n e w ed the s culpture d e ffi g y o f the de a d g o d the y w o uld ,

h a rdl y d a r e to shift the s ite o f the H o l y S epu lchre ? N o w

t h e sepulchre is di st a nt a b o ut a m ile a n d a h a lf fr o m the
t e m ple i n w hich O s iri s w a s w o r shipped a s a g o d There is .

thu s a curi o u s c o i n cide n ce if there is n o thin g m o re bet w een , ,

t h e w o r s hip o f O s iri s a n d the w o r ship o f the de a d ki n g s o f

U g a n d a A S a de a d k i ng o f U g a nd a w a s w o r shipped in a
.

te m ple w hile h is he a dle ss b o d y rep o sed a t so me di st a nce in

,

a r o y a l t o m b a n d h is he a d w ith o ut the l o w er j a w b o ne w a s
, , ,

buried by it self ne a r the g ra ve so O siri s w a s w o r shipped ,

in a te mple n o t fa r fro m the r o y a l to mb w hich tr a diti o n

id e n tified w ith h is g ra ve P erh a p s a fter a l l tr a diti o n .

w a s ri g ht I t is p o s s ible th o u g h it w o uld be ver y r a sh t o

.
,

a ffir m th a t O s iri s w a s n o o ther th a n the hi st o ric a l K in g

,

K h e n t o f the fir s t d y n a s t y ; th a t the skull fo u n d in the 2

t o m b is the s kull o f O siri s him self ; a n d th a t w hile it rep o sed

in the g ra ve the m i ss in g j a w b o ne w as pre served like the ,

j a w b o ne o f a de a d ki ng o f U g a nd a a s a h o l y a n d perh a p s ,

Th i1
i d r ti i righ tl y rg d i 3 q 6 7
s co ns e a on K h ti Am ti w
s u e . 1 s .
, . en -
en as

b y H S h af r . ctr g rg m t i e as a s f th l d t g d f A byd
on a u d en n o ne o e O es o s o o s, a n

f v r f th
a ou ti q i ty f th
o t r di ti
e an w rt i l yu o t d w i th th d d e a on a s ce a n co nne c e e ea ,

w hi h c i t d h g r v f O iri b i g p r b b l y th
a sso c a e t e i t l l gd
a e o s s e n o a e a n c en o ca o

w i th th gr v f K i g Kh t
e a S f th d d f Ab yd
e o n d it ig beu . ee o e ea o o s an s ne our

H S h af r D i I l/ y t i
. c e d ,
O i i h d e N w i s er enth P y r mi d T x t es s r s oo . o , n e a e s,

i n A by d ( L ip i os pp 8 w h i eh w r
s c, w ri t t d r t h V I th . 2 c e e en un e e

s q . dy t y th r v r l m ti f na s , e e a re se e a en o ns o

O 2
f th ne o mm t d ld t K h ti A m ti
e co d i
o n es l rg m b r an o es en - en ,
an n a a e nu e

t i tl f O iri
es o w C h t ( Kh t) s f i t
s asth m i pr en d d by en o n s a n ce s e na e s ec e e

Am t enGb ti ( K h ti) Am t i
or th t f O iri
en I t i q it
en l r th r
- en , as a o s s. s u e c ea , e e

th e m i na l w ri tt e It m s f r th t th
a so h i f tt ri b t
en . f th e a ns o e, a e c e a u es o e o ne

C h i f f th i th W t g dm t h v r mb l d th ”
e wh o o se o a re n f th
e es o us a e ese e o se o e

an d r f r t t h E g y p ti
e e s b li f h t
o th r e d th t O iri K h ti A m t i an e e t a o e ,
an a s s en - en

th e l f th d d g w tw r d w
so u s o e m d t ea h v b r b d th
o es a . as assu e o a e a so e e

S ee R V L Di i i di p w r f K h ti A m ti
a nz o ne , z I th
on a r o o e s o en en n e
-
. . .

M it l gi Egi i p 7 7 H B r g h
o o a r p r t ti
z a, . f th t w g d w h i h
2 . u sc ,
e esen a o ns o e o o s c

R l gi e i d [Mon y t h l gi un d lt f d t A b yd o o th r e i er ll y a en a re o un a os e e s usu a

A gy p te
p 6 7 ; A er, E rm
'

Di di ff r
1 t l . t t d r than , e no e e nc e , a ea s no un e e

y
.

agyp t i h R l gi sc e
pp 3 3 q e i X V I I I t hon ,
2
d X I X th d . 2 t i ,( E 10A s . an n as es . .

J . H B r t
. d D l p m
eas e t f R W lli
,
B d g p
ev e o it i en H w o e a s u e, o . c . . o

l gii d Th g h t i A
on a n i t Egyp t v r it w l d b
ou n f t i f r th t
n c en ,
e e , ou e u n sa e o n e a

pp 3 8.
4 3 ( w ,
h p ll1 t h m t h r m b l o sb t we t h
s m e f na e e ese an ce e e en e na e o

K h ti Am ti ) E A W lli B dg
en -
en th u g d d th .
m.
f th k i g i
a s u e, e o an e na e o e n s

O i i s r s d th Eg yp t i
an R ti m r th
e id t l an esu rrec on , o e a n ac c en a .
 TH E OR I GI N OF OS I R I S B OO K 1 11

ele me n t s o f hi st o ry a n d fa ble w hich a pp e a r to h a v e ble n ded

in h is tr a diti o n a l ch a r a cter
. I a m c o n te n t to i n dic a te b a re
p o ssibilitie s : d o g m a ti s m o n such p o i n t s w o uld b e in the
hi g he s t deg ree r a sh a nd u n b e c o m in g Whether O siri s a n d
.

I s i s w ere fr o m fir st t o l a s t purel y i m a g in a ry bei the

ide a l cre a ti o ns o f a pri m itive phil o so ph y o r w h e
,
the y
w ere o ri g i n a ll y a re a l m a n a n d w o m a n a b o ut w h o m a fter
de a th the my th m a ki ng fa n c y w o ve its g o ssa mer r a i nbow
-

ti n ted w e b is a q u e sti o n t o w hich I a m no t b o ld en o u g h t o

,

g ive a decided a n s w
. er
 C HAP TER XI I

M OTH E R —
KI N AN D M O TH E R G OD D ES S E S

I . Dy ing Gods a nd M o u rning Goddesses

W E h a ve no w c o nclud e d o u r i n q uiry i n t o the n a ture a n d E i l ssen t a

w o r s hip o f the three O rie n t a l deitie s A d o n i s A tti s a n d , ,

O s iri s. The s ub st a nti a l s i m il a rity o f their my thic a l ch a r a ct e r A i d tt s. an

o ’’
j u stifie s u s in tre a ti ng o f the m t o g e ther A l l thre e a pp a r .
s r s '

e n tl y e m b o died the p o w er s o f fertility in g en e r a l a nd o f

.

v e g et a ti o n in p a rticul a r A l l three w e re believed to h a ve

.

died a n d ri se n a g a i n fr o m the de a d ; a n d th e divi n e de a th

a n d re s urrecti o n o f a l l thre e w ere dr a m a tic a ll y repre se n t e d

a t a n n u a l fe s tiv a l s w hich their w o r s hipper s celebr a t e d w ith

,

a ltern a te tr a n sp o rt s O f so rr o w a n d j o y o f w e e pi n g a n d
,

exult a ti o n The n a tura l phe no me n a thu s my thic a ll y c o n

.

c e iv e d a nd m y thic a ll y repre s ented w ere the g r ea t ch a n g e s o f

the s e a so n s e speci a ll y t h e m o s t stri k i ng a n d i m pr e ssive

,

o f a l l t h e dec a y a n d reviv a l o f v e g et a ti o n ; a n d t h e in te n
,

ti o n o f the sa cred dr a m a s w a s t o r e fre sh a n d stren g the n b y ,

sy m p a th e tic m a g ic the fa ili n g e n er g ie s o f n a ture in o rd e r

, ,

th a t the tree s S h o uld be a r fruit th a t the c o r n s h o uld rip e n

, ,

th a t me n a nd a ni ma l s sh o uld repro duce their k i nd s .

But the three g o d s did no t s t a nd by the m selve s The Th p i . e su er

11 1 1
my thic a l per so n ific a ti o n o f n a ture o f w hich a l l thr e e w er e “ 1 ’0 1 1?

g dd
,
o e sse s

in a t l ea s t o ne a spect the pr o duct s re q uired th a t e a ch O f

,
i d a ss o c a te

’
the m s h o uld be c o upl e d w ith a g o dde ss a n d in e a ch c a se it X
, iidi n s

a ppe a r s th a t o ri in a ll the dde w s a m o re p o w erful

g y g o ss a

p 32;
a n d i m p o rt a n t per s o n a e th a n th e o d A t a l l event s it is a
g g .
to

a l w a y s the g o d r a th e r th a n the o dde ss w h o c o m e s t o a s a d f

m t
$ 5 o
g
Thu s w here a s k ifi
er
e n d a n d w h o se de a th i s a n n u a ll y m o ur n ed
, .
, ,

O s iri s w a s s l a i n by T y ph o n h is divi n e s p o u s e I s i s s urviv e d

,
 2 02 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
-
B OO K 111

a nd bro u g ht him to life a g a in T hi s fe a ture o f the my th .

se e ms to i n dic a te th a t in the be g i n ni n g I s i s w a s w h a t ,

A s t a rte a n d C y bele a l w a y s c o nti n ued t o be the S tr o ng er ,

divi n ity o f the p a ir N o w the s uperi o rity thu s a ssi g ned t o.

the g o dde ss o ver the g o d is m o s t n a tura l l y expl a i ned a s the

re s ult o f a so ci a l sy s te m in w hich m a ternity c o unted fo r
m o re th a n p a ternity de sce n t bein g tr a ced a n d pr o perty ,

h an ded d o w n thr o u g h w o me n r a ther th a n thr o u g h me n A t .

a l l eve n t s thi s expl a n a ti o n c a n n o t be dee m ed intrin s ic a ll

y
i m pr o b a ble if w e c a n s h o w th a t the s upp o se d c a u se h as p ro
du c e d t h e very sa m e effect a m o n g exi s ti ng pe o ple s a b o ut ,

w h o s e in s tituti o n s w e p o ss e s s a ccur a te info rm a ti o n T hi s I .

w ill no w ende a v o ur t o do .

2 . I nflu ence o f M o th er K in -
on R el igion

T he so ci a l sy ste m w hich tr a ce s de sc ent a n d tra n sm it s

pr o perty thro u g h the mo ther a l o ne ma y be c a lled m o ther
kin w hile the c o nverse sy ste m w hich tra ces de sce n t a nd
,

tr a n s m it s pr o perty thr o u g h the fa ther a l o ne m ay be c a lled

fa ther kin -
?
A g o o d ex a m ple o f the i n fluence w hich mo ther
-

Th e k in m a y exert o n reli g i o n is furni shed b y the K h a s is o f A ss a m ,

K h asis of

A ssa m
w h o se cu s t o m s a n d beliefs h a ve l a tel y be e n c a refull y rec o rd e d
ha v e by a Briti s h O fficer s peci a ll y c h a r g ed w ith the s tud y o f the
m o th e r n a tive r a ce s o f the pr o vince Like the a ncient E g y pti a n s ?
k in , a nd

a m o ng a n d the S e m ite s o f S y ri a a n d M e so p o t a m i a the K h a s is live ,

t h em

g o ddesses
in settled vill a g e s a nd m a int a in the m selve s chiefly by the
p re do m in
a te o vr
e
cultiv a ti o n o f the g ro und ; y et their so ci a l o r g a n iz a ti o n “

g o ds a nd pre se n ts o ne o f the m o s t perfect ex a m ple s still s urvivi ng o f

p ri e stesse s
m a tri a rch a l in s tituti o n s c a rried o u t w ith a l o g ic a n d th o r o u g h
o vre
,

p ri t
es s. ne s s w hich t o th o se a ccu st o med to re g a rd th e st a tu s a nd
,

a uth o rity o f the fa ther a s the fo und a ti o n o f so ciety a re ,

exceedi ng l y re m a rk a b le N o t o n l y is the m o ther the he a d .

a n d s o urce a n d o nl y b o nd o f u n i o n O f the fa m il y : in the

, ,

m o s t pri m itive p a rt o f the hill s the S y n ten g c o u n try sh e , ,

is the o nl y o w ner o f r e a l pr o perty a n d thr o u g h her a l o ne is ,

1 I h v a d p t d th t r m
e a o m th r
e Th K h i b y M j r P R T
e e s o e
2 e a s s, a o . . .

ki n dan f th r k i a l mb i g
e -G rd n I A
”
D p ty C m m i i
as e ss a r u u o n, . .
, e u o ss o n e

o us th th
an r m m th r rig ht
e te E t r B g l
s
“
dA m C mm i i
o e -
”
as e n en a an ssa o ss o n ,

f th r ri gh t w h i h I f r m rl y d S p ri d t f E th g r p h y i
”
an d “
a e -
,
c o e an u e n ten en o no a n

e m p l y d i th
o e n m e sa A m (L d
e sense . ssa on o n,
 2 o4 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
-
B OO K III

uperi o rity o f the g o dde ss to t h e g o d a n d e s peci a ll y o f

s
,

the revered a n c e str e ss t o the r e vere d a nce sto r is b a se d ,

d irectl y o n the s o ci a l sy s te m w hich tr a ce s d esce n t a nd

tra n s m it s pr o perty thr o u g h w o m e n o nl y I t is n o t u n .

r ea so n a ble ther e fo re to s upp o s e th a t in We ster n A s i a th e

s up e ri o rity of the M o ther G o dde ss t o the F a ther G o d
o ri i n a ted in the s a m e a rch a ic s s te m o f m o ther kin
g y
-
.

Ag i h
a n, t e A n o th e r i n s t a n ce o f the s a m e c a u s e pr o ducin g the

[zi g r n
sa m e
e s
effect m a y be dr a w n fr o m the i n s tituti o n s o f t h e
h v a e P ele w I s l a n der s w hich h a v e bee n de s cribed by a n a ccur a t e
m h r
,
ot
o b s erver l o n re ide t the i l d T he s e pe o ple w h o
e

ki n d an g s n i n s a n s .
,

h d i i
t e fo r m a br a nch o f the M icr o n e si a n s to ck a re divided int o
e t es

f h ir
,
t e
o

l n
C a ns a re a
a s erie s o f ex o a m o u s
g fa m ilie s o r cl a n s w ith d e s ce n t in

g ddo
the fe m a le l i ne so th a t a s u su a ll y h a ppen s under s uch a
esse s 1
,

sy s te m a m a n s heir s a re n o t h is o w n childre n but the

,

children o f h is s i s ter o r o f h is m a ter n a l a unt E very fa m il y ?

o r cl a n tr a ce s its de s ce nt fr o m a w o m a n the c o mm o n m o ther ,

o f the w h o le k in a n d a cc o rdi n l y the m e m ber s o f the cl a n

3
g ,

w o r sh ip a g o dde s s n o t a g o d T he s e fa m ilie s o r cl a n s w ith ?

, ,

fe ma le de s ce n t a nd a w o r ship o f g o dde sse s ra ther th a n o f

g o d s a re g r o uped , t o g ether in vill a g e s e a ch vill a g e c o m pri si n
g ,

M j r G rd
a o bo o k
u on s
’
As to th e K h a s . i desses, h e a dds th a t
a nd th s is “
i
p ri t
e s esse s, se e a b o e
,
vol
p 46 v . i . . . x l i
e p a ne d b y th e mp o t an ce o f th e i r
1
J Kb u ar , D ie s o cia l en E in r ich
y
w o m a n fo r th e c a n Th e de t o f t h e l . iy
r i ri r
.

tu ng en der P el a u er ( B e n, 1 8 8 pp rli m o th e is nh e ted, th a t o f th e fa th e

S y
.

3 5 sq ri r
Th e w te ca s o n e o f th ese ll is no t
”
(p
o c it p A S he
. a s . .

i i i il y
.

k ins i i r ly
n d ff e en t a F a m il ie o r a n o th ng t o n d c a te t h a t th e fa m

S ta m m d i ti f th i p r ti l r di t ri t e es o s a cu a s c a re

x i l i r v
.

p t w m y f I h e ce o na e a n e as a e
2
J S K b y D i T dt b t t d th t th d i ti f l l th f m ili
. . u ar , e o en es a
, ,

P l l O gi l o ne , a e e es o a e a es
”
f d I
t ung
M t h il g
i
au

d
en

th l gi h
e au -

l nse n ,
g dd Y
ri
t f
na
w or c a ns a re o e sse s. e a e
t
A bth il d
e un en aus
p g p
er
r vi l y e
( pp
no o
6 q ) h t
sc
ll en
a es e o us . 1 s . e e s us
h gl i h I ll
'

vill i i ty
un on i
g
e er
th t
c
w
en
h h t
u seen z u
tw
B lier i ( B rli 8 8 5) p 7
n, . e n,
f m ili
1
g
w ill h v t l
.

t f r ty d i t i
.

a
a a

es
a e

a e a
c

ea s
c o n a ns

o e
en

es ,
3
J K b y D i i l E i i h if t m r
. u ar , e so c a en f m h nr c m y no o e,
“
or so e o u ses a
tun g d
en P l p 4
er e a u er,
h v tw .
h l id [ d i i ]
0 .
d v ry a e o a s e t es ,
an e e
4
J K b .
y D i R
u liar
g i , d h
“
h el g d de T h i on m er o u se a s a so a o e ss .
”
s se e s

i A B ti t i mp l y th t th f mili l hv
’
P l e au e r, Al l l i
n . as an s er e aus o a e a es o r c an s a e

V lh
o s d IV I h h
un d ( B rli
en sc
g d en w ll ung dd e T h e m n, o s as e as o esses . e see

i Th w ri r
. 2 0 -2 2 y th t i g di r p y i p rh p t b
. e te sa s a n sc e a nc s e a s o e ex

th ef mil ya l g d f th P l w p l i d b y th r t t m t f th
o r c an o s o e e e a ne a no e s a e en o e

I l d r
s an t e s m y t b a re oo m w ri t r t h t
an i o th f m il y
e e nu l y th er e a
“
n e a on e

t d b t h
a e , g iv
u
p i
e m li t h l
es a s a s id [ d i t i ] fec th w m en a t s a s e es o e o en co un
”

f t h f m il y d i t i r i l r J K ”
o e a f p t e ( es i h go l t do ne m h a b
cu a y
“
s c e en ac en , . u ar ,

di tri t ( N g
s c
p g) H vi
a ru g d D
e sa n i i l . E i i h t ag d n P l o ne e soc a en nr c un en er e a u er,

so h eb rv O h t th y se es ll g d t a p 3 8 ) e a re a o
C HAP . x11 I N F L UE N CE OF M O TH E R -K I N ON R E L I GI ON 2 05

a b o ut a s c o re o f cl a n s a n d fo rm i n g w ith its l a nd s a p e tty

i n dep e ndent st a te E ver y s uch vill a g e s t a te h a s its s p e ci a l
?
-

d e it y o r deiti e s g ener a ll y a g o d a n d a g o dd e ss But the se

, .

p o litic a l d e itie s o f the vill a g e s a re s a id to b e d irectl y deriv e d

fro m the d o m e stic deiti e s O f th e fa m ili es o r cl a n s fr o m ,
2

w hich it s e e m s t o fo ll o w th a t a m o n g the s e pe o ple g o d s a re

hi st o ric a ll y l a ter th a n g o dde sses a nd h a ve been devel o ped
o u t o f the m The l a te o r ig in o f the g o d s a s c o m p a red
?

w ith the g o dde sse s is further indic a ted b y the n a ture o f their
n a mes ?

Thi s preference fo r g o dde sse s o ver g o d s in the cl a n s o f T hi p s re

the P el e w I s l a nders h as b e en expl a ined no d o ubt ri g htl y 253322 2 , ,

6

5
1

b y the hi g h i m p o rt a n ce O f w o m e n in the so ci a l sy s te m o f i b s to e

P ’m d
t h e p e o ple F o r t h e exi s te nce o f the cl a n dep e nd s e n tirel y b y h
? ex a e

t e

o n the life o f the w o men n o t a t a l l up o n the life o f t h e m e n i p o rta nc e

p m
r

m
.
,
e”
I f the w o men s urviv e it is n o m a tter th o u g h ever y m a n o f 3 i , ,

the cl a n s h o uld peri s h ; fo r the w o m e n w ill a s u s u a l m a rry y m f 1 1

, ,
5 00 3

s s te o
me n o f a n o th e r cl a n a n d the i r o fl sp ri n g W l l l i nher i t th e i r h p l w, t e e e
’
m o ther s cl a n ther e b y pr o l o n g i n g its e i s tenc e,
Where a s x .

if the w o m en o f the cl a n a l l die o u t the cl a n nece ssa ril y ,

b e c o m es exti n ct ev e n th o u g h every m a n o f it sh o uld su r ,

vive fo r th e m e n m u s t a s u su a l m a rr y w o m e n o f a no ther , ,
’
cl a n a nd their O ffspri ng w ill inherit their m o ther s cl a n n o t
, ,

t h e cl a n o f th e ir fa ther s w hich a cc o rdi n g l y w ith th e de a th , ,

o f the fa ther s is w ip e d o u t fr o m the c o m m unit y

,
H e n ce in -
.

th e s e i s l a n d s w o me n be a r the title s o f A dha l a l a p el ii ’

,

M o th e r s o f the L a n d a n d A dh a l a l a bl ay M o ther s o f
’

, ,

the C l a n a n d th e y a re s a id t o e nj o y c o m plet e e q u a lity w ith

,
”

t h e m e n in ever y r e s p e ct I n d ee d in o n e p a s sa g e o u r prin
?
,

a uth o rit y S pe a k s O f the pred o mi n a n c e o f fe m i n i n e “

c ip a l

i n flu e nce in the so ci a l c o nditi o n o f the pe o pl e a nd a ssert s ,

w ith o ut q u a l ific a ti o n th a t the w o m e n a re p o litic a ll y a n d

1
J . Ku b ary , D ie s ocia l en E in rich p r ece d ng n o te i it a
p p ea r s th a t th s w a si
t u ng en der P el a u er, p p 3 3 sq 63 ; . .
’
K u b a ry s i i
o p n o n, t h o u gh h e h as no t
id , .
”
D ie R e g o n der P el au er, in A li i . sta te d it e xp li i tl y
c .

’
i
B a s t a n s A l l erl ei au s Vo l hs u n d M en 4
J
K u b a ry ,
. D ie R e g o n der “
li i
’
i
J
s ch en h u n de , i 16 . . P el au er, in A B a s t an s A l l er l ei a u s
.

2 K u b ary ,
. D ie R e g o n der “
li i Vo l hs u n d M en sch en h u nde, 2 8 sq i. .

’
P e l a u er, in A B a st an s A l l erl ei a u s . i 5
J
K u b a ry , D ie socia l en E in rich
.

Vo l ks u nd M en sch en h u n de, i . 1 5 -1
7, t u ng en der P el a u er, p 38 S e e a so . . l
2 2 , 2 5
7 -2 . abo v e, p . 2 04 , n o t e 4 .

3 r
F o m th e p a ssa ges c it ed in th e 5
J . K ub a ry , l . c .
 2 06 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
-
B OO K 1 11

ci a ll y s uperi o r t o the me n The elde st w o men o f the cl a n

so
?

exerci se he tell s u s the mo st deci s ive i n flue n ce o n the c o n

, ,

duct o f it s a ffa irs a nd the he a d ma n d o e s n o thi ng w ith o ut

,

full c o n s ult a ti o n w ith th e m a c o n s ult a ti o n w hich in the g re a t

,

h o u se s exte nd s to a ffa irs o f st a te a nd fo rei g n p o litic s N ay ?

,

the se elder w o m en a re even e stee med a n d tre a ted a s e q u a l

t o the d e itie s in their lifeti m e
?

Th h i ghe But the hi g h p o siti o n w hich w o men thu s t a ke in P ele w

p i i
os t on o f
so ciet y is n o t a re s ult o f m o ther k in o n l y I t h a s a n indu s -
w m
.

o i en n

h P l w
t e tri a l a s w ell a s a k i nship b a si s F o r the P ele w I s l a n ders
e e

I l
.

d h
s ub s i s t m a i n l y o n the pr o duce o f their t a r o field s a n d the
s an s as

l
a so a n ,

i d ri l cultiva t io n o f thi s their st a ple fo o d is the bu si ne ss o f the

n u st a

b i f w o me n a l o ne
as s or
Thi c rdin l br
,

nch o f P ele w a g riculture

“
,

th y l
e a o ne
s a a. a ,

cu l iv t w hich is o f p a r a mo unt im p o rt a nce fo r the s ub s i ste n ce o f the

a te

th e r ta o ,
th lp pe o ple is left e ntirel y in the h a nd s o f the w o me n T hi s
e s ta e ,
.

f d f
t e
oo

h p pl
o

eo
f a ct m a y h a ve c o ntributed m a teri a ll y t o
e
the pred o m i n a n ce

o f fe m a le i n flue n ce in the so ci a l c o n diti o n o f the pe o ple

.

The w o m e n do n o t m erel y be s to w life o n the p e o pl e they ,

a l so do th a t w hich is m o st e sse n ti a l fo r the pre serv a ti o n o f

life a n d th e refo re they a re c a lled A dha l a l a p el iZ the
,
’
,

’
M o ther s O f the L a nd a n d are p o litic a ll y a n d so ci a ll y
‘
,

s uperi o r t o m e n O n l y their o ffs prin g e nj o y the privil e g e o f

.

m e m bers hip o f the s t a te ( the children O f the m e n a re s trictl y ,

s pe a k i n g s tr a n g e r s d es titute o f ri g ht s ) a n d the O lde s t w o me n

, ,

O f the fa m ili e s a re e s teemed a n d tre a ted a s e q u a l t o d e itie s

eve n in th e ir lifeti me a nd they exerci s e a deci s ive i n flue nc e

,

o n the c o n duct o f a ffa ir s o f s t a te N O chi e f w o uld ve n ture .

t o c o m e t o a deci s i o n w ith o ut fir s t c o n s ultin g w ith the

’
A dh a l a l a bl ay the M o ther s o f the F a m il y F r o m thi s
’ ‘
t

.
,

p o i n t o f Vie w it is i m p o ss ible t o r e g a rd the a ss i g n ment

of the t a r o cultiv a ti o n t o w o men a s a c o n se q ue n ce o f
their s ub o rdi n a te p o siti o n in so ciety : the w o m en the m selve s
do n o t so r e g a rd it The riche st w o ma n o f t h e vill a g e l o o k s
.

w ith pride o n her t a r o p a tch a n d a lth o u g h sh e h a s fe m a le ,

fo ll o w er s e no u g h to a ll o w her m e rel y to s uperi n tend the

w o rk w ith o ut t a ki n g p a rt in it s h e n everth e l e s s prefer s t o ,

l a y a s ide her fi ne a pr o n a n d t o bet a ke her s e lf t o the deep

1
S ee th e sta te m en t o f K u b a ry t u ng en der P el a u er, p 3 9 . .

x r r
J
q u o te d in th e n e t p a a g a ph .
3
S ee th e s ta te m ent o f K u b a ry q u o ted
2
Kab a t y, D ie socia l en E in rich
. x
in th e ne t p a a g aph r r .
2 08 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
- -
B OO K 1 11

they per so n a te is a l so t h e p o litic a l he a d o f the l a nd ; a nd

in th a t c a s e h is i n s pired prie s t h o w ever hu m ble h is o ri g i n , ,

r a nk s a s a s piritu a l ki ng a n d rule s o ver a l l the chiefs .

I n deed w e a re t o ld th a t w ith the ph y s ic a l a n d i n t e llectu a l ,

dec a y o f the r a ce the p o w e r o f the prie s t s is mo re a nd m o re

,

in t h e a sc e n d a n t a n d thr e a ten s if u n checked t o devel o p , ,

befo re l o n g i nt o a n a b so lute th e o cr a c y w hich w ill s w a ll o w up

every o ther fo r m o f g o vern m e n t ?

Thu s th e pre se n t o r a t l e a s t the recent st a te o f so ciet y

, ,

a n d reli g i o n in the P ele w I s l a nd s pre sent s s o m e int e re s ti n

g
p a r a llel s t o the so ci a l a n d r e li g i o u s c o nditi o n o f We stern
A s i a a n d E g y pt in e a rl y d a y s if the c o nclu s i o n s re a ched in ,

thi s w o rk a re c o rrect I n b o th re g i o n s w e s ee a .

s o ciet y b a s ed o n m o ther kin devel o pi n g a rel i i o n in w hich -

g
g o dde s se s o f the cl a n o ri g i n a ll y o ccupied the fo re m o s t
pl a ce th o u g h in l a ter ti me s a s the cl a n s c o a le sced i n t o st a te s
, , ,

the o l d g o dde sse s h a ve be e n riv a lled a nd t o so m e exte n t

s uppl a nted b y the n e w m a le g o d s o f the enl a r g ed p a nthe o n .

B ut in the reli g i o n o f the P ele w I s l a n ders a s in th a t o f the ,

K h a sis a n d the a n cie n t E g y pti a n s the b a l a n ce o f p o w er ,

h a s n ever w h o ll y shifted fr o m the fe m a le t o the m a le li n e ,

bec a u se so ciety h a s n ever p a ssed fro m m o th e r k in to fa ther -

kin A nd in the P ele w I sl a nd s a s in the a ncie n t E a s t w e see

.

the tid e O f p o litic a l p o w er runnin g s tr o ng l y in the directi o n o f

the o cr a c y the pe o ple re s i g ni ng the c o n duct o f a ffa ir s into
,

the h a n d s o f m e n w h o cl a i m ed to rule the m in the n a m e

o f the d s I n the P e le w I s l a n d s s uch m e n m i ht h a ve
g
g o .

d e vel o p e d i nt o divi ne ki ng s like th o se O f B a b y l o n a n d E g y pt ,

if the n a tura l co ur se o f ev o luti o n h a d n o t bee n cut sh o rt -

by the interve n ti o n o f E ur o p e
?

The evide n ce o f the K h a sis a nd the P ele w I s l a nder s t w o ,

peo pl e s very re m o te a n d very different fro m e a ch o ther ,

s uffice s to pr o ve th a t th e i n fluence w hich mo ther kin -

m a y exert o n reli g i o n is re a l a n d deep But in o rd e r .

1
J . K a b at y ,
“
D ie R e li g i on der t u ng en der P el a u er, p 81 G ea t . . r
i
P e l a ue r, in A B ast a n s A l l erl ei a u s
.
’
v r
c h a ng e s h a e p o b ab tak e n p a c e inly l
Vo l hs u n d M en sch en hu n de, i 3 0 3 5 .
-
. il i
th e s a nds s nce K u b a ry w o te r .

Th e a u th o r r
w o te th u s in th e ea y r 2 F o r so m e o th e
p r r ll l
a a e s b e t w e en

1 8 8 3 , a n d h is a cco u nt o f th e P e e w l th e s ta te o f so c e t a nd i y r li i
e g o n in

r li i
e g o n w as p u b sh e d in 1 88 8 li Co m . r i
th e se t w o eg o ns , see N o te I V a t th e .

p r r
a e h is w o k D ie socia l en E in rich en d o f th e vl
o u me .
CH AP . x11 I N F L UE N CE OF M O TH E R -K I N ON R E L I GI ON 2 09

to di ssip a t e m i sa pprehen si o n s w hich a ppe a r to be rife M h r k i ,

ot e - n
d
o n thi s s ubject it ma y be w ell to re m ind o r info r m the i mply h o es no t
, t at

re a der th a t the a ncient a nd w ide spre a d cu s t o m o f tr a cin g h g v r t e o e n

m i i e nt n
des ce n t a nd inheritin g pr o perty thro u g h the m o th e r h h d t e an
s

a l o ne d o e s n o t b n m e n impl th a t the g o ver n m e n t f w m o o en

y a y a s y
.

o f the tribe s w hich O b serve the cu st o m is in the h a n d s o f

w o m e n ; in s h o rt it S h o uld a l w ay s be b o rne in m i n d th a t ,

m o ther kin d o e s n o t me a n m o ther rule

-
O n the c o ntr a ry -
.
,

the pr a ctice o f m o ther kin preva il s m o st exten s ivel y -

a m o n s t the l o w e s t sa v a e s w ith w h o m w o m a n in ste a d o f

g g , ,

be i ng the ruler o f ma n is a l w a y s h is drud g e a nd o ften ,

little better th a n h is s l a ve I n deed so fa r is the sy ste m .

,

fro m i m pl y i n g a ny so ci a l s uperi o rity o f w o men th a t it

pro b a bl y t o o k its ri se fr o m w h a t w e s h o uld re g a rd a s th e ir
deepe st de g ra d a ti o n to w it fro m a s t a te o f so ciety in w hich , ,

the rel a ti o ns o f the sexe s w ere so l o o se a nd v a g ue th a t

children c o uld no t be fa thered o n a ny p a rticul a r ma n ?

Whe n w e p a ss fr o m the purel y sa v a g e st a te to th a t Th i h i e n er

t f a nce o
hi g her pl a n e o f culture in w hich the a ccu m ul a ti o n o f p ro p r p r y o e t

perty a n d e speci a ll y o f l a n ded pr o perty h a s bec o me a p i lly

,

es ec a

f l
, ,
d d O an e
p o w erful i n stru ment o f so ci a l a n d p o litic a l influence w e p r p r y , o e t

n a tur a ll y fi n d th a t w herever the a ncient preference fo r the h r

,

gh t ou

h m h r t e ot e
fe ma le line o f de scent h a s been ret a i ned it tend s to incre a se r i ly , ce ta n

the i m p o rt a n ce a nd enh a nce the di g n ity o f w o m a n a nd her r i h d t en s t o

a se t e
a g r a ndize m ent is m o st m a rked in princel f m ilie s w here il
g y a , so c a

i mp r
_

S h e either her s elf h o ld s r o a l a ut h o rit y a s w el l a s priv a te

o ta n ce
y fw m o o en ,

pro p e rty o r a t le a s t tr a n s mit s the m b o th t o her c o n so rt o r b h i ut t s

,

her childre n But thi s so ci a l a dva nce o f w o m en h a s never i v r

.
d y te n e nc
s ne e

been c a rried so fa r a s t o pl ace me n a s a w h o le in a p o siti o n rri d ca e so

f to
O f p o litic a l s ub o rdin a ti o n to them E ven w here the sy s te m
ar a s

b rdi .
su o n

o f m o ther k in in re a rd t o de s cent a n d pr o pert y h as pre

- m a te en
g
p li i ll y o t ca
va iled mo s t full y the a ctu a l g o vern m e n t h a s g ener a ll y if w m
, , to o en .

n o t inv a ri a bl y re m a ined in the h a n d s o f men ,

E xcepti o n s .

h a ve no d o ubt o ccurred ; w o men h a ve o cc asi o n al l y a ri se n

1
C mp r o E S t ph d F
a e m mb r h i p i m p li
. e an b t th t th y h v
un . e e s es, u a e a e

G b
ra e N n er,M hl b g ( B rli eu -
th i g t l l t d w i th th h i gh r
ec en ur e n, no n a a o o e e or

p 7 t .I t i 10 r y l
no e 1
w r p i t i O f w m R
s n e c essa th r th o e os on o en . a e e

a l w y t r p t mph ti ll y th t th
a s o e ea
pp e i t m i gh
a t b ca ffi r m a d m el y o os e e a e ,
na e ,

t rm
e f th r ri gh t
s a d m th r ri g h t
e -
th t w m an i g r ll y m r h i gh l y
o e - a o an s ene a o e

i di t i mp l y d l l y th g r p
n ca e s t m d i
an so e
p l w h e r f th r
ou ri g h t es ee e n a ce s e e a e -

m mb r h i p f th i divi d l
e e s d th o
p r v ile thn i p l
ua w
an h r m t h r
e e a s an n a ces e e o e

y t m f r l ti h ip w h i h th t ri gh t i th r l
s s e s o e a o ns c a s e u e.

PT . IV . V OL . 11
2 10 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S -
B OO K 111

w h o by heer fo rce o f ch a r a cter h a ve s w a y ed fo r a ti me the

S

de stinie s o f their p eo ple But s uch exc e pti o n s a re r a re a nd .

their effect s tra nsit o ry ; the y do n o t a ffect the truth o f the

g ener a l rule th a t hu m a n s o ciet y h a s bee n g o ver n ed in the
p ast a nd hu ma n n a ture re ma ini ng the sa m e is likel y t o
, ,

be g o ver ned in the future ma i n l y by m a sculine fo rce a nd ,

m as culin e int e l li g e n ce .

To thi s rule the K h a s is w ith their el a b o r a te sy s te m o f ,

m o ther k in fo r m n o excepti o n
-
,
F o r a m o ng the m w hile .
,

l a nded pr o perty is b o th tra n s mitted thr o u g h w o me n a nd

held by w o me n a l o ne p o litic a l p o w er is tr a n s m itted i n deed ,

thr o u g h w o m en but is h e ld by m e n ; in o ther w o rd s the , ,

K h a s i tribe s a re w ith a s i ng le excepti o n g o ver ned by ki ng s , , ,

n o t b y q ueen s A n d eve n in the o n e tribe w hich is n o m i na l l y

.
,

ruled by w o men the re a l p o w er is dele g a ted by the rei g ni ng ,

q ueen o r H i g h P rie s te ss to h er so n her n ephe w o r a m o re , ,

di s t a nt m a le rel a ti o n I n a l l the o ther tribe s the ki ng ship .

m a y be held b y a w o m a n o n l y o n the fa ilure o f a l l m a le

heir s in t h e fe ma le line S O fa r is m o ther kin fr o m im
? -

pl y i ng m o ther rule A K h a s i k in g inherit s p o w er in ri g ht

-
.

o f h is m o ther but he exerci se s it in h is o w n S i m il a rl y

,
.

the P ele w I sl a n der s in spite o f their sy ste m o f m o ther ,

k in a re g o verned by chi e fs n o t b y chieft a ine sse s

,
It ,
.

is t fu e th a t there a re chieft a i n e s se s a nd th a t they ,

indirectl y exerci se m uch influence ; but their direct

a uth o rity is li m ited t o the a ffa ir s o f w o m en e s peci a ll y t o ,
’
the a d m ini s tr a ti o n o f t h e w o m e n s club s o r a s so ci a ti o n s w hich ,

1M j r P R T G r d Th b y th l d t f h i i t r d gh t r
a o . . . u o n, e e e es o s s s e s
’
au e s

Kh i pp
a s s, 66 7 Th
. r l f f ili g h i
-
1 . b y th l d t f th
e u e o a n su c n e c e s, e e es o e

i i f ll w d gh t r i t r d gh t r ; ’
success o n s A Si m
as o of hi s
. e , or au e s o s s s e s au e s

ki gn ,
i “
d d b y th
s su c c ee l d t f f ili g h g r d i
e b y the ld t
e es o a n su c an - n e ces, e e es

t ri b r th r ; f ili g f th d g h t r f h i m th r i r; ’
hi s u e ne h o e s a n suc o e au e s o s o e s s s te s

b r th r ld t f h i i t r d f ili g h fir t i by th ’
o b y th
e s, e e es o s s s e s an a n su c s c o us ns , e

so n s ; f ili g a h np h w b y t h
suc l d t f h i ne f m l i
e s, th e e es o s e a e co u s ns on e

l d t f th itr f m l i d th r th fi r t i ’
e es o f hi e so ns o s s s e s e a e s e, o e an s co us ns ,

d gh t r ; f ili g
au e s h gr da p h w n th su c r t i d g r f anr l t i
-n e h i p e s, o se n ea es n e ee o e a o ns

l d t f th f h i m th r h vi g p ri r l im A f m l S i m ’
b y th e e es o e so n s o s o e s a n o c a . e a e e

i t r ; d f ili g h fi r t
s s e s an ,
i a w n ld h su cd d by h ld ts c o us n s, ou e su c c e e e er e es so n ,

b y th ld t f hi m l
e e es i o d s ( p it p a e Th r l
co u s n s on an so on
”
o . c . . e u e

th f m l
e e i d th r th fi r t i
a e s e, o ill tr t th l gi l p r i i w i th
e an s co us n s, us a es e o ca ec s o n

th r t i d g r f r l ti h i p w h i h th y t m f m th r k i i
o se n ea e s n e ee o e a o ns c e s s e o o e -
n s

h vi g p ri r l i m
a n o I f th r w r c a rri d t by th p p l v w h
. e e e e no ca e ou ese eo e e en en

h ir m l
e s b v
a e, as a h w ld b tho i t t i i t ll y t x l d
e, e ou e suc e n en on s a c ua o e c u e

cee d d b y th
e l d t f h i t ri e w m
e fr m p w r
es o s u e ne o en o o e .

i t r ; i th b
s s e s n f h i t r
e a se n ce O su c s s e s,
 2 12 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
-
B OO K III

Bu t wo rship is i ndee d so i mpr o b a ble in it self a n d so c o ntra r y ,

t o experience th a t it s c a rcel y de serve s the s eri o u s a tte n ti o n

,

w hich it a ppe a r s t o h a ve received B ut w hen w e h a ve ?

bru shed a s ide the se c o b w eb s a s w e m u st do w e a re still l e ft , ,

fa ce t o fa ce w ith the s o lid fa ct o f the w ide prev a lence o f

m o ther kin th a t is O f a so ci a l sy s tem w hich tr a ce s de scent
-
, ,

a n d tr a n s m it s pr o pert y thr o u g h w o men a n d n o t thr o u g h

m en Th a t a so ci a l sy s te m so w idel y S pre a d a nd so deepl y

.

r o o ted S h o uld h ave a ffected the reli g i o n o f the pe o ple s w h o

pra cti se it m ay re aso n a bl y be inferred e speci a ll y w hen w e
, ,

re m e m ber th a t in pri m itive c o mm unities the so ci a l rel a ti o n s

o f the g o d s c o m m o nl y reflect the s o ci a l rel a ti o n s o f their
”

w o r s hipper s H o w the sy stem O f m o ther kin m ay m o uld

.
-

reli g i o u s ide a s a nd cu st o m s cre a tin g g o dde sse s a n d a ss i g nin g ,

a t le a s t a n o m in a l s uperi o rit t o prie te s s e s o ver prie s t s is

y s ,

S h o w n w ith perfect l ucidit y b the ex a m ple o f the K h a s is

y ,

a n d h a rdl y le ss cle a rl y b y the ex a m ple o f the P ele w I s l a nder s .

I t c a nn o t therefo re be r a sh t o h o ld th a t w h a t the sy s te m h as
cert a inl y d o ne fo r the se peo ple s it may w ell h a ve d o ne fo r ,

m a n y mo re But unfo rtun atel y thr o u g h l a ck o f d o cu m ent a ry

.

evidence w e a re s eld o m a ble to tr a ce its influence so cle a rl y .

3 . M o ther K in -
a nd M o ther Goddesses in the
A ncient E a s t

While the c o mbin a ti o n o f mo ther kin in so ciety w ith a -

prefere nce fo r g o dde sse s in reli g i o n is to be fo und a s a m a tter

o f fa ct a m o n g the K h a sis a n d P ele w I s l a nder s o f t o day the -
,

fo r m er prev a lence o f m o ther kin in the l a nd s w here the g re a t -

g o dde s s e s A s t a rte a n d C bele w ere w o r shipped is a m a tter

y
o f inference o nl y I n l a ter time s fa ther kin h a d cert a inl y
.
-

di spl a ced mo ther kin a m o n g the S e m itic w o rshipper s o f -

A s t a rte a n d pr o b a bl y the s a me ch a n g e h a d t a ken pl a ce

,

a m o n g the P hry g i a n w o r s hipper s o f C y bele Ye t the o lder .

Th th ry
1 e t lleo v t th , h afl vii ( 9 4 ) p p 7 94 ; h i C l t f
or a a e en s e sc , . 1 0 . 0- s u so

l tt r p r t f it h b
a e a o r f ll y th G k S t t ( O x f rd 8 96
,
as ee n ca e u e ree a es o , 1

e x mi d b y D L R F r ll d iii 9 qq
a ne r. . d Th H ibb t j
. a ne l an . 10 s . an e er o u rn a ,

if ,
I as pp r h d h
a r j t e it I A p ril
en , 9 7 p 6e9 B t I di ff
e ec sr f r m , 1 0 , . 0 . u e o

a g r w i
ee t h h im S h i r t i l h im . it m i t
eeh i k i g th ts m th
a r c e , see s, n n n a o e
“
S i l g i l H y p th
oc o o ca r i g k i i f v r b l t th g r w th f
o eses c o nce n n n s a ou a e o e o o

th pe i t i os f W m oni A oi t m th r g d
o d en n n c en o e o esses .

R li g i
” ’

e A h i f u R l gi
on
,
rc wi v r e i on s ssen
C H AP . x11 IN TH E A N CI E N T E A S T

cu sto m lin g ered in Ly ci a d o w n t o the hi s t o ric a l peri o d ; 1

a n d w e m a y c o njecture th a t in fo r mer ti m e s it w a s w idel y

s pre a d thr o u g h A s i a M in o r The secluded S itu a ti o n a n d .

ru g g ed mo u n t a i ns o f Ly ci a fa v o ured the s urviv a l o f a n a tive

l a n g u a ge a nd o f n a tive in stituti o n s l o n g a fter the se h a d
di sa ppea red fro m the w ide pl a in s a nd fertile v a lle y s w hich
l ay o n the hi g hr o a d s o f w a r a nd c o mm erce Ly ci a w a s to .

A s i a M in o r w h a t the hi g hl a nd s o f W a le s a n d O f S c o tl a nd
h a ve been to Brit a in the l a s t entrench m ent s w here the o l d ,

r a ce sto o d a t b ay A nd even a mo n g the S emite s o f a nti q uity

.
,

th o u g h fa t h er kin fin a l l y prev a iled in m a tter s o f de scent a n d

-

pr o perty tr a ce s o f a n o lder sy ste m o f m o ther kin w ith its

,
-
,

l o o ser sexu a l rel a ti o n s a ppe a r to h a ve l o ng s urvived in the ,

s phere o f reli g i o n A t a l l event s o n e o f the m o st le a rned

.

a n d a cute o f S e m itic sch o l a rs a dduced w h a t he re g a rded a s

evidence su fficient to pr o ve th a t in o l d A r a bi a n reli g i o n “

g o d s a n d g o dde ss e s O ften o ccurred in p a ir s the g o dde ss ,

be in g the g re a ter so th a t the g o d c a nn o t be her B a a l th a t

, ,

t h e g o dde ss is o fte n a m o ther w ith o ut bein g a w ife a nd the ,

g o d her so n a n d th a t the pr o g re s s o f thin g s w a s t o w a rd s

,

ch a n g in g g o dde sse s int o g o d s o r l o w erin g them bene a th the

m a le deit y
2 ”
.

I n E g y pt the a rch a ic sy s tem o f m o ther kin w ith it s M h r -

, ot e
11 1
preference fo r w o men o ver m en in ma tter s o f pro perty a n d i 1 11 11

a nc e n t

i nherita nce l a sted d o w n to R o ma n t i me s a nd it w a s tr a d i Egyp

, ,
t .

1 Th e L yi c a ns t r aced th e ir descent W . My Th P rm . R amsa f ,

“
e e a n en ce o

r r m en ; t H ly P l
li g i ”
th o u g h w o m en , no t th o ugh R e on ai th E t o a c es n e as ,

an d a mo ng th em it w a s th e daugh te s, r Th E p it e N v mb r 9 6 p 4 7 5
x os or, o e e 1 0 , . .

n o t th e so ns, w h o inh e ted th e fa m ri il y D L M

r. r h m i dt m t th i k
. esse sc se e s o n

r ry
p po e t . S ee H e o do tus, r
1 74 i . th t th a Ly i w r H i tt i t
e ( Thc a ns e e es e

i l
N co a us D amasce nu s, in S to b a eu s, H ittit p S
es, h l r . t c o a s are no

F l o ril eg iu m, xliv
41 ( F rag men ta
. a gr d t ee th f m il y f p as h t
o e a o s eec o

H istoricoru m Gra ecoru m , ed C . . w h i h th Ly ic l g g bl g e c an an ua e e on s.

M ii l l er,iii l r
46 1 ) P u ta c h , D e m u l ie S m th i k th t it w I d
‘

. o e n a as an n o

ru in v irt u t ibu s, 9 i
A n a nc en t h is
. E r p u o t g ; b t
ean t h i v i w i
on ue u s e s

ri v r yi
to a n e en a sse ts th a t th e L c a ns no w b d d by P r f
a an r Ed M y r o ne o e sso . e e

r r l b y w o men ( é x r a k a co i} ( G h i ht d A l t t m i
2
we e u ed esc c
pe es er u s, . 2 . .

y vr a m o xpa r o fivr a i , H e ra cl ide s P o n ticu s,

‘
W R b rt
2 S m i th K i h ip
. o ed so n , ns an

r
F a g I 5, in F rag men ta H isto ricoru m
. tld i g i E
a rr a ly A bi (L d
e n ar ra a 2 on o n,

G ra ecoru m, e d C M ll r ii .u e , . .
p 3 6 T h h y p th . i 0f th . e o es s O e

ri i
I n sc p t o n s fo u n d a t D al isa n do s, in f rm r xi t
o f m th r k i
e e m g
s enc e o o e -
n a on

ri rv
I sau a , seem to p o e th a t it w a s n o t th S mi t
e i r j t d by P r f
e es r s e ec e o esso

l r r
u nu su a th e e to t a c e desc e n t thro u gh Ed M y r ( G h i h t d A l t t m
. e e esc c e es er u s,
2

r v ir
th e m o th e e en in th e th d o r th e i p 3 6 ) d W W G r f B di i
. 2 ,
. 0 an . . a au ss n

r
fo u th centu ry r ri
a fte Ch st S ee S ir .
( A do n is un d E sma n , pp 4 6 .
2 14 M O TH E R -K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S B OO K I II

t io n a l l y -
b a sed o n the ex a m ple o f I s i s w h o h a d a ve n g ed ,

her hu sb a n d s m urder a nd h a d c o n tinued to r e i g n a fter

’

his dece a se c o n ferrin g benefit s o n m a n kind F o r the se

“
.
,

re a so n s s ay s D io do ru s S ic u l u s it w a s a pp o inted th a t the
,
”
,
“

q uee n s h o uld e nj o y g re a ter p o w er a nd h o no ur th a n the ki ng ,

a n d th a t a m o ng priv a te pe o ple the w ife s h o uld rule o ver her

hu sb a nd in the m a rri a g e c o ntr a ct the hu sb a nd a g reei ng to

,

O be y h is w ife in a l l thin g s A c o r o ll a ry o f the s uperi o r

” 1
.

p o siti o n thu s c o nceded to w o m e n in E gy pt w a s th a t the

o b li g a ti o n o f m a int a inin g p a rent s in their o l d a g e re s ted o n

the d a u g hter s no t o n the so n s o f the fa mil y , ,

?

The s a me le g a l s uperi o rity o f w o m en o ver m en a cc o u n t s

fo r the m o s t rem a rk a ble fe a ture in the so ci a l sy s te m o f
the a ncient E g y pti a n s to w it the m arri a g e o f full br o ther s , ,

w ith full S is ter s Th a t m a rri a g e w hich t o u s s ee ms s tr a n g e

.
,

a n d un n a tur a l w a s b y n o m e a n s a w hi m o f the rei n i n

, g g
P t o le m ie s ; o n the c o ntr a ry the s e M a ced o n i a n c o n q uer o r s ,

a ppe a r w ith ch a r a cteri s tic prudence t o h a ve b o rr o w ed the

, ,

cu s to m fr o m their E g y pti a n predece sso r s fo r the expre ss

purp o se o f c o n cili a tin g n a tive prejudice I n the e y e s o f the .

E g y pti a n s m a rri a g e bet w een bro ther a nd s i s ter w a s the

“

be s t o f m a rri a g e s a nd it a c q uired a n ineffa ble deg ree O f ,

s a nctity w he n the br o ther a n d s i ster w h o c o ntr a cted it w ere

them selve s b o rn o f a br o ther a nd s i ster w h o h a d in th e ir ,

turn a l so spru ng fro m a uni o n o f the sa me so rt N o r did .

” 3

the principle a ppl y o nl y to g o d s a nd ki ng s T he c o m mo n .

pe o ple a cted o n it in their d a il y life T hey re g a rded .

m a rri a g e s bet w een br o ther s a n d s i s ter s a s the m o s t n a tur a l

a nd re a s o n a ble o f a l l The evide nce o f le g a l d o cu m ?
e nts ,

Si l i gr t d i mp r t t ri gh t w m
1
Di d o o ru s 7 c u u s,
q . 2 . t 1 s . an e o an s o o en

In S p i t e f th i o x p r t s t i me y t w h i h it d
ess es id t m on O th o c en e o en . n e

th xi t
e e s e n ce o f tr gy a r y i p i ti
ue f w m
na e c o c a c i i t E gy pt n os on o o en n a n c en

i t Eg y p t I m f p i i t h t
a nc e n , a o
p i ll y th
o bl
n on r i l f Mi a se e e s ec a e a e a t c e o ss

th ll g d p ri ri ty f th q
e a e e su e o t R oh l Ev ly e Wh i t ( M u een W dd) o ac e e n e rs . e ,

th k i g
e n d f th w i f t h
an o h b d
e W m i P t l m i Egy p t j
e o er us an l o en n o e a c ,
”
ou rn a

m t h v b
us a et e en
g r t x t
o a t l y f H l l i S t di viii ( 8 98 ) pp
ea e en on o e en c u es , x . 1 .

no mi l na C rt i l y w
. e k w t h t it
a n 3 8 56e no a 2 -
2 .

w as th eki g d n t th q
an wh no H r d t e u een o 2
35 e o o u s, i i
r ll y g v r d th try ;
. .

d w an
ea

h d r l y
o

d bt t
e ne

h t i li k m
e

r
co u n
Si G t M p r q t
a nn e
d b y
e
3 r as o n as e o, uo e
c an

it w
a

asf th
or m t p r t th
ou

e os h b
a

d
M ia
n
R E Wh i t
e

e p i p
us
4 4 an
ss . . e, o . c t . . 2 .

an d not th w i f w h e r ll y r l d th
e o J N i
ea t l d D i E hu e i A g y p t e
4
. e zo ,
e e n en

h o use, th g h ou
q t i unb l y i r
ues g r d p
o nat l i h om i h n Z it
e ( La i p z ur o eni a sc -
r sc en e e

to r
p p o r t y
e t h l w m e t ah v i se e p s o a e z c, . 12 .
2 16 M O TH E R K I N A N D M O TH E R G OD D E S S E S
- B OO K 1 1 1

fa mil y m o s t pr o b a bl y expl a in s the cu sto m o f br o ther a nd

s i s t e r m a rri a g e in E g y pt
1
.

Thu s the u n i o n o f O s iri s w ith h is s i ster I si s w a s n o t a

’
fre a k o f the s to ry teller s fa ncy : it reflected a so ci a l cu st o m
-

w hich w a s it s elf b a sed o n pr a ctic a l c o n s ider a ti o n s o f the

m o s t s o lid kind When w e reflect th a t thi s pra ctice o f
.

m o ther k in a s o pp o sed t o fa ther kin s urvived d o w n to

- -

the l a te s t ti me s o f a nti q uity no t in a n o b scure a nd b ar ,

b a r o u s tribe but in a n a ti o n w h o se i mme mo ri a l civiliz a ti o n

,

w as it s g l o ry a n d the w o nder o f the w o rld w e m a y w ith o ut ,

bei ng extra v a g a nt supp o se th a t a s imil a r pr a ctice fo r m erl y

prev a iled in S y ri a a n d P hry g i a a n d th a t it a cc o u n t s fo r ,

the superi o rity o f the g o dde ss o ver the g o d in the divine

p a rtner ship s o f A d o ni s a nd A st a rte o f A tti s a n d C y bele , .

But the a ncient sy s tem b o th o f so ciety a nd o f reli g i o n

h a d under g o n e fa r m o re ch a n g e in the s e c o untrie s th a n
in E gy pt w here to the l a s t the m a in o utline s o f the o l d
,

s tructure c o ul d be tr a ced in the n a ti o n a l in stituti o n s t o

w hich the E g y pti a n s clun g w ith a p a s si o n a te a fa n a tic a l ,

dev o ti o n M o ther kin the divinity o f kin g s a nd q ueen s a

.
-
, ,

s e n s e o f the o ri g in a l c o nnexi o n o f the g o d s w ith n a ture

the se thin g s o utlived the P er si a n the M a ced oni a n the R o ma n , ,

c o n q ue st a n d o nl y p e ri shed under the m o re p o w erful so lve n t

,

o f Chri s ti a nit y But the o l d o rder did n o t v a ni sh a t o nce

.

w ith the o ffici a l e s t a bli sh ment o f the n ew reli g i o n I n the .

a g e o f C o n s t a n tine the Greek s o f E g y pt s till a ttributed the

ri se o f the N ile to S er a pi s the l a ter fo r m o f O s iri s a lle g i n g , ,

1
Thi
is in sub sta nce th e e p ana
s x l of Un iv ersity of Ca mbn dge ( C a m
tl z e
'

i
t on ch wh i Mi
ss R a ch e E e n W h te l v ly i ri
b dg e , p p 1 54 so I u n de . . r
( M rs W edd) g es o f th e Eg p t a n
. iv y i M li
sta nd f o m P o fe sso rW F nde s r r . . r
cu sto m S ee h er p a p e ,
.
“
r
W o men in P tri th t th th ry h b e e a e eo as ee n a

l i
”
y
P to ema c Eg p t , j o u rn a l of H el l en ic mm p l w i h Egy p t l g i t
co f on a ce t o o s s or

S tu dies , x viii
( 1 8 98 ) p 2 6 5 S m a
. i il rl y m y y r M L
. . x p l i d th
an ea s. c e nna n e a ne e

Mr J . N ie tz o l d o b se es th a t
.
“
rv
eco no m rri g f b r th r d i t r ia a e o o e s an s s e s n

i l i r i
m ca co n s de a t o ns, esp ec a i ll y
in th e r y l f m ili x p di t f h if
o a a es a s a n e e en or s t
r l r
c a se o f g ea t a n do w n e s, m ay o ften h a e v i g th i fr m th f m l tn e su c ce ss o n o e e a e o

b ee n th e o ccas o n o f m a i ag es w thrri i th m l li ; b t h did t xt

e d a e ne u e no e en

i r i i
s ste s, th e nt ent o n b e ng in th s w a y i i th th ry t xp l i i m il r me eo so as o e a n s a ar

v
to a o d a d i ivi i
s o n o f th e
p p
o e t r ry i g m g mm p p l i
ra E g y p tes a on co on eo e n ,

( D ie E li e in Agyp ten , p Th e .
p rh p b h w t w r
e f a s eca u se e as no a a e o

sa m e e
p x l i
a na t o n o f th e c u sto m h as th f t S J F M L e T / ac s . ee . . c enn a n, ze

iv
b een g en b y P o f W R dge w a r .i y P t i l l Tl ry di t d d m
. . a r a re t a z eo , e e an co

S e e h is “
li
S u pp c es o f A esch u s, in
”
yl p l t d b y D M L (L d
e e . c enna n on o n,

P ra el ect ion s del iv ered before tfi e S en a te p 95.

CH AP . x11 IN TH E A N CI E N T E A S T

th a t the inund a ti o n c o uld no t t a ke pl a ce if the s t a nd a rd

cubit w hich w a s u sed to me a s ure it w ere n o t dep o sited
, ,

a cc o rdi n t cu t m in the te m ple f the d The e m per r

g o s o o g o o .

o rdered the cubit t o be tr a n s ferred t o a church a n d next

;
y e a r t
,
o the g ener a l s urpri se the river r o se j u st a s u su a l 1
, .

E ven a t a l a ter ti me A th a n a s iu s hi m self h a d t o c o n fe ss w ith

s o rr o w a n d indi g n a ti o n th a t under h is o w n e y e s th e E pti n
gy a s

s till a n nu a ll ur ed the de th iri The end c e 2

y m o n a o f O s s a m .

w ith the de s tructi o n o f the g re a t S er a peum a t A lex a ndri a ,

the l a st str o n g h o ld o f the he a then in E g y pt I t peri shed in .

a furi o u s a n d bl o o d y s editi o n in w hich Chri s ti a n s a n d p a a n s

g ,

see m t o h a ve vied w ith e a ch o ther in m utu a l a tr o citie s .

A fter its fa ll the te m ple s w ere levelled w ith the g r o u n d o r

c o nverted int o churche s a nd the i ma g e s o f the o l d g o d s ,

w ent t o the m eltin g p o t t o be c o n verted int o b a s e u se s fo r

-
,

the r a bble o f A lex a n dri a .

3

The s i ng ul a r te n a city w ith w hich the E g y pti a n pe o ple Egyp i t an

m a int a ined their tr a d iti o n a l beliefs a n d cu s t o ms fo r th o u sa n d s 32?

o f y e a r s spr a n g n o d o ubt fr o m the s tubb o r n c o n s erv a ti sm
n
ff
l
f an e ect o

o f the n a ti o n a l ch a r a cter Y e t th a t c o nserv a ti sm w a s it se lf 283322

1
.
11 3

in g re a t me a s ure a n effect o f g e o g r a phic a l a nd cli m atic d h b i an

,
a ts
t r
c o nditi o n s a nd o f the w a y s o f life w hich the y fa v o ured .
e'

S urr o unded o n every s ide by de sert s o r a l m o s t h a rb o urle s s

se a s the E g y pti a n s o ccupied a p o s iti o n o f g re a t n a tur a l
,

s tren g th w hich fo r l o n g a g e s t o gether pr o tected the m fr o m

inv a s i o n a nd a ll o w ed their n a tive h a bits t o set a nd h a rd e n ,

u n di sturbed by the subver sive influe n ce o f fo rei g n c o n q ue s t .

The w o n derful reg ul a rity o f n a ture in E g y pt a l so c o nduc e d

to a c o rr es p o ndin g s t a bility in the m i n d s o f the pe o ple .

Ye a r in y e a r o u t the i m m ut a ble s ucce ss i o n o f the s e a so n s

, ,

br o u g ht w ith it the sa me unva ry in g ro u n d o f a g ricultur a l

t il
o .
‘N h a t the fa ther s h a d d o ne the so n s did in the ,

sa m e m a n n er a t the s a me se a so n a n d so it w e n t o n fr o m ,

S r t i ( M ig
1 ’
H i t i E l i ti
o c a e s, s or a P t l gi
cc es a s G
ca , . 10 ue s a ro o a ra eca , xxv.

8 ( M ig lxvii
’
1 P t l gi
ue s G a ro o a raeca , .

Th l r d V l i i hi
e ea n e S r t
a es us , H i t i E l i ti
n s v 3 o c a es, s or a cc es as ca , .

th i i f rm ( M ig
’
no et on p g s a ssath t e, 6 q n o s us P t l gi Ga 1 s . ue s a ro o a raeca ,

th e cu bit w g i tr
as f rr d b y th
a a n lxvii 6 4
a ns e e S m Hi t i
e . 0 oz o e n u s, s or a

E mp r r J li
e o t th S r p
u an m wh r
o e E l i ti
e a eu ii, 5 ( M ig P t
e e cc es a s ca , v . 1 ue s
’
a ro

it w as l ft i p e nill th d tr ti
eace t l gi G e l
es uc5 onTh o a raeca , xvu . 1 1 2 ese

o f th t t m p l
a e e. v t t k pl d r th Emp r r e en s oo a ce u n e e e o
2
A th i O ti
a n a s u s, t G tra Th d i
o i th y r 3 9
co n ra en es, eo o s us n e ea 1 A D . .
 2 18 M O TH E R K I N A N D [ MO TH E R G OD D E S S E S
- B OO K 111

g e n er a ti o n to g e n er a ti o n Thi s m o n o to no u s r o uti ne is
.

c o m mo n indeed t o a l l purel y a g ricultur a l c o m m u n itie s a nd ,

every w here te n d s to be g et in the hu sb a n d m a n a settled

phle g m a tic h a bit o f m i n d very diffe re n t fr o m the m o bility ,

the a lert n e ss the pli a bility o f ch a ra cter w hich the h a z a rd s

,

a n d uncert a intie s o f c o m m erce a n d the s e a fo s ter in the

m erch a nt a n d the s a il o r The sa turnine te m per a m ent o f
.

the fa r mer is a s n a tur a ll y a ver se to ch a n g e a s t h e mo re

m ercuri a l s pirit o f the tr a d e r a n d the s e a m a n is predi s p o se d
t o it . B ut the s tere o ty pi n g o f ide a s a n d o f cu st o ms w a s
c a rried further in E gy pt th a n in m o st l a nd s dev o ted t o
hu sb a n dry b y re a so n o f the g re a ter unifo r m ity o f the
E g y pti a n s e a s o n s a n d the m o re c o mplete i so l a ti o n o f
the c o untry .

The g e ner a l effect o f the se c a u se s w a s to cre a te a ty pe

o f n a ti o n a l ch a r a cter w hich pre se n ted m a n y p o int s o f re

s e m bl a nce t o th a t o f the Chine se I n b o th w e s e e the sa m e

.

in flexible s tre n g th o f w ill the s a m e a s t o n i shi ng i n du stry th e

, ,
‘

s a m e s tr a ng e b lend o f hu m a n ity a nd s a v a g ery th e sa m e ,

o b s tin a te a dhere n ce t o tr a diti o n the s a m e pride o f r a ce a n d

,

o f a n cie n t civiliz a ti o n the s a m e c o nte m pt fo r fo rei g n er s a s

,

fo r up st a rt s a n d b a rb a ri a n s the sa m e p a tie n t o ut w a rd s u b
,

m i ss i o n t o a n a lien rule c o m bi n ed w ith a n un s h a ke a ble

i nw a rd d e v o ti o n t o n a tive ide a l s I t w a s thi s c o nser va tive .

te m per o f the pe o ple bred in g re a t m e a s ure o f the phy s ic a l

,

n a ture o f their l a n d w hich so t o sa y e m b a l m ed the m e m o ry

, , ,

of O s iri s l o ng a fter the c o rre s p o n di n g fi g ur es o f A d o ni s

a n d A tti s h a d s uffered dec a y F o r w hile E g y pt e nj o y ed
.

pr o fo und rep o se the tide s o f w a r a nd c o nq ue st o f tr a ffic

, ,

a n d c o mm erce h a d fo r c e nturie s r o lled o ver We s tern A s i a

, ,

the n a tive h o m e o f A d o n i s a nd A tti s ; a n d i f the sh o ck

o f n a ti o n a litie s in thi s g re a t m e e ti n g r u n d o f E a st a nd
g o -

We st w a s fa v o ura b le to the ri se o f n e w fa ith s a nd ne w

m o r a liti e s it w a s in the sa m e m ea s ur e unfa v o ur a ble t o the
,

pres erva ti o n o f the o l d .

 M OL O CH TH E KI N G N OTE 1

g u ise d f o r m o f n l c l t h e o rdi n a ry H e b e w w o d
ze e t , f o r k i n g th e r r
“
,

sc i b es h avi ng a pp r entl y g i ve n th e d r ea d ful w o rd th e v o w e l s o f ar

sh a meful t h i ng B u t it seems cl ear th at in h i sto ic a l

1 ”
b o sh eth ,
“
. r

t i mes th e J e w s w h o o ffered th ese sacri fi c es id e nt i fi ed M o l ec h n o t ,

w i th th e h u ma n k i ng bu t w i th J e h o v h th o u gh th e p r o p h ets ,
a ,

p o t e st e d r a g a i n s t t h e cu st o m as a n o u trage on the divi ne

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ten year m o re dri n k i ng o u t o f a h o rn li k e a w ean ed c h ild

s ,
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n o w w i sh ed to sacri fi c e his l ast re ma i n i ng so n to O di n b u t th e ,

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t o h ave b een l o o k ed u p o n a s su b st i tu te s o ffer d to th e go d in e

p l a ce o f t h e ir fa t h e r a n d a pp a r e n tl y t hi s w a s a l so t h e , curre n t e x p l n a a

ti o n o f th e sl aughter o f th e fi st b o n in th e l ater ti mes o f I s l 5

r - r ra e .

O n th at vi ew th e sacri fi c es w ere vicari o u s nd th ere fo r e p ure l y ,

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r O ne m n h o w ev er p e en ted . a , ,
r s

h i msel f fo th e p urp o se and h is o ffer was a cc ep ted

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g e u p o n s s s ,
rt , v .

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,
r a ,

a m at sp ea d fo r th e purp o se a c o r di ng t o th e cu sto m w i th a n i m l
r ,
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o n suc h o cc asi o ns w h e n th e p i e t ap pea ed to pr o ce ed w i th al l

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r s r ,

s o l emn i ty in sl a gh teri n g th e icti m by c utti ng h is t h o at A

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ua r u , , r r

n t ive dye w as spill ed in t h e ceremo ny ; a n d to th e a m z em en t

a , , a

o f th o se w h o l o o k ed o n b l o o d see m ed to b e fl o w i ng a l l ar o u nd , Th e .

m n a ,
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as u ,
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m n t w h ich m y b e tran sl ated N o t dead th o u gh transg es i ng

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th ey wer e th eir o w n a n d e sc ap i ng me rel y w i th a ,

e p i ma n d w h il e r r ,

a c o mm o n p e so n w o uld h ve to su ffer d ea th o r b e
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s, ,
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li fe eem to rest o n a th eo y o f nu tri ti o n rath er than o f sub sti tu ti n ;

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r u , a s r e a ea

b o dy o f th e sa ifi e th s efresh ing h is faili ng strength a nd p o

cr c r, u
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t an

th a n el g o u s m c h
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ar ,
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fo ll o w dir ec tl y w i th o t th e i nt e ve nt i o n o f a de i ty u A t al l ven t it r . e s,

c an b e sh o w n th at sac i fi c es o f th i s so r t h ave b een o ff r e d to p ro l ng

r e o

t h e li fe o f k i n gs in o th er p arts o f th e wo rl d Th u s in r egard to .

H r d t
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o u s, Pl t r h vn. W E lli H i t ry f M d g
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D e su p titi ers 3 o ne, (L d

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r r o l o n i n
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th e li fe o f a k ing o
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w eek l y sacri fi c e o f a c h ic k en n d egg

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th e p a tri arch h a ri se n f o m h is b ed th e sacri fi ci l a ticl e

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c red ei th er b y h is mo th er h e d w i fe o eldest da gh te an d g iven

u ,
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r u r,

t o th e p ri e t w h o ec eiv es th em o n th e O p e n spac e in f o n t o f t h e
s ,
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h o u se Wh en th i s h as b e en r epo ted to th e pat i rc h h e c o mes

. r ra ,

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j o i ns in th e ceremo ny Tak i ng th e , .

c h ic k en in hi h a n d th e pri est fi st o f al l to uch es th e p t i ch

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,
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r

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a ny circu msta n c es u n til th e even i ng Th e c h ic k en a nd th e egg .

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a a , t th e w ter r a a

s i de D ri ng th e c r i age o f th ese ar ticl es to th e p l a c e in q e sti o n

. u a r u ,

all th e w i e s a nd m any m em b er s o f th e h o seh o ld a cc o m p ny th e

v u a

p r i est i n o k
,
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v e d e i ty as t h e y g o t o p r o l o n g t h ir f a t h e s li f e e r
’
.

Th i s is d o ne in th e fi m c o nvic ti o n th at th r o u gh th e s c i fi c e o f r a r

each ch ick en h is life w ill b e cc o rdi ngl y p ro l o nged a .

” 1

Th e c er emo ny th u s d esc i b ed is li k e so m any o th er ri tes a r , ,

c o mb i n ti o n o f magic nd religi o n ; fo w h ereas th e pray ers to th e

a a r

g o d a r e li
re
g i o u s t h e p as si n g o f
,
t h e v ic t i m o v e r t h e k i n g
’
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r e m ag ic a l b ei n g p l a i nl y in ar ,

t en d e d to c o nvey t o h im dir ec tl y w i th o u t t h e m e di t i o n o f a ny ,
a

de i ty th e li fe o f th e fo w l
,
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. s a

fo p o l o ngi ng th e k i ng s li fe see m to b e p u el y mag ic a l

’
C u st o m s r r A mo ng r .

2 ?n th e Z ulu s l feasts o f fi st frui t a b ull i k ill ed

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nd t h e st e n gth o f th e b ull i u ,
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u pp o se d t o e n ter i nto th e k n g th e eb y p o l o ng n g h s l fe
s i e.
2
s i ,
Ag nr r i i i . ai ,

in n e l y P o rtu g ese h i sto ri an w e ea d o f

a ar u C aff e k i ng o f E t r a r as

Af ica th t r it is r e l te d o f th i M o n o m o tap a th t h e h s a h o se
a
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w h e e h e c o m m n d s b o di e o f m en w h o h
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th e l aw to b e h ung u p a nd w h er e th u s h ang i ng al l th e h m i di ty ,
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M j r A G L r d Tb L w
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N g i er d it T ib ( L d
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p 4 57
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Ch ife s so n Wh en k ing o f Ugand a h ad re igned so me ti me a pparentl y

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an kl t e s. to a c h i ef o f th e L u ng fi sh cl an w h o b o re th e t i tl e o f N a nk e e
-
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a nd re si de d in t h e di stric t o f B u sir o wh ere th e t o mb s and t em l es , p

o f th e k i ngs w e e si tu ated r Wh en th e ti me fo r th e ceremo ny h ad
.

b een p po inted th e c h i ef ch o se o ne o f h is o wn so ns w h o was

a , ,

t o die th at th e k i ng m i gh t li ve I f th e c h i ef h a d n o so n a ne
.
, ar

r e l a ti o n w s c o mp e ll e d to ser ve
a s a su b sti tu te Th e h apl ess yo u th
a .

w s fed a n d cl th e d and tr eated in al l respec ts li k e a p i nc e

’
a o r ,

a nd tak en to live in a p ar tic l ar h o u se n ea r th e pl a c e w h er e th e u

k i ng w a s to l o dge fo r th e c eremo ny Wh en th e d esti ned vic ti m .

h a d b ee n feasted a n d gu a rd ed fo r a m o nth th e k i ng set o u t o n ,

h is p ro gre ss f o m th e c ap ital r O n th e w ay h e sto pp ed at t h e

.

templ e o f th e great go d M ukasa ; th ere h e c hanged h is gar ments ,

l e vi ng b eh i nd h im in th e temp l e tho se wh ich h e h ad b een weari ng

a .

A l o h e l eft b eh i n d h im al l h is a nk l ets a nd did no t p u t o n a ny

s ,

fre sh o n es fo h e w a s sh o r tl y to r ecei e n e w ank l et o f a emark

,
r v s r

a b l e k i nd Wh en th e k i ng arrive d at h is d e ti nati o n th e c h i ef
. s ,

m et h im and t he tw o ex ch anged a go urd o f beer

,
A t thi i n ter . s

vi ew th e k i ng s m o th er w as p e sent to see h e so n fo th e l ast

’
r r r

t i m e ; fo r fro m t h at m o m ent th e tw o w ere ne er all o wed to l o k v o

u po n eac h o th er agai n Th e c h i e f addressed th e k i ng s mo th er

.
’

i n fo r mi ng her o f th i s fi nal separati o n ; th en turni ng to th e k i ng

he s id Yo u re n o w o f age ; go a nd live l o nger th an yo ur
a ,
“
a

fo r e fathers The n th e c h i ef s so n wa s i ntr o duc ed Th e c h ief

’
. .

to o k h im by th e hand and prese nte d h im to th e k i ng wh o ,

p a s sed h im o n t o t h e b o d y g u a d ; th e y l e d -h im o u tsid e a nd
r

k ill ed h im b y beati ng h im w i th th eir cle nch ed fi sts Th e m u scl es .

fro m th e b ac k o f th e b o d y o f the m urd ered y o u th w er e re mo ved

and m a d e i nt o tw o a n k l ets fo r th e k i ng a nd a strip o f sk i n ,

c u t fr o m th e c o rp e w s mad e i nto a whi p w hich w s k ept

s a ,
a

in th e r o ya l e n cl o s re fo r speci al fea sts u T h e d ea d b o dy w as .

th o wn o n w aste l a n d a nd gu ard e d aga i nst w ild b easts b u t no t

r ,

b uri ed 1
.

Th e ki ng s
'
Wh en th at c eremo ny w a s o ver th e k i ng depa ted to go to ,
r
g a me a n o th er c h ie f in B u sir o ; b ut o n th e way th ither h e sto p p ed at
.

a pl c e c ll ed B k
a a a nd sa t d o w n u nder a g re at t ee to p l ay a
a a r

g a m e o f sp i n n i n g frui t s to n es I t is -
a c h ildr .
’
e n s gam e b u t it w s ,
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n o child s p l ay to th e m a n w h o ran t o fetc h th e f ui t sto nes fo

’
r -
r

th e k i ng t o p l ay w i th ; fo r he w as c au gh t a nd spea r ed t o d e th a

th e p rp o se o f p ro l o ngi ng th e k i ng s li fe A fter
’
o n t h e sp o t fo r u .

th e g me h d b e e n p l ay ed th e k i ng w i th h is t rai n pa ssed o n a nd
a a

l o dged wi th c e t i n p ri nc ess till th e ank l ets mad e f o m th e

a r a r

m u scl es o f th e ch i e f s murd ered so n were r ead y fo h im to wear ;

’
r

R J R 1 Tb B g d p p
ev . . o sco e, 0 q e a an a, . 2 1 s .
N O TE I M OL O CH TH E K I N G

it wa s th e pri nc ess w h o h ad t o s uperi nten d the m ak i ng of th ese

ro ya l o rn a me n ts .
1

Wh en c eremo ni es w ere o ver the k i ng made a great Th w h ip

al l th e se ,
e

A t th i s feast i a b o u t c arr y i ng u nder h is m ntl e

m
lgig
an

g
u
fe st
a .
p e s t w e n t a r a

th e w h i p th a t h d b ee n made fro m th e sk i n o f th e m urd ere da

y o u n g m a n A s h e p ass ed
. th r o g h t h e cr o w d o f m err y m k e s u a r ,

h e w o uld fl ic k man h er e a nd th er e w i th th e w h i p a nd it w s
a , a

b eli eved th at th e ma n o n wh o m th e l ash li gh ted w o ul d b e child

l es nd m igh t die u nl ess h e m d e an o ffe i ng o f ei ther n i ne o
s a ,
a r r

n i n ety c o w i e sh ell s to th e p ri e st w h o h ad str c k h im

r N at ura ll y u .

h e h ste n ed to p ro cur e th e sh ell s an d t k e th em to th e st i k er

a a r ,

w h o o n rec e ivi ng th em st uc k th e m an o n th e sh o ulder w i th h is

, ,
r

h a n d th s r esto i ng t o h im t h e g ene tive p o w ers o f whic h th e

,
u r ra

b l o w o f th e wh i p h d d eprived h im At th e end o f th e fe st a . a

th e dr mm er remo ved al l th e dru ms b t o ne w h ich th ey l ft

u s u , e

as if th ey h a d fo rg o tten it S o m e b o d y in th e cr o w d w o l d . u

n o tic e th e pp r e n t e s ai g h t a n
a d u n a fte r t h e dr m
ov m e r srw i th r u

th e dru m a y i ng Yo u h a e le ft o n e b eh i n d
,
s ,
“
Th e t h ank s h e v .

rec eive d w s th t h e w as ca gh t and k ille d a nd th e b o nes o f h is

a a u

u pper m m d e i n to dru mstick s fo r th at p a ticul ar drum Th e

ar a r .

dr m wa s never a fterward s b ro ugh t o u t duri ng th e wh o l e o f th e

u

k i ng s reign bu t was k ept c o vered u p till th e ti me c ame to bri ng

’
,

it o t o n th e c o e p o ndi ng feast o f his succ esso r Yet fro m ti me

u rr s .

to t i m e th e p ri e t w h o h d fl ic k e d th e r eve ll ers w i th th e w h i p
s ,
a

o f h u m a n sk i n w o uld d e ss h i m sel f U p in a ma nt l e o f c o w h i de
,
r -

f o m n ec k to fo o t a n d c o n cea li ng th e dru mstic k o f h u man b o ne s

r ,

u n der h is b e wo ld go i n to th e k i ng s prese nc e and sudd enl y

ro
’
u ,

w h i p p i ng o t th e b o n e uf o m h is b o so m w o ld b a n di sh th em s r u r

in th e k i ng s f c e Th en h e w o ul d as su dd en l y h id e th e m aga i n
’
a .
,

b t o n l y to ep e t th e m a no euv e
u r A fter th at h e re tire d
a nd r . a

r esto r e d th e b o n e s to th eir u s a l p l a c e Th ey w ere d ec o rated u .

w i th c w i e sh ell s a n d li ttle b ell

o r w h ic h j i ngl e d a s h e sh o o k th e m s,

a t th e k i n g 2
.

Th e p eci m ean i ng o f th ese l at ter c erem o n i es is o b scure ; b ut M d i

r se o es n

w e m y s pp o se th a t j st a s th e h ma n b l o o d p o r ed i n to a dru m
2 15
1
3 5
1

2
1

w s th o gh t to p a
a
a

u
u

i nto th e k i ng ei n in th e b o o m i ng no tes o f h him

’
ss
u
; s v
u

s
u

t e ”,
t h e dr m so th e clic k i ng o f th e h ma n b o n es and th e j ng li ng o f vi i m w
u , u i ct s as

th e i b ell s w er e su p p o se d to i nf se i nto th e o y l p er o n th e i go
r
h g h
u r a s v ur
t ou t to

o f th e m d e ed m n Th e p rp o se o f fl ic k i ng c o mmo n ers wi th th e
ur r a . u

w h i p ma d e o f h m a n k i n is e en mo e o b cur ; b t w e m y
u s v r s e u a

c o nj ec t e th at th e li fe
ur i ili ty o f every m n st uc k w i th th e wh i p or v r a r

w a s pp o
s ud to b e t n sm i tte d in so me w ay to th e k i ng w h o th s
se ra ,
u

r ec i te d h is i t l nd esp eci ll y h is rep ro duc ti e ene gi es t th i s

ru v a ,
a a v ,
r a

so l em n fe st I f I a m ri gh t in my i nt e p r etati n a l l th ese B ag n da
a . r o ,
a

1 R J R ev . Tl . B g d
o sc o e , t f th rm i ze a an a, a cco u n o e ce e o n es .

pp . 2 1 1
q I h v s b ri dg d th
. a R J Re ap it pp e3 q e
2 ev . . o sco e, o . c . . 2 1 s .

PT . 1v . V OL . 11 Q
 M OL O CH TH E KI N G N OTE I

mo de s re ngth eni ng th e k i ng a nd p o l o ngi ng h is li fe b el o nged to

o f st r

t h e n u tri ti e r ther th n to t h e vic a i o u s ty p e o f sac i fi c e f o m

v a a r r ,
r

w h ic h it w ill fo ll o w th a t th ey we e m g ic l rath er th an r elig i o u s in r a a

c h rac ter
a .

Th e ame th i ng may p e h p s b e said o f th e w h o l e sal e m s c es

s r a as a r

w h ich u sed t o b e p erp etr ted w h e n a k i ng o f U ga nd a wa s ill a At .

th ese ti mes th e p ri e ts i nfo r med th e ro ya l p atie nt that p erso ns

s

m k e d by a c e ta i n ph y sic a l p eculi ari ty suc h s a c st o f th e ey e

ar r ,
a a ,

a p ar ticul a g i t o ardi stian c t ive

,
c o l o ruri n g m u st be put t o de th , a .

A cc o rdi ng l y th e k i ng sen t o u t h is c atc h p o l es w h o w ayl a id s c h , u

p erso ns in th e o d s a nd d agged th em to th e r y l encl o su e wh e e

r a r o a r ,
r

t h e y w er e k e p t ntil th e ta l e o f vic ti ms p r escri b ed b y th e p ie st was

u r

c o mpl ete B efo e they w e e l ed aw ay to o ne o f th e eight p l ces o f

. r r a

e x c ti o n w h ic h w ere r eg u l rl y ap p o i nte d fo th i s pur p o se in di ffer e n t

e u ,
a r

pa ts o f th e k i ngdo m th e v ic ti ms h ad to dri nk me dicated b eer w i th

r ,

t h e k i ng o ut o f a sp eci a l p o t in o rder th at h e m i g h t h ave p o w er ,

o ver th ei gh o s t s rl e st t h ey h o ul
,
d a f t e r w a rd s c o m e bs c k to t o r m ent a

h im .The y w er e k ill ed so meti mes b y b ei ng sp e red to d eath ,

a ,

so meti mes b y b ei ng h a c k ed t o p i ec es so me ti mes b y b ei ng b u n ed ,

r

a li e v C o ntr ry to th e u sua l cu sto m o f th e B agand a th e b o di es o

. a , ,
r

w h at r e mai ne d o f th e b o di es o f th e se u n fo rtu n ates w e e l w y s l ft ,

r a a e

u nb uri ed o n th e pl ac e o f ex ecuti o n I n wh at w ay preci sel y th e .

1

sic k k i n g w a s su pp o sed to b ene fi t b y th e se massacr es o f h is su bj ec ts

d o es no t appe b t w e may s rmi se th at so meh o w th e vic ti ms

a r, u u

w ere b eli eve d to gi e their live s fo h im o t o h im v r r .

Th u s it is p o si b l e th at in I sr el al so th e s cri fi c es o f child n
s a a re

t o M o l o c h w ere in li k e m anner i nte n d e d to p r o l o ng th e li fe o f th e

h u m an k i ng ( m l cl ) e i th er by servi ng a s s ub sti tutes fo h im o r b y
e e z r

recrui ti ng h is faili ng e nergi es w i th th eir v igo ro u s yo ng li fe B u t it u .

is e q u all y p o ssi b l e nd p e h ap s m o re p ro b ab l e th at th e sa cri fi c e

,
a r ,

o f th e fi st b o n c h ildr en w a s o nl y
r -
r particul ar app licati o n o f th e a

a nci e nt l w w h ich d evo t e d to th e de i ty th e fi st b o r n o f every w o mb

a r -
,

w h eth er o f c ttl e o r o f h u m n b ei ng s
a
2
a .

1 F r m i f r m ti
o f r i h d b y my
n o a on h i b k Tb B g
u n s e d pp 3 3 qq s oo ,
e a an a, . 1 s .

fri d th R
en
J e R ev . C m p. r o sco e.S T b D y iog G d ppa e 6 6 qq
2 ee e n o , . 1 s .
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

p e rfo rmance o f h is s cred du ti es O n th e anal o gy o f th ese a nd a .

1

s i m il r cases w e sh o ld ex p ec t to fi n d th e w id o wed Fl m en tem

a u a

p o a il
r r y d eb arr e d fr o m t h e e x e rci se o f h is o ffi c e n o t p e man entl y ,
r

reli eved o f it .

H o wever in sup p o r t o f D P a nell s vie w I w o uld ci te a n

’
,
r
. r

I ndi a n p ar ll el whic h w as p o i n ted o u t to m e b y D

a W H R r
. . . .

R ive s Am o ng th e To d s o f th e N eil gh e y H ill s in S o th er n I ndi

r . a rr u a

th e p i estl y d a iry m n ( p l l ) is a sacred p e so nage

r n d h is li fe li k e
a a o r ,
a ,

th t o f th e Fl a men D i l is is h edged in b y m any tab o o s

a No w a , .

w h en death o ccurs in his cl a n th e d iry ma n m y n o t tte n d a ny

a , a a a

o f t h e fu n e a l c e e mo n ie s u n l ess h e g iv es up o ffi c e b t h e m y b e
r r , u a

r e e l c ted fte r th e se c o n d fu n era l c e e m o n i es h av e b ee n c m p l e ted

-
e a r o ,

I n th e i n te va l h is p l c e m u st b e t ak en b y a m a n o f no th e c l n
r a a r a .

S o m e e i gh te en o n i n etee n y ear s a go a m a n na m ed r K k ie n ar va

resigned th e o ffi c e o f d i ym n when his w i fe di ed but tw o y e s a r a ,

ar

l t r h e wa s re el ec ted a n d h as h eld o ffi c e ever si nce Th ere h ave

a e -
.

m e nti me b ee n m any d eath s in h is cl n b u t h e h as n o t tten ded

a a ,
a

a fu ner l a n d h as n o t th er efo r e h a d t o
a esi g n h is p o st i n r a a
, g .

Ap p entl y in o l d ti mes a m o re stri nge nt r le p eva il ed

ar n d th e u r ,
a

d ir y m n w a s o b li ged to va c at e o ffi c e w h en e er a d e th o cc red in
a a v a ur

h is cl a n Fo a cc o r di n g t o tra di ti o n
. r, th e cl an o f K ea d o l w s , r a

di i ded i nto its t w o e x i st i ng divi si o n s fo th e ex p ress p p o se o f

v r ur

e ns i ng th at there migh t still b e m en to u nder t k e th e o ffi c e o f

ur a

d i y m n w h en a d eat h o ccurr ed in th e cl n th e m en o f th e o n e
a r a a ,

divi i o n tak i ng o ffi c e wh enever th ere was a d eath in th e o th er

s
2
.

A t fi st s i gh t th i s c a e m ay see m ex a c tl y p ara ll e l to th e c se o f
r s a

t h e F l men D i l is a n d th e F l am i n ic a o n D P a r nell th e y ; f r
’
a a r . s or o

h e e th ere c an b e n o d o b t w h tever th t it is th e p o llu ti o n o f d e th

r u a a a

w h ic h disq al ifi es th e sacr ed d a iryman f o m h o ldi ng o ffi c e si n c e if

u r , ,

h e o n l y avo id s th at p o llu ti o n b y n o t atte ndi n g th e f n e l h e i u ra , s

a ll o w e d at th e p r esen t day t o re ta i n h is p o st O n thi s a n l o g y w e . a

m i gh t s p po se th at it w a no t so much th e d eath o f h is w i fe s th e
u s a

at ten d n c e a t he f ne a l w hic h c o mp ell ed th e F l a me n D i l is to

a r u r a

r e i gn esp eci ll y a s w e k no w that h e w as ex p essl y fo r b i dd en t

s ,
a r o

t o uc h d ead b o dy o to enter th e p l c e wh ere c o rp se w e e

a r a s r

b u n edr .
3

B t a cl o ser i nsp ec ti o n o f th e fa c ts p ro v es th at th e
u n l o gy a a

b e k s d o w n at so m i m po rtant p o i nt Fo th o ugh th e Fl men

r a e s . r a

B i a li s wa fo b i dde n to to c h a d e d b o d y o t o e n te
s r p l c e w h er e u a r r a a

c o p ses w e e b u n ed h e was p ermi tted t atten d a fu ne l so th at

r r r , o ra
4

t h e e c o l d h a dl y b e ny o bj ecti o n to h is attendi ng th e fu n e l o f
r u r a ra

1
C p I
or u s ip ti m G m n scr t m l v f bon u raeca ru ,
o ean
“
ea e o a se n c e .

e d A g B
. u kh t
.
( B rli 8 8
o ec W H R R iv r
, e c . Tb eTd n, 1 2 2 . . . e s, e o as

l ii p p 4 8
J
vo qq N .
7 5 .
( L d. 1 s
pp 99 q .
,
o . 2 1 ,
on o n, . s .

A l x 5 4
’ ’ ’’ 3
G l li
'
o bmy é E f s [i o va a s To s 7ra t 01 V ,
'
e ct V T LV GS
‘
u us e u s, . 1 . 2 .

A l
’ ’‘
mj 6 by i i) é 0 G lli f m 4
‘

Z lq
‘
a trr ctw 1 0 1 1; te s l t
7T l/ 6l . o Ke ) u us e u s, . o. z
“
u nu s a e n

Ka r éx wh r I
wvr a t , d r t d éf l e e q i t l igi
un e s an o va a. ex e u n o n es re o .
N O TE 1 1 TH E P OLL UTI ON OF D E A TH 2 2 9

h is w fe i i s p e mi ssio n cl ea l y tell s agai nst th e Vi ew th at it w as

. Th r r

th e m ere p o llu ti o n o f d ea th w h ic h o b li g ed h im to e i g n o ffi c e w h en r s

h i w i fe di ed
s F th er a nd th i s is a p o i nt o f fu n d am e nt l di ffe enc e
. ur ,
a r

b etw een th e two ca s wh e eas th e F l amen D i l is w a b o nd to b e se ,

r a s u

m rried nd m ar i ed to o b y a ri te o f sp eci a l o l em n i ty th er is n
a ,
a r s ,
1
e o

suc h o b li ga ti o n o n th e sa cre d d a ir y man o f th e To d s i ndeed if h e is a ,

m i ed h e is b o nd to live p a t fro m h is w i fe d ri ng h is te m f
arr ,
u a r u r o

o ffi e c S re l y th e o b li ga ti o n l a id o n th e F l am en D ial is t o b e
.
2
u

m i ed o f i t el f i mp li es th at wi th the death o f h is w i fe h e n ec e
a rr s s

s aril y c eased to h o l d o ffic e : th e e is no n ee d to searc h fo a n o th e r r r

re so n in th p o ll ti o n o f death w h ic h s I h ave j u st h o wn do es no t
a e u ,
a s ,

seem to sq e w i th th e p e mi ssi o n gra n te d to t h e F l m en to a tte nd

ua r r a

a f n e al u Th t th i s is i nd ee d th e tru e ex p l n ti o n o f th e ul e in
r . a a a r

q esti o n is st o ngly suggested by th e f th er a nd app entl y pa all el

u r ur ar r

ru l e wh ich fo rba de th e Fl amen to divo rc e h i wi fe ; no th i ng b t s u

d eath mi gh t p rt th em N o w th e ul e wh ich e nj o i ned th at

a .
3
r a

F l a me n m u st b e m i ed and th e r l e w h ich fo b ad e h im to divo c e

arr ,
u r r

h i w i f h a e o b i o u sl y no th i ng to do w ith th e p o llu ti o n o f d e th
s e, v v . a ,

y et t h e y ca n h a r dl y b e se p a a t e d fr o m t h e o th er l e t h a t w i t h t h e
r ru

d eath o f h is wi fe h e vacated o ffic e All th ree ul es a e ex pl i ned in . r r a

th e mo st n t ura l w ay o n th e h y p o th esi s w h ic h I h ave a do p ted

a ,

na m el y th at th i s m a ri ed p ri est an d p i estess h a d to p e fo r m in
,
r r r

c o mmo n c er t i n ri tes wh ic h th e h sba nd c o u l d no t p e fo m w i th o u t

a u r r

h is w i fe Th e a me o bvi o s so l ti o n o f th e p o b l e m w as su ggested
. s u u r

l o ng go b y P lu tarch w h o a fter a sk i ng wh y th e Fl amen D i l is h ad

a , ,
a

to l y d o wn o ffi c e o n th e d ea th o f h is w i fe sa y
a m o ngst o th er ,
s, a

th i ngs th at p,
er h p s it is b “
e c a u se s h e p e f o ram s s a c e d i t e s l o n g r r r a

w i th h im ( fo m ny o f th e ri tes may n o t b e p e fo rmed w i th o t th e

r a r u

p e
r se n c e o f m a rri e d w o m a n) a a n d t o m a rr y n o th e w i fe imm e di , . a r

1 i
G a us, I n stit i 1 1 2 , q u od j u s . .
“
ed i ti on ( Le i psi c ,

et ia m n ost ris temp or ibu s in u su est

2
W . H . R R e
. iv r s, Tb e Toda s, p .

n a m fla min es m aj ores, id est D ia l es , 99 . A c co r i d ng to an o l d a cc o u n t,

I lI a rt ia l es, Q u irin a l es, ite m reg es sa cro r w

th e e i m p r t t x p ti t
as an o an e ce on o

ru m , n isi ( u i) ex
q f a rrea t is n a t i su n t th er l b t D R iv r w
u e, ut bl r . e s as no a e

n o n l eg u n t u r : a c n e ip s i qu idem s in e t v ri fy it
o eh d r t d th t d ri g e un e s oo a u n

co n a rrea t io n e sacerdot iu m l i a berc

f ” p os th t e r f h i ffi th d ir ym i
en u e o s o ce e a an s

su n t ; Se grvi
u s o n V ir il , A en iv 1 03 , . . r ll y li b t
ea ce a e .

q u a e res a df a rrea tas n up t ia s p ert in et , A l

3 G lli x 5 3 M ti
u us e u s, . 1 . 2 ,
“
a r

q u ibu s fla m in em et fla m in ica m
j u re mo n iu m fla min is m o rte dirim i j u s n is i

po n tifi cio in m a trimon iu m n ecesse est

”
n o n est ; F estus , p 8 9, e d C O . . . .

co n ven ire
”
F o r a fu e desc p t o n
. ll r ri i M ll r
u e , s v
“
F a mm eo
.
”
.
; P u ta ch , l l r
ri rvi ir il Q l r
'

o f th e te see S e u s, o n V g , A en . u a est io n es R o ma n a e, 50 P u ta ch .

iv 3 7 4
. r
F o m th e t est m o n o f G a us
. i y i i
m en t o n s a s a n eg a l x i
e c ep t o n th a t ill
it a pp ea s th at n o t o nr th e F am e n ly l i
in h is o w n t me th e E m p e o D o m t a n rr ii
D ia l is b u t a l l th e o th e p nc p a r ri i l ll
a o w e d a F a m e n to d l iv r
o c e h is w fe, i
l
F a m en s w e e b o u nd to b e m a r ed rri . r y
b u t th e c e em o n o f th e d o ce w a s iv r
vr
H o w e e , th e te t o f G a ins in th s x i a tte nde d b y
“
m an a w fu , y l r
st a ng e ,

p assa g e is so m e w h a t u n ce ta n I h a e r i v
. a n d g l o o mv te s
”
p ri r r
e fo m ed b y t h e

r
q u o t e d it f o m P E H usch k e s th d
’
. . ir p ri e sts.
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

at el y d h o n th e fi rst wo uld r l ea t i b l e o dec ent

o f th e h a d y b e p o ss r .
” 1

Th i s si mpl e e x pl a n t i o n o f th e rule seems q ui te su ffi ci ent a nd it

a ,

w o uld cl ea l y h o ld g o o d wh eth er I a m ri gh t o r w r o ng in fur th er s p

r u

p o si ng th at th e h u man h u sb an d and w i fe in th i s case rep ese nted a r

divi ne hu sb and and w i fe a go d and go dde s to wit J p i ter and ,

s , u

J u no o rather D ianns ( J anu ) and D i n ; and th at s pp o si ti o n

,
r
2
s a a u

in its tur n m i gh t still h o ld go o d eve n if I were wro ng in fu th e c o n r r

i divi e p a ir th e g o dde ss J u no o r i
j ec t urin g th a t o f th s n
( ra th e D a n a
) r

w a s o ri gi n all y t h e m o r e i mp o ta nt p ar tn er r .

H o wever it is to b e e x p l a i n ed th e R o m an ul e w h ich fo r b a de th e ,
r

F l a men D ial is to b e a w id o w er h a s its p a a ll el a mo ng th e K o tas a r ,

tri b e w h o li k e th e To d as i nh b i t th e N eil gh e y H ill s o f S o th e n

, ,
a rr u r

I ndia F o r th e h i gh er K o ta p rie sts a e no t a ll o w e d to b e

. r

w id o w e s if a p ri est s w i fe die s while h e is in o ffi c e h is ap p o i nt

’
r ,

m ent l ap ses A t th e sam e ti m e p ri est

. sh o ul d avo i d p o ll u t i o n s
“
,

a n d m ay n o t a tten d a To d a o r B ad aga f n e a l o ap p r o a ch th e u r , r

secl si o n b u t set ap a r t fo r K o ta w o me n
u
3
J ew i sh p ri ests were .
”

sp eci a ll y p er mit te d t o c o ntrac t th e p o llu ti o n o f d eat h fo near e l a r r

ti o ns amo ng w h o m fath er m o th er so n daugh ter a nd u nma ri ed

, , , , ,
r

si st er a e p ar tic u l a rl y e nu mer ated

r b ut th ey were fo rb idde n to c o n
tra c t th e p o llu ti o n fo r stra ng e s H o w ever amo ng th e r el ati o ns fo r r .
,

wh o m a prie st mi gh t thu s d e fi le h i m sel f a w i fe is n o t me nti o ned .

4

2 . Tl z e M a rriag e f
o fi l e R o man G ods

Th e th eo ry e r
th o y th at th e F ame n Dial is a nd h is w fe
Th e p erso nated a l i
h
t at t eh di i v ne o p , wh th e er J u i r
p tc u le
e a n d n o o r D ia nu s Ju ( J a nu ) a n d s
R m
o
o

g d w r
s
an

e e
i urri r l i
D a na, s pp o ses a m a e d e at o n et w een th e go d b n d g o dd ess a ,

ce lib i and so fa it wo ul d c ertai nl y b e u ntenab le if D F rnell w ere ri gh t

a te s r r . a
r
c o nt a
in a ssu m i ng o n th e au th o ri ty o f M r W W r de F o wl er th a t th e a
di d by
.
,
.
,

o man g o ds w ere c eli b ate n th a t su bj ec t h o w ever V ar o th e

c te
5
V rr
a o an d
R O .
, ,
r ,

S
Pl t r h Q g d (P l t r h
e n e ca
1 R m R m
.

ti
u a c , 5 u a es o n es Q to a n ao , 9; 0 . o u a c ,
u aes . o . 10
Th t th w iv a f R m e p ri t i d d F t p 9 d C O M iil l
es o o an es s a e es u s, . 2 , e . . . er, s v . .

th ir h b e d i th p r f r m us an s f F l mm
n e Th r
e o i th r f r
an c e o a eo e e s e e o e

r d ri t i m ti d by D i y i
sa c e es s en v ry r o ne t p t th t t m on t f s us e e easo n o ac ce e s a e en o

f H li r
o a wh tt ri b t
ca n a ssus, th P l t r h (Q o t a R m 8 6 ) th t th
u es e u a c u a es . o . a e

i ti t t i
ns f th u j i t p ri th d
on o Fl m i i
es e w r p tdt b
o n es r dt oo s a n ca as e u e o e sa c e o

t R m l o ( A t iq it R m ii
o u us n J u th divi .
p rt r f J pi t r i
o . . u no , e ne a ne o u e , n

Th 2
p i th t D i l
e i we h i h w e p i t f t h abj t
s,i r i d b y M r
c W as s e o e o ec o ns a se . .

p p li d t
a th F l m i i
e o w ll e t W rd F w l r
a n ca W th F l m i i
as e as o a e o e as e a n ca

th F l m l x l i p ri t f J ”
e ( A a G l l i en 5 6 u us
; D i e us, .? Cl
1 i l . 2 a s es ess o uno ass ca

S rvi e V ir g il
u s, A on i R i w ix
,
8 95) pp 4 7 4
en . v . ev e , . 1 .

w l d f i t l f p r v th t h b d d
ou o se o eE Th r t a C t us and T ib an
3
. u s o n, as es an r es

wif rv d th m g d p ir f f S tl
e se e e sa e I di ( M dr
o or i a o o ou z ern n a a a s, v.

g d o d w h il th w r d w
s an d bt e e o as ou IO .

f ll y d riv d by V rr fr m J v ( D
u e e a L vi ti
o io 3 ; E ok i l liv e e
4 e c u s, x x . 1 - ze e , x .

li g L ti
n ua v w a xp r l y 5
na , . e a re e ess 2 .

t l d th t th
o Fl m a w th p ri t
e a l en H ibb t j as l iv ( 9 6 )
e es
5 e er ou rn a ,
. 1 0
d th F l m i i
an eth p ri t a f th tn ca p 93 e es e ss o a . 2 .
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

F u th r er ,
th e l earn ed q o tes
R o man a nt i qu a ry Au l us G el l iu s u

fr o m th e b o o k s o f th e p ri e t o f th R o m n p eo p l e i
“
( t h e h g h e t s s e a s

p o ss i b l e a u t h o i t y o n t h e s bj e c t) ra n d f o m m a n y n ci e n t p eeu c h e r
“
a s s
”

a li st o f o l d R o m a n d e i ti e in w h ic h th ere seem t o b e at l e st fi e s, a v

pairs o f m al es nd fem l es M o e th a n th at h e p o ves c o ncl i el y

a a .
1
r r us v

b y q u o ta ti o n s fr o m P l tu s th e n n ali st C n G el l i s a nd Lici n i au ,
a . u , us

I m b r ex th at th e se o l d w ri ters c er ta i nl y egard ed o n e a t l e t o f t h e r as

p a ir s ( M a r s n d N e i o ) as hu s
a b a n d a n d w i fe ; r
a n d w e h a v e g o o d 2

a nci en t evi de nc e fo vi e wi ng in th e ame li gh t th ee o th e s o f th e

r s r r

p airs Th u s th e o l d ann li t an d anti qu ri an L Cinc ius Al iment s

. a s a . u ,

w h o fo u gh t ga i n st H anni b l a nd wa s c ap tu ed b y h im
a ffi r med in a r ,
a

h is w o rk o n th e R o man c l e nd th t M a i a w s t h e w i fe o f V ulc n ;a
3 ar a a a

a n d as th er e w a s a F l am e n o f V lc n w h o c i fi c ed to M a ia o n u a ,
sa r

M ay D ay it is r easo n b l e to s pp o se th t h e was ssi sted in th e

,
4
a u a a

c e emo ny b y a Fl mi n ic h is w i fe j t s o n my h ypo th esi th e

r a a, , us a s

F l men D ial is wa s a ssi sted b y h is w i fe th e F l m i nic a

a A n o th er o l d a .

R o man h i sto ri n L C a l p u n ius P i so w h o w r o te in th e ec o n d

a , . r , s

century B C sai d that th e name o f V ulc n s w i fe was no t M ia b ut

. .
,
’
a a

w as n o t a g o d o f dea th a nd th e dea d i
des g na te g o ddesses, th e w es o f th e iv
h e w as s i mp l y a pe r so n ifi ed o a th ( 3pxo s g o ds , b u t t h a t th e
“
n d ca te fu nc t o ns y i i i
s ee H es ido ,
Wo rks
D ay s, 8 04 a nd ri
o r a t t b u te s o f t h e m a e de t to w h o m l iy
" "
Op/co x! y ew b/t evou, 7 6V Ept s TéKe
‘
y
th e a re a tta ch e d
”
.

é m bpxocs) , a n a b st a c t dea w h ch r i i 2
A u us G el l ius, l 2 3 1 1 xiii .

y l y
m ak es n o fi g u e in G ee k m th o o g r r 16 .

a nd r li i
e g on rr
Th a t su ch a a e a n d
.
3 M r i
a c o b us , S a t u rn 12 1 8, i . . .

i r r i l r
th n G eek a b st a c t o n sh o u d th o u gh Cing iu s men sem [ M a iu m] n o min a tu m
r i r i r q
_

a g o ss m su nde stan d ng b e t a ns p u ta t a M a ia , u am V u l ca n i dicit

r i
fo m ed nto a h ghi ly lr p po u a R o m an u x orem , a r u men to u e
g q u tit u r u od q
ly
g o d o f dea th , w h o n o t o n p a ssed fla men Vu l ca n a l is K a l en dis M a iis

r i l
m u ste w th th e p eo p e b u t w a s a d l z u ic deae rem div in a m f ac it sea P iso
’

i lv
m it ted b y th e p o n t ffs th emse es to u x o rem Vu l ca n i M aj esta m , n o n M a ia m ,

i l
th e n a t o na r
p a n th e o n a n d h o n o u ed dicit Th e w o k o f Cinciu s r
i l ri l
b y th e m w th a so e m n tu a , is in th e ( Cing iu s) is m en t o n ed b y a c o b us i M r i
l
a st de r i r l
g e e m p o b a b e . in th e sa m e c h a p te 12 , Cing iu s r
1
l xiii
A u u s G el l iu s , 2 3 1 sq , . . in eo l ibro q u em de f a stis rel iqu it
Conp reca tion es deu m in m o rta l iu m , li
A s to th e fe a n d w t ng s o f th s o l d ri i i
q u ae r it u R o ma n o
fi u n t, exp osita e su n t li
a n n a st a nd a n t q u a se e i
S ch a n z , ry M .

in l ibris sa ccrdotu m p op u l i R o m a n i et G e sel i ic b te de r r o m isclz en L i t

t e a tu r ,
r
2

in p l erisq u e a n tiq u is o ra t ion ibu s In . i .

( un ch , M i p 12 8 ; G . .

b is scribtu m est : L u a m S a tu rn i, Wisso w a , M iinz er, a nd Cich o rius, s v . .

S a l ac ia m N ep t u n i, H ora m Q u irin i, C in c ius , in P a u - W isso w a s R ea l

’
ly
Virites u irin i, Q M a ia m Vo l ca n i, en cy cl op adie der cl a ssiscl z en A l tert u m s

H eriem j u n on is, M o l es M a rt is N erie w issenscb ayfi‘ , 2 555 sq q iii

A l l th e se
. .

n em u e M a rtis
q
”
A s to t h s .st see i li ri r i i i
w te s d s t ng u sh th e o l d a n n a st li
Mr . W W a de F o w e , R o ma n F es
. r lr r i ry y
f o m th e a n t q u a , w h o m th e tak e to
t iva l s of tb c P erio d of tb e R ep u bl ic v l r ri r
h a e b ee n a a te w te o f th e sa m e
( Lo ndo n, p p 6 0 6 2 ; id , l e .
-
. n a me .i i i
B u t th e d s t n c t o n ap p ea s to r
R el zgio u s E xp erien ce of ti e R o ma n l be p u e r l y r i r ry
a b t a i
a n d des t tu te o f a n y

P eop l e ( Lo ndo n , p p 1 50 sqq , . i

a n c e n t au th ori y t .

M r i
.

4 8 1 sqq H e h o ds ( p 4 8 5) t h a t th e
. l .
4 ac o b u s , i
S a turn 12 18 . . . .

i i
fe m n n e na m es S a ac a , e tc , do n o t l i . r i
S ee th e p eced ng n o te .
N O TE 1 1 TH E M A R R I A GE OF TH E R OM A N G OD S 2 33

M aj esta s .
1
v i e de
In c rc
h e may h a e nt n d to o r e t w h a t h e
say ng i so

b li i k
e e v e d to b e a m sta e o f h is p re e esso d c r
L n l s Ci c u
A g a n, i . .

l ci i pu p i li
th at S a a a w as th e w fe o f N e t ne is p erh a s mp e d b y V a ro ,
2
r
i iv l fi d
a n d is p o s t e y a f rme c u u i
b y S e ne a, A g st ne, and S e v u s 3
r i
Ag a n , i .

i p v r d d r i
E n n u s a p ears t o h a e egar e H o a as th e w fe o f Q r n s, fo r ui i u
in th e fi r st b o o k o f h is A nnal s h e decl ar ed h is d e o ti o n to th at v

divi n e p a ir I n f c t o f th e fi ve p a ir s o f m l e a n d fema l e d ei ti es
.
4
a ,
a

ci ted by Aulu s Gel l ius f o m th e p i estl y b o o k s and anci en t p eech es r r s

th e o n l y o n e a s to w h ic h w e h ve n o t i nd ep e nd en t evid en c e th at it a

c o nsi sted o f a h u sb nd and w ife is S at rn and L nd in r ega d a u ua a r

t o L a we k n o w th at sh e was sp o k e n o f as a m o th er w h ic h end e s
u ,
5
r r

it n o t i mp r o b b l e th a t sh e w a s a l so a w i fe H o w ever acc o rdi ng to

a .
,

so me v er y r esp ec tab l e a th o ri ti es th e w i fe o f S atur n w as n o t L a u u ,

b t O p s so th at w e h ave tw o i ndep end e nt li ne s o f p o o f th t

u
6
,
r a

S atur n w s su pp o sed to b e marri ed

a .

L a tl y th e e p i th ets fath er a n d m o th er w h ic h th e R o m ans “ ” “ ”

s ,

b esto w ed o n many o f th eir d e i ti es are mo st natur ll y u ndersto o d

7 a

M r bi S t
1 ac o i 8u s, S a u rn . . 12 . 1 . ee i x p r l y fli mi g th m t
w th o u t e ess a
‘
r n e o

th p e g it d b v p 3
a ssa e c t e a o e, . 2 2 ,
3
no e . b eh b d d w if
us Pr f
an r G an e . o e sso .

V rr2 D li g
a L ti
o, v 7 e n ua a na, . 2 , Wi w h w v r
sso rg
a, th t th o e e ,
a u es a e

S l i N pta ac a i l eTh i w un a sa o .
”
s as m l p rt r (h w l d
a e a t y h
ne e ou no sa us

p r b bl y
o a f th w h i h V rr
o ne o e c a ses c a o b d)
an i Op w o t S t r b t s as no a u n u

h d i h i mi d w h
a n h
s t t d th t n en e s a e a Co n su s S ee G W isso w a ,
. D efi eriis .
“

th i t R m g d w r m rri d
e a n c en o an o s e e a e . a n n i R o ma n o ru m v etu st iss im i o bserv a

A g ti r ri
3 ”
uD i it t D i
us ne , ii e c v a e e ,
v . t ion es sel ecta e, e
p n ted in h is Gesa m
2 2 j, m “
t iq fi a b b t S ul i m ue a e a a ac a mel te A bb a n dl u ng en z u r rom isc/z en
'

N pt e u nus m ; S rvi u x o re Vi
”
e u s, on r R el zgi on s u n d S ta dtg escnicl z te ( u n ch , M i
g il A ,
x 7 6 en .S l . V il i m ,
“
a ne z anc en a
pp 5 qq
1 6 s . H i s e w is ac c e te d
p . vi
q id m S l i m ip i t N pt i
u a a ac a a cc un , e un by MrW W a de F o w e ( R om a n
. . r lr
u x o rem A f . S vid s or e n e ca s
’
e e n ce F est iv a l s of tl z e P erio d qf tl z e R ep u bl ic,
see a b v p 3o t e, . 2 1 , no e 3 .
p. 2 1 2 ; T b e R el igi o u s E xp erien ce o
f
N 4
i M r ll D mp di
o n us a ce u s, e co en osa t b e R o ma n P eop l e, p .

d t ioc r n a ,
p 5 d L Q i h . t 12 , e . . u c e ra 7 L a c ta n tiu s
,
D iv in I n stit 3, . . iv .

( P ri H j i d I ta qu e et j up iter a p reca n t ibu s pa ter

“
a s, t t o ra u ven u s ea .

E i A
nn us l [ m ] l ib i [ T q
nna z u ] . . e u e, v oca t u r, et S a tu r nu s , et f a n u s , et
Q u irin e p a ter ,
ven erar, H o ra mq u e L iber , et cel eri dein cep s, u od L u cil iu s q
Ou irin i . in deoru m co n sil io irridet
5
L , iv y viii
1 6, 33 2 . . xlv . . .

Ut n em o sit n ostru m , q u in au t
6 F e s tu s
, p 1 8 6 , ed C O u e ,. . . . M ll r p a ter o p t im u s div u m
Op ima sp o l ia dicu n tu r o rigin em
Ut N ep t u n u s pa ter, L iber, S a tu r
q u idem t ra /z en t ia
”
ab Op e S a t u rn i
n u s p a ter M a rs, ,
; id , p 87, Op is dicta est
u r are

S a tu rn i
. . 1
M r i j an us u irin u s
, p aQter n o m en
co n u x
j ac o b u s, S a tu rn a l
’
.

dica t u r ad u n u m ”

H a n c a u tem Op em a ea m
.

i. 10 . 1 9,
“

S a tu rn i co nj ug em credideru n t, et ideo r
Co m p a e Au u s C e ns, l
12 5; lli v . .

b o c m en se S a tu r na l ia itemq u e Op a l ia Se rvi u s, on V g , Geo rg 4 ir il . ii . .

cel ebra r i, q u od S a tu rn u s ofu sq u e u x or R o m an g o ddesses w h o ec e ed t h e r iv

ta m f r u g u m q ua m f ru ctu u m re erto res
p il
t t e of o th e Mw e e V e sta , E a th , r r r
esse c redu n tu r V a o co u p es S a tu n .
”
rr l r O p s, M
a tu ta , a n d L ua As t o o th e . M r
a n d O p s t o g e th e ( D e l ing u a L a t in a , r V esta see Tb e M agi c A rt a n d tb c E v o l u
v 57 ,
. P rin cip es in L a tio S a tu rn u s t io n of Ki ng s , 2 2 9 ; a s to o th eii . M r
et Op s c o mp a e id , bu t r . v . r
Ea th se e H D essau , I n scription es
.
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

to i mpl y p ate n i ty and m te ni ty a nd if th e i mplicati o n is ad mi tted

r a r ,

th e i nfer e nc e ap p e rs to b e i nevi t b l e th t th ese divi ne b ei ng s w er e

a a a

sup p o sed to e x e ci se sex u a l fu n c t i o n s w h eth er in l aw f l m r i

r e u a ra
g o , r

in u nl a w ful c o nc b i n ge A s t o J upi ter in par tic l r h is p a tern i ty

u a . u a

i p o si tivel y a tte sted b y Lati n i n scri pti o n s o ne o f th e m v e y o l d

s ,
r ,

w h ic h de sc i b e F o rtu na P ri m i ge n i
r th e g eat go d dess o f P aen este a, r r ,

a s h is d a gh ter Ag i n th e u stic d ei ty Fa u nu s o ne o f th e o lde st

1
u . a ,
r ,

a n d m o st p o pul a r go d s o f I ta l y w as ep r e ente d by t a di ti o n in th 2
,
r s r e

c h rac ter o f a h sban d and a f th er ; o n e o f th e ep i th ets app li ed to

a u a

h im ex p e sse d in a c o rse way h is gener tive p o w er s

r F a u na o r a a .
3

th e G o o d G o d dess ( B o n D ) n o th er o f th e o ld e st n at ive I ta li a na ea ,
a

dei ti es was vari o l y c all ed h is w i fe o r his daugh ter nd h e is s id

,
us , a a

t o h ve a ssu med th e fo m o f a snak e in o rd er to c o h b i t w i th h e

a r a r .
4

Aga i n th e mo st fam o u s o f al l R o m a n m yth s ep e ente d th e fo n de

,
r r s u r

L at in a e S el ectae, N o s 3 9 5 3 9 55,
0 - . th an on th a t of my l r ea n ed f ri en d.

3 960 ; a s to o th e M
O p s s ee V a o , r rr 1
S ee Corp u s I n scr ip t ion u m L a t i
D e l ing u a L a t in a , 6 4 ; a s to v . n a ru m , x iv N o s 2 8 6 2 , 2 8 63 ; H . . .

M o th e r M a tu ta se e L P e e , Ro . r ll r D essau , I n scrip tion es L a ttn ae S el ecta e,

m isclz e I II y tb ol ogie, i 3 2 2 sqq
3
G . . . N o s 3 6 8 4, 3 6 8 5 ; R
. P ete , s v . r . .

W isso w a , R el ig ion u nd K u l tu s der F o tun a , r ”

in W H R o sch er s
’
. .

R omer, pp 1 1 0 sqq
2
. id , s v “
a te
. . . . M r L ex i/ion der gr iecb iscl i en u n d rom isc/i en
°

M a tu ta ,
”
in W H R o sch er s L ex iko n
.
’
. I ll y tb ol og ie, 1 54 2 ; G i W isso w a ,
. .

der g rieclz u n d ro m My tlz o l og ie,

. . ii . R el igi o n u n d K u l t u s d er R o m r
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2
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2 4 6 2 sqq i
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u p te s p a t e na ch a ac te .

r
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ly
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th e a n c en t e t mo o g a nd th e iden ti

p erience o
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p pp 1 55 . i
fi ca tio n o f I nnu s w th F a u nu s .

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a c o b u s , S a t u rn i 12 2 1 -2 4 . . .

th e i r
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A en V 1 11 3 14 ; . .

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a w a s t o di l y R o ma n 2 0 .
r i
A c co d ng t o V a o ,
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in digetes , th o se o n w h o m th e o g na ri i l t h e go ddess w as th e dau gh ter of

R o ma n sto c k o o k ed as th e l fe o w ir ll F au nu s ( M r b i S t ac oi 7) u s, a u rn . . 12 . 2

ii
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n o e us o us s e as

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s ( L t t
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j sti fy us in b elievi ng th at th ey a e bu t f gments o f fa m o e

u r ra r r

c o p i o u s tradi ti o n s w h ich h ave pe i sh ed At al l event th e o m r . s c

p a a t iv e aridity a n d b a r e nne ss o f th e R o ma n r e li g i o u s i magi n ati o n

r r

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r a s

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n ever b e fo go tten t h a t o n th i s su bj ec t th e a nci ents h ad a cc es t o

r s

m ny so urc es o f i nfo r m ati o n w h ic h are n o l o nger o p en to us a nd

a ,

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r r

i m p essio n d e ived fro m a nec essa il y i mperfect k no w l edge o f th e

r r r

fac ts see m s sc arcel y c o n si ste nt w ith so u n d pri ncipl es o f hi sto ry and

c i tici sm
r
1
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3 . Cl i il dren f
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Ru e l of rnell a dd ces ano ther argu ment in supp o r t o f h is

B u t D r Fa . u
r k d Vi ew th at it was th e p o lluti o n o f d eath wh ich o b l ige d th e w i do w ed
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sa o a e een t b t t h i k t h t th
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p r t i l r w al d m
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see h l r h wo v r l a r e d e en an o e n sc o a , o e e e a ne

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m d na B t w i th e t f . m m t u q it R m ii ou or a o en u . o . .
N O TE 1 1 CH I L D R E N OF L I VI N G P A R E N TS I N R I T UA L 2 37

p erfec t l y w i th hi s th e o y : th e F l a men t hre F l a m i n ic a a n d t h e ir , ,

o u th f u l m i n i ster w ere al l r en d ere d i n c ap a b l e o f p er fo r mi n

s t h ir
y g e

sa c e d d ti es b y th e ta i n t o r c o r p ti o n o f d ea th
r u r u .

B t a cl o s r scru ti ny o f th e a rgu m ent evea l s a flaw

u e I t p o ves B h r . r ut t e

t o o m uc h F o . o b se rv e t h art in t h e se G re e k a n d R o m n o ffi c es r l W h i h a u e c

h l d by b o ys a nd g irl s th e di sq u a li fi c ati o n c a u sed by th e d ea th o f a 2 25 5:

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r s, r li fe a nd b d r ase on

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p , on a

a n d l y th e m p er ma n e tl y u nd er a l th o se burd e ns me r estric ti o n s
a n l l e a n o “ C

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a rP m a a .
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d ti e in everyd ay li fe w o uld it no t still cleave to p ri ests ? I f it

u s ,

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a a
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a Th e e a r

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a s .

it is gene all y nsafe to arg e fro m th e sil enc e o f o

r u u u th o i ti es ur a r ,

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P l t c h no t o n l y m e nti o ns b u t di scu sse s th e rule w h ic h o b li ged th e

u ar

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a r ,
1

h d k n w n o f a p a rall e l r u l e whic h c o mp e ll e d h im to etire o n th e

a o r

d e th o f parent h e w o l d s r el y have mentio ned it B u t if th e

a a ,
u u .

c eremo ni a l p o ll ti o n wh i h wo l d c ert i n l y b e c u sed by th e death

u c u a a

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a ,

may safel y c o nclude th at n e i th er did th e si mil r p o llu ti o n c u ed a a s

by th e death o f his wi fe Th u s th e argu ment adduc ed b y D

. r .

F n ll in favo ur o f h is iew pr o ve s o n
ar e na l y si s to tell str o ng l y
v a

ag i n st it
a .

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u a es

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o ffi c es c nn o t w i th a n y p r o b a b ili ty be e x p l a i n e d o n t h e th eo ry o f
( t e
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ia l ,
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a n o th er a n d b etter e x p l an ati o n o f th e ul e c ann o t be fo u nd F o f m r d . r ro sa c re

th t p rp o se I sh all c o ll ec t al l th e c ases o f it k n o w n to m e
ffi O c es
Th e
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a u .

c o ll ec ti o n is d o b tl e s fa fro m c o mp lete : I o nl y o ffe it a s

u s r r a

st ar ti ng p o i nt fo r resea c h
-
r .

Pl t r h Q ti1
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A t th e t me vi ntage wh ich in G reec e f ll s in Octo b er

i of th e ,
a ,

Ath en i an b o ys c h o sen fro m every tri b e a ssem b l ed a t th e sa nc tu a ry

o f D i o ny su s t h e go d o f th e vi ne,
Th ere b ran che s o f vi nes l aden .
,

w i th ipe grap es w ere given to the m and h o ldi ng them in th ei

r , r

b a nds th ey ra c e d to th e sa nc tu ary o f Ath en a S c i a s Th e w i nner r

received a nd dra i ned a cup c o ntai n i ng a mixture o f o live—

.

o il w i ne , ,

ho ney c h ese and b rl ey gro ats I t wa s nec ess ry th t b o th th e

,
e ,
a -
. a a

p a r e n ts o f e a c h o f t h e se b o y ru nn er s sh o ul d b e a liv e
1
A t th e -
.

s m e fe stiva l a n d p e rh ap s o n th e sa me d y a n A th eni an b o y wh o se
a ,
a , ,

parents m st b o th b e live car i ed in p ro c essi o n a b ranch o f o live

u a ,
r

w reath ed w i th w h i te an d purp l e w o o l a nd d eck e d w i th f ui ts o f r

m any k i nd s whil e a c h o ru s s ng th at th e b ran ch b o re fi gs fa t

,
a ,

l o aves h o ney o il an d w i ne Th u s they w ent in pro c essi o n to a

, , , .

tem p l e o f A p o ll o a t th e d o o r o f which th e b o y dep o si te d th e h o l y

,

b o gh Th e c e emo ny is said to h ave b een i nsti tuted by th e

u . r

A th en i a ns in o b edi e nce to a n o a cle fo th e pu p o se o f supp lic t r r r a

ing th e h el p o f th e go d in a sea so n o f d earth 2

S i m il ar b o u gh s .

si m il a rl y l a de n w i th frui ts a n d l o ave s w er e hu ng u p o n th e d o o s o f r

eve ry A th e n i a n h o u se a nd a ll o w ed to r em a i n th er e a y e r t th e a ,
a

e n d o f w hic h th ey w ere r ep l a c e d b y fre sh o ne s Wh ile th e b anc h . r

w as b e i ng f sten ed to th e d o o r a bo y w h o se p a en ts w er e b o th
a ,
r

a live r e ci te d th e sam e ver se s a b o u t t h e b r nc h b e ri ng fi gs f t a a ,

a

l o ves h o ney o il and w i ne Th i cu sto m l so is said to have

a , , , . s a

b een i nstitu ted fo r th e sak e o f putti ng an end to a d ea th Th e r .

3

pe p le o f M agne ia o n th e M eander vo wed a b ull every y ear to

o s a

Z eu th e S avi o u r o f th e C i ty in th e mo nth o f C o n io n
s, t th e ,
r ,
a

b egi nni ng o f so w i ng and after ma i nta i ni ng th e a ni mal at th e p ub lic

,

e x p e n se th r o u gh o u t th e W i nter th ey sacri fi c e d it app ar entl y a t ,

h ar vest t i me in th e fo ll o w i ng su mmer
-
, N i n e b o y s a nd n i ne g i l s . r ,

w h o se f th ers a n d mo th er s w e e al l livi ng t o o k p r t in th e re li gi o u s
a r ,
a

ser ic es o f th e c o n sec a ti o n and th e sa cri fi ce o f th e b ull

v r At t h e .

c o n ecrati o n p ub lic p rayers w ere o ffere d fo th e safety o f th e ci ty

s r

a n d th e l a n d fo th e s fety o f th e ci tize ns a nd th e ir w ive

,
r a nd s a

ch il dren fo th e s fety o f all th t d w el t in th e ci ty and th e l nd

,
r a a a ,

fo p eac e n d w eal th a n d a b und nc e o f c o n a nd al l o th er frui t

r a a r s,

a n d fo th e c ttl e
r A h era ld l e d th e praye s and th e p ri est a nd
a . r ,

ri e t es s th e b o y s a n d g i l s th e h i gh o ffi c er s
s n d m g i strates al l
r a a
p , , ,

Pr l
1 i P h ti
o c u s, B ibl i tl
n d F l dé l t pp
o u s, 4 qq o i eca , un e u e, , 2 1 s .

kl i
fia g g z p§ j 9§ 495 p 8 3 E ty m l g m M g m
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5 f 10 e an c e e e o
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M mm F t d S t dt A tl im
o sen , es e er a i en
o e or au e .

A lt t m ( L ip i
er u e pp 7 8
s c, S h li t A ri t p h .
P l t 2
3 c o as on s o an es, u u s,

s
qq ; . W Ma nnhardt
.
,
A n tié e Wa l d 1 0 54 .
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

I n th es e a nd al l o th er rites i n tend ed to ensure th e fe tili ty o f r

th e gr o u nd o f c attl e o ,
o f hu ma n b ei ng s th e e mp l o y men t o f
,
r ,

c h il d n o f livi ng p rents seems to be i ntelligi b l e o n th e p i nci pl e

re a r

o f sy m p a th etic m gic ; fo suc h c h ild e n mi gh t b e d ee m ed f ll e r

a r r u

o f li fe t h a n o p h n s e i th e r b ec a u se th ey fl o ri sh ed o n b o th si des “ ”
r a , u ,

as t h e G r ee k s p t it o r b ec a u se th e very surviv l o f th e i
u ,
p a r e nt s a r

m i gh t b e tak e n s a p ro o f th at th e sto c k o f w h ic h th e ch il dre n c m e

a a

w as vigo ro u s and th ere fo r e ab le to i mpa t o f its s p erab nd nt r u u a

en ergy to o th er s .

B u t th e ri tes in which th e childre n o f livi ng p a e nts a e e q i ed r r r u r

t o o ffi c iate do no t l ways a im a t p r o mo ti ng th e gro w th o f th e c o p s

a r .

A t O l y mp i a th e o live b ra nch e s which fo r med th e vic to r s cr o w n s

-
’

h a d to b e c t fr o m a sacre d tree w i th a go l den sic k le b y a l d w h o se

u a

fath er a nd m o th er mu st b e b o th a live 1
Th e tr ee w as a w ild o live .

g r o w i ng w i th i n th e h o l y p r eci n ct at th e w e st e n d o f th e t em le o f
p ,

Z eu s .I t b o r e th e na me o f th e O live o f th e F ir C ro w n n d n ear a ,
a

it w a a n l t r to th e N y mp h s o f th e Fa ir C o w n s
s a a At D e l p h i r .
2

e ery e i gh th y ear
v sa cred dr m a o mira cl e p l ay w as ac te d wh ic h
a a r -

dre w cro wd s o f sp ectato s fro m all parts o f G e ec e I t set fo r th r r .

t h e sl y i ng o f t h e D go n b y Ap o ll o
a Th e p ri n ci pa l p t wa s
ra . ar

su st i n e d b y a l ad th e so n o f livi ng p a ents w h o seem

a , t o h a ve r , s

per so nated th e g d h i m sel f I n a n Op e n sp ace th e li k eness o f a

o .

l o rdl y pa l ce erec ted fo the o cc si o n ep ese nted th e D ago n s

a ,
r
’
a ,
r r r

de n . I t w a s a tta c k ed a n d b ur ned b y th e l a d a id e d b y w o m e n w h o ,

c ar ied b l zi ng to rch e Wh en th e D r go n h ad ec eived his d eadl y

r a s
. a r

w o u n d th e l d still a c ti ng th e p a t o f th e g o d fle d f
,
a , a w ay to r ,
ar

b e pu ged o f th e g il t o f b l o o d in th e be au ti f l V a l e o f Te mp e
r u u ,

w h er e t h e P en eu fl o ws in a d eep w o o ded go ge b etween th e

s r

sn o wy p e k o f O l y mpu s a nd O ssa
a s its sm o o th n d sil e nt t id e ,
a

sh d o w e d b y o v er h an g i n g tr ees an d ta ll whi te cli ffs

a I n p l c es . a

th ese great crags ri se ab rup tl y f o m th e stream a nd appro ch r a

e a ch o th er so n ear th at o n l y a n rr o w strip o f sk y is vi si b l e o er a v

head ; bu t w h ere th ey rec ed e a li ttl e th e m e do ws at th eir fo o t ,

a

a e v e d n t w i th evergr ee n sh u b s a m o ng w h ic h A p o ll o s o wn l u e l
’
r r a r , a r

m ay st ill b e see n I n a n ti q ui ty th e go d hi mse l f sta i ne d w i th th e

.
,

D ra go n s b l o o d is sa i d to h ve c o m e a h agga d fo o tso r e w y
’
,
a ,
r a

fare r,t o th i s w il d seclud ed gl e n a nd th er e p luc k e d b nc h es f m ra ro

o n e o f th e l u el s th at grew in its green th ic k ets b esid e th e

a r

ri ppli ng iver S o m e o f th em h e u sed to tw ine a w re th fo h is

'

r . a r

b r o ws o ne o f them h e car i ed in h is h nd d o b tless in o der th at

,
r a ,
u r ,

u rd e d b th e sa cred pl a nt h e m i gh t e sc ape th e h o b g o b li n w h ic h s
g a y ,

R o miscb e S taa tsv erw a l tu ng , ( Le p iii .

2
i p of
a edia R el igi o n a nd E tli ics, 11 .

sic, 1 8 8 5) p p 4 4 7 4 6 2 ; G . W isso w a, - . i
( Ed nbu gh , r 1 909) pp .
7 sq q .

2
R el igio n u n d K u l tu s der R omer, p p 1
S Ch O h aS t o n P m dar, Oly mp 60
.

111.

5 6 I s
qq ; B . C J
a te
.
,
s v
“
A . a r r . . rv l .

r
B o th e s,
”
in r ’
J
H as t ng s s E n cy cl o
. i 2 P a usan i a s, v . 1 5 3
. .
N O TE 1 1 CH I L D R E N OF L I VI N G P A R E N TS I N R I T UA L 14 1

do gge d t
the b o y h is h u man rep esentative did th e
h is s ep s . So , r ,

s m e a n d b r o u gh t b c k to D e l ph i w re th s o f l ur e l fro m th e
a ,
me a a a sa

tre e to b e a w rd e d to th e vic to r s in th e P y th i an ga me s a H e nc e .

th e w h o l e festiva l o f th e S l y i ng o f th e D ra go n a t D el p h i wen t b y a

th e n m e o f th e Fe st iva l o f C o wn i ng F ro m th i s it ap p e rs
1
a r . a

th a t a t D el p h i as w e ll a s at O l y mp i a th e b o u gh s w h ich were u e d s

to c o w n th e victo rs h a d to b e cut fro m a sa cr ed tr ee b y a b o y

r

w h o se p are nt s m st b e b o th alive u .

At Th eb es a fe stiva l c a ll ed th e Laur el b e a i ng w a s h el d o nc e in S f -
r o ns o

ever y e i ght y ea rs wh en b r n c h es o f l a urel w e e c ar i e d in p r o ce ssi o n

livi g a r r n

p r
,

to th e te mp l e o f Ap o ll o Th e p i ncipa l p ar t in th e p r o ce ssi o n wa s
a e nt s
r
d
.
a c te as

t k en b y a b o y w h o h eld a l ur e l b o u gh a n d b o re th e t i tl e o f th e L r l
a a au e

Lau e l b ear er : h e se e ms to h ave p erso na te d th e go d hi msel f

r -
H is b r r ea e s a t

Th b
.

h a ir h u ng d o wn o n h is sh o uld e s a nd h e w re a g o lde n cro wn a

e es.

r ,
o ,

b i gh t co l o ed ro b e a nd sh o es o f a speci l sh ape : b o th h is parents

r -
ur ,
a

mu st b e ali e 2
We may su ppo se tha t th e go ld en cro wn w hic h h e
v .

w o re wa s fa sh i o n e d in th e sh ap e o f l a urel leaves a nd re p l ac e d a
wre th o f r e l l ur el
a Thu s th e b o y w i th th e l aur el w eath o n
a a . r

h is h e d a nd th e l a urel b o u gh in h is h a n d w o uld r ese mb le th e

a

t a di ti o nal e q i p me nt o f A p o ll o w h en he puri fi ed hi msel f fo r th e

r u

sl a u gh te r o f th e drago n We may c o nj ecture th at at Th eb es th e .

L ure l b ear er o ri gi n l l y p er so nated no t Ap o ll o bu t th e l o ca l h ero

a -
a

C ad mu s wh o sl e w th e d ago n and h ad lik e Ap o ll o to purify hi msel f

,
r

fo r th e sl augh t er Th e c o nj ec ture is c o nfi r med by vase p a i nti ngs

.
-

w h ich repr esent C ad m s cr o w ned w i th l aur el pr ep a i ng to a tta c k th e u r

dra go n o r ac tu all y in c o mb at w i th the m o n ster w h ile g o dd esse s ,

b end o er h im h o ldi ng o ut w reaths o f l aurel a s th e meed o f vic to y

v r .
3

O n th i h y p o th e si s th e o cte nn i al D el p h ic Fe stival o f C r o w n i ng a n d
s

th e o c ten n i a l Th eba n Fest iva l o f La urel b e a i ng w ere cl o sel y ak i n - r

in b o th th e pro m i ne nt p rt p l ay ed b y th e l aur el wa s p u ifi c ato y o a ,

r r r

e x p i at o r y Thu s at O l y mpi D el p h i and Th eb es a b o y w h o se

4
. a, ,

Pl t r h Q
1 ti
u a c G ; O ,
E tr u a es m irr r th on es f ra eca e, 12 n an usca n o e scen e o

id D df t
.
, e l m 5; A l i
e ec u o rac u o ru C dm mb t w i th th dr g i ,
1 e a n, a us s
’
co a e a on s

V i Hi t i
ar a iii ; S tr b i 3s or a , rr d d w i th w r th f l r l
. 1 a o, x. . su o un e a ea o au e

12 p , 4 I. t P
2 2 i .
( O C i p
n a it ii no eMy l r d on au sa n a s . rus us, o . c . . ea n e

( ii 7 7 . l iii p p 53 qq ) I h v
.
,
vo fri d M r A B C k w
. . . th fir t t s . a e en . . . oo as e s o

d ri b d th f tiv l m r f ll y d
esc e e ll tt ti t th v p i ti g
es a o e u an ca a en on o ese a se - a n n s

a dd d v g p r ll l A t th i
u ce sa a fi r m ti
e f my vi w th t th
a a e s. s o e n co n a on o e a e

V l a e f T mp o W M L k e F t iv l f th
e L r l b ri g
s ee l . . ea e, es a o e au e - ea n ce e

T l i N tl
ra v e s G ( L
n d b t d th d
o r i ern t r ti f th dr g reece on o n, ra e e es uc on o e a on

iii 3 9 qq Th rh t ri f b y C dm
. 0 s S A B C k
. Th e e o c o a us . ee . . oo ,
“
e

L iv y ( xliv 6 8 ) h l h d th m th E r p ”
. . Sky G d as F lk l
as e e s oo u o ea n - o , o - o re, xv.

an d il t srr t f th Pen i t
cu ( 9 4) p 4 en t
o ; d my te ene u s n o a 1 0 . 1 1 , no e 2
24
an no e

r ri g t rr t
oa n o en P . i ix 4 ( l v pp on a u sa n a s, . 10 . vo . . .

Pr l
2
P h ti B ibl tb 4 m )
'

i o c u s, n o u s, io cca , 1 o .

e d I B kk r p 3
. . e e I h v
,
x m i d b th f tiv l
. 2 1 .
4 a e e a ne o es a s
3
O C i . K dm i
ru s u s, m r l l y i f r m r p r t f th i
s v
. .
“
a o s, n o e c o se n a o e a o s

W H R w r k ( Tl
’
. h . L iR d g i /
o sc er s Dy i g G d p p 7 8
ex on er r ec i . o ie n o , .

an d am My tl l g i ii 8 3
r . 83 8 839 d h v io o h w gr e, d f h l di g
. 0, ,
. an a e s o n o un s or o n

PT . IV . V OL . II R
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE I I

pa re nts wer e b o th ali e w a s entru sted w i th th e d ty o f cutti ng v u or

w e i ng a s c e d wr eath a t
ar
g r ea t
a rf e st iva l w h ic h re c e d t i n t e v l s a u rr a r a

o f seve a l y e
1
s r ar .

Why a b o y f li v i ng p a ents sh o l d b e c h o sen fo such n o ffi c e

o r u r a

is n o t at fi st igh t cl ea ; th r e so n m i gh t b e m o e o b i o s if w e
r s r e a r v u

u nd ersto o d th e i deas in wh ic h th e cu sto m o f we i ng w eath s nd ,

ar r a

cro wns h d its o igin P ro b b l y in many c ases wreath s n d cr o wns

a r . a a

w er e m l ets b efo re th ey w ere o r n m ents ; in th er w o d s th eir

a u a o r ,

fi st i ntenti o n may h a e b een n o t so much to a do rn th e h ead a s to

r v

p or te c t it f o m h m b y r o urn di n g it w i th ar
a p l a n t a metal o a ny su r , ,
r

o th er th i ng w h ic h was s pp o sed to p o ssess th e m agic a l vir t e o f u u

b ann i ng b al eful i n fl u ence Th u s th e A ab s o f M o b w ill p t a s . r a u

circl et o f c o pp er o n th e h ead o f a man wh o is s fferi ng fro m u

h ead c h e fo th ey b eli eve th t th i s w ill b a n i sh th e p i n ; n d if th e

a , r a a a

pa i n is in a n m o l eg th ey w ill treat th e a ili ng li mb in li k e

ar r a ,

m anner Th ey th i n k th a t e d b e ad s h u ng b efo e th e eyes o f

. r r

c h ildren wh o a e affl ic ted w i th O ph thal mi w ill id th em o f th e

r a r

mal ad y n d th t a ed i bb o n ti e d to t h e fo o t w ill p r eve n t it f o m

,
a a r r r

s tu m b li n g o n Aga i n th e M el a nesi a ns o f t h e G az ell e

2
sto ny p ath a .
,

P e ni n sul a in N e w B ri tai n o fte n d ec k th e ir d sk y b o di es w i th u

th a t th e i l y l i Gr
o l d o c te nn a
q c d r c e i l n C r t i l y
eec e , it m tua e nn a . e a n s ee s o

b ased tt m p t t h r m
o n an a e i lr hv b b d o a o n z e so a t il yl a e e en a se o n a n o c e nn a c c e .

an dl r tim g v ri t
u na e, a t e i l S th S h li t
se o a n o c e nn a P i d r Oly mp ee e c o as on n a , .

f t iv l t w h i h th m y th i l m rri g
es a a c e iii 3 5 ca A g B a kh a ePi d r . u . o ec on n a ,

o f th dm
e sun a n w l b r t d b y E pl i ti ( L i p i
o on as ce e a e p 38 x ca o nes e s c, . 1

th dr m ti m rri g
e a a cfh m a a t r e o L Id l r H u db h d m th m ti h
a n a c o s, . e e , an uc er a e a sc en

wh opp r a m ti m ea t so h v b e d t h i h
es o a Che l gi
e en i 3 66
un ec n sc en ro no o e, .

th ki g
e d q
n an I th L r l
u ee n .
q ; Gn F U e g r Z
au e i t r h g sd . . . n e ,
“
e ec nu n er

b ri g
ea t Th b
n a l r rfr e es G ri h
a c ea d R om r e e e n ce i Iw M ull r ec en u n e ,
”
n an e
’
s

to th tre m i l h r t r f th
as o no ca H c db h d
a ac e kl o i h A lt t m
e an uc er as s sc en er u s

f t iv l i
es a t i d i th
s co n a n e mb l m f wi
n h ft
e e i ( N O dl i g
e s o 886) ssen sc a , . r n en , 1

th e m su n , t r d d y
o o n, s a s , f th p p an 6 5 q ; K
a Os M uoll r D i eD . 0 s . . . e ,
e o ri er
2
'

y r w h i h w r rri d i p r
ea c e e ca i ( Br l
e n 483
o c ess o n Th P y th i e s au , 11 . . e an

(Pr l o c u s. d th r r f r an a no
g m w he i h e e en ce
pp r t h v b at es , c a ea o a e ee n a

t it m y b
o d t t d i th l g d r y
a e e ec e fi r t i d ti l w i h th D l p h i F t iv l
n e e en a s en ca t e e c es a

m rri g a af C dm e o d H rm i
a us f C r w i g w r h l d rig i ll y t
an a on a . o o n n , e e e o na a

D L R F
r. . ll pp. a rn e t h t th i t rv l f i gh t i t d f f r y r
su o ses a e n e a s o e ns ea o ou e a s.

f t iv l f th L r l b ri g
es a o e au eb l -
g S ea t h Sn h li t P i
e on d r P y
s t h A ee e c o as on n a , . r

t th m y p l p r
o e a i o e iv r l i g m p 98 d A B k h ( L i p i
o cess o ns, u n e sa n u . . 2 ,
e . . o ec e s c,

th p e t r li g i
easa n fE r p
-
e f whi h
on o u o C e, o ri D dic t li e nso n u s, e e na a ,

th bj
e o i t q i k
ec t s th o it li i g
u c viii 6 ; mp r E t th i
en e V a z n H m r x . co a e us a us o n o e ,

p w
o r f t
e sh y o r i t h e m i dd
ea l f O d
n iii 6e7 p 4 6 6 9
e oA t t h . . 2 , . 1 . 2 . s o e

s p ri g n t t h b
or ag i i g fe mme rnn n ri g i l i d o t i t
suy f t h P y eth i ”
g om na en o e an a es

( T h C let f t hu G h
s o S t t e i ree d t h F
a es , t iv l v f. C r w i g T
an h e es a o o n n see .

B th i
ut x pl ti pp r t b i
s e a na on S h r i b r Ap l l
a ea s o P y th ht
e n ( L ip c e e ,
a on o o nos e

i t t w i th th t i l p ri d f i
c o ns s e n e o c enn a pp 3 7 q ; A B C k
e o o s c, . s . . . oo ,

th f t iv l Th E r p
”
e es a . S ky G d F lh l e u o ea n -
o ,
o -
ore,

W
1 m y e j t ar t h t t h
co n e c u e ( 9 4) p p 4 4 9 a e XV 1 0 0 5

O l ym p i lik th D l ph i
c, e d th
e e A t i Jc an C t m e d 2 n on n a u ssen , ou u es es

Th b e f t iv l w
a n, es t fir t a t il A b
as a s p y d
o c e nn a[ M b ( P ri ,
ra es a u a s e oa a s,

th gh i
ou h i t ri l t i m
n s o it w ca p 38 es as . 2 .
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

p ri d p erio d o f o fli e was n ea l y expired th ey l ed a sacred e mb ssy to

es t a n c r , a
’ ’
D el o s th e b ir th pl ac e o f th e divi ne b ro th e a nd si ster w h ere th ey
giZp il su eri ntended th e mu sical and ath l etic c o ntests and l a i d d o
S e s
,
r ,
o o

an d p wn th e
A rt m ie p iesth o o d At R o me n o girl m igh t b e c h o sen a V estal V irgi n
s . r .
1

A R m
t o u nl e s b o th h er fath er and mo th er w ere li i ng ; y et there is no
e s
2
v

1
evi de nc e o
1
p r o b a b ili ty t a t a e sta l v
223 152 a arent i nd ee d sh e enerall held o ffi ce fo life 3 Thi s al o ne ma
1 1 12 5
h V ra c a te d o ffi c e o n t h e de a th of

S lii m t
r
a pus g y y .

b the e su ffi c e t o p r o ve t h at th e cu sto m o f e n tru sti ng c er ta i n sa cre d du ti es

to childr en o f livi ng p ar ents w as n o t b ase d o n a ny no ti o n th at

ll
fi ’ififi o r h ans as such were ceremo ni all u ncl ean A ai n th e danci n
ts
wh ; w r pe e y g g .
,

a liv h
e at
p i estts o f M a
e s rt h e S a lii m u st b e so n s o f livirng p a
,
re nt s b u t a s in ,
4

t h e c a se o f th e V e stal s t h i s c o ndi ti o n p ro b ab l y o n l y app lie d a t th e

date o f th e ir elec ti o n fo r th e y seem li k e th e V e sta l s to h ave h eld ,

o ffi c e fo r li fe At al l eve nts we r ea d o f a livel y o l d ge ntl em n w h o

. a

still sk i p p ed and c p er ed ab o u t as a d a nci ng p rie st w i th a n ag ili ty a

w h ich th re w th e effo rts o f h is y o u ng er c o ll eagu e s i nto th e sh d e a .

5

Ag i n at th e p u b lic gam e s in R o me b o ys o f livi ng p a e nts h a d to

a ,
r

e c o rt the i mages o f th e g o d s in th e ir sacred c ar s a nd it w s

s dire ,
a a

o m e n if o n e o f th e m r el ax ed h is h o ld o n th e h o l y c ar t o r l et a strap

C h il dr f slip fro m h is fi ng e s A n d wh en th e st o u t R o m an h e r t was

6
en o r . a
“ in g
V
sh ak e n by th e p palli ng n ew s th at so meb o dy h ad b een struc k by a

li gh tni ng that th e sk y h ad so mewhere b een suddenl y o vercast o r

, ,

i
n e xpi th at a sh e m ule h ad b ee n safel y d eliver ed o f a c o l t b o ys a nd g irl s
a -
,
1O W ri wh o se fath er s a nd mo th ers w ere still a live u sed to b e so u gh t o u t a n d
te s
at R m
e mpl o ye d t o h el p n e p iatmg th e terr fi c p r o d gy
o e
7 Aga n wh en
.

i x i i . i ,

th e C a p ito l h a d b e en s c k e d a n d b u r n ed b y th e di so rderl y tro o p s o f a

V i telli u s so l e mn p r eparati o ns w ere m ad e to r eb uild it

,
Th e w h o l e .

ar ea w as e n cl o se d b y a c o rd o n o f fi lle ts a nd w r ea th s Th e n so l di ers .

ch o se n fo th eir au spici o u s name s e nte ed w i th i n th e b arri ers h o l di ng

r r

b anches o f luck y trees in th eir hand s ; and afterward s th e V esta l

r

V irgi n s a ided b y b o ys a n d g irl s o f livi ng p are nt

, w sh e d th e s, a

fo u n dati o n s w i th w ater dra w n fro m spri ngs a n d rive s 8

I n thi s r .

c ere mo ny th e ch o ic e o f such child en seem to b e b ased o n th e sam e r s

idea as th e ch o ice o f such water ; fo r as ru nn i ng water is deemed to

1
H el io do rus, A eth iop ica , i . 2 2 . on ly at th e t im e ir tr
of th e en a nce
2 l
Au us G el l iu s, 12 2 i . . . on is e c o g n z e
o ffi ce r i d by M rq rdt a ua
3 D on i yi
s u s H a l ic a rna sen sis , A n t i ( R omische S ta a tsver a w lt g iii 8 un , .
2 2 2 ,

q u it R om
. . ii
6 7 ; P u ta ch , N u ma , . l r no te
10 . r
W e ea d o f a V e sta w h o h e d l l 6 C i r ce o , D e h a ru sp icu m p
res on so ,

o ffi ce fo r fi fty - se e n ea s ( Ta c tus, v y r i
A nn a l s , ii I t is u n k e
. th a t li l y 7 L iv y 3; , xxx v
a c o b u s, S a tu rn
11 . M r i .

r
th e p a en ts o f th s e ne a b e a d w e e i v r l l y r i 6 1 3 sq
. . V O p iscu s, A u rel ia n u s, 1 9
.

b o th aliv e a t th e da te o f h er de c ease .
( w h e e t h e r w o d s p a t rim is m r
a t ri

i yi
4 D o n s u s H a l ica rnasen sis
, A n ti m isq u e p u eris carmen in dicite
”
a re

q u it R om
. ii 71 . . . i r
o m t ted f o m th e t e t b y H P e te ) x . r .

5 M r i
a c o b us, S a t 14 14 Th a t iii . . . .
8 Ta c tus H istor
,
i 53 F o r th e . iv . .

r l
th e u e a s t o t h e p a e nts b e ng b o t h ir r i sa ck a n d c o n flag ra tio n o f th e Cap to i l
aliv li
e a pp ed to th e V esta s a n d S a l lii s ee id 7 75
1 -
. iii . .
 N O TE 1 1 CH I L D R E N OF L I VI N G P A R E N TS I N R I T UA L 2 45

be ci ll y alive so th e vi tal current migh t b e th o gh t to flo w

esp e a ,
1
u

w i th o ut i n terru p ti o n in th e c h ildre n o f li v i ng p r e nts b t to st gna te a u a

in o rp h a ns H e nce th e child en o f li v i ng p a e nts rath er th a n o r p h a ns

. r r

w o ul d n atur all y b e ch o sen to p o ur th e livi ng w at er o ver th e fo u n da

t i o ns an d so to l e nd so m eth i ng o f t h e ir o w n vi ta li ty o r e ndura nc e to
,

a b uildi ng th at w as d e si g ned to l a st fo ever r .

O n th e same p ri nci p le w e c an ea sil y u nder stan d w h y th e Ch il dr en

c h ildre n o f livi ng parents sh o uld b e e sp ecia ll y ch o sen to pe fo r m 1 11 1 g r

0 V n

c ertai n o ffi c es at marri age Th e mo tive o f such a ch o ice may b e a .

w i sh to e nsure b y symp ath e tic m ag ic th e li fe o f th e new l y w e dd e d m rri g at a a e

p ir a d th ir spri g T u s at R o an a ri age s th e b ri de i
a n o f e o ff n h m m .
r m i r
ce e o n es

w as e sc o r te d t o her n ew h o me b y th ee b o y s wh o se p a rent s w er e a l l I
g
r
l

r
ee ce ,
r
ta
livi ng Two o f th e b o ys h eld h e and th e th ird carrie d a to ch o f Alb i
. r, r an a ,

b uc k th o n o awth o rn in fro nt o f h e p ro b ab l y fo th e p u p o se d Afmi

h r r
B 1g 1 r,
2
r r
u a r ‘‘ t

o f a ver ti ng th e p o w er s o f evil ; fo r b uc k th o rn o r h a w th o r n w a s
an a'

credi te d w i th th i s magic al vi t e At marri ges in ancient Ath en s r u .

3
a

a b o y wh o se p are n ts w er e b o th livi ng u sed to w e a r a w ea th o f r

th o r n a nd c o r ns a n d t o c a ry a b o u t a w i nn o w i ng fa n f ll o f l o a es
s a r -
u v ,

cry i ng I h ve e scap ed th e bad I have fo u n d th e b etter

,
“
a ,
In , .
” 4

mo d er n G reece o n th e S u nd ay b efo re a m a i age th e b rid egro o m rr

sen d s to th e b ri de th e w e ddi ng c ak e by th e h a n d s o f a b o y b o th o f ,

w h o se p ar ent s m u st b e livi ng Th e m esse n ger tak es great c a e n o t . r

to st m b le o r to i nj
u e th e c a k e fo to do e i th er w o uld b e a
ur e y ,
r v r

H e may n o t en ter th e b rid e s h o u se till sh e h a s tak e n

’
b d o m en
a .

th e c ak e fro m h im Fo th i s p urp o se h e l ays it d o w n o n th e

. r

th r esh o ld o f th e d o o r a nd th e n b o th o f the m th e b o y a nd th e
“

, ,

b ide ru sh at it a nd t y to seize th e greater pa t o f th e c ak e An d

r ,
r r .

w h en c a ttl e a e b ei ng sl au gh tere d fo r the m arri age festivi ti es th e

r ,

fi st b ea st k illed fo r th e b id e s ho use mu st b e k ill ed by a y o u th

r
’
,
r

w h o se p ar ents are b o th a live Furth er a so n o f livi ng p a en t s mu st .

,
r

so l e m n l y fetc h th e w ater w ith whic h th e b rid egr o o m s h ea d is

’

c eremo n i all y washed by wo men b efo re mar i age And o n th e day r .

a fte r t h e m a ri age b i de a nd b ride o ro m o in pr orc s i o n t o th e

g g e s r

w ell o r spri ng fro m whic h th ey a e h en c efo th to fetc h thei wa ter r r r .

Th e b rid e g re ets th e sp i ng d i nk s o f th e w ater fro m th e h o ll o w o f r ,

r

h e h a n d an d thr o w s m o ney a nd fo o d i nto it

r , Th en f ll o w s a . o

d nce acco mpanied b y a so ng ro u n d ab o t th e sp ri ng Lastly

a , , u .
,
a

l ad w h o se p r ents a e b o th livi ng draw s w ater fr o m th e sp i ng in

a r r

a sp eci al ves e l a n d c ar i e s it to th e h o u se o f th e b rid l

s r
a ir w it h o u t a
p
spea k i ng a w o rd thi s u nsp o k en water a s it is call ed is regard ed “ ”
, ,

1
Fl w i g w t r i o H br w i
n Za e bi Pn b iii 98 e Pl te s 4
en o u s, rover . . u

ca ll d livi g w t r
e
“
p ) n r h P o
a e b i 6 ; u A p t .l i a c ,
r v er . . 1 os o u s,
2 F t D b
es u s, m g fi t P b
e ver oru viii 6 ( P m g p h
si n i ca z on e,
’
rover . . 1 a roe zo ra z

e d C O M ull r ( L i p i
. . .
pp G e d L e t h
s c,t S h id w i ,
raeci , e . en sc e c ne e n, 1 .

2 44 , 45 2 P t imi t m t imi
, s v.. 8 3 3 q
“
ii
a r E t thi
e a r 2 , 2 s .
, . us a uS , o n

p u eri .
”
H m r Od ii 3 57 p 7 6; o e , . x .
, . 1 2
3
O vi d F ti vi 9 q , 6 5 6
as 8 P h t,
i L . i12 s é’
py
.
, 1 -1 . o us , ex co n , s v . . t v
’
ov Ka Ko v .
2 46 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

as eculi rl y h o l y and w h o l eso me When th e yo u ng c o p l e etu n

p a . u r r

f o m th e sp i ng th ey fi ll th e ir m o u th s w i th th e “ ”
r r ,
n sp k e n w a te u o r

a n d t y t o sp ir t it o n each o th er i n sid e th e d o o o f th e h o u se
1
r In r .

A l b a n i a w h en w o m en a e b k i ng c ak e s fo r
,
w eddi n g t h e fi t to
r a a ,
rs

p u t h n d a t o t h e d o gh m u st b e a m ai de n w h o se p a r ent s a e b o th
u r

a li e and wh o h as b ro th er th e mo re th e b etter ; fo r o nl y s c h
v s, u a

g i l r i s d ee m e d l u c k y A n d w h e n th e b rid e h as di smo u n ted f o m

. r

h e h o r e a t th e b id egr o o m d o o r sm all b o y wh o se pa ents a e

’
r s r s ,
a , r r

b o th alive ( fo r o nl y such a bo y is th o gh t to b ri ng luck ) is passed u

th rice b ac k w a ds a nd fo rward s u nder th e h o r se s b ell y as if h e

’
r ,

w o ld g irdl e th e b ea st
u
2
A m o ng th e S o u th S l avs o f B ul ga i a a
. r

li ttl e child wh o se fath er and mo th er a e b o th a li e h el ps to b ak e th e r v

tw o b rid a l c ak e s p o u i ng w ter a n d sal t o n th e m ea l ,

r a n d ti ri ng a s r

t h e m i x ture w i th a sp u tle o f a sp eci a l sh a p e ; th en a gi l li ft th e r r s

c h ild in h e arms an d th e li ttl e o ne to ch es th e ro o f b eam th ic e

r , u -
r

w i th th e sp ur tl e say i ng B o ys a nd girl s And when th b ri de s

, ,
“ ’
. e

h a i is to b e d e ssed fo r th e w eddi ng day th e w o k o f c o mb i ng a n d

r r ,
r

p l a i t i n g it m u s t b e b eg u n b y a c h ild o f livi n g p r e n t A m o n g t h e a s .
3

B e a a nd G d b ursi tw o S o m li tri b e
s a a , o n th e m o n i ng fte a
a s, r a r

m a ri ge th e b id e s fe ma l e rel ati o ns b ri ng p resents o f m il k n d

’ “
r a r ,
a

a e acc o mp an i ed b y a y o u ng m al e c h ild w h o se p
r e nts a e livi ng ar r .

Th e c h ild dri nk s so me o f th e m il k b e fo re a ny o n e el se t stes it ; a

a n d a fter him t h e b rid egr o o m if h is p ar ents a e livi ng ; bu t if o ne ,

r

o r b o th o f his paren ts a e d ead an d th o se o f th e b rid e livi ng sh e r , ,

d i nk s fter th e c h ild B y d o ing thi s th ey b eli eve th at if th e n w l y

r a . e

m ar i ed w o m n b ear s a chil d th e fath er w ill b e a live at th e t i m e

r a .
” 4

A sli ghtl y di ffe ent ap p lic ati o n o f th e same pri n ci p l e a pp e s in

r ar

th e o l d H i n d o o rule t h at w h en a b ride re ached th e h o e o f he us r

h sb n d sh e sh o uld b e m ad e to de sce nd fro m th e c h ari o t by w o m en

u a ,

o f go o d c h ara c ter w h o se h u sb a nd s nd so n s w ere livi n g a n d th t a ,

a

a fte w ard s th ese w o m en sh o uld seat th e b rid e o n a b u l l s h id e w h il e

’
r ,

h e h u sb an d eci te d th e verse H ere y e c o ws bri ng f th c a l e 5

“ ”
r r , ,
or v s .

H e r e th e c e em o ny o f se ati ng th e y o u ng w i fe o n a b l l h i de se em s
’
r u s

p l i
a n l y i n t e n d e d t o m a k e h e r frui tf l t h r o u g h t h e g e n e t iv e vi t u e ra r u

o f th e b ull ; w hile th e tte n d ance o f w o me n wh o se h u sb a nd s a n d

a ,

so n s a e livi ng is n o d o b t a d evic e fo r en su i ng b y sy m p th e tic

r ,
u r ,
a

m agic th e li fe b o th o f th e b ride s h u sb an d a nd o f h e f tu e o ff
’
,
r u r

sp i ngr .

C W h m th D f th W t r S m li Tri b
”
1 . lt G i h
ac s u ,
as a e r ec en Th o e es e n o a e s, e

l an d im (B n eu en pp 8 3 F l
o n n, h l j l vi ( 8
. 8 8 ) p 4 a - ore o u rn a , . 1 . 12 .

8 5 86 8 7
, , q , 1 00 s C
. m p r P h P l it h k E th o a e . au sc e, no
2
J G . H h . A l b von i h g p ah i
n, N d t A f ih
a n es sc di m et i l l ra c or os - r a s, e a er e e

S t di u (J en i 44 4 6
en a , C lt . d 1D dh l G l l
, 1 . d S mdl u ur er an i ,
a a un o
3
F S Kr . S itt . d B a uss,h ( B rli e un
p ra u c e n, . 2 00 .

d er S ud S l ( V-i av en pp T
enna ,h G ih y S 2 t t r l .t d b y
5 e r a- 2 ra s , a ns a e

43 8 ,44 1 . H O l d b r g P r t i ( O x f r d 8 9 ) . en e ,
a i . o , 1 2
4
C pt i a
J S K i
a n g N t . .
p 5 n( T h S ,
“
d B h
o es f t
on h E t . 0 e a cre oo s o e as ,

th F l k l r
e o d m S i l C t m
- o e an so l e oc a us o s vo .
 TH E WI D O WE D F LA M E N N O TE 1 1

h g i h er degree vi tali ty th an an o rph an p ro b ab l y ex pl a i ns al l th e

of

c ases o f th e empl o ym ent o f such a c h ild in ri tu l w h eth er th e a ,

p a t
r icul a r ri t e is d e i g n e d t o e n su e t h e s f r tili ty o f t h e g o n d r o e r u r

th e f ui tfu l n e ss o f w o m en o
r to ve t th e danger o f death nd ,
r a r a

o th e c al mi ti es Yet it might be a mi st k e to s pp o se th at th i s
r a . a u

n o ti o n is al w a y s cl e l y appreh ended by th e p erso ns wh o p r cti se

ar a

th e cu sto m s I n t h eir m i nd s th e d efi n i te é o n c e ptio n o f up er

. s

a bu nd ant and o ver fl o wi ng vitality m y easil y di sso lve i nto a v gu e a a

id ea th t th e c h il d o f livi ng p r ents is luc k ier th an o th er fo l k N 0

a a .

mo re th an thi seem s to b e at th e b o tto m o f th e M sai ul e th at

s a r

w h en th e wa ri o r s w i sh to se l ec t a c h i ef th ey m u st c h o o e a ma n
“
r ,
s

w h o se pa en ts a e still livi ng w h o o w ns c attl e a nd h as n e e r k ill ed

r r ,
v

a nyb o dy w h o se p are nt s are n o t b li nd a n d w h o h i msel f h as no t a

, ,

di sc o l o red eye 1
And no th i ng m o re is n eed e d to ex pl a i n th e
”
u .

a nci en t G eek cu sto m w h ich a ssi gn ed th e du ty o f dr aw i ng l o t f o m

r s r

a n u n to a b o y u n d er pu b er ty w h o se father an d m o th er w ere b o th
r

in li fe 2
At A th ens it w o uld a ppe ar th at regi sters o f th e se b o y
. s

w er e k ep t p er h a p s in o rd er th at th e l ad s migh t di sch arg e

,
s ,
a

o cc asi o n a r o se th o se o ffi c es o f , e li g i o n wh ic h req uir ed th e servic e r

o f such a u p ici o u s y o u th s s Th e a tro ci o u s tyra nt H eli o ga b a l s o n e

.
3
u ,

o f th e w o r st m o n ster s w h o ever di sgra ce d th e h u man fo m c a u se d r ,

search t o b e m ade thr o u gh o u t I ta l y fo n o bl e a nd h an dso m e b o y s r

wh o se pare n ts were b o th a li e and h e sa cri fi ced th em to h is b a b aro u s v ,

r

g o d s t o,
r t uri n g th e m fi r s t a n d g r a b bli n g a m o n g th e ir e n tr a il s fte r a

w a d s fo
r o m en s r H e see ms to h ave th o u gh t th at such ic ti ms
. v

w o ld b e p eculi arl y acc ep tab le to th e S y ri an d ei ti e s w h o m h e

u

w o r hi p p e d ; so h e e n c o uraged th e to r turer s a n d b u tc h er a t th e ir
s s

wo k n d th a n k e d th e g o d s fo en ab li ng h im to ferre t o u t th eir
“
r ,
a r

frie nd s 4 ”
.

1 A C H lli . . Th M o i ( Ox f r d
s, G e q S ppl em t i ( P ri 9 )
asa o ,
rec u es , u en , . a s, 1 12

p 99 2 .
p 4 N 544 10 , o . 1 .

2 L i H m t im
u c an, 57 er o A li
u s, L m p idi
. A t i 4 e us a r us, n on n u s
3 A fr gm t r y li t f th
a en a y th H l i g b l viii q Th h i t ri
s o ese ou s e o a a u s, . 1 s . e s o an

i pr
s rv d i
ese e At h i i n ip
an th i k th t th
en a n m t r
nscr h th n s a e o ns e c o se e se

ti on f th
o y r9 e 9 ea S 1vi t i
orm m r l
0 B Cy f
. t.h p l ee r f
c s e e or e e asu e o

Ch . M i h l R il d I pti
c e ,
ecu e r di g th h r t f b th th p r t
’
n scrz o ns en n e ea s o o e a en s.
 A CH A R M TO P R O TE CT A TOW N

TH E tradi ti o n th at a Lydi an k i ng tri e d to mak e th e cit adel o f S arde s Th e

i mpregnab l e b y c arryi g ro u d it li o
n n a n
1
m a y p er p s b e illu strate d
h a B e Ch ua na S

t’
b y a S o u th Afric an cu st o m Whe n th e B ec h u an as are ab o u t to fifge gfia
.

fo u n d a n ew to wn, th ey o b serve an el ab o ra te ri tu a l Th ey c h o o se sa c rifi c i a l .

a b u ll fro m th e h erd , sew u p its ey eli ds w i th si n ew , a n d t h e n a ll o w 0 X at

o ’l c’
,

th e b li nd ed a n i ma l to wander at w ill fo r fo ur days O n th e fi fth egt g n i f

?
.

da y th ey trac k it d o wn a nd sa cri fi ce it a t su nset o n th e sp o t wh ere

it h app ens to b e stan di ng Th e c arc ase is th en r o a ste d w h o l e a n d
.

di v i de d a mo ng th e peo ple R i tu al re quires th at every p articl e o f

.

th e fl esh sh o ul d b e c o nsu me d o n th e sp o t Wh en th e sac ri fi ci a l .

m ea l is o ver, th e m edici ne men tak e th e h id e a nd mark it wi th -

a pp r o pri a te medici n es, th e c o mp o si ti o n o f wh ich is a p r o fessi o na l

se cr et .Th en w i th o ne l o ng S p ira l cut th ey c o nve rt th e wh o l e h ide

i nto a si ngl e tho ng H aving d o ne so they cut up th e tho ng i nto
.
~

l ength s o f a b o ut tw o feet and d espatch messengers in al l dir ecti o ns

to p eg d o wn o n e o f th o se strip s in ea c h o f th e p ath s l ea di ng to t h e
After thi s, it is sa id , if a fo r ei gner a pp r o a c h es th e
“ ” “
n ew to w n .

n ew to w n t o de stro y it w i th h is ch ar ms, h e wil l fi n d t h a t th e t o wn

h as p repared i tsel f fo r h is c o mi ng Th u s it w o uld seem that th e

” 2
.

p asto ra l B ec h u ana s atte mpt to p l ac e a n ew to wn u nd er t h e p ro tec

t i o n o f o ne o f th e ir sacre d c a ttle 3
by di stri b uti ng p i ec es o f its h id e
a t a l l p o i nts w h er e an e ne my c o uld a pp r o a ch it, j u st as th e Ly di a n

k i ng th o u gh t to p l ac e th e ci tad el o f his capital u nd er th e pro tecti o n

o f t h e li o n go d by c a rry i ng th e ani m al r o u n d th e b o u n d ari es
-
.

F ur th er, th e B ec h ua na c u sto m ma y th ro w li gh t o n a w ide sprea d Th e c u s

l egend which rel ates h o w a w il y settl er in a new c o u ntry b o u gh t 2 213 1” 1 1

2
1
fro m th e n atives a s muc h l an d as c o uld b e c o ver e d w i th a h id e, a nd t h e l e en d
g
h o w h e th en p r o c eed ed to cut th e hide i n to th o ng s a n d to cl a i m o f th e
a s m uch l an d a s c o uld b e e n cl o sed b t 2283335;
1 1
y th e h o n g s I t w as th u s, .

1
S ee ab o v e, v o l . i p 84
. . 1 .
3 r vi d
F o r mo e e en ce o f th e sanc t i ty a n d S im il ar
2 R ev . W . C . W ill gh b y
ou ,
“
N o te s o f ca ttl m g th
e a on e B ech u anas see th e
1 3 16 5

ou th e i
To tem sm o f th e B e cw ana , ”
R e v. W C W ill
. . o ug h b y , p
o . cit
.
pp .

j f
o u rn a l o th e A n th ro ol o ica l I n st itu te
p g , 301 sq q.

xxxv .
( 1 90 5) p p 3 0 3 . sq .
 A CH A R M TO P R O TE C T A TO WN N OTE I I I

a cc o rdi ng to th e H o ttento ts th t th e fi rst Euro p e n ettl ers o bt i ned ,

a a s a

a fo o ti n g in S o u th A fric a
1
B t th e m o st f mili ar ex a mpl e o f s c h . u a u

sto ri es is th e tra di ti o n th t D id o p r o cur ed th e si te o f C th age a ar

in th i s fash i o n an d th a t th e p l ac e h en c e rec eive d th e nam e o f B y

, rsa

h id e S i mil ar ta l es o cc r in th e l egen d ry h i sto y o f S x o ns

2
“ ”
o r . u a r a

a n d t h ey m ee t u s in I ndi a S i b eri B ur ma Camb o di

3
a n d D n es a , ,
a, , a,

J ava and B ali Th e w ide di ff si o n o f such sto ri es c o n fi rms th e

,
.
4
u

c o nj ec t re o f J ac o b G rimm th at in th em we h ve a rem i ni sc enc e

u a

o f a m o de o f l an d m e em e nt w h ic h w a s o n c e ac t a ll
y i
a su r
n s e u u ,

a n d o f w h ich th e d esi g na ti o n is still r et i n ed in th e E ngli sh hid a 5

e.

Th e B ec h u a na cu sto m su ggest s th at th e mo d e o f m ea i ng b y su r

a h i de m ay h ave o ri g i na ted in a practic e o f en c o mp a ssi ng a pi e c e o f

l nd w i th th o ngs cu t fro m th e h ide o f a sac i fi ci al vic ti m in o der to

a r r

p l a c e t h e gr o u n d u n der t h e g u a rdi an h ip o f t h e a cr e d a n i m l s s a .

B t w h y do th e B ec h u ana s sew u p th e eyelid s o f th e b ull whic h

u

is to be sed fo th i s p ur p o se ? Th e a nswer ap p ea r s to b e given b y

u r

t h e c e e m o n i e w h ich th e sa me p eo p le o b serve w h en th ey
r s e g o i ng ar

o t to w
u O n th a t o cca si o n a w o ma n r sh es u p to th e a r my w i th
ar . u

h e ey e sh u t an d sh k es a w i nno w i ng f n w hil e sh e cri es o t

r s . a Th e -
a , u ,
“

a rmy is n o t seen 1 Th e army is no t seen ! A nd a medici n e m n ”

-
a

a t th e sam e ti m e sp ri nk l es m e dici ne o v er th e spe a r s c y i ng o t , r u

in li k e m nn er Th e a r my is n o t seen ! Th e a r my i n o t een ! “ ”
a ,
s s

A fter th at th ey seiz e a b ull sew p its ey elid s w i th h ir o f its t i l ,

u a a a ,

a n d drive it fo so m e di st nc e a l o ng th e r o d w h ich th e r rmy is to a a a

tak e Wh en it h as preced ed th e a my a li ttl e w ay th e b ull is ac i

. r , s r

fi ed r o a sted w h o l e a n d eaten b y th e w arri o rs

c ,
Al l th e fl esh m u st
,
.

b e c o nsu med o n th e sp o t S u c h p arts a s c a nn o t b e ea te n e b . nt ar ur

w i th fi e O n l y th e c o nte n ts o f th e sto m ac h
r . e c ar ef ll y p r eser ed ar u v

T A b 1 t tF D
. m
r o u sse V y g C mp r R K h l r
e . au S g a s, L d o a e o a e . o e , a e vo n an
’
d E pl ti x N d td l C l
ora on a u i r w rb g d r h r h i tt H a t
or -
es e a o on c e e un u c z e sc n e ne u e,

d u C p d B a E p (e P ri O i
onn e - t d O id s t iii
’
era n ce 8 5 8 7 a s, r en un cc en , . 1 -1
.

p 4 9 . L i t t C l l J m T d 4 e u en a n - o o ne a es o ,

V ir g il A
2 i 3 67 q w i th th A l d A tiq it i f R j t h '

,
en . . s .
, e n na s an n u es o a as an,

co mm t r y f S rvi en a ; J ti xviii ii ( L d
o e us 83 ) p 35 ; W R d
us n, . . on o n, 1 2 . 2 . a

5 9. T h g. t fr m th h i
ond f h
s cu l fi P b o d V l h l it
e t t d e o t e o ,
ro en er o s era u r er

o x sa c ri fi d t th f r h d d A p ll t hi h S tamm S d S ibi i
ce o e ou -
an e iv o o
’'

ii r sc en e u - r en s, .

w r g iv e e p ri Sen asH y h i ( S t P
z es t r. b r g 8 7 ee ) p 7 9 ;
es c A u s, . e e s u ,
1 2 . 1 .

s v
. i ; m p r id
x vi/ a r a s p é l p m B
co t i D
a ei V l h . d ,
nu t t l i h xo c . as an , e oe er es oes c en

r l t d A i ( B rli 8 8 4 i 5 iv
.

W h th r th G r k e e t m w e ee cu s o as e a e s en e n, 1 . 2 , .

to th di d i
o se th t xt m
scu sse 3 67 q T S t m f r d R ffl
n e Hi t y
e see s s . . a o a es, s or

d b tf l
ou I h v t th k m y
u . ll g a f j e o( L d an ii 53 q ;
co ea ue o a va on o n, . 1 s .

an d fri d P r f rR C B q t R
en o esso E k S h t . . h t il d o sa n ue . va n c ,
c e s en v a n e e an

lli g my tt ti t th p g B li Tij d h ifi ”
fo r ca n a en on o N d lese d h a ssa es a ,
sc r
‘
v oor e er a n sc

o f H y hi es c u s. I di F b 88 p 7 Th b n e, e . 1 0, . 1 1 . e su

S x G mm ti
3 a o Hi t i D ra t a f l l thcus, t ri x p t th
s or a a s a nc e o a ese s o es, e ce e

i
n ca , ix l i p p 46 q d P fi r t w g iv b y m ivo . 2 s t
. e . . s ,
as en e n a no e on

8 3 9— 8 58 )
. .

H id m r d L d Th Cl i
.

E M ull r ( C p h g
”
e o en a en , 1 1 e- easu e an s, e a ss

ii
.

( w h r t h h i
e ed m p l y d i e t h t f e el R i w ( 8o8 8 ) p 3
e s a o a ca ev e ,
. 1 . 2 2 .

h r ) J G ri m m D
o se t h R . ht l t ,J G ri mm
eu sc D t he R h t
ec l t sa er
5 .
,
eu sc e ec sa er

th umer 3 ( G Ott ing en , th u mer, p p 53 8 sq

‘

pp .
90 sq . . .
2 52 A CH A R M TO P R O TE C T A TO WN N O TE 1 1 1

sh o u ld e Th ese parts a e f i ed w i th certai n h erb s a nd ru bb ed i nto

r
. r r

th e j o i nts o f t h e w a ri o rs B y c utti ng o u t th e to ngu e o f th e o th ey

r . x

th i nk t o p rev ent th e e nemy fro m waggi ng h is t o ngu e a ga i nst th em

by severi ng th e si new s o f th e o th ey h o p e to c au se th e en emy s
’
x

s i n ew s t o f il h im in th e b a ttl e
a a nd b y em o vi ng th e ey e o f th e o
r x

th ey i magi ne th at they prevent th e e ne my fro m c a sti ng a c o veto u s

ey e o n th eir c a ttl e
1
.

’ ’
1 T A rb o usset
. et F . D aumas, R el ation d un Voy ag e d E xp l o ra tion , pp .

56 1 -
56 5 .
 S OM E C US TO M S OF TH E P E LE W I S LAN D ER S

WE have seen that th e state o f so ci ety and religi o n amo ng th e P elew

I sl a nder s in mo dern t i mes p resen ts severa l p o i nts o f si m il ari ty to
th e c o ndi ti o n o f th e p eo p le s ab o u t th e Ea ster n M edi terra ne n n a i

anti q i tyu
1
H ere I pro p o se bri efl y to c a ll attenti o n to c ertai n o th er
.

cu sto ms o f th e P el ew I sl and ers wh ich may serve to illu strate so me o f

th e i nsti tuti o ns di scu ssed in thi s v o lu me .

§ 1 . P riests dressed as Wo men

I n th e P el ew Is l and s
e happens that a g o dd ess ch o o ses I h it o ft n n t e

a ma n n o t a w o ma n fo r h e mi n i ster and i n spired mo u th pi ece P 1 W r 6 6

I l
, , .

d
Wh en th at is so th e favo ured man is th ence fo th r eg rded a n d m w h i
s an s a
,
r a
an o s
tre ate d as a w o ma n H e we ars fem ale attire h e c a rie s a p i ec e o f i p ir d b y
.
,
r ns e

g o l d o n h is nec k e l bo u li k e o m e t r fi eld s a d h e w r
h r s a w a n in th a o a n g d d a o ess
, ,

l
p y a s h is n e w p a t s o w ell t h a t h e e a r n s th
r e h e a r t y c o n te m p t o f h is f m l e
ea s

a e

fell o w s Th e p re ten ded c h ange o f ex u nd er th e i nsp ir a ti o n o f a

.
2
ir d s a tt e an

femal e sp irit p erh ap s e x pl a i ns a bu sto m w id el y sp rea d a m o ng i r d s t e a te

sa ages in a cc o rd anc e w i th w hich so me men dre ss

as a
v s w o me n a n d a
, w m o an

a c t as w o men th o ugh li fe Th e se u nse x ed c ea tu r e s o ften p erha p s Th i p

.

r . r , s re

gen era ll y p o fess th e a rts o f so rc er y a nd h e li ng th ey c o m mu nic ate

r
d d a
te n e
, ,
h f
w i th sp iri ts a nd a e regard ed so meti m e s w i th a we a n d so meti m es
g c an e o

d r
,
r
sex u n e

w i th c o ntemp t as b ei ngs o f a h i gh er o l o wer o rd er th a n c o m m

, on h i p ir r t e ns a

fo l k Often t h ey a e d edic ated a nd tr ai ne d to th e ir v o c t i o n r i f a

t on o a
f m l
.

fro m c h il dh o o d E ffe mi na te so rcer er s o r p ri ests o f thi s so r t a e

e a e

p iri m y
. r
s t a
fo u n d am o ng th e S ea D yak s o f B o rne o 3
th e B u gi s o f S o u th x p l i , e a n a

1 Ab o e, p p 2 04 sqqv . .
32 3 5 Cap ta n R o dn e
- i
u nd , N a r yM y
2
J .K ub ary , “
D ie R e g o n der li i ra t ive of E v en ts in B orn eo a nd
’
P el au er, in A B a st an s A l l erl ei a u s. i Cel ebes f rom th e j ou rn a l s of j a mes
Vo l hs u nd M en schenh u n de ( B e n, rli B roohe, E sq , R aj a h .
qf S a ra w a h
i 35 . .
( Lo ndo n, 6 5 sq ; Ch a es ii . . rl
3
C A L . . S ch w ane , B orn eo
. M . r r
B o o k e, Ten Yea rs in S a ra w a k ( Lo n
r
( Amste da m , 1 8 53 ) , 1 86 ; T H i . M . . . do n , 2 80 ; H ii Lo w ,
. .

P e rel a er, E th n ogcf rap h isch e B esch rij v i ng

'

S a ra w a h ( Lo ndo n, pp 1 74 7 7
-1 .

der D ay a hs ( Z al t -B o mm e , pp l . i
Th e B sh o p o f La b ua n, O n th e W d il
2 53
2 54 S OM E C US TOM S OF TH E P E LE W I S LA N D E R S N O TE 1 v

C el e b e s,
S o
1
th A m e r u
th e P atago n a ns o f
a ,
a n ic
d th e A eu t a n s a nd l i i 2

i ri b
m any I nd an t e s o f N o rth A m e a 3
ric
I n th e s an d o f R a mb ree, o ff il .

c
th e o a st o f A rac an , a set o f aga o n v b d c j r ”
o n u ro s, wh o dre ssed a n d

liv e d as w o m e n, u
sed to d c u
a n e ro n d a ta p o e ,
n o ll l i v k i
ng th e a id o f

th e ir v u i id l
fa o r te o o n th e o cc i
a s o n o f a ny a a m ty
4
c l i
M a e m em e s l b r .

o f t h e V a l l a bh a s ec i
t in I nd a o fte n see to w in t h e fa o k o f th e g o d v ur
Kri h
sh n a, w o m th ey s e a y p ci ll r v r
e e e, b y w a ng th e r e ri
a r on
g a n d i h i l
a ssi m il a ti ng th em e lves to w o me n ; ev en th ei s sp i i tu a l c h i e f th e r r s,

so c a ll e d M h raj a
-
so m et i m e s si m ul at e th e
a a p p e ra n c e o f w o m e n
s, a a

w h e n th ey l ea d t h e w o r sh i p o f th eir fo ll o w ers I n M a d ag sc ar w e 5
. a

h e r o f e ff mi na te m en w h o w o re fema l e a tti e an d ac ted

a e w o m en r as ,

t h i n k i ng th e e b y to do G o d servic e r
6
I n th e k i ngdo m o f C o n go .

th e e w s a s cri fi ci a l p i est wh o c o mm o n l y dr essed as a w o m a n n d

r a a r a

Tri b f th es N r th W t Co t ef pp 83 q ; S P w r
o -
es T ib qf o as o . 2 s . . o e s, r es

B r T W i gt
”
o n eo , ti f t h E t hra n sa c C l f
i i (
ons h o
pp e no a o rn a as n o n, .

l g i l S i ty f L d
o ca oc e N S ii o3 q H H on B r ft N ti
on , . . . 1 2 s . . . a nc o , a ve

( 8 63 ) pp 3
1 q ; Sp r St J h
. 1 s R .
qf th P fi S t t (L d
e nse . o n, a ces e a ci c a es on o n,

L ij i i the F n t f th F E
e t 8
o res s7 5 i o 8 9 4 5 58 5 7 7 4 ;
e ar as
2 1 . 2 ,
2 . 1 . ,

S r w k
’
M m i
’
i 73 H
’

(L d on o n, I t . . d l A m iq
n a a a o u a n, e o res c er ue

th m
ese ll d m g i D t h S p t t i l ( A m t rd m
en a re c a e a na n s,
p n u c e en r o n a e s e a , .

