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Redistribution of Moments

1) Plastic moment redistribution occurs when plastic hinges form in structural members, allowing internal forces to redistribute and the structure to withstand higher loads before collapsing. 2) When the moment at a critical section reaches its plastic capacity, the section forms a plastic hinge and rotates at a constant moment, transferring loads to other sections. 3) Redistribution of moments allows the structure to utilize the material strengths beyond the elastic range, increasing the load-carrying capacity and making the design more efficient and economical.

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Shita Alemie
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114 views29 pages

Redistribution of Moments

1) Plastic moment redistribution occurs when plastic hinges form in structural members, allowing internal forces to redistribute and the structure to withstand higher loads before collapsing. 2) When the moment at a critical section reaches its plastic capacity, the section forms a plastic hinge and rotates at a constant moment, transferring loads to other sections. 3) Redistribution of moments allows the structure to utilize the material strengths beyond the elastic range, increasing the load-carrying capacity and making the design more efficient and economical.

Uploaded by

Shita Alemie
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 4

PLASTIC MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION


Introduction
 In any structural frame/beam, by the elastic
analysis there can be sections having peak values of
internal forces/ bending moments; termed as
critical sections
 Flexural members, do not collapse immediately as
soon as the loads at a particular section cause
bending moment exceeding the maximum resisting
moment capacity of that section.
 Instead, that section starts rotating at almost
constant moment. This is known as formation of
plastic hinge at that section reaching its maximum
resisting moment capacity.
 The section then transfers loads to other sections if
the applied loads are further increased.
 This process continues till the structures have
plastic hinges at sufficient sections to form a
failure mechanism when it actually collapses.
 However, significant transfer of loads would
occur before the collapse of the structure.
 This transfer of loads after the formation of
first plastic hinge at section having the highest
bending moment till the collapse of the
structure is known as redistribution of
moments.
 By this process, therefore, the structure
continues to accommodate higher loads
before it collapses.
 Elastic bending moment diagram prior to the
formation of first plastic hinge and the final bending
moment diagram just before the collapse are far
different.
 Ratio of the negative to positive elastic bending
moments is no more valid.
 Development of plastic hinges depends on the available
plastic moment capacity at critical sections.
 Redistribution of moment is possible if the section
forming the plastic hinge has the ability to rotate at
constant moment, which depends on the amount of
reinforcement actually provided at that section.
 This phenomenon is well known in steel structures.
 However, the redistribution of moment has also
been confirmed in reinforced concrete structure
by experimental investigations.
 Reinforced concrete structures have comparatively
lower capacity to rotate than steel structures.
 Presently, design codes of most of the countries
allow the redistribution up to a maximum limit
because of the following advantages:
Advantages of moment Redistribution

1) It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load


carrying capacity of the indeterminate structure.
2) It is economical since the actual load capacity is
higher than that we determine from any elastic
analysis.
3) The designer enjoys the freedom of modifying the
design bending moments within limits.
 These adjustments are sometimes helpful in reducing
the reinforcing bars, which are crowded, especially at
locations of high bending moment
Linear Elastic Analysis
 The elastic design method, also termed as allowable
stress method (or Working stress method), is a
conventional method of design based on the elastic
properties of concrete and steel.
 This method of design limits the structural
usefulness of the material up to a certain allowable
stress, which is well below the elastic limit
 The elastic design does not take into account the
strength of the material beyond the elastic stress
 Therefore the structure designed according to
this method will be heavier than than designed
by plastic methods.
Plastic Analysis
 In the method of plastic design of a structure, the
ultimate load rather than the yield stress is
regarded as the design criterion.
 The term plastic has occurred due to the fact that
the ultimate load is found from the strength of steel
and concrete in the plastic range
 The strength of steel and concrete beyond the
elastic stress ranges is fully utilized in this method.
Moment - curvature relationship
 For a rectangular cross section the plastic moment
Mp is about 1.5 times greater than the elastic
moment capacity (ie. Shape factor is 1.5)
 In developing this moment, there is a large
straining in the extreme fibers together with large
rotations and deflection
 This behavior may be plotted as a moment-rotation
curve
Plastic hinges :
 Plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to bending in a
structural member at which an infinite rotation can take place
at a constant plastic moment of the section
 The bending moment producing a plastic hinge is called the
full plastic moment
 The number of hinges necessary for failure does not vary for a
particular structure subject to a given loading condition
 N.B a plastic hinge carries a constant moment, MP
Mechanism:
 if no resistance is set up against deformation in the body, then
it is known as a mechanism
ILLUSTRATION BY TWO SPAN BEAM

