JAVA PROGRAMMING: FROM PROBLEM
ANALYSIS TO PROGRAM DESIGN, 4E Basic Elements of Java
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Become familiar with the basic components of a Java program,
including methods, special symbols, and identifiers
Explore primitive data types
Discover how to use arithmetic operators
Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic expressions
Explore how mixed expressions are evaluated
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
Learn about type casting
Become familiar with the String type
Learn what an assignment statement is and what it does
Discover how to input data into memory by using input statements
Become familiar with the use of increment and decrement
operators
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED)
Examine ways to output results using output statements
Learn how to import packages and why they are necessary
Discover how to create a Java application program
Explore how to properly structure a program, including using
comments to document a program
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DESIGN, 4E
INTRODUCTION
Computer program: a sequence of statements whose objective is to
accomplish a task
Programming: process of planning and creating a program
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A JAVA PROGRAM
Sample Run:
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THE BASICS OF A JAVA PROGRAM Keywords
Java program: collection of classes
There is a main method in every Java Literals Separators
application program
In a Java program, all characters are Tokens
grouped into symbols called tokens
Programming language: A set of rules,
symbols, and special words used to
Identifiers Operators
construct
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COMMENTS
• used to identify the authors of the program or give the
date when the program is written or modified.
• give a brief explanation of the program
• explain the meaning of key statements in a program.
• it begins with //
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SPECIAL SYMBOLS
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RESERVED WORDS (KEYWORDS)
void
int
public
float
static
double
throws
char
return
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JAVA IDENTIFIERS
Names of things
Consist of:
Letters
Digits
The underscore character (_)
The dollar sign ($)
Must begin with a letter, underscore, or the dollar sign
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ILLEGAL IDENTIFIERS
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DATA TYPES
Data type: set of values together with a set of operations
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PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
•Integral - which is a data type that deals with integers, or
numbers without a decimal part (and characters)
•Floating-point - which is a data type that deals with decimal
numbers
•Boolean - which is a data type that deals with logical values
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INTEGRAL DATA TYPES
•char
•byte
•short
•int
•long
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VALUES AND MEMORY ALLOCATION FOR INTEGRAL
DATA TYPES
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PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
Floating-point data types
float: precision = 6 or 7
double: precision = 15
Boolean: two values
true
false
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LITERALS (CONSTANTS)
Integer literals, integer constants, or integers: 23 and -67
Floating-point literals, floating-point constants, floating-point
numbers: 12.34 and 25.60
Character literals, character constants, or characters: 'a' and '5'
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS AND OPERATOR
PRECEDENCE
Five Arithmetic Operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% mod (modulus)
Unary operator: operator that has one operand
Binary operator: operator that has two operands
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ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
1. * / % (same precedence)
2. + - (same precedence)
Operators in 1 have a higher precedence than operators in 2
When operators have the same level of precedence,
operations are performed from left to right
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USING THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE RULES,
3*7-6+2*5/4+6
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EXPRESSIONS
Integral expressions
Floating-point or decimal expressions
Mixed expressions
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INTEGRAL EXPRESSIONS
All operands are integers
Examples
2 + 3 * 5
3 + x – y / 7
x + 2 * (y – z) + 18
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FLOATING-POINT EXPRESSIONS
All operands are floating-point numbers
Examples
12.8 * 17.5 – 34.50
x * 10.5 + y - 16.2
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DESIGN, 4E
MIXED EXPRESSIONS
Operands of different types
Examples
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
Integer operands yield an integer result; floating-point numbers yield
floating-point results
If both types of operands are present, the result is a floating-point
number
Precedence rules are followed
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DESIGN, 4E
TYPE CONVERSION (CASTING)
Used to avoid implicit type coercion
Syntax
(dataTypeName) expression
Expression evaluated first, then type converted to dataTypeName
Examples
(int)(7.9 + 6.7)
(int)(7.9) + (int)(6.7)
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DESIGN, 4E
THE CLASS STRING
Used to manipulate strings
String
