MATRICES AND MATRIX

OPERATIONS

Week 1
SKILLS OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to demonstrate
the following:
1. Perform the arithmetic operations of matrix addition,
subtraction, scalar multiplication and multiplication.
2. Compute the transpose of the matrix.
3. Compute the trace of the matrix.
4. Determine whether the product of two given matrices is
defined.
5. Compute matrix products using row-column method, the
column method and the row method.
6. Express the product of a matrix and a column vector as a
linear combination of the columns of the matrix.
7. Express a linear system as a matrix equation and identify
the coefficient matrix.
The following rectangular array with three rows and seven
columns might describe the number of hours that a student spent
studying three subjects during a certain week:

If we suppress the headings we form the matrix

 Matrix Definition

For example, a 3x4 matrix has entries written as

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14
A= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34
 Submatrices

1 2 3 1 2 3
Suppose A = , the columns of A are: c1= c2= c2= the
4 5 6 4 5 6
rows are r1= 1 2 3 , r2 = [4 5 6]
 Transpose of a matrix

If 𝐴 is any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, then the transpose of 𝑨, denoted by

𝐴𝑇 , is defined to be the 𝑛 × 𝑚 matrix that results from
interchanging the rows and columns of 𝐴; that is, the first
column of 𝐴𝑇 is the first row of 𝐴, the second column of 𝐴𝑇 is
the second row of 𝐴, and so forth.
• Examples:
• Symmetric Matrix
A special kind of square matrix that is equal to its
transpose. (𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 )
1 7 3 1 7 3
Example: A= 7 4 −5 𝐴𝑇 = = 7 4 −5
3 −5 6 3 −5 6

• If A is a square matrix, then the trace of A, denoted by tr(A) is

defined to be the sum of the entries on the main diagonal of
A. The trace of A is undefined if A is not a square matrix.
• Example. Find the trace of A in the previous example.

tr(A) = 1 + 4 + 6= 11
• OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have the same

size and their corresponding entries are equal.
The equality of two matrices A = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 and B = 𝒃𝒊𝒋 of the
same size can be expressed either by writing 𝑨 𝒊𝒋 = 𝑩 𝒊𝒋
or by writing
𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒃𝒊𝒋 where the equalities hold for all values i and j.
Consider the matrices
2 1 2 1 2 1 0
A= , B= , C=
3 𝑥 3 5 3 4 0
If x= 5, then A = B, but for all other values of x the matrices A and
B are not equal. There is no value of x for which A = C since A
and C have different sizes.
 Matrix Addition and Subtraction

If A and B are matrices of the same size , then the sum A+B is the
matrix obtained by adding the entries of B to the corresponding
entries of A, and the difference A-B is the matrix obtained by
subtracting the entries of B from the corresponding entries of A.
Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted. In matrix
notation,
If A = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 have the same size, then
𝐴+𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑗 + 𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 and
𝐴−𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑗 − 𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖𝑗
1 2 5 6 1 − 5 2 − 6 −4 −4
Ex: Let A = and B = then A-B = =
3 4 7 8 3 − 7 4 − 8 −4 −4
 Scalar Multiplication

If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix
obtained by multiplying each entry of the matrix A by c. The matrix cA
is said to be a scalar multiple of A. If A = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , then 𝑐𝐴 𝑖𝑗 = c 𝐴 𝑖𝑗
=c𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
1 −2 3 −6
Let A= 3 5 then 3A = 9 15
−4 2 −12 6
 Zero Matrix

Solve the following matrix equation:

𝑥 𝑦 −1 −2
0= +
𝑧 𝑤 −3 −4
0 0 𝑥−1 𝑦−2
Equivalently, =
0 0 𝑧−3 𝑤−4
The definition of matrix equality reduces the matrix equation to 4
scalar equations: 𝑥 − 1 = 0; 𝑦 − 2 = 0; 𝑧 − 3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 − 4 = 0
From the equation we have x=1, y=2, z=3 and w=4
Example: no.3 p.36
Consider the matrices
4 9
2 0 1 −7 2
A= , B= , C = −3 0,
−4 6 5 3 0
2 1
−2 1 8 0 3 0
D= 3 0 2 E = −5 1 1
4 −6 3 7 6 2

In each part, compute the given expression (where possible).

