PPL Briefings
Index
1. Introductory brief (Ex1-3, Ex5)
2. Principles of flight (Ex4)
3. Straight & Level (Ex6)
4. Climbing (Ex7)
5. Descending (Ex8)
6. Turning (Ex9)
7. Stalling (Ex 10a/b)
8. Spin (Ex11)
9. Circuits (Ex12/13)
10. Steep Turns (Ex15) & GF recap
11. Forced Landing (Ex16)
12. Precautionary (Ex17)
13. Navigation (Ex18a/b)
14. Basic IF (Ex19)
1. Introductory brief (Ex1-3, Ex5) (Duration 1Hr)
Any previous flying skills, motivation for flying
Safety (IMSAFE) Illness, Medication, stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Eating
Presentation: Clothing, shaving, punctuality
Law requirements: Medical + licence on every flight, Rules of the air, exams, exercises, logbook
Who has control of the aircraft: “you have control/I have control”, “Follow through with me”
Airmanship: Lookout (clock code), ADM (air decision making)
Taxying: Different frequencies, direction control, lookout, brake away procedure,
What we will cover today: Pre-flight, use of checklist (mnemonics), Signing a/c out/in, flight
folio, A/c docs, weight & balance (by instructor)
Note: Many hours of study by the student, A lot of work, read & take notes, Expensive course,
I’ll try be the best instructor
2. Principles of flight (Ex4) (Duration 1.5Hr)
Def: Why the aircraft flies, how its control surfaces operate and effect a/c flight, interrelation
between each of the controls.
Why important: Used on all aircraft (universal)
How it applies to us: all the time
What I will teach: 1) how an aircraft flies, 2) control surfaces and relationship to the aircraft.
Principles:
Newton forces
Hand out window (Wind, drag)
Bernoulli and venture, Sum of energies are equal (Ep+Ek=constant)
Aerofoil showing faster flow above aerofoil
Wing principles: Leading/trailing edge, chord, camber
Relative airflow (Cliff, irrespective to Position, opposite direction of motion only)
Angle of attack
Back to hand diagram: Increase speed=increase lift and drag (vice versa), bring in Lift=AoA ×
Spd
Control surfaces (Control, how, primary effect, axis, secondary effect), purpose of CoG
Air exercise:
Spiral dive recovery
3. Straight & Level (Ex6) (Duration 1Hr)
Def: Straight to a point with constant speed and altitude
Why: Majority of flight is S+L (trouble with ATC)
How does it apply to today: Circuit, navigation
Principles
Forces (Position and direction, where it comes from and why)
Weight (CoG, down to centre of earth)
Lift (90˚ to RAF, CoP, independent of attitude)
Drag (Acts about spinner, same direction of prop shaft)
Thrust (Opp to motion, when a/c is moving, acts about CoG)
L=W, T=D, equilibrium
Go into detail about each:
Weight and lift combination for altitude control
Drag: resistance to motion, Profile (Skin, Interference, form), incr with speed,
Induced (lift dependant drag), Spill over, span wise flow, affects RAF and lift, decr with spd
Drag Curve, Thrust drag relationship, 1 power setting for 2 different speeds.
