Heat Conduction

Differential Equation of Heat Conduction

 Temperature is not varied with one direction
Need differential equation
 Temperature is varying with time

Arbitrarily solid
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Element inside the solid
1) Thermal conductivity is not
directly dependent at any
point (Isotropic material).
2) Assume that heat
generated = q (W/m3)
Fourier’s law of heat conduction
- For first one dqx
T
dq x  k .dy.dz
x
 T   T  
dq x  dx   k  k .dx dy.dz
 x x  x  
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Similarly - For first one dqy
dq y  ....
dq ydy  ....

- For first one dqz

dq z  ....
dq z  dz  ....

Now, what is the net rate at which heat is being conducted into
the element?
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
1) Net amount of heated conducted into dxdydz per unit time
 (dq x  dq y  dq z )  (dq x dx  dq ydy  dq z dz )

   T    T    T 
  k    k    k dx.dy.dz
 x  x  y  y  z  z 
2) Net amount of heated conducted into dxdydz per unit time
 q (dx.dy.dz)

3) Rate of change of energy of the element

T
 (.dx.dy.dz ) C p
t
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Apply the 1st law of Thermodynics of closed system

1+2=3
Therefore, the required differential equation is

  T    T    T  T
k    k    k   q  C p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Note: dx.dy.dz is cancelled

This is the most general form of differential equation for Cartesian

coordinate system
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
If k is constant
  2T  2T  2T  T
k  2  2  2   q  C p
 x y z  t
q 1 T
 T 
2
 is called the thermal diffusivity (unit: m2/s)
k  t

In the absence of heat generation

1 T
 T
2

 t
If there is a steady state (Laplace’s equation)
 2T  0 Depending of the nature of the problem
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Cylindrical Spherical

x  r cos  x  r sin  cos 

y  r sin  y  r sin  sin 
zz z  r cos 
  Zenith angle
  Azimuth angle
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Cylindrical Derivation of different equation of heat conduction in a
2D polar coordinate system (r, )
T
dq r  k .r .d .1 A
dq d r
dr dq r  dr  T   T  
dq r  dr  k.r.   k.r. .dr d
 r r  r  
r
k T
dq r dq    .dr .1 A
r  distance
d dq 
  k T   T  
dq  d    k . r. ddr
 r  r    
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
1) Rate at which heat is conducted into the element
   T  1   T 
   k.r  k  dr. d
 r  r  r    

2) Heat generated per unit time

 q r d dr 1 volume
3) Rate of change of energy of the element
T
 (. r. d. dr. 1) C p
t
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
1+2=3
Therefore, the required differential equation is

1   T  1   T  T
  kr  2 k   q  C p
 r r  r  r     t
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
If k is constant
 1   T  1  2 T  T

k r 
  2 2   q  C p
 r r  r  r   t
In the absence of heat generation
 1   T  1  2 T  T
k  r   2 2   C p
 r r  r  r   t
If there is a steady state
 1   T  1  2 T 
k  r   2 2   0
 r r  r  r  
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Derive the differential equation for the 3-D cylindrical system (r, , z)
 2T
Additional term on left-hand side k 2
z
For constant k

 1   T  1  2 T  2 T  T
k r   2 2  2   q  C p
 r r  r  r  z  t
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Spherical

 1  2 (rT ) 1   T  1  2T  T

k  2  sin    2 2 
2 
 q  C p
 r r r sin      r sin    t
2

Now, what do we know?

Coordinate: Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical coordinates
State: steady state, unsteady state
Direction: one, two, three directions
Material: isotropic material constant k, not constant k
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Solving a problem needs initial and boundary conditions
1. Initial condition
At t = 0, temperature distribution in body is specified
2. Boundary condition
1) Prescribed surface temperature
2) Prescribed heat flux incident on the surface
3) Prescribed heat transfer coefficient at the surface
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
For example, let the surface be a plane face (at x = L)
1. Prescribed surface temperature T0
At x = L T = T0
x=L
2. Prescribed heat flux incident on the surface
 T  q q
 k      
 x  x  L  A 0  A 0
Opposite x direction
x direction
3. Prescribed heat transfer coefficient at the surface
 T 
h
 k   h (Tx  L  Tf ) T

 x x L
f
x
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Heat generation
1. Electrical conductor
2. Nuclear fuel element
3. Setting of concrete
4. Agricultural product
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Heat generation (Infinite slab)
x
2b Heat generated at
uniform rate

q
We would like to know the temperature distribution at steady state, or
equation describing this temperature distribution.
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Let put down differential equation (k is constant)
  2T  2T  2T  T
k  2  2  2   q  C p
 x y z  t

• One direction, infinite slab

• Steady state

 d 2T  q
 2   
 dx  k
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Boundary conditions
Tf h

x  dT 
2b  k   h (Tx  b  Tf )
 dx  x  b

Tf  dT 
h  k   h (Tf  Tx  b )
q  dx  x   b

 dT 
  0
 dx  x 0
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Solving
Integrating it twice

 d 2T  q
 2   
 dx  k

dT q
  x  C1
dx k

q x2
T  C1x  C 2
k 2
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Temperature distribution
q 2 qb
T  Tf  (b  x 2 ) 
2k h
Maximum Temperature (x = 0)

 b 1
Tmax  Tf  q b   
 2k h 
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Heat generation (Infinite solid cylinder)
1   T  1   T  T
  kr  2 k   q  C p
 r r  r  r     t

Reducing the form to

d  dT  q
r  r
dr  dr  k

Boundary condition
 dT   dT 
  0  k   h Tr  R  Tf 
 dr  r 0  dr  r  R
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Integrating differential equation and using boundary conditions,
we get
q qR
T  Tf  (R  r ) 
2 2

4k 2h

qR  R 1
Tmax  Tf    
2  2k h 
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Problem
A nuclear fuel element is in the form of a long solid rod (k =
0.85 W/mK) of diameter 14 mm. It generates heat at the uniform
rate of 0.45 x 108 W/m3 because of nuclear fusion. The heat is
transferred to pressurized cooling water at 300 ºC and the
surface heat transfer coefficient is 4500 W/m2K. Calculate the
maximum temperature in fuel rod in the steady state.
 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Problem
Heat generated in a slab of 120 mm thickness with a conductivity
of 200 W/mK at a rate of 106 W/m3. Determine the temperature
at the mid and quarter planes if the surface of the solid on both
sides are exposed to convection at 30ºC with a convective
coefficient of 500W/m2K. Also find heat flow rate at these planes
and the temperature gradients at these planes
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction