Physical Geology, 16e (Plummer)

Chapter 2 Atoms, Elements, and Minerals

1) A mineral is defined as a crystalline solid that is naturally occurring, has a specific chemical
composition, and forms through geologic processes.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
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2) The innermost energy level in the standard model of an atom is full when it possesses eight
electrons.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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3) The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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4) The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom.

Answer: TRUE
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5) Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances.

Answer: TRUE
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6) The number of neutrons in an atom controls the chemical behavior of an element.

Answer: FALSE
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7) Silica is a term for oxygen combined with silicon.

Answer: TRUE
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8) It is clear that exposure to white asbestos causes cancer among non-smoking asbestos
workers.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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9) Both graphite and diamond are made of carbon.

Answer: TRUE
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10) All of the most common rock-forming minerals in Earth's crust are silicate minerals.

Answer: TRUE
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11) Clay minerals are very common in the Earth's upper mantle.

Answer: FALSE
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12) Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the most common non-silicate mineral in the Earth's crust.

Answer: TRUE
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13) Non-silicate minerals are more abundant in the deeper parts of Earth's crust than in the crust
as a whole.

Answer: FALSE
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14) The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed
luster.

Answer: TRUE
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15) A mineral specimen with a Mohs hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a
hardness of 3.

Answer: TRUE
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16) Minerals that have the same chemical composition but have different crystalline structures
exhibit polymorphism.

Answer: TRUE
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17) Color is the least reliable physical property in mineral identification.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
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18) Diamond has no cleavage.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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19) Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of air.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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20) The crystal form of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to
one another.

Answer: TRUE
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21) In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must ________.
A) be a solid
B) occur naturally
C) have a crystalline structure
D) have a definite chemical composition
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
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22) The atomic number of an element equals the number of ________ in each atom.
A) electrons
B) neutrons
C) protons
D) Answers neutrons and protons are both correct; answer electrons is not correct.
E) Answers electrons, neutrons and protons are all correct.

Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
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23) The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ________ in the atom.
A) electrons
B) neutrons
C) protons
D) protons and neutrons
E) protons, neutrons, and electrons

Answer: D
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24) ________ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same
number of protons.
A) Ions
B) Classes
C) Particles
D) Isotopes
E) Varieties

Answer: D
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25) The atomic mass number of common oxygen is 16 because it has ________ protons and
________ neutrons.
A) 7; 9
B) 8; 8
C) 9; 7
D) 5; 11
E) 10; 6

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
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26) Carbon-14 has eight ________.

A) protons
B) nuclei
C) neutrons
D) isotopes
E) atoms

Answer: C
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27) The isotope composition of ________ in foraminifera shells from sediment cores are used to
determine climate change in Earth history.
A) oxygen
B) carbon
C) uranium
D) lead
E) helium

Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials; Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology
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28) The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are ________.
A) iron and magnesium
B) carbon and hydrogen
C) carbon and oxygen
D) hydrogen and oxygen
E) oxygen and silicon

Answer: E
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29) When seawater evaporates, its sodium and chlorine are electronically attracted to one another
and crystallize into ________.
A) quartz
B) halite
C) clay
D) calcite
E) hematite

Answer: B
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30) The mineral ________ reacts with weak hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas,
i.e., it effervesces (fizzes) in dilute acid.
A) calcite
B) feldspar
C) quartz
D) biotite
E) amphibole

Answer: A
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31) The ________ group and the ________ group are sheet silicates characterized by one
direction of cleavage.
A) amphibole; pyroxene
B) feldspar; quartz
C) olivine; plagioclase
D) mica; clay
E) carbonate; sulfide

Answer: D
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32) Two examples of framework silicates are ________ and ________.

