M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Standard Specification for

Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers

AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 259M-921

(ASTM DESIGNATION: C 789M-90)

159
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

1. SCOPE1 M 240 Blended Hydraulic Cements 6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall con-form

M 262 Terms Relating to Concrete to the requirements for portland cement
Pipe and Related Products of AASHTO M 85 or shall be portland
1.1 This specification covers single-cell blast-furnace slag cement or portland-
precast reinforced concrete box sections M 273M Precast Reinforced pozzolan cement conforming to the
intended to be used for the construction Concrete Box Sections for requirements of AASHTO M 240, except
of culverts and for the conveyance of Culverts, Storm Drains, and that the pozzolan constituent in the Type
storm water, industrial wastes, and Sewers with Less than 0.6 m IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly
sewage. of Cover Subject to Highway ash and shall not exceed 25 percent by
1.2 This metric specification is Loadings (Metric) weight.
equivalent to AASHTO M 259 and is M 295 Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined 6.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall con-form
compatible in technical content. Natural Pozzolan for Use as a to the requirements of AASHTO M 295,
Mineral Admixture in Class F or Class C.
NOTE 1—This specification is primarily a
manufacturing and purchasing specification. Portland Cement Concrete
6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of
However, standard designs are included and T 280 Testing Concrete Pipe, Cementitious Materials—The
the criteria used to develop these designs are Sections, or Tile
given in the Appendices. The successful combination of cementitious materials
performance of this product depends upon the used in the concrete shall be one of the
proper selection of the box section, bedding, 3. TERMINOLOGY following:
backfill, and care that the installation con- 6.2.3.1 Portland cement only.
forms to the construction specifications. The
purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms 6.2.3.2 Portland blast—furnace slag
box sections specified herein is cautioned that relating to concrete pipe, see M 262. cement only.
he must properly correlate the loading 6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.
conditions and the field requirements with the
box section specified and provide for 4. TYPES 6.2.3.4 A combination of portland
inspection at the construction site. cement and fly ash wherein the
proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25
NOTE 2—AASHTO M 273 is to be used for 4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box
box sections with less than 0.6 m of cover
percent by weight of total cementitious
sections manufactured in accordance with materials (portland cement plus fly ash).
subjected to highway loading.
this specification shall be of three types
6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall
identified in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and shall
conform to AASHTO M 6 and M 80,
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS be designated by type, span, rise, and
except that the requirements for gradation
design earth cover.
shall not apply.
2.1 AASHTO Standards: 6.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures
5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE and blends may be used with the approval
M6 Fine Aggregate for Portland
Cement Concrete of the purchaser.
M 32 Cold-Drawn Steel Wire for 5.1 Acceptability of the box sections 6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement
Concrete Reinforcement produced in accordance with Section 7 shall consist of welded wire fabric
shall be determined by the results of the conforming to Specifications M 55 or M
M 55 Welded Steel Wire Fabric for concrete compressive strength tests 221.
Concrete Reinforcement described in Section 10, by the material
M 80 Coarse Aggregate for re-quirements described in Section 6, and
Portland Cement Concrete 7. DESIGN
by inspection of the finished box
M 85 Portland Cement sections.
M 148 Liquid Membrane Forming 5.2 Box sections shall be considered 7.1 Design Tables—The box section
Compounds for Curing ready for acceptance when they conform dimensions, compressive strength of the
Concrete to the requirements of this specification. concrete, and reinforcement details shall
be as prescribed in Tables 1, 2, or 3 and
M 154 Air-Entraining Ad-mixtures Figures 1, 2, and 3, subject to the
for Concrete 6. MATERIALS provisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections
M 221 Welded Deformed Steel Wire are designed for combined earth dead
Fabric for Concrete 6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The rein- load and AASHTO HS 20 live load
Reinforcement forced concrete shall consist of conditions. Table 2 sections are designed
M 225 Deformed Steel Wire for cementitious materials, mineral for combined earth dead load and
Concrete Reinforcement aggregates, and water in which steel has Interstate live load conditions when the
been embedded in such a manner that the Interstate live loading exceeds the HS 20
1
Standard designs and criteria used to develop
steel and concrete act together. live loading. Table 3 sections are
designs included in this specification are under the designed for earth dead load conditions
jurisdiction of the AASHTO Subcommittee on 6.2 Cementitious Materials: only. Criteria
Bridges and Structures.

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M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

used to develop Tables 1, 2, and 3 are shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm. The spacing center to center
given in Appendix XL For modifications of the
to the designs shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3
due to anticipated earth and surcharge
loads different from those used to
develop the tables, see Appendix X2.
7.2 Modified and Special Designs—The
manufacturer may request approval by
the purchaser of modified designs which
differ from the designs in Section 7; or
special designs for sizes and loads other
than those shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
NOTE 3—The tabular designs in this
specification were prepared according to
AASHTO Standard Specifications for High
way Bridges, 1973 Edition. The current
AASHTO Specifications for Highway Bridges
allows concrete shear stress criteria that differs
from the 1973 criteria. The use of current
AASHTO concrete shear stress criteria shall
be acceptable by this specification for
modified or special designs.

7.3 Placement of Reinforcement—The

cover of concrete over the
circumferential reinforcement shall be 25
mm, subject to the provisions of Section
11. The inside circumferential
reinforcement shall extend into the male
portion of the joint and the outside
circumferential reinforcement shall
extend into the female portion of the
joint. The clear distance of the end
circumferential wires shall be not less
than 13 mm nor more than 50 mm from
the ends of the box section.
Reinforcement shall be assembled
utilizing any combination of single or
multiple layers of welded-wire fabric. A
common reinforcement unit may be
utilized for both AS2 (or AS3) and AS4, with
the largest area requirement governing,
bending the reinforcement 90 degrees at
the corners and waiving the extension
requirements of Figure 3. See Figure 3A.
The welded-wire fabric shall be
composed of circumferential and
longitudinal wires meeting the spacing
requirements of Section 7.4 and shall
contain sufficient longitudinal wires
extending through the box section to
maintain the shape and position of
reinforcement. The exposure of the ends
of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers
used to position the reinforcement shall
not be a cause for rejection.
7.4 Laps, Welds, and Spacing—Splices
in the circumferential reinforcement shall
be made by lapping. The over-lap
measured between the outermost
longitudinal wires of each fabric sheet
shall not be less than the spacing of the
longitudinal wires plus 50 mm. If A,, is
ex-tended and connected, welded splices
shall be allowed in the connection. AS4
may be lapped and welded at any
location or connected by welding at the
corners to AS2 and AS3. The spacing center
to center of the circumferential wires
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M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

longitudinal wires shall not be more than system that will maintain a moist following alter-native method may be
200 mm. atmosphere. used: Bolt a mold to the top of a vibrating
9.2.2 Water Curing—The box sections table or to the actual form being used for
may be water-cured by any method that manufacture. External vibration shall be
8. JOINTS applied with a frequency of at least 800
will keep the sections moist.
vibrations per minute. Place concrete in
9.2.3 Membrane Curing—A sealing three equal lifts within the cylinder.
8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box membrane conforming to the
sections shall be produced with male and During vibration, place a cylindrical
requirements of AASHTO M 148 may be hammer on the surface of each lift with
female ends. The ends shall be of such applied and shall be left intact until the
design and the ends of the box sections so the hammer to be 6 mm less in diameter
required concrete compressive strength is than the inside diameter of the mold and
formed that the sections can be laid attained. The concrete temperature at the
together to make a continuous line of box of a weight to create a pressure of 2.43
time of application shall be within 6°C of kPa on the surface of the concrete.
sections compatible with the permissible the atmospheric temperature. All surfaces
variations given in Section 11. Continue vibration until cement paste
shall be kept moist prior to the begins to ooze up around the bottom edge
8.2 Outer cage circumferential application of the compounds and shall of the hammer. Repeat this procedure
reinforcement as shown in Figures 1 and be damp when the compound is applied. until the mold is filled. Cylinders shall be
2 shall be placed in the top and bottom 9.3 Forms—The forms used in exposed to the same curing conditions as
slabs at the female portion of the joint manufacture shall be sufficiently rigid the manufactured box sections and shall
when A,, is not continuous over the span. and accurate to maintain the box section remain with the sections until tested.
The minimum area of such reinforcement dimensions within the permissible
in square inches per linear foot of box 10.2.2 Prepare not less than five test
variations given in Section 11. All casting cylinders from each day's production of
section length shall be the same as the surfaces shall be of smooth nonporous
areas specified for A,4 in Tables 1, 2, and the lot of box sections.
material.
3. 10.2.3 Acceptability on the basis of
9.4 Handling—Handling devices or holes cylinder test results:
shall be permitted in each box section for
9. MANUFACTURE the purpose of handling and laying. 10.2.3.1 When the average
compressive strength of all cylinders
tested is equal or greater than the design
9.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be 10. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS concrete strength, and not more than 10
sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed percent of the cylinders tested have
with such proportions of cementi tious compressive strength less than the design
materials and water as will produce a 10.1 Type of Test Specimen—
concrete strength, and no cylinder tested
homogeneous concrete mixture of such Compression tests for determining
has a compressive strength less than 80
quality that the pipe will conform to the concrete compressive strength may be
percent of the design concrete strength,
test and design requirements of this made on either standard rodded concrete
then the lot shall be accepted.
specification. All concrete shall have a cylinders or concrete cylinders
compacted and cured in like manner as 10.2.3.2 When the compressive
water-cementitious materials ratio not
the box sections, or on cores drilled from strength of the cylinders tested does not
exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious
the box section. conform to the acceptance criteria stated
materials shall be as specified in Section
in Section 10.2.3.1, the acceptability of
6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a 10.2 Compression Testing of
the lot shall be determined in accordance
proportion not less than 280 kg/m3 unless Cylinders:
with the provisions of Section 10.3.
mix designs with a lower cementitious 10.2.1 Cylinders shall be obtained and
materials content demonstrate that the 10.3 Compression Testing of Cores:
tested for compressive strength in
quality and performance of the pipe meet accordance with the provisions of 10.3.1 Cores shall be obtained and tested
the requirements of this specification. AASHTO T 23 and AASHTO T 22, for compressive strength in accordance
9.2 Curing—The box sections shall be except that the cylinders may be prepared with the provisions of AASHTO T 280.
cured for a sufficient length of time so by methods comparable to those used to 10.3.2 One core shall be cut from a
that the concrete will develop the consolidate and cure the concrete in the section selected at random from each
specified compressive strength in 28 days actual box section manufactured. group of 15-box sections or fraction
or less. Any one of the following methods Cylindrical specimens of sizes other than thereof of a single size from each
of curing or combinations thereof may be 150 mm by 300 mm, may be used continuous production run.
used: provided all other requirements of 10.3.3 Acceptability by Core Tests:
9.2.1 Steam Curing—The box sections AASHTO T 23 are met. If the concrete is
of a consistency too stiff for compaction 10.3.3.1 The compressive strength of
may be low pressure, steam-cured by a the concrete in each group of box
by rodding or internal vibration, the

