Urban Energy Consumption in a City of Indonesia:
General Overview
• Aims to investigate the energy consumption pattern in four sectors of padang, indonesia: residential,
commercial, industrial and transportation sectors.
• The analysis shows that the energy consumed in the residential sector has the major share in the total
energy consumption in padang.
• Decreasing urban energy consumption could be achieved by
Increasing efficiency of home appliances,
Promoting electricity saving behaviour,
Increasing of public awareness for saving energy,
And applying energy efficiency labelling for home appliances
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Demography of Padang
• Padang, capital of West Sumatera province,
covers an area of about 694.96 km2 and has a
population of about 846,731
• Padang consists of 11 districts, Bungus, East
Padang, Koto Tangah, Kuranji, Lubuk
Begalung, Lubuk Kilangan, Nanggalo, North
Padang, Pauh, South Padang, and West Padang
(Table 1 and Figure 1).
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Four sector studied
Residential Sector Transportation sector
• 60% of the world’s population live in an urban area and that • Energy consumption of the transportation sector
percentage is expected to continue rising. An increase of Number of transportation vehicles,
housing market will promote an increase of energy Public transport (city bus and microbus)
consumption. Private vehicles (motorcycles and cars).
• In this respect, the number of population, the number of • Energy consumption was calculated based on vehicle
households, family size, and other related information are mileages multiplied by fuel consumption of each
calculated from the population census of Padang from year vehicle.
2000 to 2011.
Industrial and commercial sectors
• 210 households were selected randomly and participated in
this survey. • Energy consumption in industrial and commercial
sectors is estimated from historical data considering
• The survey information was mainly about household population and economic growth.
characteristics and structures, household appliances, energy
consumption related daily life activities such as for lighting, • From 2005 to 2010, the commercial sector
cooking and cooling. contributed 22.5 % while the industrial sector
accounted for only 20 % of the total GDP.
• Calculation of energy consumption in the residential sector
focused on the three types of energy sources: electricity, • The estimation of energy consumption in the
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. industrial and commercial sectors is mainly
focused on the electricity consumption
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Residential sector
• Household numbers of padang gradually increased following the population trend. Direct and indirect lifestyle aspects are factors that
influence the residential energy consumption pattern
• Electricity, LPG and kerosene are the main sources of residential energy consumption.
• From 2000 to 2011, electricity was the biggest share of energy sources. Electricity consumption spread to the residential sector
(92%), followed by commercial sectors (5.32%), public sectors (1.92%), the government (1.28%), and only 0.04% in the industrial sector
(figure 5).
• Figure 6 shows the share of electricity for different end users in padang. Cooking is the most energy consuming activity with a
share of 53%, followed by a 17% share for cooling devices, 10% for entertainment devices, 5% for lighting and 16% for other devices.
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• In respect to the household energy consumption, Wijaya and Tezuka carried out a survey of household electricity consumption based on
home appliances in the Bandung and Yogyakarta cities of Indonesia (Wijaya and Tezuka, 2011).
• The questionnaire survey method was used in this study, which involved 100 respondents in each city. Among the main findings of this
study was, that a majority of electricity consumption came from cooking and cooling device.
• Figure 7 shows a comparison of electricity consumption by household activities between Padang and other cities in Indonesia.
• Another activity that contributes to electricity consumption is entertainment. Fig. 7 shows that the leisure activities in Yogyakarta and
Bandung cites contributed to 21% and 25% of energy consumption.
• Characteristics of households such as family lifestyle and family pattern respectively affect the high percentage of electricity consumption.
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• LPG and kerosene, the main fuel are used by most Indonesian families.
• According to the Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2011, the average share of energy
consumption of kerosene in the household sector from the years 2000 to 2010 was about 57%, of electricity
about 30%, of LPG about 13%, and only 0.1% of natural gas.
• Based on the survey results, 37.6% of households consumed LPG as the main fuel for cooking, however 36.7%
of households still used kerosene and 23.8% of households used both of LPG and kerosene, with only 1.9% of
households still using wood as the primary fuel for cooking. The majority of households used 12 kg tube LPG,
and the average household spent one tube per month. Padang statistical data also showed that from 2003 to
2009 there was an increase in households that using LPG, going from 36,922 households in 2003 to 47,230
households in 2009 (Padang in figure 2011).
• As a whole, according to data from Energy Statistics of Indonesia, LPG consumption increased from 696,000
tons in 2000 to 3,577,000 tons in 2010.
Fuel Share in household
sector from 2000 to 2010
Kerosene 57%
Electricity 30%
LPG 13%
Natural gas 0.1%
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Transportation Sector
• Energy consumption in the transportation sector focused on two parts, private transportation and public transportation.
• The number of vehicles per year, travel distances of public transportation, fuel consumption per kilometre of travel distances and other
supporting data were derived from Padang statistical data and the Transportation Department of Padang.
• Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the increases in the number of public and private vehicles in Padang. However, the main obstacle of evaluating
transportation energy consumption is the lack of available data for each public transportation type. Therefore, the authors placed more
emphasis on two kinds of public transportation commonly used in Padang, the city bus and microbus in public transportation, and the
motorcycle and a car with 4-7 seats in private transportation.
• The ratio of motorcycles to people is 1:4, which means that every 4th person has one motorcycle. Otherwise, for public transportation, the
ratio is 1:330, which means that there is one public vehicle for every 330 persons (Indonesia Bank, 2013).
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• As illustrated in Figure 10, with an increase in population and demand for public transportation growing up
2% p.a., energy consumption is predicted to rise to 20,000 TJ in 2050.
• Micro buses contributed more than 90% to total energy consumption compared to other forms of public
transportation.
• Figure. 11 shows the increase in energy consumption of private vehicles. It can be seen that if every 2.75
people have one motorcycle and every 50 persons have a car, energy consumption is predicted to growth 2%
per year.
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• The motorcycle is the biggest contributor of fuel consumption compared to
passenger cars.
• Figure 12 provides an overview of vehicle ownership in Padang. The simplicity of
having motorcycles, absence of vehicle restriction policy, and public transportation
management is not a good reason for society to use motorcycles rather than public
transportation. This result is closely related to the increasing air pollution.
• According to the Environment Impact Control (BAPEDALDA, 2012) report 70% of
air pollution was caused by motor vehicles, 20% by industrial activities, and the
remaining 10% from garbage and cigarettes.
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• Generally, the high number of vehicles in Indonesia is mainly caused by:
• a. The ease of obtaining motorcycles
• Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest density of motorcycles in the world. According to the
Indonesian motorcycle association, production of motorcycles reached 15 million per year and 86% of the
products are used in the domestic market.
• On the other hand, on the consumer side, many conveniences were provided by distributors of motorcycles as
light credit, a small down payment. This condition encourages people to purchase a motorcycle.
• b. High flexibility: Motorcycle is a transportation vehicle which has a high flexibility compared to cars.
Generally, Indonesia has many roads that can only be passed by motorcycle. Moreover, in the cities context of the
high mobility and traffic jams are a problem, and motorcycles are practical and efficient vehicles.
• c. The impact of inadequate public transport : According to Indonesian transportation department, the
ratio of private vehicles to public vehicles is 98% : 2%. In Padang case, the number of public transportations with
25 seats was decreased 4% per years since 2007. Moreover, people prefer using private vehicles rather than
public transportation. On the other hand, the growth rate of roads was only 0.5% per year. This condition
provides several problems such as traffic jam, air pollution, and also the increasing of fuel consumption
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Commercial and Industrial Sector
• Energy consumption by the commercial sector is dominated by electricity
usage. Figure. 13 shows the share of commercial energy consumption by each
energy source type.
• Statistical data showed that electricity was consumed more than 69%, fuel
consumption was approximately 22%, natural gas was approximately 1%,
biomass approximately 5%, coal approximately 0%, and LPG was consumed at
approximately 3%.
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• In this study, the authors put more emphasis on the calculation of electricity
consumption. Historical data from 2000 to 2011 shows increases of an
electricity users in the commercial and industrial sectors. Figures 14 and 15
show that in the commercial sector the electricity user was growth of 14% p.a,
while in the industrial sector only about 5% p.a.
• As mentioned above, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of 6.5% p.a.
This growth was supported by business sectors and industries. From 12.08
billion Rupiah of GDP, the business sector contributed an average of 21% per
year, and is expected to continued rising.
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• Indonesia Energy Outlook (IEO, 2011) provides an overview of the growth of Indonesia's energy future .
Related to energy consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors, the commercial sector and the
industrial sector will grow by 4.9% and 6.2%, respectively.
• Based on the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT, 2011), from 2014 to 2030
energy demand was projected at average increase of 5.3 p.a and increased almost three times compared
to 2009 (Figure. 16).
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Policy implications of urban energy consumption
• The survey of household energy consumption shows that utilization of energy such as LPG, biogas and renewable energy is still low compared to fossil-
based energy. Since 2007, the Indonesian government has implemented a transition from kerosene to LPG. As it is already known, the government
initially encouraged the use of LPG 12 kg tubes, and after the implementation of the conversion from kerosene to LPG, the government distributed 3 kg
tubes available to the lower class.
• However, the study found that 38% households use kerosene. A high percentage of households who used kerosene were influenced by a lack of
understanding the benefits of using LPG rather than kerosene. Furthermore, the lack of disseminating the safe use of the LPG was also one of the factors
contributing to concern about using LPG rather than kerosene.
• Related household appliances, ownership and utilization of electrical equipment are believed to have a significant effect on the increase of electricity
consumption (Sukarno et al., 2013; Feng et al, 2012; Crompton and Wu, 2005). This condition will be a matter of concern with the increase of population,
economic growth and human lifestyle. Since 2004, the Ministry of Environment was started for eco-label vision in Indonesia. For this vision, three
missions are executed: (a) materialize synergy of environmentally negative impact control in product life cycle, (b) to encourage supply and demand
quality and environmentally friendly products, (c) preparing criteria and an eco-label certification system which is competent and credible based on one
stakeholder. This program should be integrated with strong regulation, standards, and policies that are required to support the eco-label vision in
Indonesia.
• The Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT, 2011) predicts that by 2030 Indonesia will become an energy importing country. Some
of the main energy sources are not able to satisfy domestic needs. Coal and petroleum reserves are predicted to only be able to meet domestic demand
until 2050. Moreover, LPG demand is predicted to increase to 10 million tons by 2030 and 70% is still met from imports. Dependency on high energy
based on fossil fuel will lead increase of CO2 emission. Under the BPPT prediction, by 2030 total CO2 emissions will reach1.2 billion tons, where coal
accounts for CO2 emissions by 844 million tons, or 67 percent of total energy.
• This condition should receive serious attention from the Indonesia government. This will require essential policies and real programs to encourage the
use of modern clean energy. Increased use of geothermal energy, solar energy, hydro energy, combustion energy and other renewable options should be
placed as the priority programs for sustainable energy consumption
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Conclusion
• In this study, urban energy consumption was calculated based on a cohort model of Padang Indonesia.
Although it was a basic model with various primary data related to energy consumption calculations, it
provided an overview of urban energy consumption in the residential, commercial, industrial and
transportation sectors.
• One of the parameters that can be used as the basis for calculating energy consumption is the population
growth. As one of the biggest users of energy, population growth has a significant influence on the
increase of energy consumption. The cohort models provide an overview of the growth of the urban
population every year. From the simulation results, several conclusions can be summarized:
(a) Based on TFR scenarios, from 2015 to 2050 the Padang population can be reduced to 7% per years;
(b) Energy consumption has a positive correlation with population size;
• Based on the energy consumption calculation, the main driving forces of urban energy consumption have
been identified. In terms of the residential sector, cooking activities and cooling device are the main
factors for electrical energy consumption. Although, from year 2007, the Indonesian government carried
the conversion program from kerosene to LPG; however, the consumption of kerosene was still high over
the last five years. In the transportation sector, the number of motorcycles is extremely high and became
the largest contributor to air pollution in the city. In the commercial and industrial sectors, electricity is
one of the highest energy consumptions compared to other energy sources
• Decreasing urban energy consumption could be achieved by increasing efficiency of household
appliances, promoting electricity saving behaviours, increasing public awareness for energy saving, and
applying energy efficient labelling for home appliances. Hence, these elements should be prioritized in
the future urban energy study and integrated with the long-term urban planning toward sustainable
development.
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