A) calcite; dolomite
B) olivine; pyroxene
C) quartz; feldspar
D) biotite; muscovite
E) amphibole; olivine

Answer: C
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33) ________ is the ability of a mineral to break, when struck or split, along preferred planar
directions.
A) Cleavage
B) Crystal form
C) Facets
D) Planes
E) Form

Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

34) A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ________ and one atom of
________.
A) silicon; aluminum
B) silicon; oxygen
C) silicon; iron
D) oxygen; silicon
E) aluminum; silicon

Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02

35) The common mineral ________ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure.
A) amphibole
B) feldspar
C) olivine
D) pyroxene
E) mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)

Answer: C
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36) Five of the six minerals collectively known as asbestos contain single chains of silica
tetrahedral and belong to the ________.
A) amphiboles
B) feldspars
C) olivines
D) pyroxenes
E) micas

Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

37) The ________ group of minerals is characterized by two parallel chains of silica tetrahedra
in their structure.
A) amphibole
B) feldspar
C) olivine
D) pyroxene
E) mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)

Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

38) The ________ group of minerals are sheet silicates.

A) amphibole
B) feldspar
C) olivine
D) pyroxene
E) mica

Answer: E
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39) Non-silicate minerals include the halides such as ________.
A) calcite
B) halite
C) magnetite
D) pyrite
E) gypsum

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02

40) The mineral ________ is an example of a native element.

A) quartz
B) feldspar
C) calcite
D) graphite
E) halite

Answer: D
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41) A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called its
________, that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.
A) dust
B) chroma
C) streak
D) smear
E) powder

Answer: C
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42) The softest mineral on Mohs' hardness scale is ________.
A) gypsum
B) talc
C) diamond
D) quartz
E) mica

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

43) What is the special property of the mineral halite?

A) It has 5 directions of cleavage.
B) It has a hardness of -3.
C) It can transmit electricity.
D) It tastes like salt.
E) It has an extremely high melting temperature.

Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

44) ________ has the property of generating electricity when squeezed in a certain
crystallographic direction.
A) Copper
B) Mica
C) Amphibole
D) Gold
E) Quartz

Answer: E
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45) The hardest mineral has a hardness of ________ on Mohs' relative hardness scale.
A) 1
B) 10
C) 100
D) 1000
E) 10000

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

46) Calcite has ________ directions of cleavage.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

47) In some minerals the bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no
cleavage but instead ________ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved.
A) luminesce
B) chip
C) flatten
D) bend
E) fracture

Answer: E
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48) The third most abundant element in the Earth's crust is ________; it is more common than
iron.
A) magnesium
B) aluminum
C) calcium
D) fluorine
E) tin

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

49) The mineral ________ is strongly magnetic.

A) calcite
B) pyrite
C) magnetite
D) magnesite
E) quartz

Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02

50) ________ and sapphire are both varieties of the common mineral corundum.
A) Emerald
B) Turquoise
C) Ruby
D) Beryl
E) Peridot

Answer: C
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51) ________ is an expansive (swells when wet) clay mineral.
A) Quartz
B) Olivine
C) Pyroxene
D) Montmorillonite
E) Mica

Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

52) ________ is the most common element in the Earth's crust.

A) Oxygen
B) Iron
C) Magnesium
D) Hydrogen
E) Fluorine

Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

53) Some minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures, a
phenomenon termed ________.
A) alteration
B) recrystallization
C) metamorphism
D) isotopes
E) polymorphism

Answer: E
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54) ________, a Danish naturalist, was the first to note that the angle between two adjacent faces
of a crystal of quartz is always exactly the same.
A) Einstein
B) Steno
C) Plummer
D) McGeary
E) Carlson

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02

55) Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of
________.
A) liquid water
B) solid water
C) quartz
D) diamond
E) air

Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

56) Plagioclase feldspar commonly exhibits ________, straight, parallel lines on the flat surfaces
of one of the two cleavage directions.
A) parallelograms
B) grooves
C) laminations
D) striations

Answer: D
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57) ________ elements make up 98% of the Earth's crust.
A) Fourteen
B) Ninety-two
C) Two
D) Twenty
E) Eight

Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

58) ________ are the smallest electrically neutral assemblies of matter and energy that we know
of in the universe.
A) Isotopes
B) Atoms
C) Ions
D) Electrons
E) Protons

Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02

59) The most common minerals in the Earth's crust are the ________.
A) silicates
B) carbonates
C) halides
D) sulfides
E) sulfates

Answer: A
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60) On Mohs' scale of hardness your fingernail has a value of ________.
A) 12
B) 5
C) 2½
D) 6½
E) 9

Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

61) Which of the following substances is the only mineral listed?