162
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

sections defined in Section 10.1 is cores with less than the design concrete opposite surfaces of the box section shall
acceptable when the core test strengths strength shall be rejected. not be more than 10 mm/m of internal
are equal to or greater than the design 10.4 Plugging Core Holes—The core span, with a maximum of 16 mm for all
concrete strength. holes shall be plugged and sealed by the sizes through 2100 mm internal span, and
10.3.3.2 When the compressive manufacturer in a manner such that the a maximum of 19 mm for internal spans
strength of the core tested is less than the box section will meet all of the test greater than 2100 mm, except where
design concrete strength, the box section requirements of this specification. Box beveled ends for laying on curves are
from which that core was taken may be sections so sealed shall be considered as specified by the purchaser.
recorded. When the compressive strength satisfactory for use. 11.4 Length of Section—The underrun
of the recore is equal to or greater than 10.5 Test Equipment—Every in length of a section shall not be more
the design concrete strength, the manufacturer furnishing box sections than 10 min/m of length with a maximum
compressive strength of the concrete in under this specification shall furnish all of 13 mm in any box section.
that group of box sections is acceptable. facilities and personnel necessary to carry 11.5 Position of Reinforcement—The
10.3.3.3 When the compressive out the tests required. maximum variation in the position of the
strength of any recore is less than the reinforcement for 130 mm or less slab
design concrete strength, the box section and wall thicknesses shall be ± 10 mm
from which that core was taken shall be 11. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS and for greater than 130-mm slab and
rejected. Two box sections from the wall thicknesses shall be It 13 mm. In no
remainder of the group shall be selected 11.1 Internal Dimensions—The case, however, shall the cover over the
at random and one core shall be taken internal dimensions shall not vary more reinforcement be less than 16 mm, as
from each. If the compressive strength of than 1 percent from the design measured to the internal surface or the
both cores is equal to or greater than the dimensions. The haunch dimensions shall external surface. The preceding mini-
design concrete strength, the compressive not vary more than 6 mm from the design mum cover limitation does not apply at
strength of the remainder of that group of dimensions. the mating surfaces of the joint.
box sections is acceptable. If the 11.6 Area of Reinforcement—The
11.2 Slab and Wall Thickness—The
compressive strength of either of the two areas of steel reinforcement shall be the
slab and wall thickness shall not be less
cores tested is less than the design design steel areas as shown in Tables 1. 2,
than that shown in the design by more
concrete strength, the remainder of the or 3. Steel areas greater than those
than 5 percent or 5 mm, whichever is
group of box sections shall be rejected or, required shall not be cause for rejection.
greater. A thickness more than that
at the option of the manufacturer, each The permissible variation in diameter of
required in the design shall not be a cause
box section of the remainder of the group any wire in finished fabric shall conform
for rejection.
shall be cored and accepted individually, to the tolerances prescribed for the wire
and any of these box sections that have 11.3 Length of Opposite Surfaces—
before fabrication by either AASHTO M
Variations in laying lengths of two
32 or M 225 as applicable.

TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Precast Concrete Box Sections Under Earth Dead and HS20 Live Load Conditions A
NOTE 1-Design earth covers and reinforcement areas are based on the mass of a column of earth over the width of the box section as defined in Appendix X1. See
Appendix X2 for modification to reinforcement areas for other earth load conditions.
NOTE 2-Concrete Design Strength 35 MPa.
Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mmC 1.8 430 250D 250D 280 250D
D
0.6 430 400 420 440 210 D 2.4 430 250 300 300 250D
0.9 380 210 230 230 210D 3.0 430 250D 320 340 250D
1.2 to 2.4 380 210D 210D 210D 210D 3.7 430 250D 360 380 250D
3.0 380 210D 230 230 210D 4.3 430 280 420 420 250D
3.7 360 210D 280 280 210D 4.9 430 320 470 470 250D
4.3 360 230 300 300 210D 5.5 430 340 510 510 250D
4.9 360 250 340 340 210D 1200 mm by 1200 mm by 125 mmC
5.5 360 280 360 380 210D 0.6 860 380 640 590 250D
6.1 360 300 400 400 210D 0.9 610 250D 380 380 250D
900 mm by 900 mm by 100 mmC 1.2 530 250D 300 320 25e
0.6 690 320 510 530 210D 1.5 510 250D 280 300 250D
D
0.9 510 210D 280 300 210D 1.8 480 250 300 300 250D
1.2 to 1.8 430 210D 210D 210D 210D 2.4 460 250D 320 320 250D
2.4 380 210D 230 230 210D 3.0 460 250D 340 360 2500
3.0 380 210D 250 280 210D 3.7 460 250D 400 400 250^
D
3.7 380 210D 300 300 210D 4.3 460 250 440 440 250D
D
4.3 380 210D 320 340 210D 4.9 460 250 490 510 250D
4.9 380 210D 360 380 210D 5.5 430 300 530 550 250'
5.5 380 210D 400 400 210D 1500 mm by 900 mm by 150 mmC
6.1 380 230 440 440 210D 0.6 580 760 590 490 300D
1200 mm by 600 mm by 125 mmC 0.9 530 360 380 380 300D
0.6 480 550 470 420 250D 1.2 530 300D 320 320 300D
0.9 460 320 280 280 250D 1.5 510 300D 300' 320 300D
1.2 to 2.4 460 250D 250D 250D 250D 1.8 510 300D 320 320 300D
3.0 430 280 280 300 250D 2.4 510 300D 340 340 300D
3.7 430 320 320 320 250D 3.0 510 320 380 400 300D
4.3 430 360 360 360 250D 3.7 510 360 420 440 300D
4.9 430 400 400 400 250D 4.3 510 400 490 490 300D
5.5 430 440 440 440 250D 4.9 480 440 550 550 300D
1200 mm by 900 mm by 125 mmC 5.5 480 490 590 610 300D
0.6 560 440 570 510 250D 1500 mm by 1200 mm by 150 mmC
0.9 480 280 340 340 250D 0.6 710 490 680 570 300D
1.2 460 250D 280 280 250D 0.9 580 320 420 440 300D
1.5 460 250D 250D 280 250D 1.2 to 1.8 560 300D 340 360 300D

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M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
2.4 510 300D 360 380 300D 5.5 640 640 890 910 400D
3.0 510 300D 420 440 300D 2100 mm by 1800 mm by 200 mmC
3.7 510 300D 470 490 3000 0.6 970 510 830 660 400D
4.3 510 340 530 550 300D 0.9 790 400D 570 550 400D
4.9 480 380 590 610 300D 1.2 740 400D 510 530 400D
5.5 480 420 660 660 300D 1.5 710 400D 490 530 400D
1500 mm by 1500 mm by 150 mmC 1.8 690 400D 510 530 400D
0.6 1,040 420 740 610 300D 2.4 660 400D 550 570 400D
0.9 740 300D 470 490 300D 3.0 660 400D 610 640 400D
1.2 640 300D 380 400 300D 3.7 660 420 700 720 400D
1.5 610 300 360 380 300D 4.3 640 470 760 800 400D
1.8 560 300D 360 380 300D 4.9 640 530 850 890 400D
2.4 560 300D 380 400 300D 5.5 640 570 930 970 400D
3.0 530 300D 440 470 300D 2100 mm by 2100 mm by 200 mmC
3.7 530 300D 490 510 300D 0.6 1,400 470 890 700 400D
4.3 530 300D 550 570 300D 0.9 970 400D 610 570 400D
4.9 530 340 610 640 300D 1.2 to 1.8 840 400D 530 570 400D
5.5 510 360 680 700 300D 2.4 710 400D 570 610 400D
1800 mm by 900 mm by 175 mmC 3.0 690 400D 640 680 400D
0.6 740 640 610 470 360D 3.7 690 400D 720 760 400D
0.9 610 440 400 380 360D 4.3 690 440 780 830 400D
1.2 610 380 360D 360D 360D 4.9 690 490 870 910 400D
1.5 610 360D 360D 360D 360D 2400 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mmC
1.8 580 360D 360D 360D 360D 0.6 860 780 850 610 400D
2.4 580 360D 380 380 360D 0.9 790 570 590 510 400D
3.0 580 420 420 440 360D 1.2 710 530 530 510 400D
3.7 580 490 490 510 360D 1.5 710 550 530 550 400D
4.3 580 550 550 550 360D 1.8 710 550 550 550 400D
4.9 580 590 610 610 360D 2.4 690 590 590 610 400D
5.5 580 660 680 680 360D 3.0 690 680 680 700 400D
1800 mm by 1200 mm by 175 mmC 3.7 690 760 760 780 400D
0.6 710 550 700 550 360D 4.3 690 850 870 890 400D
0.9 640 380 470 440 360D 2400 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mmC
1.2 610 360D 400 400 360D 0.6 890 720 910 680 400D
1.5 580 360D 380 400 360D 0.9 790 530 660 570 400D
1.8 580 360D 380 400 360D 1.2 710 490 570 570 400º
2.4 580 360D 420 410 360D 1.5 710 510 570 610 400D
3.0 560 380 490 510 360D 1.8 690 510 590 610 400D
3.7 560 420 550 550 360D 2.4 690 550 640 680 400D
4.3 560 470 610 640 360D 3.0 690 610 740 760 400D
4.9 560 510 680 700 360" 3.7 690 680 830 870 400D
5.5 560 570 740 760 360D 2400 mm by 1800 mm by 200 mmC
C
1800 mm by 1500 mm by 175 mm 0.6 910 660 970 740 400D
0.6 840 510 760 610 360D 0.9 790 490 700 610 400D
0.9 690 360D 510 490 360D 1.2 760 470 610 610 400D
1.2 to1.8 640 360D 420 440 360D 1.5 740 490 610 660 400D
2.4 580 360D 440 470 360D 1.8 710 470 640 660 400D
3.0 580 360D 510 530 360D 2.4 690 510 680 720 400D
3.7 580 360D 570 610 360D 3.0 690 570 780 830 400D
4.3 580 400 660 680 360D 3.7 690 640 890 910 400D
4.9 560 440 720 740 360D 2400 mm by 2100 mm by 200 mmC
5.5 560 490 780 830 360D 0.6 1040 590 1,040 800 400D
1800 mm by 1800 mm by 175 mmC 0.9 890 470 740 680 400D
0.6 1,200 470 830 660 360D 1.2 810 420 660 660 400D
0.9 840 360D 550 530 360D 1.5 790 440 660 700 400D
1.2 740 360D 470 490 360D 1.8 760 440 660 720 400D
1.5 690 360D 440 470 360D 2.4 740 470 720 760 400D
1.8 660 360D 440 470 360D 3.0 710 530 800 890 400D
2.4 640 360D 470 510 360D 3.7 710 590 910 970 400D
3.0 610 360D 530 570 360D 2400 mm by 2400 mm by 200 mmC
3.7 610 360D 590 640 360D 0.6 1550 550 1080 850 400D
4.3 610 360D 680 700 360D 0.9 1040 420 780 720 400D
4.9 610 400 740 780 360D 1.2 910 400D 680 700 400D
5.5 580 440 800 850 360D 1.5 860 420 680 740 400D
2100 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mmC 1.8 810 420 700 760 400D
0.6 810 640 720 530 400D 2.4 790 440 740 800 400D
0.9 690 440 490 440 400D 3.0 760 490 850 910 400D
1.2 690 400D 420 420 400D 3.7 740 550 930 1020 400D
1.5 660 400D 420 440 400D 2700 mm by 1500 mm by 225 mmC
1.8 660 400D 420 440 400D 0.6 970 760 910 660 470D
2.4 660 420 470 490 400D 0.9 860 590 680 570 470D
3.0 640 490 530 550 400D 1.2 790 550 590 570 470D
3.7 640 330 610 610 400D 1.5 790 590 610 610 470D
4.3 640 590 680 700 400D 1.8 760 610 640 660 470D
4.9 640 660 760 760 400D 2.4 760 640 680 720 470D
5.5 640 720 830 850 400D 3.0 760 720 780 830 470D
2100 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mmC 3.7 760 800 890 910 470D
0.6 810 570 780 590 400D 4.3 740 910 990 1020 470D
0.9 710 400D 550 490 400D 2700 mm by 1800 mm by 225 mmC
1.2 to 1.8 690 400D 470 490 400D 0.6 970 700 970 720 470D
2.4 660 400D 510 530 400D 0.9 860 550 720 610 470D
3.0 640 420 570 610 400D 1.2 810 510 660 610 470D
3.7 640 470 660 680 400D 1.5 790 550 660 680 470D
4.3 640 530 740 760 400D 1.8 760 570 680 720 470D
4.9 640 570 800 850 400D 2.4 760 590 740 780 470D

164
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB

M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
3.0 760 660 850 870 470D
3.7 740 740 950 990 470D
2700 mm by 2100 mm by 225 mmC
0.6 1,040 640 1,040 780 470D
0.9 910 510 760 680 470D
1.2 840 490 680 680 470D
1.5 810 510 700 720 470D
1.8 790 530 720 760 470D
2.4 790 550 780 830 470D
3.0 766 610 890 930 470D
3.7 760 700 990 1040 470D
2700 mm by 2400 mm by 225 mmC
0.6 1170 590 1080 830 470D
0.9 990 490 800 720 470D
1.2 910 470D 720 720 470D
1.5 860 490 740 780 470D
1.8 840 510 740 800 470D
2.4 810 530 800 870 470D
3.0 790 590 910 970 470D
3.7 790 660 1040 1100 470D
2700 mm by 2700 mm by 225 mmC
0.6 1730 570 1140 890 470D
0.9 1140 470D 850 760 470D
1.2 1040 470D 760 760 470D
1.5 970 470D 760 830 470D
1.8 910 490 780 850 470D
2.4 860 510 850 910 470D
3.0 840 550 950 1020 470D
3.7 840 610 1060 1140 470'
3000 mm by 1500 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1040 800 910 660 510D
0.9 970 640 680 570 510D
1.2 890 610 640 590 510D
1.5 860 660 640 640 510D
1.8 840 700 680 700 510D
2.4 840 740 740 760 510D
3.0 840 850 850 870 510D
3.7 840 950 950 970 510D
4.3 840 1060 1060 1080 510D
3000 mm by 1800 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1040 740 970 720 510D
0.9 940 610 740 640 510D
1.2 860 570 680 640 510D
1.5 840 610 700 700 510D
1.8 840 660 720 760 510D
2.4 840 700 780 830 510D
3.0 810 780 890 930 510D
3.7 810 870 1020 1060 510D
4.3 810 970 1120 1160 510D
3000 mm by 2100 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1070 680 1040 760 510D
0.9 970 570 780 680 510D
1.2 890 550 720 680 510D
1.5 860 570 740 740 510D
1.8 860 610 760 800 510D
2.4 840 660 830 890 510D
3.0 840 720 950 990 510D
3.7 810 800 1060 1100 510D
3000 mm by 2400 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1140 660 1100 830 510D
0.9 1020 550 830 720 510D
1.2 940 530 760 740 510D
1.5 910 550 780 800 510D
1.8 890 570 800 870 510D
2.4 860 610 870 930 510D
3.0 840 680 990 1060 510D
3.7 840 760 1100 1160 510D
3000 mm by 2700 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1330 610 1140 890 510D
0.9 1120 510D 870 780 510D
1.2 1020 510D 780 780 510D
1.5 970 530 800 850 510D
1.8 940 550 850 910 510D
2.4 910 590 910 9'70 510D
3.0 890 660 1020 1100 510D
3.7 860 720 1140 1230 510D
3000 mm by 3000 mm by 250 mmC
0.6 1900 610 1190 930 510D
0.9 1270 510D 910 830 510D
1.2 1140 510D 830 830 510D
1.5 1070 510D 850 890 510D
1.8 1020 530 870 950 510D
2.4 970 570 930 1020 510D
3.0 940 640 1060 1140 510D
3." 910 700 1160 1270 510D

165
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB

M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
3300 mm by 1200 mm by 275 mmC
0.6 1140 930 850 570 550D
0.9 1090 740 640 550D 550D
1.2 1070 740 590 550D 550D
1.5 990 780 610 590 550D
1.8 970 830 640 640 550D
2.4 970 910 700 720 550D
3.0 940 1040 800 830 550D
3.' 940 1160 910 930 550D
4.3 940 1310 1020 1040 550D
4.9 940 1460 1120 1140 550D
3300 mm by 1800 mm by 275 mmC
0.6 1120 780 970 700 550D
0.9 1040 660 740 640 550D
1.2 970 640 700 640 550D
1.5 910 680 720 700 550D
1.8 910 720 740 760 550D
2.4 910 780 830 870 550D
3.0 890 890 930 970 550D
3.7 890 970 1060 1100 550D
4.3 890 1100 1190 1230 550D
4.9 890 1210 1310 1350 550D
3300 mm by 2400 mm by 275 mmC
0.6 1170 700 1080 800 550D
0.9 1040 590 830 720 550D
1.2 990 570 760 740 550D
1.5 940 610 800 800 550D
1.8 940 640 830 8'70 550D
2.4 910 700 910 970 550D
3.0 910 780 1020 1080 550D
3.7 890 870 1140 1210 550D
4.3 890 950 1290 1350 550D
3300 mm by 3000 mm by 275 mmC
0.6 1420 640 1160 910 550D
0.9 1220 550D 890 800 550D
1.2 1120 550D 830 800 550D
1.5 1070 550D 850 890 5500
1.8 1020 590 890 950 5500
2.4 990 640 950 1040 550D
3.0 970 720 1080 1160 550D
3.7 940 780 1210 1310 550D
4.3 940 870 1350 1440 550D
3300 mm by 3300 mm by 275 mmC
0.6 2080 640 1210 950 550D
0.9 1400 550D 930 850 550D
1.2 1220 550D 870 850 550D
1.5 1170 550D 890 910 550D
1.8 1120 570 910 990 550D
2.4 1040 610 970 1080 5500
3.0 1020 700 1100 1210 550D
3.7 990 760 1230 1330 550D
4.3 990 850 1350 1480 550D
3600 mm by 1200 mm by 300 mmC
0.6 1270 970 870 610D 610D
0.9 1190 800 660 610D 610D
1.2 1140 800 610D 610D 610D
1.5 1090 870 640 610D 610D
1.8 1070 910 660 660 610D
2.4 1040 1040 740 760 610D
3.0 1040 1160 850 870 610"
3.7 1040 1310 950 970 610D
4.3 1040 1480 1060 1080 610D
4.9 1040 1650 1160 1210 610D
3600 mm by 1800 mm by 300 mmC
0.6 1190 830 990 700 610D
0.9 1120 700 760 640 610D
1.2 1040 700 720 660 610D
1.5 990 740 740 720 610D
1.8 990 800 780 780 6100
2.4 990 890 870 910 610D
3.0 990 990 990 1040 610D
3.7 970 1120 1120 1160 610D
4.3 970 1250 1250 1290 610D
4.9 970 1380 1380 1420 610D
3600 mm by 2400 mm by 300 mmC
0.6 1220 740 1100 800 610D
0.9 1120 660 850 740 610D
1.2 1040 640 800 760 610D
1.5 1020 680 830 830 610D
1.8 990 720 870 890 610D
2.4 990 800 970 1020 610D
3.0 970 890 1100 1160 610D
3.7 970 970 1230 1290 610D
4.3 970 1100 1380 1440 610D
3600 mm by 3000 mm by 300 mmC

166
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
0.6 1400 700 1190 910 610D 0.6 2260 680 1270 1020 610D
0.9 1220 610D 930 830 610D 0.9 1520 610D 990 910 610D
1.2 1120 610D 870 850 610D 1.2 1350 610D 930 910 610D
1.5 1090 610D 910 910 610D 1.5 1270 610D 950 990 610D
1.8 1070 680 930 990 610D 1.8 1220 610D 990 1060 610D
2.4 1020 740 1040 1120 610D 2.4 1140 700 1080 1210 610D
3.0 1020 800 1160 1250 610D 3.0 1120 760 1210 1330 610D
3.7 990 890 1290 1400 610D 3.7 1090 850 1350 1480 610D
4.3 990 990 1440 1550 610D 4.3 1070 930 1480 1630 610D
3600 mm by 3600 mm by 300 mmC
A
The design earth cover indicated is the height of fill above the top of the box section. Design requirements are based on the material and soil properties, loading data, and
typical section as included in Appendix X1. For alternative or special designs, see Section 7.2.
B
Design steel area in square millimeters per linear meter of box section at those locations which are indicated on the typical section included in Appendix Xl.
C
The box section designation, for example, 900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mm indicates (Interior Horizontal Span in millimetres) by (Interior Vertical Rise in millimeters) by
(Wall and Slab Thickness in millimeters).
D
Minimum practical steel area is specified.

TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Precast Concrete Box Sections Under Earth Dead and Interstate Live Load Conditions A
NOTE 1-Design earth covers and reinforcement areas are based on the mass of a column of earth over the width of the box section as defined in Appendix X1. See
Appendix X2 for modifications to reinforcement areas for other earth load conditions.
NOTE 2-Concrete Design Strength 35 MPa.
Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mm C 3.0 510 340 380 400 300D
0.6 430 400 420 440 210D 3.7 510 360 440 440 300D
0.9 380 210D 230 230 210D 4.3 510 400 490 490 300D
1.2 to 2.4 380 210D 210D 210D 210D 4.9 480 470 550 550 300D
3.0 360 210D 230 250 210D 5.5 480 510 610 610 300D
3.7 360 210D 280 280 210D 1500 mm by 1200 mm by 150 mm C
4.3 360 210D 300 300 210D 0.6 710 490 680 570 300D
4.9 360 250 340 340 210D 0.9 580 320 420 440 300D
5.5 360 280 380 380 210D 1.2 560 300D 340 360 300D
6.1 360 320 400 400 210D 1.5 530 300D 340 360 300D
900 mm by 900 mm by 100 mm C 1.8 530 300D 360 360 300D
0.6 660 520 510 530 210D 2.4 510 300D 380 400 300D
0.9 510 210D 280 300 210D 3.0 510 300D 420 440 300D
1.2 to 1.8 460 210D 210D 230 210D 3.7 510 320 490 490 300D
2.4 380 210D 230 250 210D 4.3 510 340 530 550 300D
3.0 380 210D 280 280 210D 4.9 480 380 590 610 300D
3.7 380 210D 300 300 210D 5.5 480 420 660 680 300D
4.3 380 210D 320 340 210D 1500 mm by 1500 mm by 150 mm C
4.9 380 210D 360 380 210D 0.6 1040 420 740 640 300D
5.5 380 210D 400 420 210D 0.9 740 300D 470 490 300D
6.1 380 230 440 440 210D 1.2 640 300D 380 400 300D
1200 mm by 600 mm by 125 mm C 1.5 610 300D 360 380 300D
0.6 480 550 470 420 250D 1.8 560 300D 380 400 300D
0.9 460 320 280 280 250D 2.4 560 300D 400 420 300D
1.2 to 1.8 460 250D 250D 250D 250D 3.0 530 300D 440 470 300D
2.4 430 280 250D 250D 250D 3.7 530 300D 510 530 300D
3.0 430 300 300 300 250D 4.3 530 300D 550 570 300D
3.7 430 320 320 320 250D 4.9 530 340 610 660 300D
4.3 430 360 360 360 250D 5.5 510 380 680 760 300D
4.9 430 400 400 400 250D 1800 mm by 900 mm by 175 mm C
5.5 430 440 440 440 250D 0.6 740 660 610 570 360D
1200 mm by 900 mm by 125 mm C 0.9 610 440 400 380 360D
0.6 560 440 570 510 250D 1.2 610 380 360D 360D 360D
0.9 480 280 340 340 250D 1:5 610 360D 360D 360D 360D
1.2 460 250D 280 280 250D 1.8 580 380 360D 360D 360D
1.5 460 250D 250D 280 250D 2.4 580 400 400 400 360D
1.8 430 250D 280 280 250D 3.0 580 440 440 440 360D
2.4 430 250D 300 320 250D 3.7 580 490 490 510 360D
3.0 430 250D 340 340 250D 4.3 580 550 550 550 360D
3.7 .430 250D 380 380 250D 4.9 580 610 610 640 360D
4.3 430 280 420 420 250D 5.5 580 680 680 700 360D
4.9 430 320 470 490 250D 1800 mm by 1200 mm by 175 mm C
5.5 430 340 510 530 250D 0.6 710 570 700 660 360D
1200 mm by 1200 mm by 125 mm C 0.9 640 380 470 440 360D
0.6 860 380 640 590 250D 1.2 610 360D 400 400 360D
0.9 610 250D 380 380 250D 1.5 580 360D 380 400 360D
1.2 530 250D 300 320 250D 1.8 580 360D 400 420 360D
1.5 510 250D 300 300 250D 2.4 580 360D 440 470 360D
1.8 480 250'' 300 320 250D 3.0 560 380 490 510 360D
2.4 460 250D 320 340 250D 3.7 560 420 550 570 360D
3.0 460 250D 360 380 250D 4.3 560 470 610 640 360D
3.7 460 250D 400 400 250D 4.9 560 530 680 700 360D
4.3 460 250D 440 440 250D 5.5 560 570 760 780 360D
4.9 460 280 490 610 250D 1800 mm by 1500 mm by 175 mm C
5.5 430 300 550 550 250D 0.6 840 530 760 720 360D
1500 mm by 900 mm by 150 mm C 0.9 690 360D 510 490 360D
0.6 580 550 590 510 300D 1.2 640 360D 420 440 360D
0.9 530 360 380 380 300D 1.5 610 360D 420 440 360D
1.2 530 300D 320 320 300D 1.8 610 360D 440 470 360D
1.5 510 300D 300D 320 300D 2.4 580 360D 470 490 360D
1.8 510 300D 320 320 300D 3.0 580 360D 530 550 360D
2.4 510 300D 360 360 300D 3.7 580 380 590 610 360D

167
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
4.3 580 400 660 680 360D 2.4 690 530 720 740 400D
4.9 560 470 720 760 360D 3.0 690 570 800 830 400D
5.5 560 510 800 830 360D 3.7 690 640 890 930 400D
1800 mm by 1800 mm by 175 mm 2400 mm by 2100 mm by 200 min'
0.6 1220 490 830 780 360D 0.6 1040 700 1060 1040 400D
0.9 840 360D 550 550 360D 0.9 890 530 740 800 400D
1.2 740 360D 470 490 360D 1.2 810 470 660 700 400D
1.5 690 360D 440 490 360D 1.5 790 470 660 720 400D
1.8 660 360D 470 490 360D 1.8 760 470 680 740 400D
2.4 640 360D 490 530 360D 2.4 740 490 740 800 400D
3.0 610 360D 550 570 360D 3.0 710 530 830 890 400D
3.7 610 360D 610 640 360D 3.7 710 590 930 970 400D
4.3 610 360D 680 700 360D 2400 mm by 2400 mm by 200 mm C
4.9 610 420 760 780 360D 0.6 1550 660 1120 1 100 400D
5.5 580 440 830 870 360D 0.9 1040 510 780 850 400D
2100 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mm C 1.2 910 440 700 740 400D
0.6 810 720 720 700 400D 1.5 860 420 700 760 400D
0.9 690 490 490 490 400D 1.8 810 440 720 780 400D
1.2 690 420 420 440 400D 2.4 790 470 780 850 400D
1.5 660 420 420 440 400D 3.0 760 510 870 910 400D
1.8 660 420 440 470 400D 3.7 740 550 950 1020 400D
2.4 660 440 490 510 400D 2700 mm by 1500 mm by 225 mm C
3.0 640 490 550 570 400D 0.6 970 910 950 870 470D
3.7 640 530 610 640 400D 0.9 860 700 700 700 470D
4.3 640 590 680 700 400D 1.2 790 610 610 640 470D
4.9 640 680 760 780 400D 1.5 790 610 640 660 470D
5.5 640 740 850 870 400D 1.8 760 640 660 680 470D
2100 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mm C 2.4 760 680 720 740 470D
0.6 860 660 780 780 400D 3.0 760 740 800 840 470D
0.9 710 440 550 550 400D 3.7 760 830 890 930 470D
1.2 690 400D 470 490 400D 2700 mm by 1800 mm by 225 mm C
1.5 660 400D 470 490 400D 0.6 970 850 1020 950 470D
1.8 660 400D 490 510 400D 0.9 860 640 740 760 470D
2.4 660 400D 530 550 4000 1.2 810 570 660 700 470D
3.0 640 440 590 610 400D 1.5 790 570 680 720 470D
3.7 640 490 660 680 400D 1.8 760 590 700 740 470D
4.3 640 530 740 760 400D 2.4 760 610 760 800 470D
4.9 640 590 830 850 400D 3.0 760 680 850 890 470D
5.5 640 660 910 930 400D 3.7 740 760 950 990 470D
2100 mm by 1800 mm by 200 mm C 2700 mm by 2100 mm by 225 mm C
0.6 970 590 830 850 400D 0.6 1040. 780 I100 1020 470D
0.9 790 400D 570 590 400D 0.9 910 610 800 830 470D
1.2 740 400D 510 530 400D 1.2 840 550 700 760 470D
1.5 710 400D 510 530 400D 1.5 810 550 720 760 470D
1.8 690 400D 510 550 400D 1.8 790 550 740 780 470D
2.4 660 400D 570 590 400D 2.4 790 590 800 870 470D
3.0 660 400D 640 660 400D 3.0 760 640 890 950 470D
3.7 660 440 700 720 400D 3.7 760 700 990 1060 470D
4.3 640 470 760 800 400D 2700 mm by 2400 mm by 225 mm C
4.9 640 530 870 890 400D 0.6 1170 740 1140 1080 470D
2100 mm by 2100 mm by 200 mm C 0.9 990 570 850 890 470D
0.6 1400 550 890 910 400D 1.2 910 510 740 800 470D
0.9 970 400D 610 640 400D 1.5 860 510 760 800 470D
1.2 840 400D. 530 570 400D 1.8 840 530 780 830 470D
1.5 790 400D 530 570 400D 2.4 810 550 850 910 470D
1.8 760 400D 550 590 400D 3.0 790 590 930 990 470D
2.4 710 400D 590 640 400D 3.7 790 660 1040 1100 470D
3.0 690 400D 660 700 400D 2700 mm by 2700 mm by 225 mm C
3.7 690 400D 720 760 400D 0.6 I730 700 1210 1160 470D
4.3 690 440 780 850 400D 0.9 1140 550 890 930 470D
4.9 690 490 890 930 400D 1.2 1040 490 780 850 470D
2400 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mm C 1.5 970 490 780 850 470D
0.6 860 910 850 800 400D 1.8 910 490 800 890 470D
0.9 790 660 590 610 400D 2.4 860 530 870 950 470D
1.2 710 570 530 550 400D 3.0 840 570 950 1040 470D
1.5 710 570 530 550 400D 3.7 840 640 1060 1140 470D
1.8 710 570 550 570 400D 3000 mm by 1500 mm by 250 mm C
2.4 690 640 610 640 400D 0.6 1040 990 970 850 510D
3.0 690 700 700 720 400D 0.9 970 760 720 700 510D
3.7 690 760 760 780 400D 1.2 890 720 660 680 510D
2400 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mm C 1.5 860 720 680 700 510D
0.6 890 800 910 890 400D 1.8 840 720 700 720 510D
0.9 790 610 660 680 400D 2.4 840 780 760 780 510D
1.2 710 530 570 590 400D 3.0 840 870 850 890 510D
1.5 710 530 590 610 400D 3.7 840 950 950 970 510D
1.8 690 530 610 640 400D 3000 mm by 1800 mm by 250 mm C
2.4 690 570 680 700 400D 0.6 1040 930 1040 930 510D
3.0 690 640 740 780 400D 0.9 940 720 780 760 510D
3.7 690 700 850 870 400D 1.2 860 660 700 740 510D
2400 mm by 1800 mm by 200 mm C 1.5 840 660 720 760 510D
0.6 910 740 990 970 400D 1.8 840 680 740 780 510D
0.9 790 570 700 740 400D 2.4 840 720 830 870 510D
1.2 760 490 610 660 400D 3.0 810 800 910 950 510D
1.5 740 490 640 660 400D 3.7 810 870 1020 1060 510D
1.8 710 490 660 680 400D 3000 mm by 2100 mm by 250 mm C

168
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
0.6 1070 870 1120 990 510D 1.2 1120 610 890 950 550D
0.9 970 680 830 830 510D 1.5 1070 640 910 990 550D
1.2 890 640 760 800 510D 1.8 1020 640 930 1020 550D
1.5 860 640 760 800 510D 2.4 990 680 990 1100 550D
1.8 860 640 780 850 510D 3.0 970 740 1120 1210 550D
2.4 840 700 870 910 510D 3.7 940 800 1250 1330 550D
3.0 840 700 970 1020 510D 4.3 940 890 1380 1480 550D
3.7 810 680 1080 1120 510D 3300 mm by 3300 mm by 275 mm C
3000 mm by 2400 mm by 250 mm C 0.6 2080 760 1350 1230 550D
0.6 1140 800 1190 1080 510D 0.9 1400 610 1020 1020 550D
0.9 1020 640 870 890 510D 1.2 1240 590 910 990 550D
1.2 940 590 800 850 510D 1.5 1170 610 930 1040 550D
1.5 910 590 800 870 510D 1.8 1120 610 950 1060 550D
1.8 890 610 830 890 510D 2.4 1040 660 1040 1120 550D
2.4 860 660 910 970 510D 3.0 1020 720 1140 1250 550D
3.0 840 700 1020 1080 510D 3.7 990 780 1270 1380 550D
3.7 840 760 1120 1190 510D 4.3 990 870 1400 1500 550D
3000 mm by 2700 mm by 250 mm C 3600 mm by 1200 mm by 300 mm C
0.6 1330 760 1250 1140 5l0D 0.6 1270 1230 930 740 610D
0.9 1070 610 930 950 510D 0.9 1190 970 700 640 610D
1.2 1020 570 830 910 510D 1.2 1140 910 660 640 610D
1.5 970 570 850 910 510D 1.5 1090 970 680 700 610D
1.8 940 570 870 930 5100 1.8 1070 990 700 720 610D
2.4 890 610 950 1020 510D 2.4 1040 I080 760 780 610D
3.0 890 680 1040 1120 510D 3.0 1040 1210 870 890 610D
3.7 860 740 1140 1230 510D 3.7 1040 I350 970 990 610D
3000 mm by 3000 mm by 250 mm C 4.3 1040 1520 1080 1 100 610D
0.6 1900 740 1290 1210 5100 4.9 1040 1690 1 190 1230 610D
0.9 1270 590 970 990 510D 3600 mm by 1800 mm by 300 mm C
1.2 1140 550 870 950 510D 0.6 1 190 1060 1080 890 610D
1.5 1070 550 870 970 510D 0.9 1120 850- 830 760 610D
1.8 1020 550 910 990 510D 1.2 1040 800 760 760 610D
2.4 970 590 970 1060 510D 1.5 990 850 800 830 610D
3.0 940 640 1080 1160 510D 1.8 990 870 830 870 610D
3.7 910 -700 1190 1270 510D 2.4 990 930 910 950 610D
3300 mm by 1200 mm by 275 mm C 3.0 990 1040 1020 1060 610D
0.6 1140 1140 910 740 550D 3.7 970 1 160 1 140 1 190 610D
0.9 1090 910 680 640 550D 4.3 970 1290 1270 1310 610D
1.2 1040 850 610 640 550D 3600 mm by 2400 mm by 300 mm C
1.5 990 870 640 660 550D 0.6 1240 950 1230 1040 610D
1.8 970 890 660 680 550D 0.9 1120 760 930 890 610D
2.4 970 950 720 760 550D 1.2 1040 720 870 870 610D
3.0 940 1080 830 850 550D 1.5 1020 760 890 950 610D
3.7 940 1210 930 950 550D 1.8 990 780 910 970 610D
4.3 940 1350 1040 1060 550D 2.4 990 830 990 1060 610D
4.9 940 1500 1140 1160 550D 3.0 970 930 1120 1190 610D
3300 mm by 1800 mm by 275 mm C 3.7 970 1020 1270 1300 610D
0.6 1120 970 1060 910 550D 4.3 970 1400 1460 1460 610D
0.9 1040 780 800 760 550D 3600 mm by 3000 mm by 300 mm C
1.2 970 740 740 740 550D 0.6 1400 870 1330 1 160 610D
1.5 910 760 760 780 550D 0.9 1220 700 1020 990 610D
1.8 910 760 780 830 550D 1.2 1120 680 930 970 610D
2.4 910 830 850 890 550D 1.5 1090 720 970 1040 610D
3.0 890 910 970 990 550D 1.8 1070 720 990 1080 610D
3.7 890 1020 1080 1120 550D 2.4 1020 760 1080 1 160 610D
4.3 890 1120 1210 1250 550D 3.0 1020 850 1210 1290 610D
3300 mm by 2400 mm by 275 mm C 3.7 990 930 1330 1440 610D
0.6 1170 870 1190 1040 550D 4.3 990 1020 1480 1590 610D
0.9 1040 700 890 870 550D 3600 mm by 3600 mm by 300 mm C
1.2 990 660 830 850 550D 0.6 2 260 800 1440 1 270 610D
1.5 940 680 850 890 550D 0.9 1520 660 1080 1080 610D
1.8 940 700 870 930 550D 1.2 1350 640 990 1060 610D
2.4 910 740 950 990 550D 1.5 1270 680 1020 1 140 610D
3.0 910 800 1060 1120 550D 1.8 1220 680 1060 1 160 610D
3.7 890 890 1190 1250 550D 2.4 1140 720 1120 1250 610D
4.3 890 970 1310 1380 550D 3.0 1120 780 1250 1380 610D
3300 mm by 3000 mm by 275 mm C 3.7 1090 870 1400 1520 610D
0.6 1420 780 1310 1160 550D 4.3 1070 950 1520 1670 610D
0.9 1220 640 970 970 550D
A
The design earth cover indicated is the height of fill above the top of the box section. Design requirements are based on the material and soil properties, loading data, and
typical section as included in Appendix XI. For alternative or special designs, see Section 7.2.
B
Design steel area in square millimeters per linear meter of box section at those locations which are indicated on the typical section included in Appendix X1.
C
The box section designation, for example. 900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mm indicates (Interior Horizontal Span, in millimetres) by (Interior Vertical Rise, in millimeters)
by (Wall and Slab Thickness, in millimeters).
D
Minimum practical steel area is specified.