Effects of:
WATFUC (weight, altitude, temperature, flaps, undercarriage
Other:
Stability (Fin/keel affect, High wing, Dihedral)
Inertia (Things take time to change)
Slipstream (Goes over tail-more effective)
Flaps (change of attitude with flaps and speeds)
Engine management
Safety and airmanship
4. Climbing (Ex7) (Duration 0.5Hr)
Def: A gain in altitude @ constant RoC, Airspeed, Balance
Why: Ability to gain altitude
How it applies: T/o, IF, Obstacle clearance
Full Power
Principles ET=RoC
Forces (W,L,D,T)
Effect of:
Weight (inc=Dinc=Tinc=ETdec)
Alt/Temp (less ET)
UC/flaps (Dinc=Tinc=ETdec)
Obstacle clearance VS normal climb
Flap and wind on climb
A/c balance
Airmanship (lookout)
Engine management (T&P’s, mixture setting)
LPAST
Lookout
Attitude=Speed
Power
Speed Low=Lower nose
Attitude
Speed Speed high=Raise Nose
Trim
Cruise Climb 80Kts Vy Climb 70 Kts Vx Climb 60 Kts
5. Descending (Ex8) (Duration 0.5Hr)
Def: A reduction in altitude @ constant RoC, Airspeed, Balance
Why: Ability to reduce altitude
How it applies: Descend, glide
Throttle idle
Principles
Forces (W,L,D,T)
Effect of:
Weight (inc=Dinc=Tinc) Fat man VS thin man
Alt/Temp (no affect)
UC/flaps (Dinc=Tinc by lower nose)
Glide clean VS Glide flaps
Effect of wind on Glide
A/c balance
Airmanship (lookout)
Engine management (T&P’s, mixture setting, Engine warm ups)
LPAST
Lookout
Attitude=Speed
Power
Speed Low=Lower nose
Attitude
Speed high=Raise Nose
Speed
Trim
Glide 90 Knots (2000 Rpm) Glide 65 Knots (Idle)
6. Turning (Ex9) (Duration 0.5Hr)
Def: Change in direction (constant Bank angle, constant height, in balance)
Application: Circuits, Navigation
Adverse aileron yaw, using AoA to increase lift
HCL
Lift
HCL
VCL VCL
3000’
Weight
S+L 15˚ 30˚
Centripetal
Centrifugal
Other Factors:
Wind and drift in a turn
Speed and radius of turn
AoA during a climbing/descending turn
Order of procedures for turn + Lookout Outer wing has
larger AoA
Med Turn 30˚
RH
LH
Inner wing has
larger AoA
7. Stalling (Ex 10a/b) (Duration 1.0Hr)
Def: When RAF & chord = AoA critical angle (@any spd, config, weight, pwr)
Turbulent flow Why: Limitations of flying ability
Recognise, Recover, Increase Confidence
When: GFA, Landing
1. Air viscosity=sticky tape
2. Sep Point
3. Less LP on wing creating lift
Separation LP 4. Pressure plot
point 5. CoP
6. Reversal flow
7. Drag
4˚ 8˚ 14˚
Recap After stall:
As AoA Increases: SP moves Fwd CoP moves fwd
LP Moves Fwd No Down wash onto tail
CoP moves Fwd Aerodynamic Centre moves
backward
Reversal flow incr
Drag Incr
Affect of: (things that affect the stall speed)
1. Weight Recognition (symptoms) Recovery
2. Flaps
3. Manoeuvres 1. Slow speed 1. Decr AoA
4. Power 2. Sloppy controls 2. Power
3. High Nose attitude 3. Speed up
4. Stall warning
ASI
5. Buffet Clean config: Approach config:
Lift=AoA×Spd HASELL
HASELL (Pre-stall) HELL (Post/re-stall) HASELL
Ref Point White arc flaps 10
Height Height
Carb heat hot
Airframe Engine Trim
Throttle ide
Security Location Flaps 20 trim
Slowly raise nose
Location Lookout Power
Buffet
Lookout Flaps 30 trim
Lower nose little
Same entry as clean
Full PWR (RH rudder)
Recovery decrease flaps
Student must be able to recover with minimal height loss Back to S+L in stages
8. Spin (Ex11) (Duration 0.5Hr)
Def: Condition where only one wing is stalled creating a spiral path towards the ground, that is
rolling, yawing and pitching
Incipient spin: Early stages of full, that the aircraft can recover by itself due to its own stability
Full Spin: Aircrafts inbuilt stability won’t recover by itself the pilot must input actions to
recover the aircraft.
Up going wing (LH) Down going wing (RH)
Recovery by decreasing AoA
CL Reason behind spin
Roll Roll
CD
Yaw
Yaw
AoA
Drag is the larger force on aircraft creating the yaw force, recovery would naturally want to
decrease yaw component by applying opposite rudder
Yaw
Roll
Lift
Drag
Recovery procedure: Refer to POH
Note: no aileron input, Throttle idle
Pro-spin (make spin worse) VS anti-spin (aid on recovery)
Power, aileron, flaps, elevator, rudder, CoG Position
Pitching of aircraft due to gyroscopic motion of a/c
9. Circuits (Ex12/13) (Duration 1.5Hr) + Emergency (Duration 1.0Hr)
Def: a flow around a runway
Why: 1) Avoid collisions, 2) Standard around the world, 3) Avoid bottle neck, 4) standard
reporting points
When is it applied: All the time.