A) clam shell
B) bone
C) ice
D) water
E) synthetic diamond

Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

62) Radioactive isotopes are particularly important to geologists as we use them ________.
A) to find fossils
B) to find petroleum deposits
C) as a proxy for ancient sea temperatures
D) to determine the numeric ages of rocks
E) for power generation in remote field stations

Answer: D
Topic: Rocks
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63) Electrons move freely through the crystal structures of gold and silver in ________ bonding.
A) metallic
B) ionic
C) covalent

Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

64) To obtain a more stable configuration, atoms may share electrons in their outer energy level
in ________ bonding.
A) metallic
B) ionic
C) covalent

Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

65) Both graphite and diamond are made entirely of carbon, yet they have very different physical
characteristics because ________.
A) they are made of different carbon isotopes
B) of the type of bonding between the carbon atoms
C) graphite is created in a cool setting and diamond is a hot setting
D) diamond's carbon atoms are larger than graphite's

Answer: B
Topic: Rocks
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66) A mineral with CO3 in its formula is a(n) ________.
A) halide
B) oxide
C) sulfide
D) carbonate
E) chloride

Answer: D
Topic: Rocks
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

67) Mineral crystals may exhibit ________ with a specific cation in the center and a different
cation on its rim.
A) compositional zoning
B) polymorphism
C) double refraction
D) cleavage

Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom's: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02

68) Calcite is one of the minerals that exhibits ________ when a ray of light is split into two
components as it travels through a crystal.
A) compositional zoning
B) polymorphism
C) double refraction
D) cleavage
E) striations

Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
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69) We can use X-rays to determine the internal structure of a mineral, and thereby ________.
A) identify the mineral.
B) change the mineral's structure.
C) change the mineral's composition.
D) destroy the mineral.
E) shrink the mineral.

Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom's: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02

70) A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods
is a(n)
A) crystal
B) element
C) molecule
D) compound

Answer: B
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

71) The subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the
A) proton
B) neutron
C) electron

Answer: A
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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72) Atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of
protons are called
A) compounds
B) ions
C) covalent
D) isotopes

Answer: D
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

73) Atoms with either a positive or negative charge are called

A) compounds
B) ions
C) elements
D) isotopes

Answer: B
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

74) The bonding between Cl and Na in halite (table salt) is

A) ionic
B) covalent
C) metallic
D) male

Answer: A
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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75) Which is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

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A) The atoms of the tetrahedron are strongly bonded together.
B) It has a net negative charge.
C) The formula is SiO4.
D) It has four silicon atoms.

Answer: D
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02

76) Which is not a type of silicate structure?

A) isolated
B) single chain
C) double chain
D) sheet
E) framework
F) pentagonal

Answer: F
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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77) Which of these common minerals is not a silicate?
A) quartz
B) calcite
C) pyroxene
D) feldspar
E) biotite

Answer: B
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02

78) On Mohs' hardness scale, ordinary window glass has a hardness of about
A) 2–3
B) 3–4
C) 5–6
D) 7–8

Answer: C
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

79) The ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called

A) fracture
B) crystal form
C) hardness
D) cleavage

Answer: D
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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80) Striations are associated with
A) quartz
B) mica
C) potassium feldspar
D) plagioclase

Answer: D
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02

81) Crystalline substances are always

A) ionically bonded
B) minerals
C) made of repeating patterns of atoms
D) made of glass

Answer: C
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02

82) The mineral kaolinite is a(n)

A) sheet silicate
B) chain silicate
C) framework silicate
D) oxide

Answer: A
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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