(a) D+E (b) D-E (c) 5A (d) -9D (e) 2B-C
(f) 7E-3D (g) 2(D+5E) (h) 2𝐴𝑇 +C (i) (𝐷 − 𝐸)𝑇
(j)(2𝐸 𝑇 -3𝐷𝑇 ) (k) tr(D) (l) tr(D-E) (m) 2tr(4B)
 Matrix Multiplication

The definition of matrix multiplication requires that the number of columns

of the first factor 𝐴 be the same as the number of rows of the second factor 𝐵
in order to form the product 𝐴𝐵. If this condition is not satisfied, the product
is undefined. A convenient way to determine whether a product of two
matrices is defined is to write down the size of the first factor and, to the right
of it, write down the size of the second factor. If the inside numbers are the
same, then the product is defined. The outside numbers then give the size of
the product.
• Suppose that A, B, C, D and E are matrices with the
following sizes:
A (4x5) B (4x5) C(5x2) D(4x2) E (5x4)
Determine whether the given matrix expression is
defined. For those that are defined, give the size of the
resulting matrix.
(a) BA (b) AC + D (c ) AE + B (d) AB + B
(e) E(A+B) (f) E(AC) (g) 𝐸 𝑇 A (h) (𝐴𝑇 + E)D
 Matrix Multiplication
• If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑟 matrix and 𝐵 is an 𝑟 × 𝑛 matrix, then the
product 𝐴𝐵 is the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix whose entries are determined
as follows. To find the entry in row 𝑖 and column 𝑗 of 𝐴𝐵,
single out row 𝑖 from the matrix 𝐴 and column 𝑗 from the
matrix 𝐵. Multiplying the corresponding entries from the row
and column together, and then add up the resulting products.
𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒋 =𝒂𝒊𝟏 𝒃𝒊𝒋 + 𝒂𝒊𝟐 𝒃𝟐𝒋 + 𝒂𝒊𝟑 𝒃𝟑𝒋 + … + 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒋
 Example
• The entry in row 1 and column 4 of 𝐴𝐵 is computed as
follows:

• The computations for the remaining entries are

Example
𝑝 5 1 88 𝑎 77
10 8 5 𝑐 𝑣 33
3 𝑤 0
Given: If A= B= 𝑘 4 9 AB=C= 109 𝑔 95
7 6 3
3 7 2
1 4 10 𝑓 94 𝑢
Find g, w, p and k.
Solution:
R3A x C1B = C31 : 70+6k+9=109 thus k =5
R1A x C3B = C13 : 5p+45+2=77 thus p=6
R2A x C3B = C23 : 15+9w+0= 33 thus w =2
R3A x C2B = C32 : 56+24+21 = g thus g = 101
• Matrix Products as Linear Combinations
• If 𝐴1 , 𝐴,2 …, 𝐴𝑛 are matrices of the same size, and if 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ,…,𝑐3
are scalars, then the expression of the form
𝑐1 𝐴1 + 𝑐2 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑟 is called a linear combination of
𝐴1 , 𝐴,2 …, 𝐴𝑛 , with coefficients 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ,…,𝑐3 . .
Theorem: If A is an mxn matrix, and if x is an nx1 column vector,
then the product Ax can be expressed as a linear combination of
the column vectors of A in which the coefficients are the entries
of x.
Example: Matrix Product as Linear Combinations
• The matrix product
−1 3 2 2 1
1 2 −3 −1 = −9 can be written as the
2 1 −2 3 −3
following linear combination of column vectors
−1 3 2 1
2 1 − 2 + 3 −3 = −9
2 1 −2 −3
• Matrix Form of a Linear System
Matrix multiplication has an important applications to systems of
linear equation. Consider a system of m linear equations in n
unknowns

Since two matrices are equal if and only if their corresponding

entries are equal, we can replace the m equations in this system
by the single matrix equation
• The mx1 matrix on the can be written as a product to give

If we designate these matrices by A, x, and b, respectively, then

we can replace the original system of m equations in n
unknowns by the single matrix equation
Ax=b.
• The matrix A in this equation is called the coefficient matrix
of the system. The augmented matrix for the system is
obtained by adjoining b to A as the last column, thus the
augmented matrix is
 Example
• No. 7 p.36
3 −2 7 6 −2 4
Let A = 6 5 4 and B = 0 1 3
0 4 9 7 7 5
Use the row method or the column method (as appropriate) to find
(a) The first row of AB (b) the third row of AB
(c ) The second column of AB (d) the first column of BA
e) The third row of AA (f) The third column of AB
No. 11 p. 36
Find matrices A, x, and b that express the given system of linear equations as
a single matrix equation Ax=b
No. 15 p. 37
Find all values of k, if any, that satisfy the equation

No. 17 p. 37
Solve the matrix equation for a, b, c and d.
 Answers to Questions

No.7

No. 11
 References

1. Elementary Linear Algebra with

Supplemental Applications and Wiley Plus Set
11th Ed., Anton
2. http://www.supermath.info/math321.pdf