Runway direction (lack of 3rd digit) (Mag˚) 26 A 26
Circuit pattern direction (Std LH)
Avoids danger/restricted/populated areas
X-wind 5) Climbing turn 500ágl
7) Lvl Turn (medium) 6) Lvl off 1000’agl (ASPT) Lookout
Lookout A-4 fingers Ref point
8) Flying parallel to RWY Ref Point S-80Kts 4) ATOC 300’agl
9) DWC P-2100Rpm Upwind B
B-Press in system T-trim U-fixed
U-Fixed Downwind 3) T/O P-full
M-Rich below 3000’ Call outs P-N/a
P-N/a Rotate 55Kts M-rich below 3000’
P-White arc Climb out 70Kts F-N/a
F-Endurance Trim F-retracted
F-10˚ Mntn RWY centre line
12) Base Actions CPUF 14) Turn
Trim 2) WTDL
10) RT C- Carb Heat Lookout Wind fav RWY
11) Turn P-reduce for descent* Descending turn
Final
Txponder ‘Alt’ 1) Lookout
Lookout U-Fixed
DI-RWY Txponder Alt
Ref Point F-20˚
Landing light 16) RT
Trim 15) final actions
45˚ C- cold
P-as required
Base
U-fixed
12 13) RT 14) Turn
F-30˚
Landings, Circuit delay tactics, Emergencies
Speed=Attitude
After the Base
actions you need to
maintain the picture
RoD (rwy)=Power
below
65Kts with full flap
-If the numbers move
up=add power
-If the numbers move
26
down=reduce power
1 inch
Start looking down the rwy
Flare-transition from descent to S+L
Hold-off- as Speed drops the increasing of AoA to maintain lift (raising the nose)
Touch down-main wheels first, followed later by the nose wheel
Student Errors:
Circuit ATC tactics: Orbit (note wind correction), Different areas in the circuit, Wide circuit,
extending downwind/upwind, early turn outs, and tight circuits
Engine failure Flapless landing EFATO (rwy avail) Glide approach
1) Fly – 65kts + trim 1) Same Speeds 1) Throttle ide 1) 65Kts + Trim
2) Aim for rwy threshold
2) Field – go to the field 2) Less Power (less drag) 2) Lower the nose
3) Flaps as required
3) Flaps- as required 3) Shallower Approach angle 3) Full flap
4) Start the turn early for final
4) Mayday if time allowed 4) Higher nose attitude 4) Land as per normal
10. Steep Turns (Ex15) & GF recap (Duration 1.0Hr)
Steep Turn (45˚)
Require more back pressure + Increase in Power to overcome the drag
GF Recap
Routing
Special areas and reporting points
FREDA
Min of 2Hrs fuel
Unmanned joining procedure
Radio reports + SIPTAN
Leave 30 minutes prior to slot time ending
11. Forced Landing (Ex16) (Duration 1Hr)
Def: Landing without Power (unplanned)
Why important: Mind set preparation, Muscle memory, Improve survival odds
When: Engine stops (why has the engine failed): Fuel starvation (poor fuel management) (most
frequent), Ignition failure, Mechanical failure, Carb Icing, Engine fire (engine shut down)
What I will cover: Procedure
Principles:
Glide: 65Kts (1nm/500ft/min), don’t stretch the glide, Trim!