Sequence of zero or more characters
Enclosed in double quotation marks
Null or empty strings have no characters
Numeric strings consist of integers or decimal numbers
Length is the number of characters in a string
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STRINGS AND THE OPERATOR +
Operator + can be used to concatenate two strings
or a string and a numeric value or character
Example 2-10
"The sum = " + 12 + 26
-After this statement executes, the string assigned to str is:
"The sum = 1226";
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STRINGS AND THE OPERATOR + (CONTINUED)
Consider the following statement:
"The sum = " + (12 + 26)
In this statement, because of the parentheses, you first evaluate
num1 + num2
Because num1 and num2 are both int variables, num1 + num2 = 12
+ 26 = 38
After this statement executes, the string assigned to str is:
"The sum = 38";
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DESIGN, 4E
INPUT
Named constant
Cannot be changed during program execution
Declared by using the reserved word final
Initialized when it is declared
Example 2-11
final double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
final int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 20;
final char BLANK = ' ';
final double PAY_RATE = 15.75;
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
Variable (name, value, data type, size)
Content may change during program execution
Must be declared before it can be used
May not be automatically initialized
If new value is assigned, old one is destroyed
Value can only be changed by an assignment statement or an input
(read) statement
Example 2-12
double amountDue;
int counter;
char ch;
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
The assignment statement
variable = expression;
num1 = 4;
Example 2-13
num2 = 4 * 5 - 11;
int num1; sale = 0.02 * 1000;
int num2; first = 'D';
double sale; str = "It is a sunny day.";
char first;
String str;
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
Example 2-14
1. num1 = 18;
2. num1 = num1 + 27;
3. num2 = num1;
4. num3 = num2 / 5;
5. num3 = num3 / 4;
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
Standard input stream object: System.in
Input numeric data to program
Separate by blanks, lines, or tabs
To read data:
1. Create an input stream object of the class Scanner
2. Use the methods such as next, nextLine, nextInt, and
nextDouble
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INPUT (CONTINUED)
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
Example 2-16
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
int feet;
int inches;
Suppose the input is
23 7
feet = console.nextInt(); //Line 1
inches = console.nextInt(); //Line 2
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INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS
++ increments the value of its operand by 1
-- decrements the value of its operand by 1
Syntax
Pre-increment: ++variable
Post-increment: variable++
Pre-decrement: --variable
Post-decrement: variable--
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DESIGN, 4E
OUTPUT
Standard output object: System.out
Methods
print
println
Syntax
System.out.print(stringExp);
System.out.println(stringExp);
System.out.println();
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DESIGN, 4E
COMMONLY USED ESCAPE SEQUENCES
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DESIGN, 4E
PACKAGES, CLASSES, METHODS, AND THE
IMPORT STATEMENT
Package: collection of related classes
Class: consists of methods
Method: designed to accomplish a specific task
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DESIGN, 4E
IMPORT STATEMENT
Used to import the components of a package into a program
Reserved word
import java.io.*;
Imports the (components of the) package java.io into the program
Primitive data types and the class String
Part of the Java language
Don’t need to be imported
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CREATING A JAVA APPLICATION PROGRAM
Syntax of a class
Syntax of the main method
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DESIGN, 4E
PROGRAMMING STYLE AND FORM
Know common syntax errors and rules
Use blanks appropriately
Semicolon: statement terminator
Important to have well-documented code
Good practice to follow traditional rules for naming identifiers
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DESIGN, 4E
MORE ON ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
variable = variable * (expression);
is equivalent to
variable *= expression;
Similarly,
variable = variable + (expression);
is equivalent to
variable += expression;
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DESIGN, 4E
PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
Convert Length program
Input: length in feet and inches
Output: equivalent length in centimeters
Make Change program
Input: change in cents
Output: equivalent change in half-dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies
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DESIGN, 4E
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Basic Elements of a Java program include:
The main method
Reserved words
Special symbols
Identifiers
Data types
Expressions
Input
Output
Statements
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CHAPTER SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
To create a Java application, it is important to understand:
Syntax rules
Semantic rules
How to manipulate strings and numbers
How to declare variables and named constants
How to receive input and display output
Good programming style and form
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