 Two Span Beam

 Elastic BM
diagram

Mn/Mp = 1.2
TWO SPAN BEAM

 At formation of
first plastic hinge

 Bending moment
diagram at formation
of first plastic hinge
 On increasing the loads P, the ultimate moment of
resistance Mun of cross-section at B will be reached
at the support first before reaching at other
sections
 The plastic hinge will be formed at the cross-
section B
 The two point loads P can still be increased as long
as the plastic hinge at B will rotate sufficiently
 If the cross-section at B is brittle, the load will
decrease fast and the beam will fail suddenly
 The cross-section at B has to be ductile so that it
undergoes rotation at the constant moment of
resistance, which will enable the beam to carry
additional loads
 This increase of load will continue until the
maximum positive moments in the span (at D and
E) reach Mup, when plastic hinges will form at D and
E also.
 The three plastic hinges at B, D and E will form the
collapse mechanism
TWO SPAN BEAM

 At formation of
collapse mechanism

 Bending moment
diagram prior to the
collapse
 The structure will fail at this stage carrying much
higher loads. It is important to note that the
requirement of equilibrium will be satisfied at all
stages, i.e., Mp and Mn , during the elastic phase, will
follow the equation:
Mp + 0.5 Mn = Pl/4 ----- (Eq. 1)
 From the structural analysis of the beam, we know that:
Mn = 6 Pl / 32 and Mp = 5 Pl / 32.
 Substituting these values in Eq. 1, we find that the
equation is satisfied
where Pl/4 = maximum positive moment of a simply
supported beam having a load P at the centre of the beam
Mp

0.5 Mn
A
B C
From the above values of Mn and Mp (= 6 Pl/32
and 5 Pl/32, respectively), we also note that:
Mn / Mp = 1.2 ------ (Eq.2)
 As the loads are increased till the formation of
the first plastic hinge at B, this ratio of Mn /Mp as
1.2 will be maintained
 This phase is known as the elastic phase when
the bending moments increases with increasing
loads maintaining the ratio of Mn / Mp as 1.2
 With further increase of the loads, the plastic
hinge at B will rotate at the constant moment Mun
and positive moments at D and E will increase as
shown in Fig
 This phase is known as moment redistribution
phase as the loads are now transferred to sections,
which have less moment
 However, the cross-section at B must have the
ability to sustain the required plastic rotation at
this stage with increasing loads
 As the value of Mp is now increasing when Mn is
remaining constant, the ratio of Mn / Mp will not
be 1.2 any more
 Thus, in the redistribution phase, the additional
moments at higher loads are to be redistributed
to the support and mid-span in such a manner
that we get a similar equation like Eq. 1, i.e.
Mup + 0.5 Mun =Pl/4 ------ (Eq. 3)

Mup
0.5 Mun
A
B C
 which means that, after the redistribution
Mun = Mn –M ------ (Eq. 4)
where M is some amount of moment by which
negative moment at the support is reduced
 From Eqs. 3 and 4, we have:
Mup = Pl/4 – 0.5 Mun = Pl/4 - 0.5 (Mn-M)
= (Pl/4 – 0.5 Mn) + 0.5 M
but, Mp = Pl/4 – 0.5 Mn from Eq. 1.
Therefore, Mup = Mp + 0.5 M ------ (Eq. 5)
 Thus, in the moment redistribution, if we reduce
some amount M from the negative moment Mun at
support as in Eq. 4, we have to add 0.5 M to the
span moment Mp to get the Mup as in Eq. 5
 The amount of moment M which will be reduced
from the negative support moment depends on the
rotational capacity as per the actual reinforcement
provided in the cross-section.
 Furthermore, the deformation of the support
should be within acceptable limits under service
loads
 The redistribution of moments is permitted if
the analysis of forces and moments is done
following linear elastic behavior.
 Problem 1. Draw the design bending moment diagram of
the beam Shown, carrying ultimate uniformly
distributed load of 24 kN/m with full redistribution of
30%.

 Solution
 Step 1: Elastic bending moment diagram
MA = MB = - w l2 / 12 = - 24 (8) (8) / 12 = - 128 kNm
MC = + w l2/24 = + 24 (8) (8) / 24 = + 64 kNm
Vertical reaction at A, VA = 24 (8) / 2 = 96 kN
At section D, Mx = 96x – 128 – 12x2

The value of x when Mx = 0 is obtained from 96x – 128 – 12x2


=0
The solution of the equation is
x =1.69 m and 6.31 m.
 Step 2. Redistributed bending moment diagram
From Fig.15.38.5e, the maximum negative moment at
A after the full redistribution of 30 per cent = 0.7
(128) = 89.6 kNm. So, the maximum positive
moment at the mid-span C = w l2 / 8 – 89.6 = 102.4
kNm. The vertical reaction at A is:VA = 96 kN.
 The point of inflection is obtained by taking moment
of forces about E of the free body diagram shown in Fig.
15.38.5d. Thus,
96x – 12x2 – 89.6 = 0,
which gives x = 1.08 m and 6.92 m
 Step 3. Envelope of bending moment diagrams
 At x =1.08 m, the elastic bending moment is Mx = 96x –
128 – 12x2 = - 38.32 kNm, which becomes 0.7 (- 38.32) =
- 26.824 kNm after the redistribution. The envelope of
the bending moment diagram is shown in Fig. 15.38.5f.

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