TABLE 3 Design Requirements for Precast Concrete Box Sections Under Earth Dead Load Conditions A
NOTE 1-Design earth covers and reinforcement areas are based on the mass of a column of earth over the width of the box section as defined in Appendix X1. See
Appendix X2 for modifications to reinforcement areas for other earth load conditions.
NOTE 2-Concrete Design Strength 35 MPa.
Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mm C 4.3 360 210D 250 250 210D
0 to 3.0 360 210D 210D 210D 210D 4.9 360 210D 300 300 210D
3.7 360 210D 210 230 210D 5.5 360 230 340 340 210D

169
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
6.1 360 280 360 380 210D 4.9 580 3600 660 680 360D
6.7 360 300 400 400 210D 5.5 580 380 720 760 360D
900 mm by 900 mm by 100 mm C 2100 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mm C
0 to 3.0 380 210D 210D 210D 210D 0 to 2.4 660 400D 400D 400D 4000
3.7 360 210D 230 250 210D 3.0 640 400D 420 440 4000
4.3 360 210D 280 280 210D 3.7 640 420 510 530 400D
4.9 360 210D 320 320 210D 4.3 640 490 590 610 4000
5.5 360 210D 360 360 210D 4.9 640 570 680 700 4000
6.1 360 210D 400 400 210D 5.5 640 640 760 760 4000
1,200 mm by 600 mm by 125 mm C 6.1 640 720 850 850 4000
C
0 to 3.0 460 250D 250D 250D 250D 2100 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mm
3.7 430 250D 280 280 250D 0 to 2.4 660 400 D
400 D
400 D
400'
4.3 430 300 320 320 250D 3.0 640 400D 470 490 400'
4.9 430 340 360 360 250D 3.7 640 400 D
550 570 400D
5.5 430 380 400 400 250D 4.3 640 440 640 660 400D
6.1 430 440 440 440 250D 4.9 640 490 720 740 400D
1200 mm by 900 mm by 125 mm C 5.5 640 550 800 830 4000
0 to 2.4 430 250D 250D 250D 250D 2100 mm by 1800 mm by 200 nun C
3.0 430 250D 250D 280 250D 0 to 1.8 690 400 D
400 D
400 D
400D
3.7 430 250D 300 320 250D 2.4 660 400D 400D 420 4000
4.3 430 250D 360 360 250D 3.0 640 400D 490 510 400D
4.9 430 250D 400 420 250D 3.7 640 400D 570 610 4000
5.5 430 300 470 470 250D 4.3 640 400D 660 700 400D
6.1 430 340 510 530 250D 4.9 640 440 740 780 400D
1200 mm by 1200 mm by 125 mm C 5.5 640 510 850 870 4000
0 to 2.4 460 250D 250D 250D 250D 2100 mm by 2100 mm by 200 mm C
3.0 430 250D 280 280 250D 0 to 1.8 760 400D 400D 400D 400D
3.7 430 250D 320 340 250D 2.4 690 400D 400D 440 4000
4.3 430 250D 380 380 250D 3.0 690 400D 510 530 400D
4.9 430 250D .420 440 250D 3.7 690 400D 590 640 400D
5.5 430 250D 490- 490 250D 4.3 660 400D 680 720 400D
6.1 430 280 530 550 250D 4.9 660 420 760 800 400D
1500 mm by 900 mm by 150 mm C 5.5 660 470 870 910 400D
0 to 2.4 510 300D 300D 300D 300D 2400 mm by 1200 mm by 200 mm C
3.0 480 3000 300D 320 300D 0 to 1.8 710 4000 4000 400D 400D
3.7 480 300D 360 380 300D 2.4 690 420 440 470 400D
4.3 480 340 420 420 300D 3.0 690 510 550 570 400D
4.9 480 380 490 490 300D 3.7 690 610 640 660 400D
5.5 480 440 530 550 300D 4.3 690 720 740 760 400D
6.1 480 490 590 610 300D 2400 mm by 1500 mm by 200 mm C
1500 mm by 1200 mm by 150 mm C 0 to 1.8 710 400D 400D 400D 400D
0 to 2.4 510 300D 300D 300D 3000 2.4 690 400D 490 510 400D
3.0 480 300D 340 340 300D 3.0 660 470 590 610 400D
3.7 480 300D 380 400 300D 3.7 660 550 700 720 400D
4.3 480 300D 470 470 300D 4.3 660 640 800 830 400D
4.9 480 320 530 530 300D 2400 mm by 1800 mm by 200 mm C
5.5 480 360 590 590 300D 0 to 1.5 710 400D 400D 400D 400D
6.1 480 400 660 660 300D 1.8 690 400D 400D 420 400D
1500 mm by 1500 mm by 150 mm C 2.4 690 400D 510 550 400D
0 to 2.4 560 300D 300D 300D 300D 3.0 690 420 . 610 660 400D
3.0 530 300D 340 360 300D 3.7 690 510 740 760 400D
3.7 510 300D 400 420 300D 4.3 690 590 850 890 400D
4.3 510 300D 470 490 300D 2400 mm by 2100 mm by 200 mm C
4.9 510 300D 530 550 300D 0 to 1.5 760 400D 400D 400D 400D
5.5 5l0 320 590 640 300D 1.8 710 400D 420 470 400D
6.1 510 360 680 '00 300D 2.4 690 400D 530 570 400D
1800 mm by 900 mm by 175 mm C 3.0 690 400D 640 700 400D
0 to 3.0 580 360D 360D 360D 360D 3.7 690 470 760 800 400D
3.7 580 380 400 420 3600 4.3 690 550 890 930 400D
4.3 580 440 490 490 360D 2400 mm by 2400 mm by 200 mm C
4.9 580 510 550 550 360D 0 to 1.2 860 400D 400D 400D 400D
5.5 580 590 610 610 360D 1.5 790 400D 400D 420 400D
6.1 580 660 680 ;00 360D 1.8 760 400D 420 490 400D
1800 mm by 1200 mm by 175 mm C 2.4 760 400D 550 590 400D
0 to 2.4 580 360D 360D 360D 360D 3.0 740 400D 660 720 400D
3.0 560 360D 380 400 360D 3.7 740 440 780 850 400D
3.7 560 360D 440 470 3600 4.3 740 510 890 950 400D
4.3 560 380 530 550 3600 2700 mm by 1500 mm by 225 mm C
4.9 560 440 590 610 360D 0 to 1.8 790 470D 470D 470D 470D
5.5 560 490 680 700 360D 2.4 760 470D 510 550 470D
6.1 560 550 740 760 360D 3.0 740 550 640 660 470D
1800 mm by -1500 mm by 175 mm C 3.7 740 660 740 780 470D
0 to 2.4 580 360D 360D 360D 360D 4.3 740 760 870 890 470D
3.0 530 360D 400 420 360D 2700 mm by 1800 mm by 225 mm C
3.7 530 360D 490 510 360D 0 to 1.8 790 470D 470D 470D 470D
4.3 530 360D 550 570 360D 2.4 740 470D 550 590 470D
4.9 530 380 640 660 360D 3.0 740 510 680 700 470D
5.5 530 420 720 740 360D 3.7 740 590 800 830 470D
6.1 530 490 780 830 360D 4.3 740 700 910 950 470D
1800 mm by 1800 mm by 175 mm C 2700 mm by 2100 mm by 225 mm C
0 to 1.8 660 360D 360D 360D 360D 0 to 1.5 810 470D 470D 470D 470D
2.4 610 360D 360D 380 360D 1.8 760 470D 470D 510 470D
3.0 610 3600 420 440 360D 2.4 760 470D 570 610 470D
3.7 610 3600 490 530 360D 3.0 760 490 700 740 470D
4.3 580 360D 570 610 360D 3.7 740 570 830 870 470D