B r o th y
neo ll d b i e a re 44 ; J F L fi t ca M e d S g az rs or 1 . . a au , oeu rs es auva es

( P ri i 5 54 ’
b i
as s rs . A m iq i er u a ns a s, . 2 -

C pt i
1 R aM dy p it i 8 Ch rl v ix B i t i d l N l l
a n . un ,
o . c . . 2 a e o ,
’
v s o re c a o u ve e

s
q .B F M tt h . O d Bi .
fa F ( P ri
es , ver i 4 q ; W c sso cs o ra n ce a s, v . s . .

h ide h P i t
en sc P i t
e r es ers H K ti g E p dit i en t th S
r es eressen . ea n , x e on o e o u rce

( Am t r d m
’
d er B gi oe n ez en
f S t P t Ri s e (L d a ,
o . e er s v er on o n,

pp q
. 1 s . i 7 q 4 3 6 G r g C t li N t h . 2 2 s .
, eo e a n, or

Th F l k r D
2
. ip t i f P t
a ne Am i ,
I diescr (L d on o a a er ca n n a ns 4 on o n,

g i ( H r f rd
on a
pe e o 7 ; J ii, 4 q M xi m ili P ri . Wi d 1 1 . . 2 1 s . a an nz z u e ,

H t hi u c Th T h l h I di
nso n , R i i e d i e N d Am i
ue c e n a ns e se n as n n ere or er ca

o f P t g i a a T ti o n a, of th ( C bl t 839
ra n sa c 3
on s q e o en z , 1 11 . 1 2 s .

D G B ri t
’
E th l g i l S i ty f L d
no o ca N S oc e o Th L dp on d th i on , . . . . n o n, e en c an e r

vii ( 8 6 9) p 3 3 A m g th L g d ( P h il d l ph i 8 8 p p 9
. 1 . 2 . on e e en s a e a, 1 . 10

G y r ua f S th r
c u us o B r il th r i ou
q J G M ull r G h i ht d
e n az e e s s . . . e ,
esc c e er

l f m w h dr
a c a ss o w m en d m ih i h
o U
ess as l gi ( B alo en a n a er a n sc en rre z o n cn
2 e,

d o on ly w m w rk h pi i g o en s
’
pp 4 4 q
o , su c 4 8 A m g th
as s nn n , . s .
, 1 . on e

w vi g d m k i g p tt r y B t
ea n , an t ri b
a w h i h p r m i tt d th
n o e t m w r . u so es c e e e c us o e e

f ar a s I k w th y t no i d t b th I lli i M d D t ( S i x )
, e a re no sa o e e n o s, an a n s, ac o a s ou ,

r r r p ri t S C F P h v S k
so c e e s o r es s . d F x eet th . t f th . . . au s, a n o e s, o e ea s o e

M rti Z E th g p h i A m ih
a us , ur R ky M n o ra t i h Y ki c P m er as oc o u n a n s, t e u s, o o s,

z u m l B a il i ( L ip i ra s
pp en s d P i t t R iv r I die s c, f C l if r i . an e n a ns o a o n a,

74 9 5 d th K i g f Al k an e on a s o as a.

G H 3 .L g d ff R i . m
vo n Li t W F l y
an s or J r l f ,
e se u 4 eu . . o e ,
“
o u na o a

di W l t ( F r kf rt
e e ii 4 3 ; T r th r g h th I l d f R mb
an o ,
. ou ou e s an o a re e ,
”

H J H l mb r g
. . U b r di V l k r
o ej l
, f t h A i t i S e i ty f B g l e o e o u rn a o e s a c oc e o en a ,

d es R i h Am ri k A t S i i ( C l tt 8 3 5) p 99
u ss sc en e a,
”
c a oc e v. a cu a, 1 . 1 .

t ti S i t i
a s m F c en i iv ( H l a ru M i r W illi m R l gi L f
en n ca e, . e s 5 on e a s, e i ou s i e

i gfn 8 56 ) pp 4
o rs, 1 q W H D ll d. T
~ h g h t
oo s i I d i ( L. d . . a , an ou n n a on on,

Al h ( L d as a pp 4 on q o n,
; p 3 6 C m p r J A D b
. i 02 s . . 1 . o a e . . u o s,

R C
o ss Th C l mbi R i
ox
, (L d e M
o u I tit ti a t Ce em v er i d 2 on on
,
az u rs , ns u o n s, e r o n es cs

i 3 7 qq F th r G B d l I d ( P ri i 43 9 ’
. 2 s P pl . a e . o sc a na , eu es e n e a s, . .

“
C hi ig h i i h n i [A R b i c n c
] ,
”
O D pp n r D ip t i . d l A f q i o nso n s
’ 3
. a e , escr on e r ue

L ifi i C l f z n i ( N w Y rk a i o rn a ( Am t r d m e p 4 6 7 o , s e a , . .
2 56 S OM E C US TOM S OF TH E P E LE W I S LA N D E R S N OTE xv

I nd a n t rib e o f N o r th America b eli eve th at th e u nfo rtu nate b ei ng

i , s,

call e d Min q g a e mysteri o u s o sacred b ec au se th ey h ave b een

.
-
u -
a, r r

a ffec te d b y th e M o o n B ei ng Wh en a yo u ng O m h a fasted fo r . a

t h e fi r st t i me o n rea chi ng p u b erty it wa s th o ught th at th e M o o n ,

B eing ap peared to him h o lding in o ne h an d a bo w and ar o ws a nd ,

r

in th e o th er a pac k strap such as th e I ndi a n w o men u se ,

Wh en .

th e yo t h tri ed to grasp th e b o w a nd a rro w s th e M o o n B e i ng

u

cro ssed h is hand s very quic k ly and if the yo uth was no t very ca eful , r

h e seiz ed th e p ac k stra p i nstead o f th e b o w a n d a rro ws th e eby ,

r

fix i ng h is l o t in after li fe I n such a case h e c o uld no t h el p ac ti ng .

th e w o m n sp ea k i ng dre ssi ng a n d w o rk i ng j u st a s I n di a n w o m en
a , , ,

u sed to do A m o ng th e I b a ns o S ea D yak s o f B o neo th e

1 ”
. r r

highest cl ass o f so rc erers o r medici ne men ( m n ng s) a e th o se wh o -

a a r

a e b e li e ed to h a e b e e n tr an sfo r med i nt o w o me n
r v v S uc h a m n is . a

th ere fo re c alled a ch anged medici ne man ( m n ng b l i) o n “ ”

-
a a a

a cc o u nt o f h is su pp o sed change o f se Th e c all to transfo m h im x . r

sel f i n to a w o m an is sa id t o c o me a s a su p er na tu a l c o mman d th ric e r

r ep ea te d in drea m to di sregard th e c o m ma n d w o uld m ea n d eath

s .

A cc o di ngl y h e m ak e s a fe ast sacri fi c es a pig o t w o to avert ev il

r ,
r

c o nse q ences fro m th e tribe and then assu mes the garb o f a wo man
u , .

Th ence fo r th h e is tre ate d a s a wo ma n a n d o ccu p i es h i m sel f in

fe mi n i ne p ur suits H is chie f aim is to c o py femal e mann ers n d
. a

hab i ts as accuratel y as po ssi b l e H e is e mpl o yed fo th e same . r

pur po ses as an o rdi nary medici ne man a nd h is m eth o d s e si m il -

ar a r,

b u t h e is p a id much hi gh er fees a n d is o ften c a ll ed in w h en o th e s r

h ave b een u nab le to e ffec t a cure 2

S i mil rl y a m o ng th e C h u k . a

c h ees o f N o rth Eastern Asi a there are shamans o medici ne men

-
r -

w h o a s i mil ate th e mselve s as far a s p o ssi b le to w men a n d w h o a e

s o ,
r

believed to b e ca ll ed to thi s vo c atio n by sp iri ts in dre m Th e a a .

c all u s all y c o mes at th e c i tica l age o f e rly yo u th w h e n th e

u r a

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. r i r
c e e m o n es h e e desc ib e d a re esp ec a r i ll y
mo n iis in u ibu s q
h o m in es deoru m th o se o f p n ce s ri .

v ice
f gun cba n t u r ( B e n , pp rli .
3
S e pp , A l t bay erisch er S ag en sch a tz
1 4 -2 4 . M i
( u n ch , p 2 3 2 , e fe ng to . r rri
1 P a nj ab N o tes a n dQ u eries, 1 .
( 1 8 84 ) Mi ia m o n de s .

2 1 9, 8 6 9, 1 00 7 , 1 02 9 ; id . ii .
( 1 8 8 5) 7 E Th u sto n
.
, r
E th n og rap h ic N o tes
3 4 4, 56 1 , 57 0 ; j o u rn a l o
f th e in S ou th ern I n dia ( a d a s, p 3 M r . .
 N O TE l v P R I E S TS D R E S S E D A S W OM E N

C entra l P ro vi nc es o f I ndi th e b i deg o o m p ts o n

“
of th e a r r u

w o me n s o r na m ent s n d c a i es w i th him a n i o n n t c tte r o dagger

’
a rr r u -
u r

to k e ep o ff evil sp i i ts 1
S i m il arl y am o ng th e K h nga s a l o w
”
r . a r ,

H i n d sta n i c aste o f th e sam e r egi o n th e b id eg o o m is dre s d

“
u ,
r r s e

in a yell o w go w n a nd o v ercl o th w i th tr u ser s o f red chi ntz e d ,

o ,
r

sh o es nd a m a ri ge cr o w n o f d ate p a l m l eave
,
a r a H e h as th e -
s .

silver o r na m en t s u su all y w o r n b y w o m en o n h is nec k as th e h h ng , a

w ci i o silver ri ng a n d th e h mel o r n ec k l a c e o f I rd
'

r r p e s n
a o e ru e . r

to ave t t h e ev il eye h e c a i es a d agger o n u t crac k e

r rr n d a smu dge r -
r, a

o f l amp b l a c k is m a d e o n h is fo eh ea d to disfi gu e h im a n d th u s r r

av er t th e evil ey e w h ic h it is th o u gh t w o uld o th e w i se b e t o o p o b
, , ,
r r

a b l y tt acted by h i exqui si tel y b ea ti f l p pearanc e in h is w eddi ng

a r s u u a

g a r m e n t s T h e.se
”
e
2
x a m p le s re n d e r it h i g h l y p b a b l e t h a t li k e ro ,

th e d agger o n u t c ra c k e wh ic h h e h o ld s in h is h an d th e w o m an s
’
r -
r ,

o r na men ts which h e w ea s a e i n te nd e d t o p r o tec t th e bri degr o o m r r

a ga i n st de m o n s o th e evil ey e a t thi s critic l m o m ent o f h is li fe th e

r a ,

p r o te c t i o n a p p en t l y c o n s i t i
ar n g in a d i s g i se w h ic h e nsa b le s h i m t o u

el de th e nw elc o me attenti o n s o f malignant b ei ngs

u u .
3

A si m il a r ex p l an ati o n p o b b l y cc o u nts fo th e si mil ar e x ch a nge Th r a a m r e sa e

o f c o stu me b etw ee n o th er p e so n s th a n th e b id e a n d b id egro o m a t

1
5
1
3 2 1
3 2
1 2
r r r

m ri age F o e x mp l e a fte a B h i a w ed di ng th e g i l s m o th er
’ y 1
“
ar . r a ,
r ar
mf ,
r
a eeo u or

g e ts t h e dre ss o f t h e b o y
’
s f t h e r a n d p u t s i t o n t o g e t h e r
a w i th h i r ,
a t e n te

fa l se b e rd n d m o u stac h es a n d d an c es h o ldi ng a w o o d e n l a dl e
i g C l an e
a a ,
l
in o ne h a n d n d p a c k et o f sh es in th e o th er
n
a a E ery ti m e h e a ii l
a . v s
e na e

a ppro aches th e b rid eg o o m s f th er o n h e ro u nd s sh e spill s o me

’
r a m r s c o s tu e

o f th e she s o v e r h im a n d o cc asi o n ll
a
y g iv es h im a cr a c k o n t h e
b
fi
w
a
e eel ‘

h ea d w i th h e l dl e th e e a cti o n s b ei ng acc o mp an i e d b y b ursts o f

r a ,

l a gh ter f o m th e p a ty n d frenzi ed p l ayi ng by th e m u sici ans m rri g

u r r
s

a
s rif ,
.
e

a
,“

a e
a

Wh en th e p rty reac h th e b rid egr o o m s h o u se o n th eir retur n h is

a
’
,

m o ther an d th e o th er w o m en c o me o u t a n d b u rn li ttl e mu st d ,
a ar

a n d h u m an h a ir in a l a mp the u n l e a sant sm ell e m i tte d b y th ese

p ,

ticle s b ei g c o nsid e red p o tent to drive away evil sp i i ts Aga i n

4 ”
ar n r .
,

a fter a K h ng a w eddi ng th e fa th er o f th e b rid e

a r o o m dr es e d i n s
g r ,

w o me n s cl o th es d a nc es w i th th e m o th er o f th e b rid e w h il e th e tw o
’
, ,

th ro w tu me ic m i x ed w i th wa ter o n e ach o th er
r r S i m il rl y fter a .
5
a a

Th p e d b ri d g r m i
seu o-
pp r e tl y t
oo t r f r st a t h f th r
a en th ri g h t o an s e o e a e o se s

th b ri d i m
e e li ttir
n a scu v r th h il dr w h i h h d p r vi l y
ne a e . o e e c en c a e o us

j y d b y th m th r l
1 C t l P en ra i E th g p h i
rov n ces, b n o ra c een en o e e o e a o n e.

S n i ve y iii D f t A ti l
, . ra F t S r T t mi m ( Edi b rgh
c es on ores pp ee o e s n u ,
.

T ib ( All h b d
r es a a
p 3 a , 78 q T t mi m
. 1 .d E g my i s . o c s an xo a , .

2
C t l P en ra i E th g p h i
rov n ces,
73 B t I m no w d i
ra
p d t t h
c i k . u a no s o se o n

S u rv e y i D f t A ti l
, . ra Hi d rth t thc es th ron x p l ti n gg t d
u a e o e e a na on su es e

t
s an i C t ( A ll h b d
a s es
p 48
a a i th t x t i th m r p r b b l
a , . . n e e s e o e o a e .

3 El wh r I h v
se e e
j t r d th t a C t l P
e co n e c u e i E th g p h i
a 4 en ra rov n ces , n o ra c

th e w ri g f f m l ttir by th S y iii D f t A ti l
ea n o e a e a e F e t u rv e , . ra r c es on o res

b ri d g r m e oo t m rri g a m y m rk a T ib ( A ll h b d
a e a a p 3 a r es a a a , . 1 .

tr i ti fr m m th r k i t f th r ’

a ns on o o e -
C t l P n oi aE th g p h i
e 5 en ra ro v n ces , n o ra c

ki n, th i t e ti n en f th t m b i g
on o S e
y i D f t A ti l
cu s o e nHi d u rv e , . ra r c es on n u
2 6 2 S OM E C US TOM S OF TH E P E LE W I S LA N D E R S N OTE 1 v

d i
w e d ng o f th e B h a b h u nj a n o th e r H i ndu stan i c aste o f th e
r as,

C r l r vi nc es th e b i degro o m f th er danc es b efo e th e f mil y

en t a P o ,
’
r s a r a

in w o men s cl o th e w h ic h h ve b een su p p li e d b y th e b i de s f th e
’ ’ 1
s a r a r .

S c h di g i ses a nd d nc es m ay h e i nte nded e i th e r to pro tec t th e

u s u a

di sgui sed d nc e h imsel f g i n t th e evil eye o p erh p s th er to

a r a a s r a ra

g u a r d t h e p i n ci p a l p e
r s o n g e s o f th e c e re m
r o n y t h ae b id e n d b rid e ,
r a

gr o o m b y dive ti ng th e ttenti on o f de mo ns fro m th e m to th e g ui se

2
,
r a r .

H o w e e w h en at marri ge t h e b rid e a l o ne a su m e s th e c o st m e
v r, a s u

and a p p eara nc e o f th e o th er se th e m o t i e fo r t h e di sg i e m ay x, v u s

p erh p s b e no ti o n th t o n th e pri nci pl e o f h o mo eo p th ic m gic

a a a a a

sh e t h er eb y e ns r es t h e b i th o f a m a l e h e ir u S i m il a l y in S weden
r . r

th ere i a p o pul r s uper st i ti o n th at o n th e n i gh t p r e c edi ng h e

“
s a r

n p ti a l
u th e b rid e sh o ul d h ave a b ab y b o y t o le ep w i th h e in w h ic h
s -
s r,

c ase h e fi st b o rn w il l be a so n ; nd am o ng th e Ka by les w h en
r r - 3 ”
a ,

a b id e di sm o u nts f o m h e mul e at h e h u sb an d s h o se ’
r r r
y o n g r u ,
a u

l a d l e p s i n to th e s ddl e b e fo re sh e to uch es th e g o u nd in o d er
a a r ,
r

th at h e fi r t c h il d m y b e a b o y
r s a .
4

B e th at as it m ay th e e i n o d o u b t th at th e a ssu mp ti o n o f ,
r s

w o man s dres is so m eti mes i n ten de d t o di g i se a m an fo

’
s th e s u r

p p ur o se o f dec e i i n g a d e m n v T h u s a m o n g t h e B o l o
o k i o . B a n g a l a r

o n th e U pp er C o ng o a m a n was l o n g affl ic te d w i th a n i n ter na l

m al a dy Wh en l l o th er remedi e h d f il ed a w i tc h —
. a d o c to i s a a ,
r h

fo me d th e su ffe er th at th e c au se o f his tro b l e w a s n e il spi i t

r r u a v r ,

a n d th at the b est thi ng h e c o l d do w a s to g o fa aw ay w h er e th e

u r

devil c o ul d no t get at h im a n d to e mai n th ere till h e h d rec o ered ,

r a v

h is h eal th Th e p ti e nt f ll o w e d th e p esc i p ti o n
. a o A t d ead o f r r .

n i gh t h e l eft his h o u se t k i ng o n l y t w o o f h is w ive w i th h im ,

a nd s a

telli ng n o o ne o f h is d esti n ati o n l e t th e d em o n sh o ld h ea r it a nd ,

s u

fo ll o w him w y f o m h is to w n d o n n e d
’
S o h e wen t f
. ar a wo m n s
a r ,
a a

dress and sp e k i ng in a wo man s v ic e h e p retend ed to b e o ther

,
a
’
o

th a n h e w a in o der th t th e d evil h o uld n o t b e b l e t o fi n d h im

s, r a s a

a t h is n ew d d ess S trange to say th e e s ge m e res f il ed to

a r .
,
s a asu a

t
s an i C t ( A ll h b d
a s es ap a S m li Tri b
a ,
Th F l h l j . l o a es, e o -
o re o u rn a ,

4 8 . vi ( 8 8 8 ) p ; J P F rl r T h . 1 . 12 2 . . a e ,
“
e

U mb r try i E t Af ri
1 ”
C t l P en ra i E th g p h i
ro v n ces, C n o ra c sa a a oun n as ca ,

S u rv e
y vi
,
D f t .A t i l ra H i d r P c es d i g f on th R y l n G g p
u h i l rocee n s o e o a eo ra ca

t
s an iC t a s es,S d S ri (
eco n A ll h b d e S i tes
y N S i (a 8 7 9 ) a p a9 ; ,
M j roc e , . . . 1 . 2 a o

p 5 . 0 .
J B i d d l p h T ib qf t h H i d K h . u ,
r es e n oo o os
2
C mp r W C r k P p l
o a e . R oo ( C l tt
e, o u ar pp 7 8 8 e ; G A a cu a, .
, 0 . .

l ig i on a n d F lh l f o N t- h I
orc o di G ri r or B i h ernP t Ln f
i ( C
a l t t e so n , ar ea sa n e a cu a,

( W t
esm i t r ns e ii
,
8 w h p .
p 3 5, 6 ; A d o G b ro t i Ui . . e u ern a s, s

p o ses, w i th g r t p r b b ili
eat y t x p lo i a N i l i i ,
I t l
o ei ( M il a n p uz a n a a
2 a n, .

on a i m il r p ri i p l th E r p
s a nc e, 9 P e S é b il l tu oC t m P
ea n p l i 1 0 . o ,
ou u es o u a res

m rri g
a a e t m k
cus o w th F l no d l n Has t B t g
e ( P ri
a se c a au e - re a n e a s,

B ri d e . F m r i t
or f th
o e p 43 8
n s a nces o e

i t r h g f m l df m l t m
n e c an e o a e an L L l yd P
e a e co s u t Lf i S w d e
3
. o , ea sa n i e n e en

a t m rri g b tw
a a e p r e th r
een th ( L
e so n s o d p e 8 5 an on o n, . .

th e b ri d g r m e C pt J S K i g
oo se e a J Li l K by l i d j r/
. . . n ,
4 . o re ,
a e u u u ra

S i l C t m f th W t r ( P ri
oc a us o s o e p 4 6 es e n a s, . 0 .
 2 64 S OM E C US TOM S OF TH E P E L E W I S LA N D E R S N O TE l v

O th e r i ntend ed to di gui e th e w ea ers ag i n t d emo n w e m y c o mp a e

ca ses s s r a s s, a r
of h i r th e prac tic e o f t he Ly cian m en w h o eg l l y wo e w o men’s d e
t e n te
r u ar r
,
r ss
h f
n m o r n i ng ; i i i d c c l r
an
c g e o
1
m l d
a e an
i fo t h u m g h t b e n t e n e d t o r n a th e
s m f o m t h e o e

k md eg o st j st s pe h a p s fo a i mil ar e so n o me p eo pl es f a n ti q i ty
h ,
u a r r s r a s o u
m
co s tu
u sed to desc end i nto p i t and remai n th e e fo seve a l d ys h u nni ng
e .
s r r r a ,
s

th e ligh t o f t h e s n w h en e er d eath h ad t k en pl c e in th e fa mily

u ,
v a a a .
2

A si mil d e i e to dec eive p i i ts may p e h ap s x pl i n d evice to

ar s r s r r e a a

wh ic h th e L o eb o e p i m i ti e tri b e o f S u matra reso t w h en th ey

s, a r v ,
r

w i sh t o o b t i n m l o fe mal e o ff pri ng
a I f p a e nt s h a e se era l
a e r s . r v v

so ns n d de ir e th t th e n e x t chil d sh a ll b e a g irl th ey dr ess t h e

a s a ,

b o ys as gi l s cu t th e ir h a ir a fter th e gi li h f h i o n nd h ng nec k
r ,
r s as ,
a a

l c es ro u nd th eir n eck s O n th c nt ry wh en th ey h e m ny
a . e o ra ,
av a

daug h te n d w i h to h ve a so n th ey d e s th e gi l s
rs a s p s b
a o y ,
r s r u a s .
3

O n th e w h o le w e c o ncl de th at th e c sto m o f m n dre si n g as u u e s

w o m n a n d o f w o me n d essi ng a
e m en h as b een p c ti se d f o m a r s ra r

va i ety o f su p ersti ti o u s mo tives am o ng w hich th e p ri nci p l w o uld

r ,
a

se e m to b e t h e w i h to p l e se cer t i n p o wer ful sp iri ts o

s t o d ec e ive a a r

o th ers .

2 P rostitu tio n o
f Un ma r ricd G irl s

L i ke
ma ny p eo p l e s o f We ster n A si a in a nti q ui ty, th e P e l ew
I sl an ders sy ste ma tic a ll y p r o sti tu te t h e i r u nm arri e d g irl s fo r h ire .

H e nc e, j u st a s in Ly di a a n d C ypru s o f o l d, th e da m sel s are a

so urc e o f i n c o m e to th e ir fa m il y, a n d w o men wa i t i pa t i en tl y fo r

th e t i m e w h en th eir y o u ng da u gh ters will b e ab l e to h el p th e h o u se

m
h o ld by th eir ea r n i ng s I n deed th e m o th er regul a rl y a ntici p ates th e
.

t i me b y d epri v i ng th e girl o f h er virg i n i ty w i th h er o w n h a nds 4

.

H e nc e t h e th eo ry t a t t e pro sti t u ti o n o f u n mar i e d girl s s a de v ic e

h h r i '

to d estro y th eir i gi ni ty w i th o t ri sk to th eir h usb and s is j u t a

v r u s s

i napplica b l e to th e P el ew I sl and e s s we h ave seen fit to b e to r a ,

th e p e o pl es o f Weste n A sia in a nti q i ty Wh en P e l ew gi l h s

r u . a r a

th u s b een p rep ar e d fo r h e v o c a t i o n b y h e m o th er sh e se ll s h e r r ,
r

f v o u s to ll th e m en o f h e vill g w h o
a r a n p y fo th e m a n d
r a e ca a r

w h o do n o t b el o n g to h e o wn e x o ga mo u s cl an ; b t h e n eve r u s r

ar n t s h e fa o u s t
r o th e s m ve m ra n t w ic e A cc o d ingl y in every
a r
g .

vill age o f th P el ew I sl and s it m y b e t k en as c e t i n t t th e

e a a r a a

m en a n d w o men k no w each o th er c a n ll y ex c ept th t m mb er s r a ,

a

o f th e sa m e cl a n a e d eb red fro m eac h o th er by th e l e o f

r ar ru

e x o gamy Th a w ell m a k ed fo r m o f e x u a l c o mmu n i m li m i te d

5
. us -
r s s ,

o n l y b y th e ex o ga m o p o h i b i t i o n s w h ic h a t
usta c h t o t
r h e cl a n s pr eva il ,
s

am o ng th e se p eo p l e N o is th i s c o m mu n i m r e t ic ted to th e i n h b i t
. r s s r a

1Pl t r h C
u a c l ti dAp l l
,
i mon so a L d oa V lh h o d on u N d ,
an en o en un e va n e er

2 2 ; V l ri M xi m ii 6 3
a e us a l d h I die lxvi ( 9
u s, . . 1 ) p 3 7
. an sc - n
'

, . 1 12 . 1 .

2
Pl t r h l
u a c , . c. J K b y Di i l Ei i h 4
. u ar ,
e so c a en nr c

J
JK b y p it p 5
3
.K m D
ree L b e r, i “
t g d e P l oe pp 5 q
o es n un en er e a u er, . 0 s .

M d ili g B ij d g t t d T l
an a n ,
”
ra cn o e aa
5
1 u ar ,
o . c . . 1 .
N O TE I V P R O S TI T UTI ON OF UN M A R R I E D G I R L S

a nt s o f th e sa m e vill a e
g , fo r th e g l rl y irl s o f ea c h ill v a
ge are regu a

s p o ti t tes m ill T er e
se nt aw y to se ve a r
( a
)
ng l s in r s n o th eu g e ar h c o a rv a .

th ey li ve w i th th e m e n o f o n e o f th e m ny clu b o sso ci t i n a s r a a o s

n th e cl b h o atte n di ng to th e h o u e c o n
( h lad be eh cl
) i s e
( b l y ) u us a ,
s ,

so ti ng fr eel y wit h th e m en
r nd ec e i i n g p ay fo th ei
,
a se vic es r v r r r .

A g i l l eadi n g th i s li fe in th e clu b h o se o f a n o th er vill a ge is w ell

r u

t e te d b y t h e m en :
r a w o ng d o n e to h e is a w o ng do n e t o th e
a r r r

w h o l e clu b ; a n d in h e o w n vill age h e val e is i nc e sed no t

r r u r a ,

di mi ni h ed by th e time sh e th u s spen d as a pro sti tu te in a

s ,
s

n ei gh b o uri ng c o m m u n i ty After h e p e i o d o f se rvic e i

. o ve r r s r

sh e m y m a ry ei th er in th e v ill ge Wh ere sh e h as se ed o in
ar a rv r

h e o wnr S o meti m e s m any o r al l o f th e y o ng w o m en o f a ill a ge

. u v

g o t goe t h e r t o a c t a s p o s t i t t e s
( m n g o l ) in
r n e i gh ub o i n g ar c s a ur

v il l age n d fo th i th ey e w ell p id by th e c o mm n i ty wh ich

,
a r s ar a u

r e c e iv e th em s Th e m o ney so ea ned is divid ed a mo ng th e ch i fs

. r e

o f th e ill age to wh ich th e d amsel s b el o ng S ch a j o i nt ex p edi ti o n

v . u

o f th e nm u i ed gi l s o f a vil l ge is c all ed a bl l bol B u t th e yo u ng

a rr r a o o .

w o m en n ever ct as rmcng l a in a ny clu b h o u se o f th eir o w n

a o s

vill ge a
1
.

Th s while th e P e l ew c sto m o f p ro sti tu ti ng th e u nma i ed Th

u ,
u rr e

irl e ir o w n ill ge b t n o t o f th eir o wn cl n is 2 222“

m
1
311 1
g
a
t
s o l l th ea e n o f t h
fo m o f ex l c o mm n i sm p r ti sed w i th i n a l o c l g o p th e b y
r s ua u
v

ac
3
a

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in di ta nt l an d s a nd di sta nt ages s .

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, , . .

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. .

h t e e ts a e 2 s a dT
an e u ce na es o es n s
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, , ,

a nnu a sc o o a t o n o
5 t e, 0, 2 2 o f O lb i 44 q 6 a, 1 s , 1 1

p ri g f H r l i Akh ll r i l
. .

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e e hsu s , ot s n s o e c u es a t , .
(
e t a to nT l A m ) h p e t -
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f Am ph i I V ii 3 1
2 1 1 q s . o e no s .
, . 1 2 n
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.

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e S
es u s , il i Ag il ex t us es au s , e ca te s Ak ik y u u o t s as ca , e

l r t A i i 75
a ta o tt s , 2 n
1
w r h ip o s f k i 6 7 q ; h ir o s na es , . s t e
A gip d H rm i 57
. .

b li f i rp ri r i
.

e an a n e es , 1 e e n se fen ts a s e nc a n a t o ns o

imp r g i f J d m id
.

A lie an, o n e na t o n o u ea n a h d d 8
t e ea 85 2

by rp t i 8
, ,

se en 1 Al kas h E q im x
a, t e f 5 ; th s u au o , 11 1 e

d D id i 4
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1
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,

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l pi i r l i rp i
. .

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a n a ns o f h C h ir w r h i p
t e a u ca s u s . t e o s

8 q0 sr p d f h r f A
e r u te at e o a tu s , o f h m t e i 73 oon,

Si y
.

h ri ff p ri g i
.

8 q ; hi
0 s s d s n es at c on an Al b i n o esh t f h m
e o s n o t e o o n,

Ti h i di p wi h H r l
. .

8
ta n e , 1 s s u te t e cu es , 9 1

2 0 9 q s Al b i i Ar b g g r ph r
ru n th
a P eo a e , on e er

d M d i f iv l f h d d 6 8
,

i 8
.

1
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Al m d w ii
. .

A t c na L i p m i at n oe 2 2 1 n
4
c an o n 37 e , . 1

Al i ff m i r rr m g
. .

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c a , se e n t s as f th e n c a n a t o ns o e eu t a ns , e e n a te s o ce e s a on

d d i ea i 8 qq i f b ri l i n, 2 s ; n ant u a n, h
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. .

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e n ca n a t o n i o t e ea n, e an e f e e u s, at e st a o s,

l f iv l f h d d
. .

a n nu a e st a s o t e ea 2 73
9 q ;
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ii 6 6 ; w r h i p f d d ki g d Al x d r Gr x p l ki g f
.

i n, o s o ea n s an e an h e t e ea t e e s a n o

hi f i pr m g d i i 4 h i f b l bir h 8
.

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f d i i
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.
,

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1
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r l p iri m g h B
.
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,

3
a n c e st a s ts a on t e a nt u n

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.

trib f 7 4 qq ; i h ri
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.

ki g h i p d r m h r k i i
.
,

n s un e ot e -
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l d r d by P l r h
,

Al x dri
. .

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c us to o at n at e an a n ca en a , u se u ta c ,

mm r M h mm d ii 8 4
,

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.

pl f i
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rdm
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i 6 5 qq h m s rifi i ii 99 u a n sa c ce s n , n
2
Al l S i f
a n ts . f p rh p b ti t d
ea st o , e a s su s tu e
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. .

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. .

te t or a ce n ta e a e as a f o r an o ld p g f a an es t a o t e ea ,

p r e so n s d bl ’
w i ii ou6 9 q e or t n, 1 s ii 8 q 2 s

l f ri g i l l y
. . . .

S l
ee a Pl so a c e nta Al l S o u s, f 5 qq e a st o , 11 . 1 s o na
iv l
.

Af rbir h b ri d i b
te t s gr vu i e n a na n a o es, a p g fa an f h d d 8
est ; a o t e ea 1

i i d b y Odil bb t f Cl g y
. ,

93 r g r d d e w i a f h h iled r as t ns o t e c en , n st t u te o, a o o u n ,

93 S h ill k ki g i rr d uw h r h ir n s n te e e e t e 8 2

af rbi th s te b uri d ii 6
r a re e , . 1 2 Al l a tu , B byl i g dd i 9 a o n an o ess , .
2 72 INDE X
Aph r di
h er sa c e d do es
o te , 3 3 , 1 47 ; r v i A rg a eu s M o u nt , in C a p p a do c i i a, 1 90
ry
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bl y i
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,

m o nth o f 1 4 5 ; h e r o o d d es w h te , A gr iv brid e l b r es 6 wo r e fa se e a ds , 1 1 2 0
r li b w il i i
.

o se s re d , 2 2 6 ; na m e a pp e d to w m o en e a A do n s 2 2 7 n
r ii 4 M i h r hi f b
, . .

su m m e 1 A ir s to m e ne s , e sse n a n e o s a u
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.
,

l bir h i 8
,

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.
, , ,

vy i
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t e a a e ce e a te at e an a, A ri ph
st o h Sp r
a ne s , on t e a ta n en o

H r l p r
. .

4
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d Ci yr i 48 q pr g
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9 s, 2 0

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L b r ig i
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, .

f h o t e h m e a no n, t e ou n n , .
3 01

29 q s A ri l
s to t e h p l l i i ti
on t e f o it ic a n st tu o ns o
I di f Br il h ir d Cyp r i 49
.

Api g na os n ans o az t e a nc e s us, r hq k on ea t ua es ,

d pr i h il dr
, .

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e se n t a t o n h en to t e 3
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ii 4 5 qq
.

m o on, 1 s A m g l
r en i h P l w I l
o s, d n t 65 e e e s an s , 11 2

d E g yp i b ll ii
. .

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.

Ap i s , s a c re
~
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‘
en a , sac e o s t tu t o n o s
m r i g f f i
. .

ou n n h d h or5 t e ea t o , . 2 2 , b f r m rri g i i 3 8 58
e o e a a e n,
h ld im g f h l f Ar m i h ir f iv l f h d d
.
,

e b to e an a e o t e so u o e n a ns , t e e st a s o t e ea 11

O iri ii 3 h ir pi i blfl
, .

s s, 1 0 65 q ; s f h t e o n on o t e a e u
f Ci y r i fl
.

A p ll fri i 54 ;
.

o h o , d t e en o n a s, . n f h m
ue nc e o h il dr 48 t e oo n o n c e n, 1

m i i
us c h w r hip n f 54 q ; t e o s o , s A irr a n o n A i i 8 tt s , 2 2

rp df hr fAg
.

Ar m i t P rg i 3 5 m g iv by
.

e u te at 8 ; h e o u u stu s , 1 t e te s a e a, na e en

m i l G r k t A i i M h r G dd
.

3
C i
a tao n a n , 47 ; hi 1 n s us ca ee s o s at c ot e o e ss es ,

t wi h M r y
.

c o n t es 8 8 ; p rifi d
t a s as , 2 u e 69
1

at T mp ii 4
e e, . 2 0 d A p ll an h ir p ri h d o o t e e st oo at

d Ar t mi h ir p ri th ii 43
,

an d e t s, t e es oo a Eph e su s , 2

ii 43 q rv d by
.

E ph esu s , 2 s f Eph o h e sus se e eu nu c

d M r y
.

i 55
.

an a s as, p ri i 69
es ts , . 2

D l ph i rifi f Cr g d i
.

at e sa c c es o o e sus to , h H t e 9 an e . 2 1

i 8 d h Dr g D lp h i
,

P r i 6
,
1 2
. 1 0 n . an t e a on at e L ph i a r an, a t a t ae , 1 2 n
ii 4
,

i 5
. .

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era s a n , a as ta a a, 1 1
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.
,

o t e 76 o en o , 1 6 7 qq
1 s

r h d d ii 5
. .

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an e 2 0 n
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.
, . .
,

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7 1

p li i
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on f p ri
t e f co s u e o a es t o T a u ro 75 o s, . 2 n 1

I i
.

85
s s , 11 n .
3
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i 5
.

Ap p l f rbi dd
es t o w r hip p r f en o o s e s o th e, 1 1

Cyb l
.

dA ie e an i 8 tt s , 2 0 n 7 . Ar m i i
te Gr k m
s o n, a h 39 ee o nt , 11 . 2 n
1

Ap l i h w r hip f I i Ar r l A r li h ir b li f
. .

u e us, o n t 9
e o s o s s , 11 . 1 1 n . u n ta o f C e nt a us t a a, t e e e

Ar b a m f na h rl
e m or i t e s ca et a ne o ne , . i h r i
n t r i f h d d i 99
e e nca na t o n o t e ea , .
,

2 2 6 1 00

A bi w ri r
ra c h m te r i g f Ta on t e ou n n or -
uz A v l Br h r
r a h ir w r eth f r i
en , t e ea t s o co n , .

( T m m a ) i H rr uz i 3 n a an, 2 0 44 R m
n ll g f p ri
a ii o an co e e o e s ts , .

Ar b r r t h p ri g f C llirrh
. .

a s e so t o t e s n s o a oe 39
2

i M b i
n oa 5 q 2 1 s Ary f m il y m rri g
an a t m f h , a a e c us o s o t e,
f M
, . .

o b h ir oa m h rv t e c u s to at a e st , ii 3 5 2

Ar y h ir ll g d Ar i ri g i i
.
,

11 4 8 9 6 ; h ir r m di f il m t e e e es ora e nts , a ns , t e a e e ct c o n, .

iv l f h d d
.
,

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24 2 2 2 9 ; n a s o ea

f Si y ii 6 7 qq
.

Ar a tu s o d m d c f o n, ee e a so n o a m g h on t e, s

A y i d g h r f A ly
.

i 33
.

A l pi i 8
escu a us, 1 r en s , au te o a t te s , . 1 n

l h g dd D i 34
.

Ar i I di h A m ri
.

a u ca n a n f S n a ns o o ut e ca A sc a o n , t e o e ss e rceto a t, . n

i f Ad i i 5
.

ea t fr i f Ar u i pi i 7 8
to a uc a n a n ne , 2 n
2
A s c e ns o n o o n s, 2 2

rifi rh
.

Ar hr hi g fl f i
. .

a u na h h t e t 4 es n -
oor o 2 A h
s a n tee ,h m u an sac ces at ea t
k i ki ir
.

A r di rifi d r
, ,

ca a ns th sa c d ce to un e an q ua i es ; g n, f h . 2 01 n s o , t e
li gh i g i 57 tn n 1 h m u rifi ii 97
a n sa c ces, .

h i g h p ri f A ti i rd p l i 8 8
, .

A / m
'

A h ig l l
rc a u s, -
e st o t s, . s z erz , sa c e o es , . 1 , 1

27 9 ; p r ph i 7 o es e s , 2 1 n

ri g i ll g d f h A ry vi i m r d by
.

Ar i ct c o n, a e e o t e a ns , A hs es f h m o u an ct s s c a t te e

wi wi g f ii 97 6
,

i 9 2 2 n no n - a ns , , 1 0

A h r h (A r ) i 8 r
.

Ar A i h i 36
.

eu na or h
t n a, 1 t e su n s to et S A st a te 1 ee s ta te

A h rb i p l ki g f A yri i 44 ;
. , .

g dd o f 36
ess o 1 s u an a n o ss a, . 1

d wi h h l g d ry S r d
,

Ar wi g i i 39
,

e nsd f or m t , c u st o a so n n, . 2 f
c o n u se t t e e en a a ana
 I N DE X 2 73

p a us , l
73 1 sq ; ca iv l rri f A d es i i i o ff th e b o ne s A i
t t c a , s u mm e r fes t a o on s n, .

f h ki g f El m ii
.

o t e n 3 s o 6 a 1 0 2 2

I di ri y b l ll i A i
, .

A h i
s v n, m anh i 43 n an p f C o nt d 4 ; 2 tt s , e sts o e e ca e , 1 0

m im i d ifi d w i h Ad i 63 ;
.

A i M i r p ri l y dy i f i
.
,

s a no est na st e s o so et es en t e t o n s, 2

y ri l blvd
.
, ,

4 1 q ; 0 bj s v l i f r
su m h d
ec t f to6 3 qq o ca n c o ce s , t an tu a o 2 s e o e

y y
.
,

bj r k b b l l
.

9 1 0 hsuq ec t C
to e a t 6 3 8 ; g d f
ua h i es , 2 0 2 e e, 2 , 2 2 e en s o s

A i i g dd
s at c f f r ili y
o rv d b
e sses d h 64 ; h o lg d P i e t t se e y ea t 2 is e en at e ss nu s ,

l f m il i
.

h p ri
e u nu c i 69 q e s ts , 64 ; h i 2 64 q s d 2 s se -
ut at o n, 2 '
s . an

iv r i 8 pi r
. .

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1 67 7 t e ne - t e e , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 1 ,

m f i E g l d ii 8 5 ii 9 8 m ; h i
, .

5
“
A li g-
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, , . .
,

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79
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,

d r
.

A p li
s a f r m f Ar m i
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m h K h i f i 4 6 ii vi l p r g
.

A s sa t e qq as s o qq 7 q 3 7 q 2 02 s s , 2 2 s . , 0 s . o e ts s un

r bl m r i g
.

k l ii
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, .

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as o 7 h s o t e oo o , 2 t e ou n n

mp i f h V ir g i iv l 7 ; b h f b ll bl d i th
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, .

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f Dio i 3 8 3 9 a na , ri 0 f 7 4 qq my 0 ri f 7 4 te s o 2 s s te es o 2

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,

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.

i C ili i i 73
, . . .

ss a ns n 79 ;c a, h 1 8 qq ; 2 as t e at e o , 2 1 s

r i 3 q; d h i d ifi d w i h Z
. .

A s ta te Byb l at u s, 8 ; 1 ky s an t e en t e t eu s , 2 2 as a s

8 ; ki g p ri l i f g
. .

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,

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,

58 ;2 H i r p li
o t rv d
e m g d M
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by h p ri eu nuc 69 q ; ll d b y 84 ; h mes ts , r pr 2 iv f 8 5 s ca e 2 u an e e s e nt a t es o 2

L i A y ri H r i l b r by p ri f Cy b l
.
,

h
u c an t e 8 qq ss an e a, 2 0 s t t e o ne es ts o e e,

H v l y G dd
.

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pl V a n et h r ii 3 5 e n us Ad i er s ta O iri th ir m y h i l o n s, s s, e t ca

A p h r di i 3 4 i mil ri y i 6 ii
.
,

o te , 0 n s a t 2 01

ri m h r f h Ty i H r l A y
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f Cr h i
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(M l r h ) i rly ki g f Ly di 8 6
, .

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ki g f h M d i 3 3 A br y J h
, .

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st a es , n o t e l k e 78 es , 1 n
1
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r i 8
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,

Aw / a it 2 a t ee , A g i 2 h ff m i p ri t f u u st ne on t e e e na te es s o

g i S y ri M h r i 98 ;
.

A ta r a t s. g dd i 34 37an h Gr o ess , h n 3
1 t e ea t ot e 2 on t e
w r h ip p d t H i r p li
. .
, , .

o s B mby
e a h h rig i f C h i m 3 5 ;
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6 1 q d riv i
2 s f h m e 6 h di at o n o v ry f r b y I i ii 6 ; t e na e, 1 2 t e sc o e o co n s s, 1 1

b dg d 6 q
. .

h h er us an -
S l i
o h w if
1 2 f N p s on a ac a as t e e o e t u ne ,
P h ry g i i 86
, .

A te s , a an , 33 2 2

h dy y f i 87
.

A h m
t a as , t e A g d
n as t m (A ) w r h i p f Cy
o 2 u us to u nu u tu n o s o

i r i g f O iri
.
,

bl i 79
,

A h t a n as u s , o n t e h m ou n n or s s, e e at, 2

ii 7
.

2 1 A g t rp d f A p ll i u us us e u te a so n o o o

A h h C ili i i 6
. .
,
'
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g dd c an 8 o e ss , 1 2 1

S l mi i Cy p r i fl
,

mp l
.

A h t e n a , te f e o A l G ll i at h a a f h s n us, u us e us on t e n u en ce o t e
i 45 ; d h p i g 9
,

. 1 an m ot s ii 3 rn s, 2 0 2 1 0 o o n, 1 2

C ili i i A Ki g f Sw d rifi
, .

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g dd
a rs a n , O a c an o e ss , . un, o r n, n o e en , sac ce s
69 1 n
3
hi O di ii s so n s to n, 2 2 0

r y f ii 3 8
. .

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A h i by r h vi t g
, . . .

t en an f o s, A r li A m ili ac e r d h rl i 3 8
o at t e n a e, u e a e a , a sa c e a o t,
ii 3 8 b y rry i g liv br h A h
,

I di f C l mbi i
.

2 ; o ca n an o e- anc u ro u a ca s, n a ns o o o a,

i pr i
. .

2
n 38
o c e ss o n . 2
3 2 n

i h ir p r i i h m rri g
.

