Assignment1 Solution
Assignment1 Solution
Assignment1 Solution
2- The Transmitter
*Data generated by a source can not transmitted directly.
*A transmitter transforms information to EM signals that can be transmitted across the
transmission system.
*It processes and modifies the input for efficient transmission over a channel.
*Signal processing operations performed by the transmitter include amplification,
filtering, and modulation.
4- The Receiver
*The receiver extracts the input signal from the degraded version coming from the
channel.
*The receiver performs this function through the process of demodulation in addition to
amplification and filtering.
2. Identify criteria for communication systems.
1. Data delivery
*The data should be delivered to the correct destination to assure confidentiality and
privacy.
2. Data integrity
*Data should be delivered accurately without no errors, no loss, no addition and no
duplication.
3. Timeliness of data transfer
*Data should be delivered without violating the delay constraints specific for each service.
*Uneven jitter in packet arrival may be annoying to the user.
1-Information source
Based on its output, it may be analog or digital.
i- Analog information source
*Like a microphone actuated by speech or a TV camera.
* It emits continuously varying amplitude signals.
* It can be transformed into digital format.
ii- Discrete information source
*Its output consists of a sequence of binary bits.
*A familiar example of discreet data is text or character strings.
2- Source encoder/decoder
*Its input is a string of symbols at a rate rs symbols/sec.
*It converts input to a binary sequence of 0‟s and 1‟s.
*The source decoder converts this back to a symbol sequence.
3- Channel encoder/decoder
*Channel encoder adds extra bits to output of the source encoder to detect or correct
errors at the channel decoder.
*Channel encoder/decoder can realize high transmission reliability and efficiency.
4- Modulator/demodulator
*Modulator accepts a bit stream and converts it to an electrical waveform suitable for
transmission over channel.
*Demodulator extracts the message from the information-bearing waveform.
*The modulation process serves several purposes in communication systems.
9. Explain the two modes for transmitting binary data across a link .
1. Parallel transmission
11.Compare the two methods of a serial transmission . Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each .
1.. Asynchronous Serial Transmission
Timing of a signal is unimportant.
Bits are grouped into bytes.
Each bit is sent independently along the link as a unit.
To alert the receiver to the arrival of a new group, a start bit is added at byte
beginning of each byte.
To alert the receiver know that the byte is finished, a stop bit is appended to the end
of the byte.
Each byte is thus increased to 10 bits.
The transmission of each byte is followed by a gap.
** Advantages of Asynchronous transmission
It is cheap and cost-effective.
This makes it an attractive choice for situations like low speed communications.
** Disadvantages of Asynchronous transmission
It provides slower data rate due to the addition of stop and start bits as well as the
insertion of gaps into the bit stream.
2.. Synchronous Serial Transmission
The bit stream is combined into longer frames that may contain multiple bytes.
Bits are sent one after another without start/stop bits or gaps.
Receiver will group the bits into bytes or characters to reconstruct the information by
counting the arrived bits.
There are synchronization characters that are transmitted at beginning of every data
block to achieve synchronization.
Such systems are more expensive and complex but extremely efficient.
** Advantages of synchronous transmission
It provides higher speed than asynchronous transmission and therefore, it is more
useful for high-speed applications.
** Disadvantages of synchronous transmission
The timing becomes very important.
A periodic signal : completes a pattern within a period .It repeats that pattern over
identical subsequent periods.
a. one-half .
b. twice
c. the same as
d. indeterminate from
16. If the maximum amplitude of a sine wave is 2 volts, the minimum amplitude is
____________volts.
A. 1
b. 2
c. -2
d. between-2and 2
17. A sine wave completes 1000 cycles in one second .what is its period?
a. 1 ms
b. 10 ms
c. 100 ms
d. 1000 ms
21. Given the frequencies listed below, calculate the corresponding periods.
Express the result in seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, and
picoseconds.
a. A sine waves with the maximum amplitude at time zero .90 degree
c. A sine waves with zero amplitude after 3/4 cycle and increasing .90 degree
d. A sine waves with minimum amplitude after 1/4 cycle .180 degree
24.show the phase shift in degrees cooresponding to each of the following delays
in cycles :Rule : 360 * cycle
25. show the delay in cycles corresponding to each of the following degrees :
Rule : degree /360
d.360( 1 cycle )
26.What is the bit rate for each of the following signals ?Rs = 1/T0
1. Draw the time-domain plot of a sine wave (for only 1 second) with maximum
amplitude of 15 volts, a frequency of 5, and the phase of 270 degrees.
2. Draw two sine waves on the same time-domain plot. The characteristic of each
signal are given below:
3. Draw two periods of a sine wave with a phase shift of 90 degrees. On the same
diagram, draw a sine wave with the same amplitude and frequency but with a
90 degrees phase shift from the first.
4. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be decomposed into four sine waves
with frequencies at 0 Hz, 20 Hz, 50 Hz, and 200 Hz? All maximum
amplitudes are the same. Draw the frequency spectrum.
6. Show how a sine wave change its phase by drawing two periods of an arbitrary sine
wave with phase shift of 0 degrees followed by the two periods of the same signals
with a phase shift of 90 degrees .
7. Imagine we have a sine wave called A. Show the negative of A. In other words,
show the signal –A .Can we relate the negation of a signal to the phase shift?
How many degrees?
** signal (A) :
** signal (- A) :
8. Which signal has a higher bandwidth: A signal that changes 100 times per
second or a signal that changes 200 times per second?
The signal that changes at a higher rate occupies greater bandwidth. That’s mean a signal that
changes 200 times per second higher than A signal that changes 100 times per second.
9. What is the bit rate for the signal in figure (1)?
Figure (1)
Figure 3
Answer:
First we determine the period of the above signal in order to draw the signal in the time domain.
Period = 1/f = 1/2500 = 0.4 millisecond
Based on the period calculation one cycle will take 0.4 milliseconds,
Number of cycles being sent for 0.01 sec = 0.01/0.4×10-3 = 25 cycles.
12. Draw the frequency domain representation of the signal shown in Figure (4).
Figure (4)
13. What is the bandwidth of the composite signal shown in Figure (5)?
Figure (5)
Bandwidth = 5×5= 25 Hz
14. What is the bandwidth of the signal shown in Figure (6)?
Figure (6)
Bandwidth = 0 HZ
15. A composite signal contains frequencies from 10 KHz to 30 KHz, each with
amplitude of 10 volts. Draw the frequency spectrum .
16. A composite signal contains frequencies from 10 KHz to 30 KHz. The amplitude
is zero for the lowest and the highest signals and 30 volts for the 20-KHz signal.
Assuming that the amplitudes change gradually from the minimum to the
maximum, draw the frequency spectrum .
17. Two signals have the same frequencies. However, whenever the first signal is at
its maximum amplitude, the second signal has amplitude of zero. What is the
phase shift between the two signals?
The phase shift between the two signals= Maximum amplitude of the first signal.