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M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
4.3 740 660 950 1020 470D 0.9 940 550D 550D 550D 550D
2700 mm by 2400 mm by 225 mm C 1.2 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
0 to 1.5 860 470D 470D 470D 470D 1.5 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
1.8 810. 470D 470D 530 470D 1.8 910 550D 550D 590 550D
2.4 790 470D 590 660 470D 2.4 890 550D 680 720 550D
3.0 790 470D 720 780 470D 3.0 890 590 830 870 550D
3.7 760 530 850 910 470D 3.7 890 700 970 1020 550D
4.3 760 610 990 1060 470D 4.3 890 800 1120 1160 550D
2700 mm by 2700 mm by 225 nun C 4.9 890 910 1270 1280 550D
0 to 1.2 970 470D 470D 470D 470D 3300 mm by 3000 mm by 275 mm C
1.5 890 470D 470D 490 470D 0.6 1070 550D 550D 550D 550D
1.8 860 470D 490 550 470D 0.9 1040 550D 550D 550D 550D
2.4 840 470D 610 680 470D 1.2 1020 550D 550D 550D 550D
3.0 840 470D 740 830 470D 1.5 990 550D 550D 570 550D
3.7 810 510 870 950 470D 1.8 990 550D 570 640 550D
4.3 810 570 1020 1080 470D 2.4 970 550D 700 780 550D
3000 mm by 1500 mm by 250 mm C 3.0 940 550D 850 930 550D
0 to 1.8 860 510D 510D 510D 510D 3.7 940 640 990 1100 550D
2.4 840 530 550 570 510D 4.3 910 740 1160 1250 550D
3.0 840 660 680 700 510D 4.9 910 830 1310 1400 550D
3.7 840 760 800 830 510D 3300 mm by 3300 mm by 275 mm C
4.3 810 890 930 950 510D 0.6 1190 550D 550D 550D 550D
4.9 810 1020 930 1080 510D 0.9 1120 550D 550D 550D 550D
3000 mm by 1800 mm by 250 mm C 1.2 1090 550D 550D 550D 550D
0 to 1.8 860 510D 510D 510D 510D 1.5 1070 550D 550D 590 550D
2.4 810 510D 590 640 510D 1.8 1040 550D 570 680 550D
3.0 810 590 720 760 510D 2.4 1020 550D 720 830 550D
3.7 810 700 850 890 510D 3.0 990 550D 870 970 550D
4.3 810 830 970 1020 510D 3.7 990 610 1020 1120 550D
3000 mm by 2100 mm by 250 mm C 4.3 970 720 1160 1270 550D
0 to 1.5 860 510D 510D 510D 510D 4.9 970 800 1310 1440 550D
1.8 840 510D 510D 530 510D 3600 mm by 1200 mm by 300 mm C
2.4 810 510D 640 680 510D 0.6 1070 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.0 810 550 760 800 510D 0.9 1070 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.7 810 660 890 950 510D 1.2 1040 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.3 810 760 1040 1080 510D 1.5 1040 610D 610D 610D 610D
3000 mm by 2400 mm by 250 mm C 1.8 1040 610D 610D 610D 610D
0 to 1.5 910 510D 510D 510D 510D 2.4 1040 740 610D 610D 610D
1.8 860 510D 510D 570 510D 3.0 1040 910 680 700 610D
2.4 840 510D 660 700 510D 3.7 1040 1080 800 830 610D
3.0 840 530 780 850 510D 4.3 1040 1250 930 950 610D
3.7 810 610 930 990 510D 4.9 1040 1440 1060 1080 610D
4.3 810 720 1080 1140 510D 5.5 1040 1630 1190 1210 610D
3000 mm by 2700 mm by 250 mm C 3600 mm by 1800 mm by 300 mm C
0 to 1.2 970 510D 510D 510D 510D 0.6 1020 610D 610D 610D 610D
1.5 910 510D 510D 530 510D 0.9 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
1.8 890 510D 530 610 510D 1.2 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
2.4 860 510D 680 740 510D 1.5 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.0 860 510D 800 890 510D 1.8 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.7 840 590 950 1040 510D 2.4 970 640 660 700 610D
4.3 840 680 1100 1190 510D 3.0 970 780 800 830 610D
3.7 970 910 930 970 610D
3000 mm by 3000 mm by 250 mm C
4.3 970 1060 1080 1120 610D
0 to 1.2 1090 510D 5 t0D 510D 510D
4.9 970 1210 1230 1270 610D
1.5 970 510D 510D 570 510D
5.5 970 1350 1380 1420 610D
1.8 940 510D 550 640 510D
3600 mm by 2400 mm by 300 mm C
2.4 910 510D 700 780 510D
3.0 910 510D 830 930 510D 0.6 1020 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.7 890 570 970 1060 510D 0.9 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.3 890 660 1120 1210 510D 1.2 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
1.5 990 610D 610D 610D 610D
3300 mm by 1200 mm by 275 mm C
1.8 970 610D 610D 640 610D
0.6 970 550D 550D 550D 550D
2.4 970 610D 720 780 610D
0.9 970 550D 550D 550D 550D
3.0 970 680 870 930 610D
1.2 970 550D 550D 550D 550D
3.7 940 800 1040 1100 610D
1.5 970 550D 550D 550D 550D
4.3 940 910 1190 1250 610D
1.8 940 550D 550D 550D 550D
4.9 940 1040 1350 1420 610D
2.4 940 660 550D 550D 550D
3600 mm by 3000 mm by 300 mm C
3.0 940 780 660 680 550D
3.7 940 950 760 780 550D 0.6 1090 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.3 940 1100 890 910 550D 0.9 1070 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.9 940 1270 990 1020 550D 1.2 1040 610D 610D 610D 610D
5.5 940 1440 1120 1140 550D 1.5 1040 610D 610D 610D 610D
1.8 1020 610D 610D 700 610D
3300 mm by 1800 mm by 275 mm C
2.4 990 610D 760 850 610D
0.6 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
3.0 990 640 930 1020 610D
0.9 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
3.7 990 720 1080 1160 610D
1.2 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
4.3 970 830 1250 1330 610D
1.5 910 550D 550D 550D 550D
4.9 970 950 1420 1500 610D
1.8 890 550D 550D 550D 550D
3600 mm by 3600 mm by 300 mm C
2.4 890 570 610 660 550D
3.0 890 680 760 780 550D 0.6 1320 610D 610D 610D 610D
3.7 890 800 890 930 550D 0.9 1240 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.3 890 930 1020 1060 550D 1.2 1170 610D 610D 610D 610D
4.9 890 1060 1160 1210 550D 1.5 1140 610D 610D 680 610D
5.5 890 1190 1310 1350 550D 1.8 1140 610D 640 740 610D
2.4 1090 610D 800 910 610D
3300 mm by 2400 mm by 275 mm C
3.0 1090 610D 950 1060 610D
0.6 970 550D 550D 550D 550D

171
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB Design Earth Circumferential Reinforcement AreasB
M, Min mm M, Min mm
Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 Cover, mA AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
3.7 1070 700 1120 1230 610D 4.9 1040 890 1440 1590 610D
4.3 1040 780 1270 1400 610D
A
The design earth cover indicated is the height of fill above the top of the box section. Design requirements are based on the material and soil properties, loading data, and
typical section as included in Appendix X1. For alternative or special designs, see Section 7.2.
B
Design steel area in square millimeters per linear metre of box section at those locations which are indicated on the typical section included in Appendix X1.
C
The box section designation, for example. 900 mm by 600 mm by 100 mm indicates (Interior Horizontal Span in millimeters) by (Interior Vertical Rise in millimeters) by
(Wall and Slab Thickness in millimeters).
D
Minimum practical steel area is specified.

TABLE 4 Permissible Variation in Internal Size may be rejected because of any of the Standard Specifications for Highway
(Span or Rise) following: Bridges, Thirteenth Edition, 1973.
Designated Permissible Variation, Internal Size, mm X1.2.2 Live loads for designs given in
Size, mm Min Max
15.1.2 Date of manufacture,
600 600 620 15.1.3 Name or trademark of the Table 1 are H2O truck wheel loads as
900 900 920 manufacturer, and defined in the AASHTO specifications.
1200 1200 1230 Live loads for designs given in Table 2
1500 1500 1540 15.1.4 Each section shall be clearly
are either the H2O truck wheel loads, or
1800 1810 1850 marked by indentation on either the inner
2100 2110 2160 interstate truck wheel loads as defined in
or outer surface during the process of
2400 2410 2460 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
2700 2710 2770 manufacture so that the location of the
of Public Roads Circular Memorandum
3000 3020 3080 top will be evident immediately after the
22–40, 22 April 1957, depending upon
forms are stripped. In addition, the word
whichever produces the more severe
"top" shall be lettered with waterproof
12. REPAIRS design strength requirements.
paint on the inside top surface.
Distribution of truck wheel loads through
earth fills is in accordance with Article
12.1 Box sections may be repaired. if APPENDIXES 1.3.3 in the AASHTO specifications.
necessary, because of imperfections in Earth cover loads for designs given in
(Non-mandatory Information)
manufacture or handling damage and will Tables 1, 2, and 3 are the mass of a
be acceptable if, in the opinion of the column of earth of a width equal to the
purchaser, the repaired box section X1. DESIGN CRITERIA USED TO outside width dimension of the box
conforms to the requirements of this DEVELOP TABLES 1, 2, AND 3 section and a height equal to the depth of
specification. earth cover over the top of the section.
X1.1 Bedding and Backfill This earth load is recommended in
13. INSPECTION Assumptions: Article 1.2.2 (A) of the AASHTO Bridge
X1.1.1 The bedding is assumed to Specifications for the normal case of box
provide a slightly yielding, uniformly culverts on "yielding" subgrade. The
13.1 The quality of materials, the distributed support over the bottom width AASHTO specifications define an
process of manufacture, and the finished of the box section. "unielding" subgrade as "rock or piles"
box sections shall be subject to inspection and requires the use of the Iowa formulas
X1.1.2 The design earth covers and
by the purchaser. for this case. See Appendix X2 for a
reinforcement areas are based on the
mass of a column of earth over the width method to modify the designs given in
of the box section. Tables 1, 2, and 3 when the anticipated
14. REJECTION
earth load, or earth load plus uniformly
X1.1.3 Refer to Appendix X2 for other
distributed surface surcharge load, is
bedding and backfill conditions.
14.1 Box sections shall be subject to greater (or less) than the mass of the
rejection on account of failure to con- X1.2 Criteria for Loads: column of earth directly above the out-to-
form to any of the specification X1.2.1 Design loads are based on the out width of the box sections.
requirements. Individual box sections American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing the box section, within the limits of variations given in Section 11, except where
through the wall, except for a single end beveled ends are specified.
crack that does not exceed the depth of 14.1.4 Damaged ends, where such damage would prevent making a satisfactory joint.
the joint.
14.1.2 Defects that indicate mixing and 15. MARKING
molding, not in compliance with Section
9.1, or honeycombed or open texture that
would adversely affect the function of 15.1 The following information shall be clearly marked on each box section by
the box sections. indentation, waterproof paint, or other approved means.
14.1.3 The ends of the box sections are 15.1.1 Box section span, rise, table number, maximum and minimum design earth
not normal to the walls and center line of cover, and specification designation,

172
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

X1.2.3 Article 1.2.2 of the AASHTO square meter from approaching truck by Lloyd, Rejali, and Kesler3 at the
specification allows the design of buried wheel loads is taken as 15 divided by University of Illinois, and is significantly
structures, such as box section culverts, depth of earth cover in meters and is more conservative than the crack control
for 70 percent of the mass of earth added when determining steel areas only provisions given in ACI 318-71. This is
directly above the out-to-out width of at sections where area is increased by because it is recognized that
structure. On the other hand, the lateral pressure. approximations which were used to
Marston-Spangler theory of earth loads X1.3 Methods of Analysis: simplify the ACI crack control provisions
on buried pipe gives a total earth load can result in unconservative designs for
greater than the mass of the column of X1.3.1 The structural effects of the loads thin elements such as slabs. Standard
earth directly over the structure for most described in X1.2 are evaluated based on designs do not cover installations that
"positive projecting" culverts, and less the elastic method of structural analysis. must resist significant external water
than the mass of the column of earth over Design moments, shears, and thrusts are pressure. Furthermore, installations that
the structure for "trench type" determined by computer analysis using are subject to high external water
installations, "negative projecting" the stiffness matrix method and design is pressure may require vertical
culverts, and "induced trench" culverts. based on maximum stress resultants at reinforcement for the inside face of the
In view of the number of different critical sections caused by the most side walls. Lloyd, Rejali, and Kesler
installation conditions which may be severe combination of design loads. suggest that crack control equations
encountered and the use of higher X1.4 Method of Design: developed for deformed bar
reinforcing steel stresses associated with X1.4.1 Design heights of earth cover, reinforcement may also be used for both
the ultimate strength design method (see wall thicknesses, and reinforcing steel welded smooth wire fabric and deformed
Section X1.2), the 30-percent reduction areas are determined based on the elastic wire fabric reinforcement.
in mass of supported earth load permitted method of structural analysis and the X1.4.2 Note that some box section
in Article 1.2.2 of the AASHTO ultimate strength method of rein-forced designs shown in the tables have steel
specification is not utilized for the concrete design given in the 1971 ACI area requirements designated by "D" as
tabulated designs, and a Method of Building Code (ACI 318-71).2 Steel areas minimum practical steel area. For such
modifying designs from anticipated earth are governed by ultimate flexural designs, the steel areas calculated for
loads which differ from the above strength. The steel areas and the size and support of design loads are less than the
described "standard earth load" is given spacing of circumferential wires are minimum steel area which is specified for
in Appendix X2. proportioned to limit the maximum crack slabs in AASHTO Specification, 0.002
X1.2.4 Lateral earth pressure from mass width to 0.3 mm under design load bt, and thus, the minimum reinforcement
of earth above and adjacent to a box conditions. Evaluation of crack control areas are shown in the tables.
section is taken as a minimum of 0.25 with the welded wire fabric X1.4.3 For specific criteria used in
times vertical pressure, and an .additional reinforcement specified for the tabulated Tables 1, 2, and 3, refer to Table X1.
0.25 times vertical pressure is added designs is based on the results of research
when determining steel areas only when 3
Lloyd, J.P.. Rejali. H.M., and Kesler. C.E.. "Crack
areas are increased by such in–creased Control in One-Way Slabs Reinforced with Deformed
lateral pressure. For Tables 1 and 2, 2
Welded Wire Fabric," Journal of the American
additional lateral pressure in pascals per Available from the American Concrete Institute. P J. Concrete Institute Proceedings. PACIA. Vol. 66, Nº 5,
Box 4754. Redford Station, Detroit. Mich. 48219. May 1963.