A h t en a ns , t e
t A E su e st f th R m t on as o an u st , on t e a a e o e o an

li p f h m ii 4
.
,

ec se o t e g d 36 oo n, 1 1 o s , ii 2

r d rp i 8 7 ; h A r l i b li f
.

r i r ti
.

Ah t ens , sa c e se en th at, t e u st a a, e e as to t e e n ca n a on
C mm m r i
.

o f h D de o
34at o n o f h d d i i 99 qq t e ea at , 2 o t e ea n,
'

rifi f m rri g
. .

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96 q
ce o A r l i b ri g i
an o x at, 2 h ir p r p r i s a a e u st a an a o n es , t e e a at o n
ii 4 5
.

m
c us to a t, .f m rri g
2 i 6 ; h ir b li f i or a a e, 0 t e e e n
A h ribi h r f O iri ii p i wi h x li r r
.

t s, ea t o s s at , 1 1 c o nc e t on t o u t se u a n t e c o u se ,
Egy p i h ii 8 4
.

A hyt r, m t an
49 99 qq h ir o nt ig f h d d 1 n
1
s t e cu t t n s or t e ea
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, .
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,

s s h ur e e h 68 on t e se e n t eent 2
d y f 8 84 a f
o iv l f O i i i h A ri l p i g v r M i d mm r fir
, , e st a o s rs n t e u st a, ea n o e su e es
m h f 8 4 qq
o nt
9 o i i 5
s 1 n, 2 1
rib f L k N y
, ,

h ir
.

Aw k ig f Hr l iv l
.

A to n
g a, t e o a f e a ssa , t e a en n o e cu es , es t a at
h t ry f r h q k i 99
eo o ea t Ty r i ua es , . 1 e, . 1 1 1

PT . IV . V OL . II
2 74 I NDE X
Aw e mb a , B rib f R h d i ii a ntu t e o o es a , . B a g ish u ( B a g esh u
) of ME g o n , re
o u nt l
1 74 th e ir w r h i p f r l p iri o s o a n cest a s ts , i r i
n c a n a t o n o f th e dea d a mo ng t h e i
ir p r y r d d ki g b f r
, .

1 75 th e a e s to ea n s e o e 92
g i g o n w 9 q to ar , 1 1 s B b
a g o o s o f th e P h ili i l
p p ne I s a nds , th e ir
mbl m f H i i g d f h d ri g ry r k i
.

A xe, e e o t t te o o t un e n th eo of e a th q ua e s, 2 00 ; of

ky i divi m bl m Mi ir i
.

63 ; n da n ao , th e c u s to m o f h a n
s 34 ; 1 as ne e e 1
g ng a n d
y mb l f A i i h d r g d 8 3
,

p ri g h m vi im 9 q
.
,

s o o s at c t un e -
o 1 s ea n u an ct s, 2 0 s

d bl h d d y mb l f S
,

B rib f S h Afri
.

ou d e- ea e s o o an an , B h a i aru ts s , a a n tu t e o o ut ca ,

i 7 rri d b y Lydi ki g 8 ii 7 9
,

1 2 ca e an n s, 1 2 . 1

p ll di m H r li d B h i m h ir b li f d d ki g
.

a f h
a a u o t e e ac so ver a a, t e d e e as to ea n s an
ig h y 8 fi g r d
e t i 83
1 2 u e o n c o ns , 1 n . hi f i 83
c e s, . n 1

f A k l i C r l Afri h ir
.
,

o n o e n en t a ca , t e
B bw d
a- rib f th C g i
en e, a t e o e on o, . w r h i p f h d d ii
o s 9 q o h ir t e ea 1 0 s t e
b li f i pr m
, . .

2
7 1 n e e g d L g bn a su e e o u a a,

di rib f h C g i 7
.

B a - su n a t e o t e on o, 2 1 n. 9 1 0
B l S mi i g d i 5 6 ; r y l f K i ib
.
,

aa e t c o , . 1 , 1 o a o 73 z a, ii . 1

d d wi h D r vi di rib f I di th ir
,

nam mp es 6 ; co h oun e t 1 as t e B iga as , a an t e o n a, e

g d f f r ili y iv d
,

o 6 q
o e t t 2 s c o nc e e as bj ti
o g ri l r
ec i 89
on to a c u tu e ,
l d b y b rr B ill y F r h
, .

g d w h f r ili r mr
.

o o e t z es an su te a nea n a , h e nc a st o n o e , on t e
w r 59
a te 1 Ar i rig i f h ri f A d i i
ct c o n o t e t es o o n s,

T r i 4 q
, .

d S and an an at a sus , 1 2 s , 92 2

B ir h f K i ib
. .

6
1 1 a u, t e, o 73 z a , ii 1

f h L b i 3
.

o t e e a no n , 2 Bk a h C pi
u, on
p rp l fir
t e as an, e et ua es a t ,

fT r i 7 qq 6 q
.

o a su s , . 1 1 s .
, 1 2 s . 19 1 2

B l h A rt i 6 3 4
.

aa at or s ta e, 2 , B lia h ir
n ese , t d t i r hq k e co n uc n a n ea t ua e,

d B l i 7 i 98
.

an aa , 2 1

G b l i B l i w it h d w i rd
. .

4 e a 1 a o c es a n za s, 11 1 0
.
4
i m p r g d b y th
,

i 8 ; r d p r i ti t
,

B
.

B aalb ec , 2 sac e o st tu on a w m
a n a na , l o en e na t e e

fl w r f h i 93
,

i
.

3 7 ; m g f H d d 6 3 a e o a a at, 1 o e o t e,
B lim fi l i g d fi fr i ff r d B g l r bir h f d d
.

aa rs t n s an rs t - u ts o e e an f th C a as o g e on o e t o ea

i 7 ; ll d l v r 7 5 i 9 S l B l ki
, ,

h
to t e , 2 ca e o e s, n m g h
a on t e, 2 ee a so o o

B byl rl y ki g f w r h i p p d
. . .

B rib th ir b li f i r p
.

a on, ea n s o o s e as a n tu t es, e e e n se e n ts as

g d i 5 w r h i p f My li
,

o s, .
361 o s o tta a t , ri r i f h
e n c a na t o ns o d d 8 qq t e ea , i 2 s

r li g i p r i i t 58 ; h m h ir w r h i p r l p iri ii
. .

e ou s o st tu t o n a u an t e f o s o a n ce s t a s ts ,
f M rd k y f
,

w iv h ir m i p r i l r li g i
.

es o 7 a u at, 1 sa nc tu ar o 7 4 qq
1 s t e a n a c t ca e on

S r pi ii 9 w r h ip f t r 7 6 q q ; h ir
.

e a s at , 1 1 n a o s o a n c es o s, 1 s t e
B b y l i w r h i p f T mm i i w r h ip f h d d
. . .

a on a, o s o a uz n . o s 7 6 qq 9 o
qq t e ea 1 s 1 1 s

k pr d B y r th ir w r h ip f rp
. .
,

i
.

6 qq s h m g d t e o o n- o to o ece e n ce an o o , e o s o se e nts ,

i ii 3 8 q
. .

1
f h
o g d i
t e su n - o n a nc e n t , 1 s 86 a

B by l i h ym i 9
. . .

a o n an T mm ns to a uz B p i m f b ll bl d i h ri f
a t s o u
'
s oo n t e tes o
Cyb l
,

B h l r P h i pi ii i 7 4 qq
.

acc a na s te a e nt eu s n ec e s , . e e, 2 s

r k h ki g f S m l i 5 q
. .

98 B ar- e u n o a a 1 s

B h i rg i pp r d by R m
, .

B rib f S h Afri
.
,

acc c o es su es se o an B l
ara o n g s, a a n tu t e o out ca ,

g v r m i 3 ii 7 9
2
o e n e nt , 01 n 1

B h yli d h py r d K
.

Cr i Br h ir l f iv l
. .

ac c es a s to o esu s o n t e e, . a ea a n m u na a, t e a nnu a es t a

75 q
1 s f h d d ii 66
o t e ea

B kb f O iri r p r t d b y th B rl y f r d f f tiv l i 4 4
. , .

ac o ne o s s e ese n e e a e o ce or es a 2 0, 2 1

d d p ill r ii
.
, ,

e 8 q a 1 0 s 4 2 44 5
2 q 2 2 1 s

v r d by I i
.

Bd f l i
.
, .

di
, ,

a en , f Al l S ea st o
74 ou s n , ii . d wh an ea t sc o e e s s, ii .

H h h i
'
B hg
ae t F g dd
en , on o ess at e , 61 1

Br B t rib f h Z mb i
.

2
6 1 2 n a o tse , a an u t e o t e a es

B g d th ir w r h ip f h p y h i h ir b li f i p r m g d N i mb
.
,

a an a, e o s o t e t o n, t e e e n a su e e o a e,

8 6 ; r bir h
.

f h d d m e g h t o t e ea a on t e, ii 93 ; h ir w r h i p f d d ki g
1 t e o s o ea n s,

ir r y r k
.

9 q2 h h s f h q t e t eo o ea t ua es, 94 q1 s

9 9 ; h ir p r i fi f B rr w m r rt t g r v i r d r
. .

1 t e ese n t a t o n o n a n ts t o a en o en eso o a es n o e

h t w m
e ne ii 4 4 4 5 r m y oo n, 1 1 ce e on to
g h il dr i 9 ; i
et c l f en , 0 e n t ce so u s o

b rv d b y h ki g
.
, .

o se w m
e t e n at ne o on, d d h il dr ea h m 94c en to t e
h ir w r h i p f d d ki g r d by p i g
,

47 1 t 67 e o s o ea n s, 1 B rr
a f w m
e nn e ss o o en cu e ass n

qq s h ir v r i f h gh t e f en e a t o n or t e o sts o hr t gh h l d ou i 3 6 wi h o e s to n e , t n
4

d dr l i h ir p r m v d by p
,

h il dr
.
.

1
ea 9 h
e a t o ns, 1 1 n t e a nt eo n , e o 86 ;
e se r e n t , c en

rifi rd p m rd r d r m dy f 95
.

9 6
1 ; h m ff u a n sa c c es o e e to ro u e e as a e e o r,

l g h li f f h ir ki g 3 qq
on t e e o t e n s, 2 2 s . B rr w f H l fd ii
a o s o a an, . 1 00
2 76 I N DE X
Bl d th D y f i h f iv l f
oo , e a r flm i 9
o n t e es t a o Br h
ea t n o t to de fil e sa c e d a e, 1 1
A i i 68 8 5
,

g h d Fi ld (F Br h r Pl
.

tt s , . 2 f h
, 2 et en o t e ou e e s ra t res

Bl w i g f T r mp i h f iv l f
o n o
) uR m ll g f p ri
e ts n t e est a o A l rv a es a o a n co e e o e sts ,

A i i 68
,

tt s , 2 S l A rv l Br h r ii 3 9 2 ee a so a et en

Bl S p ri g h S yr i 3 f h N il ii 3 8 Brid
. . .

1
ue n t e , at a c u se , 2 1 n e o t e e,

B r A i kill d b y i 64 M id mm r i
.

d Bri d g r
, . .

oa tt s e m a, 2 an e oo at su e n
B g f N r m dy r l i 5
, .

o ca e h
o Sw d o an u e as to t e e en , 2 1

li p p i g f w l i h ii 3 4
, .

c n oBri d g r m di fi g r d i rd r
oo n t vr e, 1 n
3 e oo s u e n o e to a e t
B di f h d d m g i l vil y ii 6
. .

o es o m d t e h ea a ca u ses a e t e e e e, 2 1

ii rd d g i
.
,

f h
o qq t e,
g Bri i h C l m bi h I di
1 00 s f r p t ua e a a n st t s o u a, t e n a ns o es ec

m il i im l d p l wh i h h y
. .
,

ut3 ; h gh b
a t o n, h 1 0 t ou t to e en t e an a s an a n ts c t e ea t ,

d w d wi h m gi l p w r
o e 3 44 t a ca o e s, 1 0 11

Bri y f
.
,

4 q1 0 s f Al l S l i 69 ; tta n e as t o ou s n, 11

m i C ili i r i f i 67
.
,

b li f t w r
.

B d o ro u n c a, d h m i
u ns o , 1 e e as o a ts a n t e oon n,
B gh K i H i i p i l x v i
.

o az -
eu 49 , t t te c a ta e ca a t o ns I

f H W i kl r i 5 i
,

o . Br m v l
nc i J v
e w r h i pp d i
at , 1 2 n . s tu a o o , o ca n o n a a, o s e
i d r m i
. .
,

t o n an 8 qq th g d e q a ns , 1 2 s e o s 2 2 0 s .

r kh w lpt r Br h r f g d i 5 ; d d ld r
.

f o 8 qq , 1 2 s oc -
e n scu u es a t, ot e o a o , . 1 ea e e

w r h i pp d ii
.
,

9 qq
1 2 s 75 o s e 1

B h mi M y p l
. .
,

o e M id mm a, Br h r d i r m rri g f i
a - o e or su er t re e ~
ot e s an s s te s , a a es o n
i 5 ;f l i ii r y l f mili i 44 i
,

i n, f Al l S 2 0 e a st o i t ou s n, o a a es , n a nc e n

Eg yp
. .

h ir i i
.

7 q 2 s ii 4 qq ; t, 2 1 s t e nt e n t o n
B livi th C h irig I di k p h p r p r y i h f m ily
. . .

f u a no s n a ns to t e t t e
’

o a, e o , 11 . ee o e n a ,

4
43 I 45 n . 1
5 q 2 1 s

B l ki B g l f h U p p r C g
. .

o o or Br w A R
an a a, o h b li f f h W t t e e on o, o n, , on t e e e s o t e es

th ir r m i t h wm ii r li b ri g i
, . .

e ce e A o n es a t h t e ne o o n, u st a an a o ne s a s o t e c a us es

f h il dbir th i
.

43 1 mp d iv p irit f a tte t 4 qq to ec e e s o o c 1 0 s

di
.
, .

m g hsea se a 6 Br w D G rg on t e, 2 k 2 o n, r eo e, on sn a es as re

B d i r i m ki g i r i f hi f i 84
.

f h d d
o n es o t e ea u se n a n- a n n c a n a t o ns o c e s,

rm i i f d d ki g Br g f l i
.

ce e o n es, f Al l S 2 2 7 o ea n s u es , e a st o ou s n , ii 0

rri d ff d tr y d b y mi Egy p i
. .

ca e o Br g h H or es m f o e e ne es , u sc on t a n na es
’

or a

y r
,

ii 3 q h S h i p ri d
.
,

1
1 0 s 6 ea 11 2 n on t e ot c e o

il r f myth b t g i
.

h g v f O iri P h il
. .
, .
,

f o ss 37 s o u ce o sa ou a n ts , n on t e ra e o s s at ae ,

I i p r ifi d r fi l d
,

i 57 q
.

. 1 s . 1 1 1 on s s as a e so n e co n- e

B fir r d
,
’
on S J h E e ond t
7 o n s ve , a nc es o un 1 1

B ddh d B ddh i m
.

in L 45 2 59 u a an u s , 11 . 1

B k f th D d
oo o 3 e B ddh i m p iri l d l i
ea 11 1 f i u s s tu a ec ens o n o

i Ty
.
, ,

H i it m
.
,

B o r, h t e an c en t 3 q a na , tt e o nu 1 0 s

i B dg D E A W lli
.

m en t a t , 1 2 2 n 1 g dd u e, r a s, on o e ss

i 8 Eg y p i
. . . .

Br ig i i
.

o neo t m f h dh cu s o N o ea -
u nt n n, e t, 2 2 72 on an t an
ff m i r r r i ii r l ri I i
, . .

2
9 4 qq s . f e e 5 n a te 5 so c e e s n, . u ne a te , 11 . 1 on s s, 1 1

q h r f O iri 6 s on t e n a tu e o s s, 1 2

t Pr f rR C l r h ry f O iri 3
.

B o sa n q ue h F h o e sso on t e o ur on t e so a t eo o s s, 1 1

ri l r li y f O iri 6
.
,

d d Ap ll ii 5 h hi
.
,

2
h an e o o , 2 0 n . on t e s to ca ea t o s s, 1 0

r p w r h ip i 67 i 98
.

B m
os W an , , Kh o n se i Am e nt -
o s u
1
on e nt -
en t 1 n .
2

B rib r li ir
. .
,

B h Abb é A fri ri
, .

o uc We, p d f
on W A hes t ca n es t u u na t e o es t u st a a, t e

i 66 b li f h bir h f h il dr i
,

69 3 to t
e sses , n e e s as t e o c en ,

B y f livi g p r
.

i ri
. .
,

o s o l 36 n
4 q a e nt s n tu a , ii 2 1 0 s

dr g irl v rt h E vil B g i f S h C l b ff m i p ri t
. .

qqs d e sse as s to a e t e u s o o ut e e es, e e na te es s

m rri g r r r m g h ii 53 q
.

Ey 6 e, 2 m 0 a a e cu s to s to e nsu re o r s o ce e s a on t e, . 2 s .

h bir h f
t e 6 t B l g ri m rri g
o 2 2 m i ii 46 u a a, a a e c u st o s n, . 2

B ll m bl m f g r iv f r i
,

Br h m m rri g i S h r I di
a an a a e n o ut e n n a, u as e e o en e a t e o ce ,

w r h i p p d by h H i i
.

brid dr d b y
e ii 6 es s e 3 as a 3o a t, 2 0 1 2 o s e t e t t te s , 1 2 ,

bl i i r
.

Br il h Ap i g I di f ii 4 5 qq
az t e 3 ; m na m f H os h d n g d a ns o 1 s 1 2 e e o tt te t u n e - o ,

Br ili I di h ir b li f i Hi i di g
.
, , .

az an h n
3 4 qq a ns , g d t e e e n t e 1 s tt te o sta n n on a,

xi i fl bl r
.

no f h
o us m 35n ; m
uen ce m f h d g d o t e oon on 1 as e e o a t un e - o ,

h il dr
c ii 4 8 en , 3 6 1 y m b l f h d r d 1 as s o o t un e an

Br d f fr m i m r i g f A i f r ili y m bl m f h
.

ea ast o 63 q h n ou n n or tt s, e t t 1 s t e e e o t e

F h r G d w r h ip p d
, . .

i 7
,

2 2 64 at e o 1 o s e at

B y k i l f d i ri
,

Br d P r f r J H
.

ea ste h y f o esso 64 ; on t e e e o u u 1 tes t c es o u se n tes

y
, ,

b l i rifi
. .
,

H r ii i
,

o us,Am p h I V f C 1 2 1 d A 7 6 on d en o s o e e an tt s , 2 ; sa c ce

y i r l ii i
.
,

iv l
.

1 f w h 1
1 2
3 th S da f .
5 6 onE g p e 5 e es t a , 1 a . at t an u ne a , . 1 te ,
 I N DE X
so u l f d d ki g i r t i o ea64 n n c a na e n a, 1 B y rsa , rig i f th m ii 5
o n o e na e, . 2 0

sac rifi d p r l g h lif f ki g ce to o on t e e o a n

t r d i k i 86 q
,

2 2 2 ; rifi d Z sac h S vi r ce to eu s , t e a ou C dm
a us u ne nt o a s na e, s

p rh p p r t d b y th rl
.

f h Ci y
.

o t e 3 8 ; bli d d d ri t 2 n e an sac e a s L
e so n a e e au e

b r r t Th b ii 4
,

fi d ce h f d i
at f wt e 49 oun at o n o a to n, 2 ea e a e es , 2 1

M i 7
.

B l l bl d b h f i h ri
u
’
s oo f at o n t e te s o o u nt , 2 0

C dy L y di
.

A i i 74 q i 83
, ,

tt s , 2 s a s, a an , . 1

g dV l
. .

h id t i rip d p g g d d w
e ou n st s an e e o n C l
a e c u u s , so n o f h fi t e re - o u ca n , i i .

r d h i f
o un w t w
t e s te o ii 49 a ne o n, 2 235
bri d r i rd J li l dr
.

d e s e a te 46 on a, 2 C a e sa nt o h u ces t e u an ca e n a ,

ki b dy f th d d p l d i
s n, o o e ea a ce n a, ii 3 7 ; t G r m b rv i f
. as o e an o se at o n o

11 5 1 n
2 h m
t e 4 o o n, 1 1

C ffr r i r
. .

B ll h b d g d H i r p li t d
u s, us an - o at e a o s s ea e a p ifi
e ur
y m f
ca t o r ce e o n es a te a

o n, i 63 1 b l ii 5 q
att e , 2 1 s

rm y f ig h dm
. .

C ir
.

rifi d sa c v f Pl i 6 ce a t ca es o u to 2 0 a o , ce e on o cu tt n t e a s at ,

ii 3 8 3 9 q
,

rifi d P r ph
.

sa c ce 3 to e se o ne , 2 1 .
, s

C l b r di ri f h i f b ri d
.

sa c rifi d d d h i f ii 9 ce to ea c e s, 1 1 a a a h d st ct , ea s o c e s u e

B ri l r r d i 93 r ly i h ii 4
.

1
u a a t c o ss -
oa s, a sec e t n t e, . 1 0

C l bri r m i i
. .

f i f o r h ir r bir th
n a n ts t o e n su e t e e a a E a, a s te
54 cu st o n, . 2

id w r h ipp d i i
,

i 9 9 3 qq
. 1 , G r 8 q f s at ez e , 1 0 s . o C l i
a au r a , P o se on o s e n, .

O iri i h i ri ii 8 8
.

s s n s te s , 2 03
B rm h t i f ii 6 C l d r h rl
.

u a, t e a s o 0 a en a t e na tu a
5 11 . 2

d by P l
, ,

B rm th ir d t d ri g rh h Al x dri rh
, .

u ese , e co n uc u n an ea t t e e an a n , u se uta c ,

q k i
ua e, 2 01 11 84
B r Mi C S d Mi
.

h C p i
.

3
u ne , G F
ss an ss t e 6 o t c , 11 n

E gy p i
.
, . . .

J k ii 4 qq d t f
. .

ac S li g D y
so n o n i Sh p ou n a n ro h t e t an, . 2 s . a e o

s h ir ii 7 8 q
e, s i i r d ts nt o i 36 uct o n,

B r i g f M l rh i f h E g yp i
.

f rm r
.

u n n o qq f e ca t 1 10 s . o o t e 3 qq t an a e 11 0 s

f C ili i ii 49 q
. . .
, ,

S dan an,
7 qq ; g d 1 1 s o c an o s, f E o sn e , . s .

f S rd p l f h I di
.

1 7 q0 s 7 qq o a a na a us , 1 2 s . o t e f Y t n 9 a ns o u c a a n , ii 2 n

th J li ii 93
. . .

o f Cr 7 4 qq f
o esu s , 1 g d 88 q s o a o 1 s . e u an , a
1

i M xi
. .
,

B r i g f d d ki g f J d h i
.

u n n s or ea n s o u a f th o e i m d
a n c en t e c a ns , ts o e

d d J w i h R bbi f i r l ti ii 8
, .

1 77 q f s or ea e s a s at o n te c a a o n, 2 n 3

M ir 7 8
. .

i 3 3
.

e o n, 1 f P h il
o l o ca u s ,
3 4 0 0 n

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.

u ns , o e t, on o n a e co n , . 11 95. n 1 .

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a en tha s, R m R i e 95 o an u st c , ii

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,

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s ec a a sso c a te t s s, 1 t e g ua an o t e a o n a
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u t te e s , so u o a ea n n ca na te C ma d J
a se n e a n ii 3 5 a nu s , 2 n
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ii 64
.

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.

i n, . 1 a o a . a nnu a e st a o e ea n,
B yb l Ad i
u s, i 3 qq th ki g o n s at , . 1 s e n s ii 6 q 1 s
m r i g f Ad i
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l r li f K ib k
.

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f
o 4 qq
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3 8 ; r li g i pr ei i 58 ; i o us o st tu t o n at, n h w
t e g d f h B g
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p ir d p r p h
s e 75 q ; f iv l f
o ets at, s e st a o at, ii 9 7 1

i 5 ; O iri d I i
.

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.

Ad on s at, 2 2 s s an s s at, a ses , n o e s a, s t ea t ent

ii 9 ; h q
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t e i u ee n o s s a s so c f Am i i
o 76
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. .

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7 t, 1 2 a .
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c e a on t e, . 2
2 78 I N DE X
Cam ul c u sto i li y i i m as to h o sp ta t n, C a t afa q u e l
br
u n t a t fu ne a of ng o fr l ki
i i
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39 S am 1 79

i ly vi y r
, .

C i ki g f J r l m i 7
a n aa n te n s o e u sa e 1 i
C a ta n a in S c i th e n e a ds o f, 1 94 i
H r l b h r i
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,
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p ri g f i li r ri l i
,

s n 8 o 2 0 C a th o c C h u ch th e t u a o f th e 54
ki g f L ydi i 8 8 3
,

ri y
.

r i
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i l r y r S h i p ri d ii 3 6
.
,

2
C a n cu a ea a ot c e o n 54
2
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i 43
.
,

pi d r ii 3 4
.
,

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h d r f ii
.

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on se -
ut at o n o a es t o
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.
,

C p a d Ev d
a n eu s a n i 77 a ne , 1 tt s , 2 0

B df r d i Q
. .

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o n u ee n s a n e e o C a u c as us , h A lb i t ef h i 73 ; a n a ns o t e,
ii 6 5
,

iv h bir h f h il dr
.

ht e na t es as to t e t o c en h Ch w
t e f h e su rs o t e,
i C l dr h m gi l wh i h m k
.
,

1 02 au o n, t e h a ca c a es t e
C pi l p i h m t m g m p pl ld y g g i i 8
.
,

a ta un s en a on so e eo es o oun a a n, 1 1

rifi i 9 C v r r i 88
.

orig i l l y na a sa c ce , 2 0 a f D m
e ns o e e te

C pi l rm i
.
, .

a to R m at h o e , ce e o n es a t t e re .
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es , i 5 ; i Sm e s to n e , 1 2 n e i tic

b il di g f h ii 44 r li gi
.

69 s
u n o t e, 2 e on, 1 a

v l i r gi f i 8 9
.

C r p f h r f Ag i 45
.

C pp d
a a o ci a , o ca n c e on o . 1 ec o s, l at e o rau u s , 1

w r h ip i
,

C d r f r f C ili i i 49 5
.

fi 1
qq
s 9re - q o s n, 1 1 s . e a o est s o c a, 1 1 0 n
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. .
, .

2
C ar co a e o c s n, 2 n . s un o t e o o s s , ii

C r h mi h H i i pi l E ph r
, . .

a c e s tt t e ca ta o n u a t es , 1 1 0

i 3 37
,

. 1 2
38 1 1 72 r gd O r
-t ee rp r do si is i nte e te as a,

C r hi p r vi d r Al l S l
.
, ,
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a c f E
a o n ce o cu a o , ou s 11
9 1 0 n
ki f M r y h w
.

ii 8
.
,

D y i a n, 0 C le a e na e , s n oi a s as s o n at,
C ri Z i 8 ;
. .

a a, L b d i
eu s a ra n eu s n, 1 2 88
2

p i vp r i 5 q
.

o so n o u s a ou s n, 2 0 s . C l b
e e e s, d f h con i h bi u ct i o t e n a ta nts n
C ria h ir m
a ns . r i g f O iri ii
t e ou n n or s s, . a n ea r hq k i t ua e, 2 00

r l h T dj f 3 3
.

1
86 a C ent a t e o ra as o 1 1.

C rib w r h i p p d h m i pr f r
.

h r m rri g ii
, ,

a s o s e t e oon n e e S out e n,m i a a e c u sto n,

ii 3 8
.

e nc e h to t e su n , 1 6
2 0
C rly l x i
.

a Th m e, h o f as, on t e e e cu t o n o C le en d i i C ili i er s i 4 n c a, 1

r m r B ill y i 9 C l i y rr k d fr m N v m b r
.

ht e a st o n o e a 2 2 n 1 . e t c ea ec o ne o o e e I st ,

C r ii 3 5 ii 8
.
,

a d J
na a n a nu s , 2 1

C r m pl lp
.

ri f h ri i g f
.

a n ac , ii te 4 ; th es at, . 1 2 e s cu C e n so h d
nu s , o n t e at e o t e s n o

r
t u es a t , 54 1 S iri ii 3 4
us , . u .
1

C r iv l t R m i th ri t
a n a a f A ti io e n e es o t s, C r l P r vi
ent a f I di o
g rd n c es f o n a, a ens o

Ad i i i 4 q
.

2
73 on s h n t e, 2 2 s

Th r ll g h ri i g f S iri b rv d i
. .

t m
o o 0 0 0

cu s o in a c ia n Vi a es , 11 . C eo s , t e s n o us o se e n , 11
rl p ll i
.

99 9 5 35 t h u e f as o t e o ut on o

C rp i i d P l
a n f rl tm
e a no , on u ne a cu s o s d h i
ea t 7 n, 2 2

f h M g l i 93 C r l l iv d i i t Egyp t
,

o t e on o s, 2 e ea s c u t a te n a n c en ii

C r h g l g d d w r h i p f D id
.
, .

a t a e, e en an o s o o 3 0

at, i 3 q ; H m il r w r h ip p d
1 1 s a ca o s e C r m
e e i m gi l f h r g l i
o n es , a ca or t e e u at o n

ri i 3 qq
. .
,

at, 6 h
1 1 f f 6 t e su ez es o
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1 1 tes f h
o t e se a so n s , s

f Cyb l
.

ff mi C r m rri d Or ii 3
.
,

o 74 h
e e at, 2 t e e e na t e e es a e to cu s , 2 1

p ri f h Gr M hr C yl m rri g i ii
.

est s o t 98 ; e ea t ot e at, 2 e b
o n, oen a 5 a a e n, 2 1

lg d d i f ii C h dw i k P r f r H M ii 8
.

e en h f as to t e
5 o un at o n o 2 0 a c o esso .
, 1

li E rp w r h i p i 8 4 ; h di m m b r m t f H l fd
. . .
, ,

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h w r h ip f h d d m Bl k p ri t dr
.
,

2
on t e o g h s o t e ea a on t e ac ; 1 00 n d on a es esse as

B ii 7 9 q
.
,

a su t o s, 1 s a w m o 59 an, 2 n
2

f Egyp i
.

b l i C pp d i i 68 iv l
. .

C a st a a a n a a oc a, 1 Ch an
g i ed n fa te o t an e st a s

wi h d p i f h fix d A l x
.

i C ili i n w r h ip f P i c a, o s o e ra s a n th t e a o t on o t e e e

A r mi te i 5 6 7 qq s at, 1 1 1 s an dri y r ii 9 qq an ea , 2 s .

l i iv r r r
, . .

l h r v r
.

C a ste n a u , F d f h e, on t e e e e n ce o t e Ch a n ts , p f a nt p i e, o co n - ea e s n

ii 4 6 q i q i y ii 4 5 q
.

Api g fna h m os or t e o o n, 1 s a nt u t s

C h rl m g mp r d O iri
. .

ig li ri i h A br i
. .
,

C as t C o ne a a s au a, n t e uz z a e a ne co a e to s s, ii .

M id mm r
,

su m i 46 e c u st o at, 2 1
99
Ch rm pr
.

C r
a st o
'
si 96 t u ne , 1 n
3 a to w o tec t a
4 9 qq to nh ii . 2 s .

Ch r pl f i
,

r i f Cr d Ur i
. .

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a ce s o 2 0 , 2 0

pl f Ch r i 4
. .
,

83 ;
2 f ky g d o gg d s x pl -
o su e ste e a na C/ z a rom
’

a a c es o a o n, 2 0

i y r m i l i 4 3 ; rd l f
.
,

i f 8 3 ; f p ri
,

t on o gg
2 d o e st s , s u e s te ex Ch a st t , ce e on a , . o ea o ,

pl i f 83 q
,

2
a na t o n o , 2 s . 1 1 5 n .
2 80 I NDE X
C l e o m ene s Ki ng o f S p a ta , r a n d se rp e nt s , Co n ib I di os f h U y li R iv r
n a ns o t e ca a e

h ir h ry r h q k i 98
,

i 87
,

t e t eo o f ea t ua es, 1

f M g i l divi m bl m i
. .

Cl eo n o i Gd i 3 a n es a a t a es , . 1 1 C o n ca st o n e a s 65 ne e e 1 ,

C li m i d g gr p h i l di i
.
,

at c an eo a ca co n t o ns , 66
1

h ir
t eff i l h r r ii
e ec t on n a t o na c a a ct e C i d r y mp l f A r
o n s t a nt n e es t o s te e o st a te ,
i 8 ; p pr rdp i i
, .

2 1 7 . 2 su e sse s sa c e ro st tu t o n ,
C ly m ki g f Ar di h i i
en u s , i n o ca a, s n ce s t , 37 ; r m v d rde bi fr m th o e s s ta n a cu t o e

r ii
.

44 n-
1
S p e a m 6 q eu 2 1 s

ii 3 3
.
, .

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f E gyp
.

1 34 C o n t est f h hr or t r di e t o ne o t, t a
C hi hi
oc nc l f iv l f h d d n a , a nnua es t a o t e ea i t f
o ns o ii 7 q a, . 1 s

C k A B i 49
.

i ii 6 5
n, oo m f on na e o

f C ry i
, . .

C k m bl m f p ri f A ti i p ri Z
.

oc as o est o t s, e st o o c an eu s , on
e e a .
55 1

792 h d
t h fR m l
e ea t ii 9 8 ho o u us. on t e
iv l f L r l b ri g Th b
.

C dri g
o Dn R H to n ,m h r ki r on ot e -
n f e st a o au e -
ea n at e es ,

i M l
. .

n i e a nes a , i i 2 1 1 42 1 r f m h r ki i on t a ce s o ot e -
n n
my h d ri l f Hr l
.

C i mb
o r d i g g irl t i 6
a to e, a nc n -
s a 2 h t e t an tu a o e cu es,

C i id b w C h ri i
.
,

4
o nc h
e n ce d et ee n t e st a n an 59
2 n .

th h eh f iv l f h divi
ea t en es t a s o t e ne C oo m i i Ah a ss e , i n s a nte e , 2 01

d r rr i i 3 8 q
.

d h ea t an e su ec t o n , 0 s C po h g en b hi g S J h Ea en , at n on t o n s
’
ve

i 48
. .

C l g P r r h
.

’
o o ne , S J h E
et a c at, o n t o ns ve , a t, 2

C p i l dr 6
. .

i 47 q 2 s o t c c a en a , ii . n 3

C l mbi rl th f lli g f t i mb r C r i 7
. . .

o o a, u e as to e e n o e o dea , f h i a nce o eu nu c s n, 2
2 0 n
ii 3 6 h ir r m y h fif h
. .

i n, 1 C o re a n s , t e ce e on on t e te e nt
ii 4 3
.

C m o i C pp d i
a na , i 36 n a a o c a, 1 a
1 d y f h m a o t e o o n, 1

i g fr m h d d b dy f
. . .

i P n w r h ip f g dd M
o n tu s , o s o o e ss a C ro n
pr s out n o t e ea o o
at i 39 ; , wi . ll w d r s ne n o t a o e t o e nte , O iri sii 8 9 ; w r h r w
s, . h ate t o n on t e

265 n
1
l a st r r i h rm i 3 7
co n cu t , a a n-c a 2

i i i 68
.
, .

t h tw e o c t es , 1 s
q .

y mb l f h g d f
.

C mm m r i
o f h D d t A th
e o at o n o t e ea a en s , d gr p an a es , s o s o t e o o

i 34 2 T r i 9 43 ; f h g d f
a su s , 1 1 1 o t e o o

p ir y
.
,

g i i 73 fi g r d w i h d bl
.

C mm d
o o u s, c o ns ac a a nst , 2 Ib re e z 1 2 1 u e t ou e

L y di
,

ddi h w r h ip f I i ii 8 i 83
.

a d c te to t e o s o s s, . 1 1 h d d ea e a xe o n a n co n , 1

C mmo l ri gh v r w m i 4
u na ts o e o en , 0, d vi an m bl m f h g d f
ne , e e s o t e o s o
T r i 6 q
.

6 1 n d Ib
a su s a n re ez 1 0 s

i y wi h p g
.

C mp r mi f C h ri i g d Ad i i 3 qq ; A i
, . .

o o se o st a n t t a an -
o , o n s as a, 2 0s tt s

i m p r ll l w i h B ddh i m i 3 r d m id mm r
. .

s a a e t u s 1 0 as a , 2 7 9 ; m o u ne at su e

ii 3 4 O iri
.
, , ,

qq
s 8 9 qq 9 6 qq s s as a , s s

r p i g i E gy p P l i
.

p i d wi h x l
. .
, .

C o nc e pp t o n, su o se , t out se u a - ea n d n t, a es t n e , an

i r r i
n te co u se , 64 ; i 72
2
2 n Gr d e ec e ,f h i 3 a te o t e, 2 1 n 3

d by
.

i v v r d li mb f O iri p l d
. .
, .

w m o pp d t
en b su o se o e c a u se -s e e , se e e s o s s a ce

f d 96oo 3 4 5 S
, 1 02 , 1 0 , 1 0 1 0 ee on a, ii 97
I mp r g i
.
, , .

l
a so e na t o n p iri T mm s Ad i t, a uz or on s as
-
a,

C o n ce p i l im l d pl t o na a n a s an a n ts a s c au se s i 3 qq ; p r p i i i f h p
2 0 s o t at on o t e, er

f pr g y i w m i 97 q 4 d wi h w r h ip
. .

o e na nc n o en , . s 1 0 h p af s use f th t a o s o e

3 3 qq ; r p r
.

?
5 d d ea 2 d d d s e ese n t e as a ea

d by
, .

C o n cu bi h m f h g d Amm n es , u an , o t e o o n, ld m
o ii 4 8 9 6 ; r p r an , . e es e nt e

vi i m 9 7 6 q
,

1 7 2 h m u an ct s, 1 0 s

h ly m i Sy i
. .

d r C R f O iri b ri d
,

C ff d fiig i ‘
on e on o en n r a, s tu e e es o s s u e

i 77 r i g m y ymb l f
. .
, ,

. h on tu n n o ne at t e wi h h d d t t e ea as a s o o resu rrec

ne w m ii 49 o o n, 1 n
2
i ii 9 q 4
t on, 0 s 1 1

A r di rd g v f wr fr i i 43 w r
. . . .
,

C on dy l i ea n ca a, sa c e ro e o h - fi eat s as rst - u ts , o n
by Arv l Br h r i 44
.

A r mi te i 9 s at, 2 1 a et en , n
i m g f A rt i 4 C r i h m rifi pr l
. . .

C o ne , a e o s ta e, 1 o o nat o n , g u a n sa c ce s to o on

m bl m i 34 ki g li f h i ii 3
.

’
C o ne s asf g dd e e s o a o e ss , a n s e at s, 2 2

d i B by l C ry i
.

qq ; v iv f i 35 v p ri f Z i
.

s ot e, o un n a on a, o c an c a h e, es ts o eu s at t e,
i f h d d h Eg yp i ii
. .

C f
o n e ss o n o t e ea t e t an, 45 ;
1 h g d f h t 5 qq ed o o t e, 1 2 s e

r b d 53 q ffr
.
, .

1
3 q s sc i e h 187 ; s sa o n at t e, 1

f i i m ii 6 p rh p d riv d fr m r
.
, .

C o n uc a n s 1 0 na m e e a s e e o c o c us ,

b ri l f i f i 9 ;
.
,

C on g o, hu a o n a n ts on t e, 1 87
1

p ri dr ii i C ili i r i f i 53
.

e st d w m h
esse as a o an o n t e, C y
o r cus n c a, u ns o , 1

r f m h r ki i ii 59
. .

2 54 sq . C o s, t a ce s o ot e -
n n, . 2
 INDE X 2 81

S d M rri g
ac e r i 59 ; bri da a e n, 2 n
4
e C u s to m s of th e P e l ew Is l a n de s , r ii . 2 53
g r m dr
.

oo d w m i 6
e sse as o an n, 2 0 s qq , 2 66 sqq

i i 3 r
. .

C o se n z a i C l bri E n r m a a a, a st e c us to at , C u th ar, fa th e o f A do n s, 1 n
2

i i 68
. .

i 54 2 C u tt ng s fo r th e dea d , 2

M d i 33
.

C y ki g f Lydi i 8 7 ki
.

ot s, n o a, 1 C y a x a res n g o f th e , e e s, . 1

ri f O iri
.

C ow, im g f i h
a e o n t e t es o s s , ii I 74
Cyb l im g f i 3 5
.
,

5 8 40, I i r p r d w i h h s sh d e esen te t t e ea e e, h t e h a e o er

ymb l d mb ri es? 54 ; h
.
,

of 5 ; h gh
a, 0 b impr g t oud t to e e n a te c a s an ta ou n er

by m h i o o ns3 q ne , 1 0 s li o ns a n d t rr d r w 37 u p ri e te c o n, 1 es ts

y ii 8 8 ll d A i 4 ; h M h r f
.

g dd Sho e ss ent o f ca e tt s, 1 0 t e ot e o

lv f A i
, .
,

C o w s sac e rd Ii 5 to s s , 11 0 h
t e G d 63 ; h
o s, 2 er o e or tt s ,
Cr i w rl d w r h ip d p d by
.

ea t o n f h h o gh t b t e o t ou to e 2 63 8 ; h2 2 er o s a o te
ll y r p d i 8 4 rifi f virili y
,

a n nu a e ea t e 2 h R m
t e o 65 a ns , 2 sa c ce o t

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a s, m i . on a es c u sto n D me e te er sa c e ca e ns ,

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.

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2 84 I N DE X
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.
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l d y 54 q 56
.

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.

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.

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ii 9 8 99
,

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th e, .
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gr ph i l d li m i
.

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f O iri ff d w i h r i H rr i 3
. .

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b ri d w i h h d d y mb l f El m h ki g h ir b rri d
.

u e t t e ea as a s o o a t e f n s o t e o ne s ca e

ff b y A h rb
,

r rr i ii 9 q 4 ip l ii 3 q
,

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r r pi g i 3 i 8 ; rifi f x
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3 3
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9 ; ce o o en at, 2 2 n

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l i i 3 3 i rl y J f i 76
.
,

so st c e n, ii 3 0 n ea u ne , 1 El i h t e so ns o
m h r ki i i
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ot e n
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n s a te n t e ese t, .

h
t e t ue r l g h f h l r y r ii en t o t e so a ea E lli A B
s, r d pr i i i ,
on sa c e o st tu t o n n

A fri i 6 5 q 69 q
, . . .

37 72 W e st ca , s .
, s . on

l d r h fli i l ii 4 qq m rk f p ri
. .

4
ca en a t e o c a 2 s ta tto o 74 a s o e s ts, n o n an

rd l f h i y 5
. . .

f i i r d i 36
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2
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rmy g d H li g b l i 35
,

wi r l i
.

ce e h on at t e n te so st ce , Em e sa , su n - o e o a a us at, .

11 5 0 Emp d l e l p i h r r fE
o c es ea s n to t e c a te o t na ,
d d id ifi d w i h O iri
.

ea en t 6 e t s s , 11 1 i 8 1 1

Emp r r f Ch i r l f i 94
.

f m r l d r f h ii 3 qq
.

ar e c a en a o t e, 0 s e o f o na , u ne a o a n, . 2

E y ig w di i g i h d fr m 05 i
.

i l ii 3 qq
, .

’
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iv l h ir d h if i g
. .

f e st a s, t e4 a te s s t n 11 2 3 6 1

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.
,

s
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,

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.
.
,

f u ne a p te s a c o o t o se er n an 37 ; h
ar est cu sto n, . 2 t e
l i ii 7 8 q
,

f r m d v r O iri
o e ii 5
o e s s, 1 f f Al l S
e a st o ou s n, s

d Q iri
. .

f i m m r li y rd i i H r
.

h p o e o o ta t c e nt e n E nn u s , o n 33 o a an u nu s , i i 2

E r y f O iri i
.

O iri s ii 5 q 4 59s, 1 s 1 1 1 nt h m
o
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ki g f Byb l i 5
,

ki g w r h i p p d g d
. .
,

n s o 5 ; s e as o s, 2 E yln us , n o u s, 1 n .

mi
.

h m
t e i b ri d A byd ii
o st a n c ent , u e at o s, Ep h A
esu s , f i 69 ; H rt e s o 2 ec a t e a t ,

ri ll
.
.
,

19 h ir t h e rr o at h vg no t t o c o ect t e a ue 2 9 h1 p h d f
t A p e d es t oo o o o an

E g yp i y r by i r l i
t an ea 6 ; n te c a a t o n , 2 A r mi te ii 43 q s at, 2 s

Ep id r l pi i 8
. .

p r h
e p f ar m rl y
s l i io h h e s a n n t e c ar A
au u s, e sc u a us a t, 0

y h ix h f J ry i 3 5
.

a c te r f O iri 9 7 q o s O iri s, s .
, 1 02 as s s, Ep ph i an , t e s t o an ua , . 0
 I NDE X
Ep ir h ki g f h ir b
us, t e n rd s o t e o n es sc a tte e E vil Ey b y dr d g irl e, vro s e sse as s to a e t
by Ly i m h ii 4 ii 6 ; bri d g r m di fi g r d i
,

s ac u s, 1 0 h t e, 2 0 e oo s u e n
rd r v r h 6 ; di g i
.

Eq i x h v r l r rr i
.

u no t e f e na e su ec t o n o o e to a e t t e, 2 1 s u se s to
A i i 73 3 7 q ; d v rt h 6
, ,

h
tt s a t t e, f 2 0 s a te o a e t e, 2 2

f rm r f r E r h
. .

C r ifixi p ri g
,

h
t e iguc d h o n a ss ne to t e s n Ew e a w d h e s ea to o un t e a t
eq i x 3 7 r di i h h w rl d
u no 0 t a t on t at t e o g dd o i 9 ess , . 0

pl f T g l d h ir b li f i
,

w r d t h p ri g q i x
as c e a te a t e s n e u no p eo e o o o - an , t e e e n
m rri g f S k y w i h E r th i
,

3 7 0 h t e a a e o t a , .