Airmanship: Always know where the wind is coming from, Always have a field you can land on,
ANC (aviate, navigate, and communicate)
1) Fly – 65Kts + TRIM 3) Fault find 5) Final
4000’ 1) Fly
2) Field planning L – R restart Don’t extend the DW
2) Field
WOSSSSE R – L Shut down 6) Flaps
High Key 2500 AGL 4) Freak-out Only if you can make the field
3) Fault Find
(Threshold)
MAYDAY SIPTAN 7700
4) Freak-out WOSSSE
Low key 1500 AGL (Mid
downwind) PAX brief
Wind direction
Aim 1/3 into field, LH
Obstacles
pattern
Size: Soccer field
Shape: Like a RWY
High key
Surface: Dark VS Light
2500’AGL
Slope
1/3 5) Final
Surroundings: Houses
Low Key 6) Flaps
Elevation
1500’AGL
1) Simulated: Engine warm up every 1000’ 3) Choose a field and stick to it/must be a 5) DO NOT T/O
field you can actually land on (preferably
2/3 throttle for 5 seconds 6) Student errors: Warm-ups, Go-
not a road)
around alt, poor glide trimming,
Go-around @ a suitable Alt 500’ AGL 4) Height loss on final: full flap early, S- forgetting to navigate, changing the field,
height loss on final
2) Practice makes perfect turn and side slipping (emergency only)
12. Precautionary (Ex17) (Duration 1Hr)
Def: Forced landing With power (Unplanned)
Why: Satisfy the pilot that the area is safe to land on
Reasons: Fuel Low, Daylight Low, Cloud Low, Poor and reducing VIS, You are getting sick, Engine
sick (Poor planning or Time limitation so don’t waste it)
(To do the precautionary is the hardest decision you have to make (ADM), Decided in the air,
you might be sick.
Must question: Can the flight continue, Can I turn back, Can I reach the alternate? Decide to
do the precautionary “when there’s doubt there’s no doubt”, Immediate PAN. If short on fuel
land ASAP, don’t waste time.
Field 1
Overshoot
Undershoot
1st Circuit 2nd Circuit SSC Slow Safe Cruise @ Landing: When ready to descent
ref point CPUF, Final actions, Short field
High lvl Inspection Portion is low lvl landing technique
500’AGL 200’AGL @ SSC 2150RPM
Demo on field and runway
Can I Go Lower: Undershoot, timing, Optimum flap
Approach/land/go- Overshoot
75Kts TRIM
around
WOSSSSSE
Student errors: Choose fields, Not ready @
SSC in trim for Low level inspection,
incorrect procedure, Altitude control, on
DW PAN/PAX brief, losing the field on DW,
flying to close too field
13. Navigation (Ex18a/b) (Duration 2.5Hr)
Navigation Log
AIP (ENR 5.1 FAR/FAD/FAP), (AD-aerodrome)
Law requirement of fuel, 5C’s, NOTAMS/File2Fly, FREDA, Unmanned airfield departure, Fly to
Reference points, Altimetry setting, Diversion, Lost Procedures, Situational awareness, Map
awareness, Engine management (mixture), Regaining track, SIPTAN,
Student Errors
Low flight (Ground – 500Agl)
Why: Weather, special considerations (terrain, obstacles, Law, Height Judgement), Airmanship,
Engine considerations,
Weather: Low cloud, rain (poor visibility), Drift correction more pronounced,
A/c Configuration: SSC, more time to react, better forward visibility
Special consideration: Never want to be low, Ground elev, No Lapse in concentration, Terrain
down drafts (Meteorology), Power cables, turn radius, look for a second horizon
LAW: Following a line feature, Special VFR, flight over civilisation, speed restrictions
Airmanship: Lookout (terrain/aircraft), trim slightly nose up, hand on throttle
Engine considerations: T+P’s, Fuel consumption more at sea level
Range & Endurance
14. Basic IF (Ex19) (Duration 1Hr)
Def: Flight with sole reference to instruments
Why: Accidental/inadvertent flight into IMC. 80% crash with flight into cloud no IR
Layout
Operation (pressure-suction/pitot, gyro-suction/electric)
AI Detail
TC or TI indicator
Power + Attitude=Performance
Selective radial scan
Primary and secondary instruments
S+L T, Turn L, Climb/descend Backwards L, Level off Z. (ASPT/PAST)
C.C.H.A.T.
Failures introduction
Direct/indirect information given by instruments
Instrument failures: Suction, pitot + static, electric, gyro
Limited panel scan
Unusual attitude recovery
VOR Introduction (VHF Omnidirectional range)
Def: Using nav aid to give us our position relative to VOR
Why important: Lost on navex
When used: Nav, IF
VOR aircraft:
VOR Ground station:
Picture
Ref signal
TIT
Directional signal
FROM Top
Phase difference
TO Bottom
Radial (magnetic)
Flying the radial
Intercepting radials:
1) Wind
2) Distance
Outbound (30-45)
Inbound (45-60)
TIT
TIT
FROM Flag
TO flag
Intercept heading
Intercept heading
Anticipate desired radial
Anticipate desired radial