173
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

X1.4.4 The maximum height of earth DESIGNS FOR EARTH LOADS Tables 1, 2, 3, and X2, to determine the
cover shown in the tables is deter-mined DIFFERENT FROM THE required area of reinforcing steel for
by the shear strength of the box section "STANDARD" EARTH LOAD various heights of earth cover, or the
without the use of special shear maximum height of earth cover without
reinforcement, as given in Sections special shear rein-forcing, for any of the
11.2.1, 11.2.2, and 11.4.1 of ACI 318-71, X2.1 The heights of cover given in standard box section sizes shown in these
and by the "standard mass" of the column Tables 1, 2, and 3 are based on a tables.
of earth directly above the box section. "standard mass of earth fill" equal to the
mass of a column of earth with a unit X2.3 The following design example
See Table X2 for the maximum loads illustrates how the above tables may be
which can be carried on the standard box mass of 1920 kg/m3 and a width equal to
the out-to-out width of the box section. used to obtain a suitable design for a box
sections. These loads can be used to section to support an earth load that is
determine maximum earth cover heights, For some installations, the design
engineer or may wish to include a greater than the "standard mass of earth"
when the anticipated mass of earth used to develop Tables 1, 2, and 3.
supported by the section is greater than particular uniformly distributed surface
surcharge loading. Example:
(or less than) the above "standard mass"
of earth cover. X2.2 ncremental reinforcing steel areas X2.3.1 Given-A 1800 by 1800 by 175
are given in Table X2 for each box mm. Table 1 precast concrete box section
X1.5 Multiple Cell Installations: under 4.3 m of cover with 1760 kg/m 3
section type. Where installation
X1.5.1 The designs given herein are for conditions warrant the use of a mass of earth and an effective mass of earth
single cell precast reinforced concrete earth more or less than the "standard supported by the section of 1.36 times the
box sections. The units may be used in mass," the designer may utilize these mass of the column of earth directly over
parallel for multicell installations if incremental areas to modify the steel the section instead of the standard 1920
means of positive lateral bearing by areas given in Tables 1, 2, or 3 for a kg/m3 earth.
continuous contact between the sides of particular height of cover. The maximum X2.3.2 Find-The required AS1, AS2, and
adjacent boxes are provided. Compacted total mass of earth fill that may be A,3 circumferential reinforcement areas.
earth fill, granular backfill, or grouting supported over the out-to-out width of In all cases A,4 is governed by the
between the units are considered means each standard box section size, as minimum steel areas as described in
of providing such positive bearing. governed by shear strength without shear X1.4.2 and is not changed by increased
reinforcing, is also given in Table X2. vertical loads.
X2. MODIFICATION OF Thus, for any mass of earth or surface X2.3.3 Solution:
"STANDARD" BOX SECTION surcharge, or both, a designer can use

TABLE Xl Specific Criteria Used for Tables 1, 2, and 3

Material Properties: Loading Data:
Welded wire fabric, minimum specified yield 445 MPa Impact (variable with depth) see AASHTO 0 to 20 %
stress Bridge Specifications, 1969
Concrete, minimum specified compressive 35 MPa Uniform internal pressure 0.0
strength Depth of water in box section equal to inside height
Soil Data: External ground water pressure 0.0
Unit mass 1920 kg/m3 Structural Arrangement:
Ratio of lateral to vertical pressure from mass 0.25 min to 0.50 max Concrete cover over steel 25 mm
1
of earth Slab thickness /12 times inside span
Additional lateral pressure from approaching 33.5 = H, kPa where H plus 25 mm up to 2100-
truck wheels = earth cover, m mm span—1/12 inside
External water table below box section span above 2100-mm
invert span
Effective mass coefficient 1.0 Side wall thickness equal to slab thickness
Capacity Reduction Factors (from ACI 318-71): Haunch dimensions vertical and horizontal
Shear 0.85 dimensions both equal
Axial compression combined with bendingA 0.70 to 0.90 to slab thickness
Loading Data: Minimum reinforcing in side face slabs and 0.002 bt
Load factor—dead load 1.5 side walls, outside face side walls and
Load factor—live load 2.2 corners of slabs
Truck axle load: H2O (Table 1) 14500 kg The structural arrangement and details are
Interstate (Table 2) 2 @ 10900 kg shown in Figure 1
None (Table 3) —
A
See ACI 318-71, Section 9.2.I.2(c).

X2.3.3.1 Effective unit mass of soil = X2.3.3.3 Determine the change in ΔAS1 = 360 + 81 = 440 mm2/m
1760 + 1.36 = 2400 kg/m3. circumferential reinforcement areas. ΔAS2 = 680 + 180 = 860 mm2/m
From Table 1, for a 1800 by 1800 by ΔAS3 = 700 + 180 = 880 mm2/m
X2.3.3.2 Determine change in total
mass of earth on culvert in kilograms .per 175-mm section under 4.3 m of cover AS1 X2.3.3.4 Determine if the total mass of
linear meter: = 360, AS2 = 680, and AS3 = 700 rnm2/m. earth on the culvert is less than maxi-
From Table X2, for a 1800 by 1800 by mum as governed by the shear strength of
W = HXBXw 175-mm section, the changes in culvert without stirrups.
where: reinforcing areas is AS1 = 0.018, AS2 and X2.3.3.4.1 From Table X2, the maxi-
W = total mass of earth on culvert, AS3 = 0.040 mm2/m for each kilogram per mum allowable mass = 25200 kg/m.
kg/linear m, meter of load change. Therefore: From X.2.3.3.2,
H = height of earth cover, m, ΔAS1 = 4500 X 0.018 = 81
B = outside span, m, W2400 = 22700 kg/m.
ΔAS2 = 4500 X 0.040 = 180
w = unit weight of earth, kg/m3, ΔAS3 = 4500 X 0.040 = 180 The approximate equivalent uniform load
W1920 = 4.3 X 2.2 X 1920 = 18200 kg/m, from an HS20 live load at 4.3-m burial
W2400 = 4.3 X 2.2 X 2400 = 22700 kg/m, Therefore, the correct reinforcement
areas are as follows: depth is about 780 kg/m2 or a total load
W = W2400 – W1920 = 4500 kg/m
1720 kg/m (780 X 2.2). Therefore, the

174
M 259M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

total mass on the box section is 24400 the maximum allowable; therefore the
kg/m (22700 + 1720) which is less than de-sign is satisfactory.

TABLE X2 Design Information for Revising Tabulated Reinforcing Steel Areas

Change in Reinforcing Steel Area Change in Reinforcing Steel Area
Box Section Box Section
per kg/m. Change in Total Mass on per kg/m. Change in Total Mass on
Designated Span x Maximum Designated Span x Maximum
Box section Box section
Rise x Wall Thickness. W, kg/mA Rise x Wall W, kg/mA
ΔAS2, ΔAS3, ΔAS2, ΔAS3,
mm 2
ΔAS1, mm /m Thickness. mm ΔA S1, mm 2
/m
mm2/m mm2/m
900 by 600 by 100 0.026 0.033 14100 2400 by 1200 by 200 0.034 0.034 26800
900 by 900 by 100 0.018 0.040 14000 2400 by 1500 by 200 0.030 0.038 26500
1200 by 600 by 125 0.030 0.028 18200 2400 by 1800 by 200 0.026 0.041 26200
1200 by 900 by 125 0.023 0.036 18000 2400 by 2100 by 200 0.023 0.043 25900
1200 by 1200 by 125 0.018 0.040 17900 2400 by 2400 by 200 0.021 0.046 25600
1500 by 900 by 150 0.027 0.031 22000 2700 by 1500 by 225 0.031 0.036 30200
1500 by 1200 by 150 0.021 0.036 21900 2700 by 1800 by 225 0.028 0.038 29900
1500 by 1500 by 150 0.017 0.040 21600 2700 by 2100 by 225 0.026 0.041 29500
1800 by 900 by 175 0.028 0.028 26000 2700 by 2400 by 225 0.023 0.043 29200
1800 by 1200 by 175 0.024 0.033 25700 2700 by 2700 by 225 0.021 0.044 28900
1800 by 1500 by 175 0.021 0.037 25400 3000 by 1500 by 250 0.031 0.033 33900
1800 by 1800 by 175 0.018 0.040 25200 3000 by 1800 by 250 0.028 0.036 33500
2100 by 1200 by 200 0.027 0.031 29500 3000 by 2100 by 250 0.027 0.038 33200
2100 by 1500 by 200 0.023 0.034 29200 3000 by 2400 by 250 0.024 0.040 32900
2100 by 1800 by 200 0.020 0.037 28900 3000 by 2700 by 250 0.021 0.043 32400
2100 by 2100 by 200 0.018 0.040 28700 3000 by 3000 by 250 0.020 0.044 32100
A
Maximum allowable total mass on box section as governed by shear strength of box section without stirrups.

175