Er h h m
ec t eu r d rp i h i 8 7 sa c e se e nt n t e, 8 2 2 n
2

ki Sl v
.
,

Er h h ki g f A h hi i
.

ec t eu s , n o t en s , s n ce s t p g sp p l f
ea h n eo es o t e a e

wi h hi d t g h t r i 44 s hi
au rd e s sac e C r d p r i ti m g h
o as t , sa c e o s t tu on a on t e,
i 6 5 q w r h ip py h 8 3
.
,

se rp 8 7 en t , . s . o s t o ns ,
Er g l ( h
e i i t Cybi r ) i C pp
t e a n c en st a n a a Ex h c g f dr
an b w m e o d ess et ee n en an

d i i
oc a, 1 2 0, 1 2 2 w m i ri t
o ii 59 ; m
en n es , . 2 n .
3
at ar

h K ig l B b y l i g dd t ir m i i
.

E res - a 9 a o n an o ess, 1 i gra 6 qq e, 2 63

0 s a c cu c s o n, 2

Ex g m l i h P lwIl d
.

r O iri i h ii 9 8 9
.
,

E ir ca -
t ee, s s n t e, 1 0 1 0 o a ous c a ns n t e e e s an s,

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, ,

kl f i 3
.

2
h e, t e ne c a ce o 2 n 2 0

Ex r i m by m f m i i 54 q
. . .
,

E m
r Pr f
an , r A Ao e ssobi t on nu s a o c s ea n s o us c , . s .

Aby d Ex p i i h mi i d i 99
.
,

ii 8 ; o s, r ff d 1 n
3
on co n - stu e f
at o n or o c e . 2 72

p r di g i
.

f O iri h d v l p
.

e flig i es o 9 s s, 1 on t e e e o R m f
o an, 44 or o es , 11 2

f Egyp i y m b l f O iri ii
.

m en t o r li g i t an e o n, 1 2 2 n 2 Ey e as a s ; f o o s s, 1 2 1 o

rifi i l
. .

E mr e N or i g rd f Ad i i
en n er a ens o on s n sa c 5
c a q o x cu t o u t , 2 1 s

f H r ii 7 wi h
.
,

S r di i a i 44 n a, 2 o o us , 1 1 2 1 t n
3

E vil b y dr
.

i i diy g irl
. . ,

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s Ph
un, o en c a n e t 1 1 1 1 h t ed o s e ss e as s to
v r h ii 6 ; bri d g r m di
, . ,

E sne , h f t l l d r f 49 q
e esta c a en a o 11 . s a e t t e, . 2 0 e oo s

fi g r d i rd r v r 6
, .

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s u f Al k
au h ir o l as a, t e a n nu a u e n o e t o a e t, 2 1

f iv l f h d d i 5 q
es t a o t e ea 1 s Ey f h d d E gyp i
es o t e rm y f ea t an c e e on o
i g h ii 5
,

i p r g l h ir w i g
.
, .

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st o n an ea sa nt s e u a te t e so n p o en n t e, 1

d pl i g by h m ii 3 5 E ki l r i g f T mm i
.

an ant n t e o on, 1 ze h m e on t e ou n n or a uz ,

rm y h A y ri v lry
.

i h ir
.

E h
st o n a ns , h
t ew ce e on at t e ne 1 1 7 ;
, 1 2 0 on t e ss an ca a

h ki g f Ty r
, ,

m ii 43
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4 e n o e, 1 1

E r l li f i i i b r g i
.

te n a e, i
n t a te o n a a n to , n
th ri e f Cy b lte s o dA i i 74 q e e an tt s , 2 s . F l
a se Bri d m f h 6
e , c u st o o t e 11 . 2 2 n
2

i wi d i 3 5 F r ll D G r k r li g i
. .

1
E tes a n n s, . a a ne L R r on ee e o us

M Ty p h m i i 55
. . .
,

E tn a , b ri d d r i
o u nt , on u e un e u s c, d ; r lig i
. n .
1
an
3
on e o us

f E mp d l pr i i i W r A i 57
.
,

56
1 57 ; h d 1 h t e ea t o e o c es o st tu t o n n este n s a,

ff ri g
,

p i i
2
o n, 8 ; h 1 h 1 f 94 ; t e a s es o 1 o e n s 58 ; thn f w m on i e os t on o o en n
hr w i r r f
.
,

t o th n nto e c a te s o , 2 2 1 i r l ig i ii
a n c en t ; e h o n, 2 1 2 a
1
on t e
E b bj r hq k i Fl m h il dr
. .

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a en
7 ; h a s, 2 2 on t e c en

f hr hi g i h rv f livi g p r i ri l 36 q
. .

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3 t es n n, 2 2 n a est o n a ent s n tu a 2 s . on

iv l f L r l b ri g t
,

cus ot m i 38 n, 2 h t f e e st a o au e - ea n a

E d x
u o h E gy p i
u s, onf iv l t e t an e st a s, ii Th b 4 e es , 2 h p ri f 2 72 o n eu nu c ests o

Cy b l
.

1
35 58 e e, 2 a.

E u nu c h p ri ,f h M th r G dd e s ts o t e o e o e ss , F w d j
ar P r i
ar a an , f tiv l f th a e s an es a o e

i 6 ; i h rvi f A i i g d
2 0 n t e se ce o s at c o d d iL 6 8 ea

f f r ili y
.

6 9 q ; i v ri
,

d e sse s o e t t , 2 s n a o us F ast fr m br d i m o r i g f Atti ea n ou n n or s,

l d 7 f A i d wi h
.

an s, 2 0 n
2
o tt s t a t t o o e t i 7 2 2

r f ivy 7 8 f Cyb l ii 58
.

b rv d b y th w r h i p p r f
.

p a t te n o , 2 o e e, 2 F t
as s o se e e o s e s o
f i Cy b l d A i i 8 ; fIi d
.

2
E u nu c h d s, 7 a n ces o
7 2 0 n 2 1 e e an tt s , 2 0 o s s an

d di i I di
, .

Cyb l
.
, .

d 4
e g dd
c a te to a 7 o e ss n n a, 2 1 3 e e, 02 n
rd H i r p li B m b y h ir F h r m d f r hi
.

4
sa c e , at e a o s- a ce , t e at e na i 5 e f a te s so n , 1 n o
rl h p ll i h ii
. .

u e as f d
to t e 7 o ut o n o ea t 2 2 g d 5
a 5 ; d d w r h i p p d ii
o 1 2 ea o s e

E ri p i d ii h d f h f mil y
.
, , , , , .

u h esd h f P on h t e ea t o en t eu s , 751 84 q ; h 1 s t e ea o t e a

y m f m h r ki
.
,

d r
.

98 un e a s s te o ot e -
n, 2 1 1
E r p
u o m f h wi g m
e, cu st o yt o s o n o ne o d i y f h - Hi i e t h g d f o t e t t te s , t e o o

ht e ne w m i ii 48 q o on n, 1 s h h
t e t un e d ri g k y i 3 4 qq n s 1 s

bi r d pr i i i 3 7
. .
,

mbl m h b ll i
. .

E u se us o n sa c e o st tu t o n , . G d hi o 64 ; s e e t e u . 1

A i l im
, ,

1
73 fl- h 8
tt s a s t e , qq ; f 2 1 s o te n ess

B y k i C pp d i Hi i p l M h r G dd
.

u u n a a o c a, tt te a ac e at, p r o h ta n t t a n 8 ot e o ess , 2 2

i 3 3 33
. 1 2 , b ll w r h i p p d
1 2 , 1 u o s e ki R m i 4 n at o e, 1

M h divi i i
.

n 64
a 1 d S ot er, an on n t es re
Ev d a d C p
ne a n i 77 a a n eu s , . 1
pr t d esen e B g h K i i 4 qq at o az eu , . 1 0 s .
2 86 INDE X
F a th e r S ky f r ili M e t z es o th e rE rh i a t , 2 82 F ir p e p et u al , in
e, rZ r ri r li i
o o a st a n e g on

d m h r i 8
.

i r i
,

an m ot e ,
na es f o r, 2 1 as 1 91 w o sh p p ed , 1 9 1 sqq in t h e
i l ki ii
. . .

e p th e t s o f R o m an g o ds a nd g o ddesses , te mp es o f dea d ngs 1 74

ii r l
, .

3 3 sqq 2 g o d th e fa t h e o f R o m u u s S er
-

yi l i
. .
,

r lli ii
,

Fa t h e h o o d o f G o d, th e p h s ca , 8 0 sq v ius T u u s , a nd C aecu l us 2 35

r i yr i
. .

lk ki
.
,

F a u na , u st c R o ma n g o ddess h er wa o f th e ng o f T e, 1 1 4

rl i i ii ri
, .

e a t o n sh
p to F a u nu s , 2 34 sq o f p es t esse s a t C a st a b a l a , 1 6 8
.

hi r l i i
.

Fa u n u s o l d R o m a n g o d s e a t o n sh p -
r i i
w o sh p in C a p p a do c a , i 1 9 1 sq
ii
,

ri
, . .

t o F a u na o r t h e G o o d G o ddess , . F irmicu s M a ternu s , o n th e m o u n ng fo r

2 34 iri
O s s , ii 8 6 o n u se o f a
p n e - i r
t ee in
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.

Feast of Al l S a nts on No e e I st , th e tes o f O s s 1 08

r b i ir b r ii rifi i
,

p e h a p s su st tu ted fo r a n o l d p ag a n F st - o n S e m t c s ac ce o f t h e ,

iv l ii i i
,

rifi f J r l m ii
.

fe st a o f th e dea d 8 2 sq ; n st ; h
1 1 0 t e sa c ce o at e u sa e

by
. .

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, , , .

t u te d L evy is th e P o u s , 8 3 2 1
9 q s

l ii 5 qq h Ch ri fr i ff r d h B li m i
.

f Al l S o o u s, 1 s t e s u ts o 7 e e to t e aa 2

ri g i lly p g f iv l f h
.

i M hr f h Gd
.

ff r d
.
,

t an, o na a a an e st a o t e o e eh to t e ot e o t e o s,
d d 8 ea , 1 8 2 ; 0 ff r da
1
d d hi f ii
o e e to ea c e s,

f h G ld Fl w r i
. .

o S d t e o en o e at ar es , .
9 1 1

87 1 F ir li g st ff r d n s oh B lim i 7 e e to t e aa 2

r i J p ii 6 5 Fi h l f d d i i 95 q
, .

f L o a n te ns n a an , s , so u o ea n, s

fir h il dr b r m b rv d
.

L ri m r F iji
. .

F ee t st , c en o n , cu sto o se e Fi so n , R ev
g d f o e on an o o

h ir g r v i 93
.
,

at t e a es , . r hq k i
ea t ua es , r 2 02 n on se c e t
d C T W il b ri l f h i f i Fiji ii 5
.

F lk i
e R W n, h . . an . so n , o n t e u a o c e s n 1 0

w r h i p f th d d ki g f Ug
.

F l il rg m bl m f O iri
, .

o s d o e ea n s o an a, a o r sco u e , an e e o s s, 11

ii 7 3 ll i g i
.

2
1 n 81 0 53 ; f 1 9 o r co ec t n n c e n se , 1 0

fl w r i C ri i
,

F ll w
. .

1
e Ch o s, .
, on o e s n a a, n .

Fl m f rbi dd div r h i w if
.

87 1 a en o en to o ce s e, 1 1

F m l ki h i p r l f d f V l
.

e a e f h ns u e o e sce n t o t e 2 2
9 ; o 3 u can, 2 2

M hr
,

hrt d r 8 S
o ne u n l e 11 1 ee a so ot e Di li h w id w d
a s, 7 qq t e o e ii 2 2 s

d d b dy b t
, .
,

f rbi dd
. .

ki n o h en to to u c a ea o u

F r ili y f g ll w d rl 8
,

e t d h gh t t b
t p o ro u n t ou o e ro a o e d f to a tte n a u ne a 2 2

d by p r
,

m i i i 3 9 pr m d
o te o st tu t o n , o o te b d b m rri d 9 o un to e a e 2 2

b y m rri g f w m
,

d Fl m i i i 45 q ;
.

a rp 67 a e o o en t o se ent , Di li a s an a n ca , s

WM i d b y b y d g irl f livi g
. .

g dd f rv d b eu n u c ts, a ss s te o an o n

2}4
o esse s o se e

p r ii 3 6
,

6 9 sq
2 1 a e n ts , . 2

l f d d ki g i r
.

F ertil iz a tio nLTTh S Fl mi g

a n o e s , so u o a ea n nca n a te

F e st iv l f a o th e awa k i e n ng o f He r l c u es i ii 63
n, . 1

at Ty r i e, 1 1 1 of th e D ea d in J a va F l mi i
a d h n ca h b d h Fl m
an er us an t e a en

Di l i i 4 5 q ii 3 6
.
,

l r
J
2 2 0 of F o we s 2 34 a s, s .
, . 2

Fl x fr m gr w h f i
.

sq ; of oy in t h e ri te s of a m , o h e ns o t e o t o , .

i i ii
.

A tt s 2 7 3 ; o f S a s , 4 9 sqq of 44 2

r i l i Fl w r b mp r g
. .
,

C o w n ng a t D e ph , 2 4 1 o f h e o w m t e a n a na , o en i e

iv l y i
F est a s o f th e E g p t a n fa m e r r ii t d by h
na e i 93 t e,

f Z i 86 87
.

iri fiil
, .

3 2 sqq o f Os s , th e o f c a 4 9 sqq o eu s , 1 , 1

Fl w r d l v li m
.

y i r j
.
, .

E g p t a n ea d u st me nt o f 9 1 sqq o e s an 4ea es a s ta s a ns , ii . 2 2

rly i ry
, .

F e tish ism ea in h u ma n h st o ii 4 3 qs

Fl kill f M r y i 88
.

il i i
, .

h
”
F e d o f th e g a n t s , 1 58 u te , s o a s as o n t e, 2

xii g i fl
.

m i i
.

r ifi i l r ili i
F ig , a t c a fe t z a t o n o f t h e at i us c, ts e c t n n u en c e , .

l y ii
,

R o me in J u , 9 8 2 59
iji i b ri r ly l y r r
.
,

F c h e fs u e d se c e t in , 1 1 1 0 5 p d d
a w m
e s R m esse as o en a t o e,

iji ri r i
.
,

3
F a n g o d o f f u t t ee s , 90
-
11 59 2 n

Fl pl y d i h l m
. . .

L ent i 90 u tes a e f T mm n t e a en ts or a uz ,

iji ir ry r k i 9 ; f Ad i 5
, .

F a n s , th e th eo o f ea th q u a es , i or o n s, 2 2

v ir g i iv
. .

2 01 F ood pp d ns su o se to c o nce e

hr i r i i
,

Fi i l pp r i R m i 3
na n c a o es s o n , o an, 01 n
2
t g h ou g 9 6 ea t n ce ta n , . as a

Fi l y i
. .

n a G rg ,
R m fi il eo e, on o an na nc a c a u se f p oi w m 9 6
c o n ce t on n o en , ,

p pr
o i i 3 e ss o n , 01 1 02 3 4 5
1 0 1 0 1 o

F r ig r ki g i 6
, ,

i by i 5
,

F ir p rifi
.

ca t o n 1 1 1 s o e ne s a s n s, 1 n
e, u 7 9 qq .

F r P ri m i g i f Pr
.

P r i rvr
. .
,

e s an f 74 q d h e e e nce o r, 1 s ea t o tu na g dd en a , o e ss o ae

d gh r f J p i r ii
.

i hn t p h i 79 q
e, a s an a p ot eo s s , 1 s su n este , au 34 te o u te 2

iy
.
,

F r i fT r i
.

p d bl
o se i m p r g w m a ii e to e na te o en , o f h
tu n e o t e c t o n c o ns o a su s , .

r di f i i 64
.

2 35 64 ; h g
1 t e ua an o c t e s, 1
2 88 INDE X
G i l Pr f r F K
nz e h ri f
o e sso on t e se o Gr va f O iri
e ii
o
q ; h m s s, 1 0 s u an

h N il ii 3 vi i m rifi d h 97
, . .
, . .

1
t e e, 1 a ct s sa c ce at t e,

G ir ff l f d d ki g i r t i h ri f S h ill k ki g
. .

a e s , so u s o ea n s nc a na e n, -s n es o 6 q ; u n s , 11 1 1 s

ii 6 f d d ki g
. .

1 2 o ea 94 q n s, 1 s

Gl f Mi r r d lif Gr v m ilk ff r d i 8 7 h il dl
. .

aucu s , s o n o no s , es to e to e, a es, o e e at , c es s

i 86 r r rd r r
.

1 w m o en i e so t to n o e to e nsu e

rifi d b y b i g h g d i 9
,

ff p ri g i l l mi d
.

G o a t sa c ce e n an e . 2 2 o s 96 ; n Al l u na t e on

G d h il dr f i 68 l D y ii 7 q 7 4 ; h ly
, ,
'
o c f 7 8 qq
en o so n s o s . S ou s a 2 s t e on

p h y i l f h rh tr y f h
, , .
, ,

pl rifi i h
. .
,

h
t e d f 8 s ca q at e oo o , 0 s . f
a c es o sa c ce n t e c o un o t e

g rd a f 3 e ns o
59 1 2 1 W h h a 9 e e, 1 0

b r i g f i 88 q h f ki g hi f d m gi i
, ,

h t e u n n o a, 1 s . t e o n s, c e s, an a c a ns

k p t r ii 3 qq ; h m ri
.

h g dan 8 8 qq e 2 s e sec e t , 1 0 s u a n sa c

r h q k i 9 4 qq
, . . .

f o ea t ua es , 1 s . fi c es a t , 68 1

G d v ri D i ri h r I di i Gr b r i g f ki g f J d h i
.

o a a S st ct , o ut e n n a, . ea t u n n s or n s o u a , .

1
95 77 q s

i d ifi d w i h p ri i
.

G ddo ess , e nt e t este ss , M rri g a l f iv l f h a e, a nn u a est a o t e

p ri ri y f h h my h
.

2 19 ; su e i o t o t e, n t e t s d d m ea g h Or a f B g l ii
on t e a o ns o en a

f Ad i A i O iri ii
.
,

o o n s, q tt s , s s, 2 01 s 59
C ili i i 6 qq pl ry
.

hi xpl i d
.

G ddo e sses , c an, 1 1 s a ce m en , b st o no t t o e e a ne

i f f ki g r dr i fl
. .

n a nt so ns o fi n s on re to en e wi h t h out f i 3 t e ; n u ence o 1 1 n
2

h m i mm r l f f r ili y rv d gr r lig i y m f d d b y
.
, .

t e 8 o ta 1 0 o e t t se e ea t e o us s s te s oun e 11

by h p ri h ir 59 q ; h ir i fl h p p l r
.
, ,

eu n u c 69 q e s ts , 2 s t e 1 s t e n ue n ce o n t e o u a

p ri ri y
. .

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org i d m h r k i iian z e
qq on ot e -
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,

h
t e f e e o e nt o , a ou e i h R m
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m h r ki y m f d d b y ih
.

r lig i
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s , a nn u a ea t an esu ec t o n o divi d l g r m ua ii 59 q ; r li g i ea t en , 1 s e o us

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. .

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q q ; m rri d i r 3 6 ; h ir
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.

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.

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.

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d gi h b l f i 57 ii 4 5 q
.

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.

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2 1
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,

l r
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i fl
.

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sa c ce to , 2 1 p rifi i f h m i i d i 99
u cat o n or o c e, 2

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. .

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w ri r h w r h ip f Ad i
.

ki g i 8 6 n s, 2 te s o n t e o s o o n s,

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.

o E M o n, on n a nt u a 2 2 s

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,

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ii 6 ii 8 3
.

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. .

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ii 5
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. .

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.

gh t a t t ou t o cau se ea t ua es , h t td w e a n an an n o t e
i 98 1 m ii 3 qq 4 qq
o o n, 1 2 s 1 0 s

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Gr p a divi es as mbl m i 6 5 ne e e , . 1 1 45
 I NDE X 2 89

r i p iri i th f r m f i m l
Gua d an s ts n e o o an a s, Ha pr h m i f h i r lig i i
, t e us c o t e, n e o n, .

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,

dr
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1
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.

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o c a te s , 8 e o un e o ru s , 1i .
,

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. .

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.

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i
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.
,

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77 ,

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,

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es , n d bl o a, e ca te s ou e h
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r iy 6
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l
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.

na eco c a c a ea ii 2 1 1 a e st , f 4 5 qq ; tes o ii . s . a nn u a

iv l f h d d f r 6 ; w
, . ,

f e st a o t e ea a te , 1 ne

H d d h i f m l d i y f th S y ri
a a c e a e e t o e a ns , r ff r d d d ki g
co n o hi f
e e to ea n s orc e s at ,

i 5 6 S y ri r 88 ; pr y r p iri
,

1 1 g d f h d an o o t un e 16 66 2 , 1 h , 1 a e s to t e s ts
d f r il ity r rifi t
.
,

an 63 e t 1 of a n c e sto 75 q ; s at , 1 s . sa c ces o

d d hi f
,

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o n, 1 a
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i Egyp
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of f or 5 o r, 1 n n 3 t, t e a te o , ii. 2

w r h ip f im l m f hr wi g w r th
.

H dd
a A C o n, on o s o an a c u st o o t o n a te on e

l r r i h rm i 3 7 q
,

h p dh r i 39
. .

1
s a e e o es , 1 n a st c o n c u t as a a n -c a 2 s

f M
, .

f h Ar b b ii 4 8 96
.

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. .

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.
, ,

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, , .

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.

H
'
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m l h w O di l r d h m g i
. ,

f v l
,

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ess f h d o o c a no , 2 1 o ea H ava a , o n e a ne t e a c

sh v d i a e m r i g f d d g d
n ou n n or ea o s, r i
u ne s h i 9 n t e, 2 0

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.

2 2 5; b wh to h m i e out en t e oo n s a h a f Ki t e i o ca n o o ra uea n, .

w xi g
,

a 33 q n , 11 . 1 s 2 16 qq s

r r pi g
.

ri t f Ap ll d
.

H la a sarna i C n o s, es o o o an H wa M es , d f th rs . on a te o e c o n - ea n
H r l ii 59
e cu e s a t , 2 i Cr n i 3 e te , 2 2 n

Bl k Ki g f N rw y
.

H l fd H wk I i i f rm
. .

a h an, t e ac n o o a a h f s s 8 ; h n t e o o a , 11 t e
r d bird f h rli Eg yp i
, ,

di m m b r d f r d h ii
.
,

s e e e a te ea t 1 00 sa c e o t e ea est t an
H li r w r h ip dy i pi h r g l rly
, .

a ca n a ssu s , f P g o s o er a ea n n a st e s , q ; 2 1 s e t et e u a
h ki g f E g y p t
.

Ar t m i t i 35
e s a app li d e to t e n o 2 2

p l i ) i E gy p
.
,

H ll f h Tw Tr h j dg m t
,

a o t e h o ut s, t e u en w (Hi -to n era c o n o s n t , 11

h ll i h r w rl d ii
.

a h n t 3 e ot e o 1 2 1 q s

H lm h r f i
. .
,

a h G l l
a e a, t e a e a re e se o 2 2 0 H wk
a rv d s ca h bi r f O iri e on t e e o s s, 1 1

ld I r i f iv l
.
, .

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a as at ae a a, o an an est a 2 0

o f h d d ii 6 7
t e ea H a z ae l ki g f D m i 5 n o a a sc u s , 1

H mil r h i l f ifi t h b t l Dy k
, .
, .

a ca , s se -
sacr ce a t e a t e H d F ea m g h -
e a st f a on t e a s o

o f H im r i 5 q ; w r h ip p d e a, 1 1 s o s e at B r i 95 q o n eo 2 s

C r th g 6 ; b r h im lf
. . .

i g i B r i 94 qq
.
,

a a e, 76 ; 1 1 u ns se h u nt n n ne o
1 - o 2 s
,

w r h ip p d f r d
. .
,

o s h 8 e a te ea t , 1 0 H dea f d d hi f
s o t ff d b ri d ea c e s cu o an u e

H mil
a Al x d r
to n , d f e an e , on a nc e o r l y ii 4
sec et 1 0

h r m p h r di i 7
,

pr m
.

e ai P g o t es n e u, 2 1 n h m h gh t u th
an , t ou t o o o te e
H m il Pr f r G L i 57 f r ili y f h g r
. .

a to n , o e s so . .
, a
1
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H m m r bi f i rdi b y
. .

a h u a d 7 , t e co e o , . 1 i 94 qq
. 2 d g s u se as ua a ns

T ri d rib f B r
.

1
7 2 a au ans 94 an t es o o n eo 2
H d l h h rm i f i 54
.
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an e t e a o n es o
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s

i 8 8 qq
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.

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an e o , t e, . 2 s H ea th f tiv l di p l
en es a s s ace s an,
H gi g rifi i 8 9
.

an m d
n f as a o e o sa c ce , 2 i 3 8 0

ri gi f M id mm r f iv l (f iv l
. .

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.

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.
,

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. .

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.
,

H a nn a s a e s o e ca ea en G dd n or o ess , ot e o
i 3 ; h i r ir m fr m I l y
,

i 3 3
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. 1 1 s et e e nt o ta h S
t e un, 0

f h ir divi i ty
.
,

H br w ki g tr
H w y J
265 e e n s, a ce s o t e n
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,

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fir Bk i 9
.
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di g i i
.

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H rm i kl f i 3
.

a h on a, t e ne c a ce o 2 it 79 n 3
r di t k 86 q
, .

p r p h y th
.

t u ne n o a sn a e, s di ti tiv
o h r t r ec e s nc e c a ac e
H r l d h F ir h ir d ii
.
,

a o t e a - a e , . 1 00 of i 75 , .

P T IV . . V OL . II
2 90 I N DE X
He br w p r ph e o e ts , th e ir r e se m bl a n ce to W e st A f ca th e w o sh p o f th e dea d ri r i
f A fri i ii
,

h
t o se o ca , a m o ng t h e , 1 8 5 sqq
74 sq

brid p
. . .

r r i r
.

He es e a ts c u t in th e w a n e o f t h e H e ma p h o d te so n o f S k y a nd E a th
ii
, ,

m o o n in t h e 1 3 7 sq , i 2 82 n
. .

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. .

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r i i
, ,

i i
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, . .

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i ifi i r i
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,

i i
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r hip p d S Z
, , .

4
a nd eu s i wo s e at tra to n c ea , 2 64 n

r riv r i
.

11 7 2 2 H e mus , e , 1 85 1 86

Gr k m h i 3 4 r r r ri lli r
. .
,

H mb
ec a t o eus , a ee o nt 1 H e o d e so ts t o t h e s p n g s o f C a r h o e ,
m C ry
,

d riv i
.

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4 2 1

i 87 H r d A i hi b i Th r
.
,

s
i
c an, 1 a e o es f tt c u s , s e ne a c t o n a t e

H l f h Tr w r h ip p d i R h d i
. .

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i 9 H r d ry f Ap h r di
.

2 2 e o o tu s 011 sa n c tu a o o te a t
H li l ri i g f S iri i 3 4 ; r li gi p r i i
.

e a ca s n
5 o us, ii 1 2 P ph a o s, on e o us o st t u t o n ,

H li i A h i r y d by r h C yr
.

w if
.

e ce , d n c a a, es t o e ea t 58 f B l 7
on d e o e 1 on u s an

k i 3 ; P id w r h ip p d rifi
,

q ua e, . 2 0 o se on o s e C 74 ;
ro e su s , h 1 f on t e sa c c es o

a t, 3 2 0 n
2
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h p ri d f A p ll ll d m m f S ri 8 5
.
,

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e o o ru s , o n h t e e st oo o o o ca e o nu e nt o es o s t s, 1 on

and A r mi Eph te ii 43 q s at e su s , 2 s h
t e f iv l f O iri e st S i ii 5 ;
a o s s at a s, 0

H li g b l i 35; r i g f O iri 8 6 id i
. . .

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a u s , su n - o at esa , on h m t e ou n n or s s, e nt

y
.

hi rifi f h il dr f livi g p r
s sa c ce o c en o n a e nts , fi O iri w i h D i
es s 3 s t on su s , 1 1 on

ii 4 8 2 h
t e s i mil ri y b w h ri f O iri a t et ee n t e tes o s s

H li p li ( B l b ) i S y ri i y
.

e o o s 63 aa ; ec n a, 1 n
2
an d Di 7 ; onh m ri su s , 1 2 on u an sa c

ff r d b y h w i f
.
,

r d p r i i t 3 7 58 f X rx
.

sa c e o st t u t o n a fi ce s o e e t e e o e es , 2 2 1

H li p li ( h E g y p i )
, ,

e o o s ri l f h
t e t an t a o t e H re o es w r h ip p d i f r m o f im l
s e n o o an a s,

d d O iri bfr h gd ii
,

ea s s e o e t e o s a t, i 39 1

H r r lig i p r i i i
. .

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A i i 63
, .
,

H p di g H
e n on tt s , 2 a
1
57 m 59
l ”
4

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. 0

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E g yp i
.

h b h f C yb l im g 8 I i
.

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t e at o e e s a e, 2 0 H tes h t e m f t an na e or s s, ii .

p ri g i 9
,

1
H phe dh
a es tu s a n ot s n s, 2 0
5 0 5 1 1 n

E gyp i fr g g dd ii 9 i g i Bd wi g
. .

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H r m rri g w i h Z i 8
.

i 39
.

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e a s a a e t eu s , 2 0 at , 2

l id L y di dy y f th i 8 ki h K i g h i r f r m ti i 5
. .

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r ig 5
, , ,

8 4 ; p rh p H i i
.

4
1 85
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H r l
e c u es i d ifi d w i h M l r h i 6 en t e t e ca t 1 H ib h p p y ri ii 3 5
e a 5 a
1
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1

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y
.

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°

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.
, ,

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. o en e c u e o sa c f h
ese nt a t o n s S d f o t e e e st a at ,

fi ce s 3 to ,
; id ifi d w i h1 1 a
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e nt e t 1
S 1

b r h i m lf H i ip l i S y ri iv l f h
.

S d an 5 an , 1 2
43 6 1 1 1 u ns se e a
'
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P yr T r h i 46 r dd v
,

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, ,

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r r y r
.
,

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h p ri r
,

A l pi
esc u a 9 q h p r fh
us. 2 0 s t e at o n o ot 2 69 fA
eu nu c 69 e st s o st a te at, 2

p ri g l r f Th r m
.

s n
9 qq s, 2 0 s a ta o at e o sq
p yl ff m i ii 57 i h v ll y f h M d r v
. .
,

ae ,
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f Pl i 6 h p ri g
,

ri r
.

8 5 f d d es t u to a t , 6 2 0 ot s n s at, 2 0
5
2 9 ; p 2 o e sse as a o .

58 ; v r l m y ri f
, ,

w m o an, 2 e na s te es o at W
s

rifi i i i b
,

R m o 58 ; e, 2 R m sa c ce s to at o e, dHi p
an l i d w era o s, s t nc t o n et e en ,

i 68
,

2
58
2 1 n .

d h li i 84
.

an t e on, 1 B mb y - A g i h g dd
a f ce , tar a t s t e o ess o ,

d Om ph l i 8 ii 58 i 3 7 6 ; m y ri g l d i m g
.

an a e, 1 2 2 1 1 2 s te o us o en a e

d S rd p l i 7 qq ; r l p ll i
. .
, . ,

h 2 ut o n
an a a na a us, 1 2 s at , 6 1 2 n u es a s to t e o

h L ydi ii 7
.

i d i l w i h h Cili
. .

t e an , e nt c a t t e o f d h ea t a t, 2 2

H i r g l y ph i Hi i i 4 5
.

ic an H r l i 8 84 85 e cu es , 1 2 1 1 e o cs , tt te , 1 2 , 1 2 n .

H i g h p ri f S y ri i 43
.

w i h h li l p G r k yp f
.
, ,
’
t t e o n s sc a , ee t e o ,
-
g ddes t o an o es s , . 1

i 7 q 1 1 s n
1

H r di r y d i i i 5 P ri
. . .

e e ta e t es , 1 h d f h S estess , 3 ea o t e ta te , ii 2 0

h i fl
.

H r f r d h ir l k i H ig h l d r ih
.

e e o s 79 e , so u -c a es n , 11 San e s, c o tt s , on t e n u e n ce

ii 3 3 4 4
.

H r re e o B rib f G r m S h
, a a n tu t e o e an out of h m t e o o n, . 1 2 , 1 , 1 0
2 92 I N DE X
c h a nne s , 3 8 ; o f th e l ii ng s of ki I li mu im l an rifi d by h g i g a s sa c ce an n a t,

y i 9
.
,

A sh a n te e a nd D a h o m e , 97 2 2

r i y r
.

o ffe e d t o D o n su s 9 8 sq o ffe e d I ll m i
u i t r
na t o n , l t f iv l f n o c u na a est a o

by xi i O iri ii 5 q ; f g r v
, . ,

th e M e c a n s fo r t h e m a z e , 1 0 7 ; s s, Al l 0 s o a es on

ki rv U l D y 7 q 74
. .

’
a t t h e g a e s o f th e ng s o f g a nda , S ou s a , 2 s

I l p irr r l A r li h ir b li f
,

ki
.

1 68 ; t o dea d ng s , 1 73 ; to de a d f C a o e nt a u st a a, t e e e

i
ch e fs , 1 91 ; rl
t o p o o n g th e li
fe o f in t h r i r i f h d d i 99
e e n c a na t o n o t e ea

ki g
.

f v g t bl
,

n q s, 3 qq 2 2 0 s 2 2 s Im g a f O
es i m d o sn s a e o e e a e

vi i m h r w i v l
.
,

m l d ii 8 5 8 7 9
.

H m u an ct s t o n nto o c a no e s , ou q 9 0 s 1
I m m r li y E g y p i
.
, ,

i 9 q s m d f h ir ki rd
, , .

2 1 s . u es a e o t e s ns , o ta t h p f , t an o e o c e nt e

r pr iv f h r i O iri
.
,

e esen ta t es t e n n 59 0 s
°

93
2 as o co s q 9 s,
q 4 s 1 1 1

S p iri ii 97 6 q kill d w i h i f w m by r p
,

I mp r g
. .
,

t, 1 0 t na t o n o en e n ts , 1
°
s e e o se

by h d d 9 b y gh
. . .

d r k
,

2
h p d
o es , s a99 es , a n a es , n 8 qq 0 s t e ea 1 o sts ,

by h fl w r f th b
.

H g r r t f h w r h ip f
.
,

un h e t e oo o t e o s o 93 t e 93 o e o e a na n a ,

Ad i i 3o n s, 2 1 su pp d hr o segh i g f d 96 t ou ea t n oo

H r h ir b ri l f i f i 9 5 ; by fi
.
,

ii 3 5
, ,

u o ns . t e u a o n a n ts , 1 1 02 3 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 re , 2

f th C r p h i h ir h ry
. .
, , ,

p i
.

H l
uz u s o e a at a ns , t e t eo S l
ee a soC o n ce t on
f h
o w ig m
t e ii 3 ; h ir
an n oo n, . 1 0 t e f I i by h d d 0
o s s 8 t e ea 5 11 1 5 , 1 1 2 0
r f w r br h 49 q wi h x l i r r b li f
.
,

cu e or a te - as 1 s t o ut se ua nte co u se , e e

Hy i h kill d b y
,

f Am l
.

a c nt so n o y c a s, e in, i 9 6 qq s

A p ll i 3 3 ; hi fl w r 3 3 q ;
. .

br ri f Ad i
,

o o 1 s o e , 1 s Ince n se h u nt at t e te s o o n s,
mb iv l 3 4 q ; i 8 ; b r ti h r f h Q
, . .

hi s d f to an e st a 1 s an 2 2 u n n o no u o t e u ee n

b rig i l d i y 3 5 q h i i r ll d by fl il
. .
,

a o na e t 1 s s s st e o f H v 8 ;ea en , 2 2 co e c te a a

p rh p d ifi d ii 9
.
, ,

1
P ly b o 3 6 ; o ea , 1 e a s a e e 1 0 a

ki g f Am y l i 3 6 q d g h r i r y l f m ili
.

wi h
.

n o c ae , . 1 s Inc es t t a au te n o a a es ,

Hy i hi iv l f H y i h i rpr d f i 43 q
.

a c nt h f a, t e e st a o ac nt e o te c ases o s

i y f mm h g h t i 4
, . , . .

3 4 q 1 s In c o n s s te n c o co on t ou
Gr k m h i 3 5 r i m f ih
. , .

Hy i h i a c nt us , a ee o nt 1 n In c ea se f h m h o t e oo n t e t e or

r i g m y ii 48 q
.

A rg iv iv l ii 59
.
,

H yb i i r st c a , f an e e st a , 2 c eas n o ne , . 1 s .

I di r d w m (d i g g irl ) i
.

3 en a nc n
n n a , sa c e o -
s n,
H yg i i i 88 i 6 qq i m p r g i f w m b y
.

1
h g dd
e a, t e o e ss , n 1 s e na t o n o o en

H ym
.

i 9;
.

rp q ; b ri l
. .

t T mm
ns o h a uz , . to t e su n s to n e i 8 se f
e n ts n, 1 s u a o

g d ii i f i 93 q g r d f Ad i
.

o 3 q 1 2 s n a nt s n, s . a e ns o on s

C ili i i 4
. .
,

Hy i r a in c a, 1 i n, 2
3 9 qq h d di s d . eu nu c s e c a te to a

dri ki g m
.

g dd i
‘

o 7 ess n, 2 1 n n oo n

Ib ani f h N i g r d l h ir rifi
o t e e e ta , t e sa c ce s ligh m di i
t as a i ii 4 e c ne n, 1 2

pr l liv f ki g
.

to g h o on d t e es o n s an I di
n rm i
a n ce e lg h ri o n e s a na o o us to t e te s
h r
ot ii e s, 2 2 2 o f Ad i i 7 o n s, 2 2

Dy k
.

Ib h ir w r h i p p r ph bj ti
.

ans S or ea f a s, t e o s o hi o g i l
et , s o ec o ns t o a r cu

serp t i 8 3 S S D y k e n s, . ee ea a s r i 88 q
tu e , s .

B t A r b r v ll r rl I di f r p i l Am ri r pr t h
. .

Ib n a u ta , f a t a e e , on u ne a n a ns o t o ca e ca e e se n t e
f mp r r f C h i
o e i 93 q
e o o na , . 2 s . r i g d w p i g ii 3 3
a n- o f C li ee n , . o a

Ib ree z i S h r C pp d i
n i 9
o ut e n a a oc a, 1 1 f hiot h ir a, l f iv l f h
t e a nnua e st a s o t e
vill g f Hi i f Br il
.

qq
s q a e o 1 2 0 s tt te d d 5 ea q 2 d s h o az a t te n to t e
lp r m r
. . .
, ,

s cu tu e s a t , 1 2 1
qq s . m oon h h o e 38 t a n t o t e su n , 1 n
h g d f i t e 9 qq ohi h r d o 1 1 s s o ne o f S J C pi r
an h ir ua n r a st a no t e ce e

m y
, . . ,

cap 64 1 on h w m at 4 ; f h
t e ne o o n, 1 2 o t e
I d l i m i Cy p r U y li R iv r i P r h ir g r i g
,

a u i 5 ; bili g l i
n us , 0 n ua n ca a e n e u, t e ee t n

M l rh w f N r h
.

scri p i f 49 t on o , e ca t or to h w m
t e 4 ; ne o o n, 1 2 o o t
h ip p d
s 7 e at, 1 1 A m ri ff m i
e ca , r rr m g e e na te so c e e s a on

Id l ea s f h m i y o w di ff r u h an t t o e e nt , t e th 54e, 55 q 2 2 s

i ly i 3 ; g r d b y g dd
.
, ,

h r i e o c d h an t e sa n t , 00 ea t I f
n a n t so n s o f ki g p l n s a ce o esse s

r lig i pr d m l i 8
.

e o u s, f h a o u ct o t e a e on fi re , 1 0

im gi i b ri d r h ir
.

a na t o n , i i 2 1 1 I f
n a n ts u e so as to e n su e t e
Id l r L r bir h i 9 93 qq ; b ri l f
.

e e h d f h i on d t e a te o t e ntro uc e t 1 s u a o at

i f h fix d Al x dri y r ii
. .
, ,

r 8 q
, ,

t on o t e e e an an ea G ez e 1 0 s

I fl f gr p p l r
.
,

h S h i p ri d 3 7
.
,

8
2 a
1 on t e ot c e o n n ue n ce m o h ea t en on t e o u a

r i y p ri mi iv i 6 i m g i i ii 99 ; f m h r k i
.
,

r
.

Ig no a nce o f p a te n t t e, 1 0 a na t o n , 1 o ot e n

r lig i
. .
,

q
s on e qq o n , 2 02 s

Il M y k rib f W A r li h ir
.

l h ir
.

a f e h Nj m c an o t e a u s, t e I g d
n ar a t e o es t u st a a, t e

supp d p w r v r irrig i w r
o se o e o e at on a te b li f e e h bir h f h il dr i
as to t e t o c en, .

an d h r p ii 3 9t e c o s, . 1 04
 I NDE X 2 93

lbr
I ng e o o u g h in Yo sh e , rk ir i
1 52 s u p p o sed il 3 3 ; h to sw e ll th e N e, er

ri r r p ri r j k l m k 85
.

’
I n h e ta nc e o f p ro p ei ty u nde m o th e w est ea s a ac a s as

d by h
,

rl ii pi H r
1 1
k in , u e s o f 2 03 a d eca ta te 88 e r so n o u s, a

mp l P h il
.

rib r li ir
.
, .

I nj ib a ndi t e o f W es t A u s t a a , t h e h er te 89 ; h
e at ae , 1 1 1 er

m y
,

b li
e ef a s t o t h e bir
t h o f c h d en , il r i m
an 5; i na r d w if f es , 1 1 s ste an e o

1 0 5 O iri s 6 ; s, r g dd 1 1 6 q ; a co n- o e ss , 1 1 s

di v ry f w h d b rl y
.

Ins e c t , so u l f d d i i 95 q o 6 ea n, s 11 1 2 h er sco e o ea t an a e

ibili y t p i i d ifi d w i h C r
.
, . ,

i g f i p ir
.

Inse ns t o a n as a s n o ns a 1 1 6 ent 7 e t e es, 1 1

i i 69 q
t o n, 1 s id ifi d w i h D m t r 7 ;
e nt e h t e e e , 1 1 as t e

ibili y p i
.

I p ir ti i ig i d l wi f d m h r 7 q fi
.

ns a o n, nse n s t to a n as s n ea e an ot e , 1 1 s re ne

v g th r y f i d p iri t li i f 7 q;
.

o f i 69 q ; 1 s sa a e eo o m t en an s ua z at o n o 1 1 s

p p l ri y f h w r h ip i
. .
, .
, .
,

2 99 o u a t h R m o er o s n t e o an

p r ph i o d r h i flet c , f un e t e n u en ce o m p ir
e 8 ; h e, r m bl 1 1 h er e se a n ce to t e
m i us c ,i 5 q 54 q 7 4 ; h r gh 2 s s .
, t ou V irg i M r y n 8 q S iri ha r , 1 1 s . us er s t a

p iri f d d ki g d h i f ii
. .
, ,

h
t e s ts o ea n s an c e s, .
34 9 5 5 ” 1 2

I i d h ki g i 8 ’
1 7 1
7 , 9 1 q 2 1 2 s s s an t e By bl n s so n a t u s, . 1 0
r p i ii 8
.
,

I ns p ir d m e d w m i th P l w
en a n o en n e e e an d h t e sco o ns,

I w r M h dv I di g d i
.

I l s an d ii 7 q s, 2 0 s . s a a or a a e a , an n an o , .

r l i i rd d rr t th
.

In te c a a t o n nt o u ce to co ec e

v g Eg yp i y r ii 6 7 8 ;
a ue t an ea 2 2 2 I t li
a my han f ki g h rt s o bg n s or e o es e o tten

by h fi g d ii 3 5
,

i t M xi
.
, ,

i n h t e a nc e n l d r ii e ca n c a en a t e re - o 2

I t l y h t S p ri g i i 3 ; divi i
.
, ,

2 8 n 3 a o n s n, 2 1 na t o n
M i d m m r i 54
,

pi h t p p li d
. .

In u us, e t e F a e to a u nu s , 11 at su e n, 2

It h f H r l i 9
.

2 34 c o e cu es, 2 0

I vi ibl h rm m k rmy r l p iri ( Z l t r m

.

n s e, c a to a e an a , 11 . It g on o, an a n ce st a s t u u e

i g l r f Am g ) ii 8 4
,

2 5 1 s n u a o a to n o 1

I l fri d f H r l i
.
,

o au s , en o e c u es , 1 1 1 185
i y r h l d ii 67
.

Ir an an ea , t e o , I y
v r d t A i i 78 ; r d
sa c e o tt s , 2 sac e to
Ir i l d h ir l f iv l f O iri ii
.
, .

a n a ns , t h e o , t e a nn u a est a o s s, 1 1 2

h i ) ii 6 7 q
.

h d d (F
t e ea ra v as s s .

Ir l r d k i i 37
.
,

J bl ki P E O iri
J
2
e an d sa c e oa s n, . n a o ns , g d . on s s as a su n - o

ii
. .
, ,

I rl th r lig i f h H r r ii
,

e, on e e on o t e e e o , . 1 2 0

J k l g d Up
. .
,

1 86 q s ac a -
o 54
-
u at , ii 1

h A ty J k l m k w r b y p ri
.

Ir ll w d i 86 f I i
.

’
on no t a o e to to u c s, . 2 ac a s as o n e st o s s , ii .

J
85
I rri g i at o n i i t Eg y p t 3 q ;
n a nc en 11 1 s amb l i h c i ibili y p i
us on n se n s t to a n as

ri f i E gyp 3 3 qq ; rifi
. .
,

te s o n t, s sa c ce s i g f i p ir i i 69
s n o ns h at o n, 1 on t e

p ri fy i g vir
. .
,

o ff r d i e e xi w i h 3 8 q
n co nn e on t s u f fi n 8 tu e o re , 1 1

ry h ix h f r k d i h
, .

153 or P rv t i aI di g dd a i 4 an n an o e ss , 2 1 J a nu a t e s t o ec o ne n t e
h N ivi y f C h ri
.
,

Abr h m crifi i 3 4
, ,
’
Isa a c , mp d
a a f s a t te te sa ce o E a st t e at t o st , 0
ii 9 my th l g y ii
, .

1
2 1 n J a nu s i R m n o 35 an o o 2

ki g p yr i T p h i lik d i y
.

I i h i i 65
. .
,
’
sa a ,h on t e n s e n O et , .
-
e e t o n c o ns , 1

ibl ll i g rd
.

177 78 , p 1 o ss e a us o n to a ens J p
a l f iv l f th d d i
a n , a nn u a est a o e ea n, ii
f Ad i i
.

o 36
on s d w n,
47 2 on e , 2 65
J r
a s,h il dr c b ri d i i 9 en u e n, 1 0 n
1

I h r g r t B by l i g dd i 8 d M d
.

i 8
.

1
s ta , ea a o n an o e ss , Ja so n a n e ea , 1 1 a

r l i t T mm 8
.

J r w Pr f rM iv l f
. .
,

2 0 i n e at o n o a uz , as t o , h f o esso , on t e e st a o

i h r r
.

sq T mm a uz h 1 0 on t e c a a c te

( A r ) d My li
.

i 36 37
, .

st a te an tta , , n 1 f T mm
o a 3 uz 2 0 72
I i i t r d w if f O iri ii 6 q ;
. .

J v iv i r hq k
.
,

s s, s s e an e o s s, s a d
a , co n f uct o na t es n a n ea t ua e,

iv l f 6 V ll y f P i
. .

d ate f h f o t e 33 ; e st a o 2 i 2 02; h a
1
t e a e o o so n in ,

wi h h h
,

w r h ip f v l
. .

a s a co w w m or a d f o an t t e ea o 2 03 q s
°

i o s o o ca no es n, 2 2 0
w i 5 ii 5 8 5 8 8
.

a co 0,
9 ; 0, 1 qs

i v k d by E gyp i r p r i 3
.
, .
,

J wb
.

n o e t an ea e s, 2 2 a th o ne, gh f h d d h e gh t o st o t e ea t ou
ii 4 5 7 ; i h f rm f h w k 8
.
,

, 1 1 n t e o o a a to a dh r h ii 6 7 q
e e to t e , 1 s

h p p yr
.

v l ri g f K ib k h
.
, , .

2 0 ; i n t w mp e 8 i ha us s a s, n t e d an na e -
st n o u a, t e
f rm w ll w 9 ; g d f h B g ii 97
JU g d p r rv d d w r h ip p d
o f o a Bybl s
9 a o at u s, w a r- o d o t e a an a, 1

w ll
,

b l r ki
.

sq ; . t h a 9 t e h e 1 1 1 er a w w
o nes , f d d o
g f e o ea n s o

r h f h b dy f O iri
, , ,

s ea c or t e 5 o o s s, 1 0, 0, an a e se e an o s e

85 ; r v r d b ri h b dy f
,

ec o e s an u es t e o o ii 67 q 1 69 q 7 s q h 1 s 1 1 s t e
O iri r O iri
.
, ,

f h ki g
. . .

s s,q ; m 1 0 s ; . o u ns s s, 1 2
gh o st s o pp d t
t e h n s su o se to a ta c
r r O iri
e st o es lif 3 ; h s r s to e, 1 er tea s h ir j w b
to t e 69 a o ne s , 1
 I N DE X
Ja yi or J aw ara
iv l i U p p r I di , fest a n e n a, J u p i te r an d J u tu r na ii 2 35 n
“

i
, . .

1 .
4 2 2 D o l ic h e nu s 1 36
O lb i 5
,

i ri ph i j i
.

fi l d Hi
e ssa r, a, 1 1 J u s t c e a n d I n u st ce in A st o a nes ,

J h v h i r l i d r i
. .

e o a h n e at o n to t un e 2 2 71 2 0
9
i r l i ri 3 J i M r yr r mbl
.
,

1
n e at o n to a n, 2 n u st n h a t f on t e e se a nc e s o

r kh w lp r i m Ch ri i i y i 3
.

J P 4
e n sen , on oc -
e n scu tu e s a t p g a an s to st a n t 02 n

B gh K i i 3 7 ; Hi i r i R m m y h l gy ii 3 5
, . .

4
o az - eu 1 n on t t te J u tu n a n o an t o o 2

i ri p i S y ri
. .
, , .

n sc 45 t o n, h 1 on t e an

g d H d d o 63 a a 1 n
3
K byl m rri g
a es , m f h at a e c u st o o t e, o

J r mi h h p r ph
,

r h bir h f b y ii 6
.

e e a m dm
on t e o et a s a a an, e nsu e t e t o a o 2 2

i 77 K d h S m i i g dd i 3 7
,

bir th fr m t k d
, .

2
. on o s oc s an sto nes , a es , a e t c o e ss , 1 n
K i f G rm N w G i h r b li f
. .

1 0
7 a o e an e u nea , t ei e e

J ri h d h f H r d
e c o , i 4 ea t o e o at , 2 1 i n p i wi h
c o nce x l i r t on t o ut se u a n te
J r m r i 96 q
.

e o th e, d f hon m h e a te o t e o nt c o u se , . s

i w r h ip
.

T mm a uz h 1 0 on t e o s K ik la T mil
o a ns , a i 6 a c as te , 2

f Ad i B h l h m 57
.
,

K i i h f C tr l A r li h ir b li f
.

o o n s at et e e , 2 a t s o en a u st a a, t e e e

J r
e u sa e l m m r i g f T mm t i ou n n or a uz a i h r i
n t r i f h d d i 99
e e nc a n a t o n o t e ea

K l l H i S y ri i 7 8
, ,

i ki g f
. .
,

1 1 7 , ; h 1 C , 2 0 t e a n a a n te n s o a at c o sn , n a,

7 ; h r r d p iv d i i P l w
.
,

K li
' '

1 t e 3 th
etu ne ca t es at, 2 e a k l t/
as, i h
a z z s, e t es n t e e e
D r yi g A g l v r 4 ; b i g d
e st o n n e o e 2 es e e I l d
s an ii 4 s, 7 2 0 2 0

by S h rib r li g i Kl g h pr m
.
,

5 h
e n na c e 2 t e e ous a un a,
g d f tht e su e e o o e

O v mb ii 8 8
,

orh r c
5 ;est a gr br i g a t, 2 ea t u n n s
”
a o 1

K g r D i ri P j b i 94
, .

h ki g q ; h ki g
’
f or t 77e n s a t, 1 s t e n s an a st ct , u n au

pyr H ly
.

7 7 q ; Ch r h f h F iji il d i
.
,

e at, 1 s u c o t e o K a n tav u , a an s an 2 01

d F ri d y
,

S p l hr rm i y l id i i C ili i i 58
. .

e t G u c e a oo a ce e o n es K an te e s, n c a, 1

K r B l i Ly di H i i lp t r t
, .

i h n t 55 e, h rifi f fi t 2 71 t e sa c ce o rs a a- e n a, tt te sc u u e a

i 38
,

b r h ildr t ii 9
,

o n c en a 2 1 1 85 1

rib f W A r li h ir
.
, .

J w i h p ri
e s h ir r l th p ll
est s , t e u e as to e o u K i a r e ra t e o e st u st a a, t e

i f d h ii 3
t on o eat 2 0 b li f e h bir h f h il dr
e s as to i 5 t e t o c en , 1 0

f Eg y p f bri d K rm r rm y f h M d
. .
,

J w
e s o m d t, co s tu e o e an a a -t ee , ce e on o t e un as

brid g r m m g h ii 6 e oo a on t e, 2 0 vr i 4
o e a, 2 0

P h r yg i K r B k f S m r h ir
.

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as e o, di t h P y mi d r a st o n , e s t e ra
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ii 99 q
,

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st as c uc e o n, 0 s

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as ue a es a es t a s o t e ea , 11 .

7 1 53
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a e tte - h b ri l f
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, on t e u a o M r f i k ki g f U g d
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s u se to a o n to s t o nes o n as sa i Ni r g
a, h m o ca no n ca a ua , u an

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a sse a z b t/ ) rd t u a a sse o z sa c e s o ne

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r pr di h r k h w lp r
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.

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i 35
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,

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35
2 u se o c en o n a e n ts a

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3 00 I N DE X
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g dd dg d
2 2 2 s a e to o an o esse s a n o s,
M
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.

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t e, 1 o u a re o st tu t o n n t e o s o e,

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.

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e Kh i f t e a e a on t e as s o

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i p r i M h r G dd ii
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, .

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.
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m yt o ne r i gi i h p k o , or h h d
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h ip
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fl
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q k iua es, . 2 01 . 2
 I N DE X 3 0 1

M o th e r f h Cl is h P l w
o t e an n t e e e N a a b u rg , in B v ri a a a , cu s to m at so w n g i
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i 98 rl i 6
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264 2 59
M h f h d d Egy p i
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. .

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M il i f d d b di f ki g N ivi y f th S t h wi r l i
. . .

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d g r
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.

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,

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74 q
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.

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, .

sa e f e ns o ns or a sea se o N be se n f t e a us o ii 1 1 2

l g g ii 4 E gyp i
, .

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,

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.

ta an, o n s or e o es e o t en 28 ii 5
2 1 n 1

b y th fi g d ii 3 5 th p p y r
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e t, f e a us o , ii . 1 1 2
3 02 I N DE X
i
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O s s a nd I s s iri i ii
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'

i 48
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.

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.
, ,

e o an a s,h bir h f h il dr i h2 i 3 2 to t e t o c en n t e, 1 0

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. .

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i 7 4 q ; v g h ry f N i gh m h ir h rv
.

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sa a e t eo o o tt n a s e, a e st c u s to n,
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ki g
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est 53 a55 q 11 N v mb r f 1 iv l f h d d i 1 s o e e e st a s o t e ea n, ii

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. .

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e d p ri an, i 66 t e a o , o t a te o e sts a n es tesses ,

h T mi f
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t e 98 a o68 1

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,

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h bir h f h il dr i
,

as t o t e t o c en , 1 01

rm i Egyp i m h r f
.

m o o n, h 4 N ce e k y g dd o n es at t e, 11 . 1 1 ut, t an s -
o es s , ot e o

O iri i 83 ii 6 6 ; i s s, 2 n
3
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,

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ii 8
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0 n

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ii 53 55 6 6 5 ii 6 2 2 2

i 7 N y k g h fir f h S h ill k ki g
, ,

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,

ea a n i , o to a an a n, . 2 0 , a an , t e st o t e u n s,

2 0 9 n w r h ipp d h g d f hi p pl o s e as t e o o s eo e,

N w b rr y P r f
.

e e rP E O iri ii 6 qq ; i r
o e s so i v ri on s s as 1 2 s n ca na t e n a o us

i m l 6 3 q ; h i m y ri di
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,

d r tr g d ii
.
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m i i 53 q
.
, . .

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e J H an , pp r 63 ; on hi gr v 63 us c , s a ea a n ce , o 1 s a es , 1

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,

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i h ir b li f i rp q ; hi r l i
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.

f h F ir C r w
,

pr m g d f h W h h
.

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uru , t e su e e o o t e a e e, s o t e a o ns a t a,

ii 8 8 q 1 s ii 4 2 0

Ny h v ll y f h M dr i
. .

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.

a h e, t e su i e e o o t e a o tse , sa , n t e a e o t e a ea n e

rifi f b ll
, .

ii 93 1 5 6 ;
“

2 0 2 0 n .
1 sa c ce o u at,

Ni iv f i
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as, d t f h
co n uc 9 o t e na t es o , n an 2 2 n 3

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.

t q ; h d h
ua e, g 2 01 ea u nt n ua on ua an s ts o ea
-
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,

i 83
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r bi h r d t M mr i
,

vi im v l ct i 9
s to O k o c a n o es , 2 1 a or te e nt , sa c e a a e, .

h m rri g f br h r
.

Ni ld J
e tz o 37 on t e a a e o ot e s

wi h i r i i Egyp ii 6 O h f Egyp i ki g rr
,

t s ste s n a n c e nt t, 2 1 at o t an n s no t to co ec t

v g Egyp i y r by i r
.

1
n h t e a ue t an ea n te

r lig i ii 6
.

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O b li k i m g r i 4
.
,

W h h ii 8 8 q
.

a e e, 1 f A s e s , a e o st a te , 1

O b li k rd G r
.

N ik G ilb r t I l
. .

u na u , f h d o ne o 8
t e e s an s, e s s , sac e , at ez e , 1 1 0

Ob i m g f O iri
.

rd
sa c e i i 8 sto nes n, 1 0 n
1
s c e ne a es o s s , ii 1 1 2

i l y l ld i Gr
. . .

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e, td f ll f h e 3 qq O
se a n a o t e , 11 0 s c te n n a c c e, o , n eec e , 11 .

ri s t h m m r l i i J
. .

es a t e su 4 e s o st c e n u ne , 2 2 71 .

3 1 3 3 ;n mm 1
d d b y h K i g O b r h co fir f g r t San x e t e n cto e t e st o , a ea a on

f Eg y p iv l ii 8
, ,

ri 3 3 ; h g h
.

3
o bt to f se , t ou t to e es t a 1 n

by h r f I i 3 3 ; g l d O dil bb f C l g y i i
. .
,

w ll
s o en t e te a s o f s s, o o a ot o u n , nst tu te s e a st

d ilv r h r w i h riv r i l ii 8
,

an s e f Al l S
t o n nto t e e at ts o o u s, 2

r i i g 4 ; h ri f rib d t O di h g d r i 9 ;h m
.

s n 0 t e se o a tt u te o n, an e on a t ee , 2 0 u an

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.
,

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e a 6 q s, 2 1 s 9 ; ct s e c a te an n to , 2 0

Bri d f h ki g rifi d ii
.

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h t e 38 e o t e , 11 n s s o n s sa c ce to , 2 2 0

ki g f P i h i i wi h
.

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.

s so n , m f Oo e sso m on c u sto o eno au s , n o sa , s nc e s t t

h i d g h r i 44
. . ,

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s ac e 57 o st tu t o n , s au te n
1

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,

5 8 h rifi f b ll Oon Ht e t sa c ce o a u to eta , o u nt , e cu es u n o n, . 1 1 1 ,

Z eu s , 1 1
39 2 6 n
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1 1 2 1 1

O ff ri g d d ki g
,

Ni v h d f i
. .

ne h e 74 t e en o94 1 e n s to ea n s , ii 1

O il h l y p
.

r d ki g h d i
.
,

f Bri ti h E t Afri th ir
,
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3 04 I N DE X
i rpr
n te e t ed r r gd 9 as a c eda -
t ee o 1 0 Ox b i d f h m vi i m i
su s t t u te or u an ct n
l i bir d ; r pr rifi i 46 ; m b dy i g r
,

1
n ; hi s so u n a 1 1 0 e o sa c ce , 1 e o n co n
m mm y l d i
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,

s en te d as a u e nc o se n a sp iri rifi d A h t sa c
96 q ; ce at t ens , 2 s

r b im g f bl k d i p ifi y r m i
.

t ee , ; 1 1 0, 1 1 1 o sc e ne a es o ac u se n ur ca t o r ce e o n es

g d f f r ili y
,

f r b l ii 5 q
,

1 1 2 ; as a q ; o o e t t 1 1 2 s a te a a tt e , 2 1 s

id ifi d w i h D i y
.
.

O i ri i S r di i iv l
. .

3 ’
e nt e 3 6 t on su s , 1 1 , 1 2 n . z e Sn J h f a n a, t o n s e st a at ,

iv r l i 44
, .

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y
.

l ri r i r
.
,

p p o u a f h i w t h ip 4 o; s o s 1 1 nt e

d by
,

pr a te m h so qq e as t e su n , 1 2 0 s .
, P a ca sm y h mp l
a f h m
u, t e te e o t e o o n a t,

r ea so ns f r j i g h i i rp r or e ec t n t s nt e e ta ii 3 8 . 1

i
t o n, 1 2 2 qq ; h i d h s d s ea t an resurre c P dm
a i I di
a va t g dd i 43
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i i rp r d y d rig i f h M i d mm r f iv l
.
, .

t on n te h d e te as t e ec a an P g
a an o n o t e su e est a

g r w h
o f v t
g i o 6 q q h ie e ta t o n , 1 2 s s
( f iv l f S J h ) i 49 q
es t a o t o n 2 s

b dy br k i f r p r
.

i m d C h ri i i y h ir r m
.
, . .

o o en 9 n to ou te e n a ts , 1 2 P g
a an s an st a n t t e e se

i rp r d by m f bl x pl i d di b li r
,

n te he te m as t e oon so e o a n ce s e a ne as a o c c o u nt e
ht e i 9 ; r ig
a n c e n ts , d w y 1 2 e ne t en t f i e i 3 3 9 q
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,

p r
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e t ea s , 1 2 s so u t ou t to H l d qb fi h j
a s u b y wh t a v s, a o o se a e nts are

im g d i h r d b ll Ap i
.

b h liv ii 3 6
,

2
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i ifi i
. .

1 3 ; 0 d d w h h
ent m i e t t e oon n P l i
a a t na t e , h U p p r th f t e f Al l e e eas t o

h ym 3 ; r pr ri g l i ii 7
,

ns , 1 d w 1 e esen te ea n on S ou s n, 2

f ll w i hi P l i r lig i p r i i i i 58 ;
.

hi h s d ea m a u o on t n a a es t ne , e o us o st tu t o n n,
r 3 ; di i i f h i my h r r pi g i 3
.

c e sc e n t , 1 1 st n c t o n o s t d f h
a te o t e co n - ea n n, 2 2 n
d w r h i p fr m h f Ad i P l i i Aph r di i 3 4
.

an o s d o t o se o o n s an a e st n a n o te , 0 n

A i h i d mi p i i P l ri h h r m i f i 54
. .

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tt s , 1 s s o na n t os t on a e st na , t e a o n es o

Eg y p i
.

r lig i
,

rm P r r hq k
.

i n 58
t an q ; h e on, 1 s t e P mp d l S
a a e ac a e nto e u ea t ua es

rig i f 58 qq h i h i ri l
. ,
,

o n o 1 s s sto ca i n, i 98 1

r li y y r 6
,

r di r
.

b f x i im l i h
.

ea t a sse te n e c e nt ea s , 1 0 P mp
a as , o ne s o e t nc t a n a s n t e,
n ; hi
1
mp l Aby d
s te 98 ; h i e at o s, 1 s i 58 1

i l K h i Am i 98 ; m Eg y p i
. .

2
t t e en t - e nt 1 n co P myl
a es, a n 6 t an, ii

dh r p r i h B mb y P r i d y
.
, .

p r d a e C h rl m g to 99 h q a e a ne , 1 t e ues P an a u n t e o a es e nc

i f h i h i ri l r li y l f p
, ,

t on o s s to ca ea t e t o en , 1 43 2

ill r gh i i
.

1 9 9 q h i sd h m ds i eat st o u ne n P a na A ph di a P ph ro te ssa at a o s,

im f A h i
. .

h
t e t e 7 ; hi
o ld t a n a s us , 2 1 s o 36
yp b t r p r rv d h h
t e e te f ese e t an t o se o P an k b i g wh u, a r hq k
e n o ca u ses ea t ua es ,

Ad i dA i 8
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"

O iri Ad i A i h ir m y h i l A i i 8 8
.

s s, o n s, tt s , t e t ca P p
a m f
a s , a na e or tt s , 2 1 2 2

i mil ri ty i 6 ii
.
,

s a 2 01 P ph l g
a i b li f h h g d i b d
a o n an e e t at t e o s o un

d Ad i i m il ri y b w h ir wi r ii 4
. .
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an o n s, s a t et ee n t e f a st i n nte 1

i Cyp r ry
.
,

ri ii 7 tes , 1 2 P ph
a os i 3 qq n us, 2 s sa nc tu a

y i mil ri y b w f A p h r di d d by
. .

d Di
.

an on su s , s a t et ee n o 3 qq f
o te a t , 2 s oun e

C i yr
.

h ir ri
t e ii 7 tes , 1 2 n
4 a s, 1

P pyr
.

d h m an t 9 qq e o o n , ii 1 2 s a f N b us i o ; f N kh e se n , ii . 1 1 2 o e t,
f h my
. .

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t e s te e s,
”
1 1 2

I i
.

S p -i l f O iri ii 8 7
e t t e o s s, w mp s h
a 8 s, s s in t e , 11 .

O ri h f h r ki g f E g y p P rili iv l f S G org
.
,

st c -
ea t e pp d n o t su o se a d h f a an t e e st a o t . e e, t

v ii 54
,

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.

o as,
I SS a .

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,

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at or g dd sa , a n n an o ess , . 2 1 ,

w r h ip f 1 ii 8
,

1
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O l d A bdi A r b rib f M r i ki g f C m i 5
. .

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i r l
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39 P a tag f on a, m f I d u ne af cus to s o n i a ns o ,

O r i
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ry f r h q k i i i ff m i p ri
.
.
,

O wi
ur hra , t eo o ea t ua es n, P a tag o n a ns , e e n a te ests or so r

ii 54
.

I
99 c erers a m g h on t e, 2

r i y p i m i iv i g r f i
.

Ov mb a h o f G rm t S e,h W o e an o ut - e st P a te n t r 6 t e n o a n ce o 1 0

i iv v g ry
, .

k ri
,

A fri h ir rm y
,

ca , t e h w ce e on at t e ne qs . w i p un m no n n t e sa a e ,

m oon,ii 4 ; h w r h i p f h 1 2 t e o s o t e 82 2

r iy f h R m d
.

d d m ea g h a 88 on t e, 1 dm an a te n t o t e o an e itie s ,

O vi d h on ry f P yg m li it e s to o a o n, 11 3 3 qq 2 s

m d r Gr k f
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49 74
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l i M y ii 7 8
.

Ow l r g rd d rdi p iri f 1
e h g
a e as t e ua an s t o a Al l S ou s n a n

P r mi i 6
.
, .

r ii
t ee , . 1 1 1 a t ae , L ph i A a r an rte s a t, . 1 2 n .
2
 INDE X 3 05

P a usa n i as o n th e n e c l a ce o f k Ha mo n a r i P r i
e s an fi w r h ip d p ri
re -
9 o s an e sts , 1 1

P r i f g d by p ri i 45 46
,

i 32 on b o ne s o f su p e h u m a n r e so n a t o n o o s ests ,

i ri
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2
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P r r hq k i i rifi f
. .

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ii
.

J
4
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. .

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.

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2
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r R iv r i th Abr i i 46
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i 46
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.

3
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. n
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p ri ll d A i t 4 ; l l
,

P é l é g dd f h v l
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H w ii i lg d fA i 64 ; i m g
,

a 7 qq a 2 1 s e en o f h tt s a t , 2 a e o t e
y m fm hr M hr f h Gd
.

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.

P l w I l d r h i
,

e e s an e s, t e r s st e o ot e ot e o t e o s at, 2 eo e

ki ii 4 qq ; p r d m i
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p ri f Cy b l
.

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.
,

g dd o e sses o e o s a on t e 2 0 e st o 85 e e at, 2

P r r h C l g
,
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.

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.

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r r p i g i E gyp t d
. .

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.

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l y i g h i f i h 66 qq P l i i 3
.

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M iv l ii 5
.

P li rifi ff r d
.

e o n, h
o u nt , sac ce s o e e on t e f e st a ,5 54 q
. 1 1 1 2 1 s

to p f h ri i g f S iri
o ii 3 6
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i Eg y p
,

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. .

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P rifi d f H i r p li i 7
.

2 0 3 et e d ca sc a es o e a o s, . 2 0

P l p r t r d t li f
e o s i 8 es o e o e, . 1 1 P t r ff I v
e o , m f th K i g
a n , o n a c u st o o e on a s

P e neu s , h riv r T mp t e ii 4 e at e e, 2 0 o f Al k ii 6as a, 1 0

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er e n u ee ns a n e e Ph m a he no t m th an 49 an on , 11 .

iv h bir h f h il dr
, ,

o f h t e nat t es as o t e t o c en , 3 1 0

i 3 1 0 Ph ao ph i Eg y p i , m th
an 49 94 t an on , 11 .

ki g f Th b r t i p i d gh r f M g i 4
.

P e nt h eu s, n o e es , en n e ce s Ph a rn a c e , au te o e a ssa res , 1

b y B h l ii 9 8 C mb di h ii 6
.

a cc a na s, Ph a t ra b o t, a m a o an o nt 1

Ary hi i fl
. .
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es ko l t e an sto c , a nnu a P h i di as , G r k r li g i
s n u e n ce 011 ee e o n,

f e st iv l f h d d m g h ii
a s o t e ea a on t e, i 54
P h il d l p h i bj t t r h q k i
. .

6 7 qq s a e a, su ec o ea t ua es, .

P p i th F ir t 5 ; h i p y r mi d 4
.

e e s 11 s a 1
94 q s

P h il Eg y p i r li f
. .
, ,

1 5
n ae , 5 m t an e e at , 11 0

my i r p r
.

i f O iri i h
.

P i
era s a , Ar t m i C b l i 67 e s, at a s ta a a, 1 st c e esen ta t o n o s s n t e
mp l f I i lp r i h
.

te e o89 s s at, scu tu es n t e

P eie g rinu s h is dea th in th e fi re , 1 1 8 1 te mp l f I i e ; th

o gr v f s s at , 1 1 1 e a e o

yli r i
,

r i O iri d d O iri i th
.

P e g a in P a m p h a A te m s a t 35 s h
s a t, 1 1 1 t e ea s s n e

ri r y r
,

ri br lp r
, .

P e a nde , t a nt o f C o n th h is u nt sc u tu es a t , 1 1 2

rifi i P h il f Al x dri
,

sac ce to h is dea d w fe i 1 7 9 o o h ed f h an a on t e a te o t e
r r pi g i 3
.
,

ri r r lli
P e go d o ng in de w o n S t J ohn s '
co n -
ea n 2 1 n 3

i
. .
,

l dr f i 3 3
. ,

2
D a y in 2 48 P h il l
o ca u s , c a en 3 4 a o 0 n .
, 0
i
.
, .

ii 9 5
,

P erit iu s m o nth o f 1 1 1 3 7 0 n n
1

l ly phy
, .

P h il l f Tr i 8
, . . .

r l
.

P e p etu a h o fi re in tem p es o f dea d o so h sc oo o , at a su s , 1 1

ki g ii 7 4
.

Gr k h i ri i 49
,

n s, 1 P h il ph
o st e a nu s , ee s to an,

fir w r h ip p d i 9 qq
. .

4
es o s e 1 1 s n

i i t mpl i M l i 3 5
, .

rr G r kh w lp r
. .

Pe o t, on oc -
e n scu tu es a t Ph o en c an e es n a ta ,
B gh K i i 3 8
.
,

r d pr i i i 3 7
.

o az -
eu 1 n sa c e o st tu t o n n,

ki g i C yp r i 49
.
,

r r i th ri f O iri
.

Pe sea -t ees 87 n e te s o s s , ii n s n us,

i i i Cyp r i 3 q
.

g r w i g v r th t m b f O iri
.

o n o e e o o s s, Ph o en c a ns n u s, 1 s

P h ryg i A i d i y f iv l
. .

88 a, 63
tt s a f e t o i 2 e st a

r ph p p li d p ri g f Cyb l i di g r
, .

Pe se m o ne , n a e a e to s n , 11 . o 74 e e n, 2 n in en o u s a ce

4 1 o h 87 2

d A ph r d an h ir f o ite , t e c o ntest or P h r yg i b li f h t th g d l p i
an e e t a e o s ee s n
Ad i i qo n s, 1 1 s wi r ii 4
n te 1

d Pl mpl f i
. .

p f A i i 79
.
,

an u to , te e o tt s ,
5 2 0 ca o 2

r h vir g i bir h f i 3 m g y i
, . .

Pe seu s , t e n t o 02 n 4 co s 63 q o on 2 s

r i r v r f fi i 74 q ki g m d M i d d G di i
.
, .
, . .

Pe s an e e e nce or re , 1 s n s na e as a n or as ,
iv l f h d d ii 6 8
. . .

f est a o t e ea , . 2 86

PT . IV . V OL . II
3 06 I N DE X
Ph ry g i an mo o n go d 73
-
, i l x ri y r sq q ; h is u se o f th e A e a n d an ea

p ri i i 85 87 E gy p i rm y
. .
,

e st s n a m e d A t t s 49 8 4 ; 2 2 o n an t an ce e on at

P h r yg i v r r i
, ,

wi r l i 5
.
,

a ns in a de s f o m
, E p h h u ro e, . t e nt e s o st c e , 0 on t e
87
2 d f h d h f O iri 84 h a te o t e ea t o s s, on t e

F i l d f Mi h l A g l
e o i 57 c ae f iv l f O iri i h m h f
n e o 2 e st a o s s n t e ont o

P i g bl x r i m d p ifi
.
,

d i g
’
s d d i oo u se A hy 9 n e q ; o h c s f an ur t r, 1 s on t e at n o
i i 99 Eg y p i v l 94 q ;
.

ca t o n , 2 n f 2
h ri t an e st i a s, s on t e te s
P ig rifi d lly h m
. .

f O iri h gr v f O iri
.

s sac ce d a nn u a 8 to t e o o n an o s s, 1 0 on t e a e o s s,

O iri ii 3 S l S w i
s s, 1 1 ; h i mil ri y b w
ee a so h ne 1 1 1 on t e s a t et ee n t e
P ll r r li g i m bl m i 3 4 ; ri f O iri d D i y
. .

i a s as a e o us e 7 e , tes o s s an on su s , 1 2 on

r d i Cr
.

sa c e 7 n hete , Fl m Di l i 1 0 9 q ; h t e a en a s, 2 2 s on t e

Pi d r m i f th l y r i 55 ; F l mi
, .

2
n a h on t e us c oDi li 3 e e, a n ic a a s, 2 0 n

T y ph
.

Pl h br h f i 5 pl
.

on 56 o n, 1 4 u to , t e ea t o 2 0 2 0 a c es

Pi y mb l f f r ili y i 7 8 ; ri f 4 qq ; v d
.
, ,

ne -c o nes s o s o e t t 2 o r sa n c tu a es o 2 0 s ca e an

hr w i v l f D m r 78 ;
.
,

mp l
.
,

t o n n to auf A hts o
5 e e te , 2 te e o at c a ra ca , 2 0

f O iri ii
,

on h m t m e o nu Pl t i pl
e nts o f Pl i 4 s s, 1 1 0 u on a a ces o u to 2 0

l f d i
.
,

P ll i h ii
.
,

d see s d or n u t ets f d 7 qq u se as oo . o ut o n o ea t 2 2 s

Mr
, , . .

278 P l m f p pl f o o a co on c u sto o eo e o

tr my h d ri l f
,

C m l i 39
,

i - h n t t an tu a 3
ee e o a u n
i 64 65 6 7 i r f Hy i h i 3 4
.
, .

A t t is , 2 q P lyb 2 2 s o o ea , s s te o ac nt 1

M ry h g
,

i
.
, , . .
,

i d ifi d w i h Ar mi
,

285 98 , 11 .
3 6 a s as P un on a, . 1 ent e t te s or er

288 ; i r l i h m
n rifie at o n ph 3 5 to u an sa c c es , se o ne , 1

ii 9 8 P h n h 5
98 ; P ly id e nt r i 86 eu s on t e, n
5
o u s , a see 1 n
4

i h ri f O iri P ly i my h f h p r i f
. .
, .
, . .

n t e 8 te s o s s, 1 0 o ne s a n t o t e se a at o n o

P i p il f Ces o t r l A m ri xp enh ir r h d ky i 8 3
a e ca e o se t e ea t an s 2

lig h ii 3 5
,

P m gr virgi iv
.

s eed m s to oon t, 1 o e a na t e c a u se s n to c o nce e,

P ir pr i i h r f Ad i
.

ae u s , o cess o n s i 63 69 n o no u o on s 2 2

i 7 P m gr f rbi dd w r hipp r
. ,

at , 2 2 n o e a na tes o en to o s e s

f Cy b l
. .

P ir h C ili i
a te s , i 49 q
t e c an, d A i i 8 1 s o e e an tt s , 2 0

F r i gh M d V r m
.

ii 3 5
. .

5
P if P dk f h f h t e P m o tn t o t e a nes , o o na an e tu nu s , 2 n

ii 6 P mp y h G r
. .
,

0 i 7 o e t e eat , 2

d F ri d y rm i
.

d mi i B t rib f S h Afri
.

G on P oo a ce e o n es on o s a an u t e o out ca ,

i S i il y i ii 7 7
,

n 55 q c 2 s 1

E gy p i
,

Pl d rd r m bli g h ir m i m
. . .

a ce nt a , P iff h
t a n s ta n R m a g ese n o nt s, t e o an , t e s a na e

ii 56 A f rbir h J li l d r ii 9 3
a

a, S 1 l m f h ee a so te t e nt o t e u an c a en a

M h r f r m f C yb l
. . .

l br d h m rri g f O r
,

Pl i ia c a n an ot e a o o e e, n 1 ce e a te t e a a e o cu s,

Cy i
,

w r h ipp d i 74
.

o s e at 3 z cu s, 2 n 2 1

M hr M
.

Pl i P r d pr i i i i 3 9
.

as te ne , S ip y l ot e , on o u nt u s, . o nt u s, sac e o st tu t o n n, .
,

851 58
Pl a to g rd onf Ad i i 36 a P p l en s o i R m g dd o n s,3 2 n
1
o u on a, a o an o ess , ii 2 1

M r d N ri ii 3 P r D rwi r li i 3
. . .

Pl
,

a u tus o n a s an A e o 2 2 o t a n, u st a a, 1 0

Pl i d w r h i p p d b y h Ab ip i P r Cp
. .
,

e a es o s e R m i 73 t e o n es , o ta a e na a t o e, . 2

i g f h i m f P i d h E bli h r S r r i
.

258 h t e set t n o t e t e o o se on t e st a s e or ecu e

r h q k g d 95
.
,

wi g
,

so 4 n 11 95 q ;
1 h 1 s t e ea t ua e o 1

i Eg y p
, ,

f h rv
, . .

Pli y n h d on t e a teq o a e st n t, 2 02 s

i fl r i 8
, .

2
i 3 ; 2 h n f h on d D m t e n u en ce o t e an e ete 2 0

i f p ri p ri by
.

g r f i g f tr
.
,

m o o n,
3 ; h 1 2 P on t e a t n o ees , o s se ss o n o est or e stess a

33 1 h i m f f lli g divi
on pi i i 6 6 6 8 q 7 qq ; by
t e t e or e n ne s r t, s 2 s

p iri f d d hi f
. .
, ,

ti m b r
.

36 e 1 h
n 9 q t e s ts o ea c e s , ii 1 2 s

y
. .

Pl i h f i 87 i B i p ri f Di
.
,

o t n us , th d e P i
ea t o , . o t n ae n o eo t a , e st o on su s

Pl ou gh i g P r i n m i 38 ; kill d ii 99
uss a n c u sto at, 2 e at, n
1

r m y f i h ri D y i S i il y
.

f B il
. .
,

wi g
’
an d so n P ce e S J h on o , n t e tes o ts o as on t . o n s a n c ,

f O iri ii 8 7 i 45
,

o s s, 2

Pl r r i r r i
. .

ou g h m d w en d h d w h
an P i S so h I d e s m h e nc e t o tte n o ut e n n a, cu s to o

w r a te r i h rm i 3 8 q
as a a n c rv d by i 9
-
a 2 s se e a, 1 1 n
2

r i U g d b k h ir p wh
. .

Pl rh bl h d d
. .
,

u ta c h d on f
t P e ou e- ea e a xe o o tt e s n an a a e t e o ts en

Z Lb d eu s i 8 ; a h ra n h m eus , i w xi g ii 35 1 2 on t e t e oo n s a n 1

r r ri i i
.
,

my h
.

f O iri
t o 3 5 q q P s F s, P m
ii g g dd s ; on a e n e s te , o tu na en a , o e ss

iri ii b y
. .
,

H rp r a 9 o c a t es, O f 3 4 ; f dn d C l 35
on s s at o 2 o un e ae c u us , 2

ri r l
. , .

Byb l q us, h 2 2 f P g h
s f f A l l S on i i 73 t e se o a ue , t e eas t o ou s n, i .

N il r l r y r r ii
.

h t e 3 h
e, m f P 1 d d on 75 q t e ou n u a e s to ea a n cest o s , . 1 s .
,

h rc r f h ri
a a c te f wi g 4 o 78 q t e 83 q d d ki g
t s e
9 o so n , 0 1 s .
, 1 s . to ea n s, 1 2
3 08 I NDE X
y r i
P th o ns w o sh p p e d in W A fri i est ca , do v Ades to o nis , 1 47 n 1 o n a p o th e
i by d h i
.

i ri r di r
.

83 dea d c h e fs t h e fi 1
e nca na te n, os s ea t n e, 1 80 n
ii 93 iji g d f fr i r
.

. 1 R a tu m a i mb u l u F , an o o u t- t ee s ,
1 9 . 0

Q il h ua lg d -
i fT r
u nt , e en o n c o ns o a sus , R ea dj m f Eg y p i
u st f iv l 9 e nt o t an e st a s , 11 1
i 6
.

2
1 2 n 49
5

Q il ifi d t H r l ( M l r h ) E gyp i
. .

ua s sa c r ce o e c u es e ca t R ea p r e s, h ir l m i t a n, t e a e n ta t o n s ,

ii 4 5 i v k I i 7
,

i q ; m ig r i
1 1 1 f
s at o n o 1 1 2
°

n o e s s, 1 1

f P h r yg i
,

l br
. .

bir h f i f k r
.

Q d im
ua t uo r e c a ns o a ce e a te Re m
t o n a nt s , ea ns ta e n to e n su e
h
t e C r ifixi M r h sh i
uc on on a c 2 t , . h
t e, i 9 93 qq f h d d p . 1 , s . o t e ea re

i k pr v
,

3 7 0 71 . c a u t o ns
9 q ; f ta en to e e nt , 2 s o

Q f E g yp t h w i f i Eg y p i ki g th S d f iv l ii
.

u e en o f Am m t e e o o n, . t an n s at e e e st a , .

7 2 1
53 SS ? . I 5

f H v o i 3 3 i ea en , . 0 nc en s e Re d h l r f L w r E gy p
t e co o u o o e

br i h r f h
u nt n 8 o no u o t e, 2 2
Q l d b rig i
u ee ns a n f h ir b li f a o n es o , t e e e s ii .
97 , 1 06

h bir h f h il dr i
,

a s to t e q t o c en , . 1 02 s r
R e fo m, th e p r ph i i I r l i 4 o et c , n s ae 2

Q iri
.

d H r ii 3 3
, .

u nus a n o a, . 2 qs .

R f rm i
e o f H ki h d J i h i
a t o ns o ez e a an os a
Eg y p i
, .

R a, h t e g d 6 8 ; t a n su n - o ii 1 2 52

i d ifi d w i h m y rig i ll y i d m K i g h i f m il y i 5
, .
, ,

ent e t an o na n e R h b
e o oa , n s a 1 n 2
l ldii
,

R i r i f h d d i 8 qq i
, . .

p den e nt qq o ca e t es , 1 2 2 s e n ca na t o n o t e ea 2 s n
R bb h p r d b y D vi d i A m ri r li 99 qq
.
, . .

a a ca 9 tu e a 1 9 i A
e ca , 1 n u st a a, s

R k b l S y ri
, .

R bbi b r i g f d d J wi h i 7 8 g d i
, .

a s, u n n s or ea e s 1 e u -e 6 an o 1
S p iri t f
, .
, .

R l i
,

s q e a t o ns , d d w s o near ea or

R i pr r d by b f th d d i h ip p d i
.
,

a n o cu e o nes o e ea s 75 76 ; de h b , m . 1 1 at ea t eco e

ii 8
, ,

x iv rib d w r h f
.

2 2 ; e c ess e, a sc e to at o g d o s, . 1 0

G d o q ; i r m l i r bir h
2 2 s ns t u e n ta n e t R li g i
e v l i i 8 8 qq ; h w ih
o n, o ca n c , 1 s o

f d d i f 95 ; r g rd d d by m h r k i ii
. .
, .

o ea h
n a nt s , e a e as t e fl u en ce
qq ot e - n, 2 02 s

r f g d ii 3 3 ; h gh d m gi mbi i f i 4;
. .

t ea s o b o s, t ou t to e an a c, co na t o n o

r ll d by h d m i
.

l f d d hi f
, .

c o nt o e t e so u s o ea c e s, an 53 q us c , s .

1 88 R li g i
e id l p r d ous f h m l ea s a o uct o t e a e

h m i ri -c arf Ad i i 37 n t es o o n s, 2 i m g i ti ii a na o n, 2 1 1

by h r w i g w r l r y m g r p rm
. .

t o th n a te on e ast co n s st e f d d s, ea t e a n ent , o un e

cu t , 2 37 q s b y g r m ii 59 q eat en , . 1 s

g d r pr d wi h r r i g R mi i f i h r gh h h ddi g
. .

- o e e se nt e t tea s unn n e ss o n o s ns t ou t e s e n
fr m h i o y ii 3 3 s e es , n
3 f bl
o d i 99 oo 2

h bir h f
.

R i b w m i
.
, .

a n o t o te 1 01 R m e us , 35 t e t o 11 2

M di rr
.

R i l mm r d Ad i i
.
, ,

a n e ss su h e on t e e te a nea n , R E
en a n , T mm .
, on a uz an o n s, .

i 59 q 1 s 6 hi x v i t By bl s e ca a t o ns a u s,

R j r j ki g i 6 Ad m m l h
. .

1
a a a a, n 1 41 n 7 hon o - e ec 1 on t e
R jp g rd f Ad i i i 4
.

v l f h Ad i 9 h b r
.
, ,

i g f h ki g f J
a u t a na , a en s o on s n, . 2 1 a e o t e o n s, 2 n . on t e u n

sq n s d h or t
78 e n s o u a , 1 on

r r r dr d w m i h di l r i f h riv r Ad i
.

R mb
a ree , so ce e s e sse as o en n t e s co o a t o n o t e e o n s,

h i l
t e d f ii 54
s an o 2 5
2 2 h w r h ip f Ad i on t e o s o o n s,

hi r y wi h h Hi i
, .

R ma e se s s t ea t t t e t t tes , 2 35
i 3 5 q h i rd r h N il ii 3 3
1 s s o e to t e e, R e no u f, S ir P l e P a g e o n O sm s as
B byl i d A y ri
. .
,

ii
. .

R mm
a an, g d a o n an an ss an o t h e su n , 1 2 6 .

o f h d r i
t un e 63 q 1 s bl
R ese m a n c e o f th e ri i
tes o f A do n s to
i l f i h ri f A i iv l r i
. .
,

R ma s , t est c es o n t e tes o tt s, t h e fe st a o f E as te , 2 54 sqq , 3 0 6

ri i i y
.

bl i
.
,

i 69 2 R e se m a nces o f p a g a n sm to C h st a n t
R m y r k hw xli i b li r i i
.

a Si W
sa M r on oc - e n e p a ned as d a o c co u n te fe ts ,

B gh K i i 3 4
.

lp r
. .
, ,

s cu tu es a t o az -
eu 1 3 02
3 9 q 0 s

y R h f S mi i g d i
.
, .

ri i
,
1
137 p d f A on est - na st s o s a es e 6 e t c o 1 n .

rr i f h d d iv d
.
, ,

Mi r 4 no h g d T rk
1 0 on t e o a R esu ec t o n o t e ea c o n ce e on

lb r f th r rr i
,

1
147 ; th n m 3O 4 8 on e na e a, 1 n h t e p f
a tte n o e esu e ct o n o

O iri ii 5 q
. .

2
on Hi p li d Hi era p li 68 o s an era o s, 1 n s s, 1 s

f A i h v r l q i x i
. .

A i r l
.

on d M tt s 84 an en , 2 on c ue o tt s a t t e e na e u no , .

d h f h h m
ea t r pr
o iv f
t e u an e ese nta t e o 72 q 3 7 q 2 s 0 s

f H r l (M l r h ) i
, .

g d i P h ry g i
.

a o 85 q n a, 2 s o q e cu e s e ca t 1 1 1 s

f O iri dr m i ll y r p r
. .
,

lR h A i i d i i wi h
.

R ao u -
oc e t te on s at c e t es t o d s s a a t ca e ese n te

li i 38
o n s, h . br ig f 1 on t e u n n o i h i ri
n ii 8 5 ; d pi d th s tes, . e cte on e
 INDE X 3 09

m o nu ments , 89 sq ; da t e o f its ce e l R o mu l us cu t in p i ec e s , 1 1 98 th e bir h t

br i ymb li d
. .

at o n R m 95 at o e, s o ze o f 2 35
by h ig p f h
t e se tt n p ill r 9 u o t
’ ’
e a ea a 1 0 R o pe r vr Ri r li i e in Au st a a, 1 01

rr i f Ty l i 8 6 q
,

rp w r h i p
.
,

R e su e ct o n o o n, 1 s R o sc o e , R ev Jo h n o n se e nt - o s

i 86 h r bir h
.

R hi b hi g i h
. .
, ,
’ 1
ne , at S J h n n t e, on t o n s n f h d d 011 t e e t o t e ea

i 48
.

r i U g d ii 3 5 ;
. .
,

E ve , 2 9 q 2 ps on o t te s n an a, 1

rib d by S r b i 95 ;
. .

h r li g i f h B h im
.

Rh d d 3 t e
o es e sc e t a o, . 1 u on e 9 q on o t e a a, 1 0 s

w r hip f H l h w r hip f h d d m
.

o s i 9 o e en n, 2 2 on t e o s g h o t e ea a on t e
Rh d i o N th
es a , h B rib f or ern , t e a n tu t es o B g d 96 ; M k a an a, h hi f1 on u a sa , t e c e

h ir w r h i p r l p iri ii B g d 96 q ;
,

t e f o s o a n c e st a s ts , .
g d of h o t e a an a, 1 s on

th ir w r h i p f d d h i f r f i k ki g f U g d
.

1
7 4 qq s . e o s o ea c e s m a ssa c e s or s c n s o an a,

or ki g 9 qq n s, 1 1 s 6
2 2

R h di h V i iq i y i h wh i dy d d b y th bl
.

o a ns , f t e e n e t a ns o a nt u t R o se , t e d te , e re e oo

f A p h r di i 6
.
,

9S
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ii 3 9
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f h B h R l f li f b ry f l r
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i fl
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e s as t e sea t o o s o e t es , R u n es , o n ea ne t e a c,

6 ; b hi g i M id m m r
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i . 1 0 at n n, at su e , 92 0

2 46 48 49 ; g d w r h i p p d b
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rm i i 56 r p r i g g d d g dd i 4 6
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kh w lp r t I b i r pr r khw
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3 12 I N DE X
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