E.Neeraja and M.

Veera Krishna/ International Journal of Engineering Research and

Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1197-1210
Effects of Hall Current on MHD Free and Forced Convection
flow of Newtonian fluid through a Porous medium in an Infinite
vertical plate in presence of Thermal radiation heat transfer and
surface temperature oscillation
1
E.Neeraja and 2M.Veera Krishna
1
Department of Mathematics, M.S.Thakur college of sciences, Seawoods, Nerul, Navi Mumbai (Maharastra) -
400706 (INDIA)
2
Department of Mathematics, Rayalaseema University, KURNOOL (A.P) - 518002 (INDIA)

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we study the steady and I. INTRODUCTION
unsteady magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) Several authors have considered thermal
viscous, incompressible free and forced radiaition effects on convection flows with and
convective flow of an electrically conducting without magnetic fields. A seminal study was
Newtonian fluid through a porous medium in the communicated by Audunson and Gebhart [5] who
presence of appreciable thermal radiation heat also presented rare experimental data for radiation-
transfer and surface temperature oscillation convection boundary layer flows of air, argon and
taking hall current into account. The fluid is ammonia, showing that thermal radiation increases
assumed to be optically-thin and magnetic convective heat transfer by up to 40 %. Larson and
Reynolds number small enough to neglect Viskanta [15] investigated experimentally the
induced hydro magnetic effects. Secondary unsteady natural convection-radiation in a
(cross-flow) effects are incorporated. The rectangular enclosure for the case of fire-generated
governing equations are solved analytically using thermal radiative flux, showing that thermal
complex variables. Detailed computations of the radiation dominates the heat transfer in the
influence of governing parameters on the enclosure and alters the convective flow patterns
unsteady mean flow velocity (u1) and unsteady substantially. Helliwell and Mosa [12] reported on
mean cross flow velocity (w1), the plate shear thermal radiation effects in buoyancy-driven hydro
stresses for the unsteady main and the secondary magnetic flow in a horizontal channel flow with an
flow and also temperature gradients due to the axial temperature gradient in the presence of Joule
unsteady main flow and the unsteady cross flow, and viscous heating. Bestman [6] studied magneto
are presented graphically and tabulated. The hydro dynamic rarefied oscillatory heat transfer
closed-form solutions reveal that the shear stress from a plate with significant thermal radiation using
component due to a steady mean flow a general differential approximation for radiation
experiences a non-periodic oscillation which flux and perturbation methods for small amplitude
varies as a function of the Hartmann number (M oscillations. Yasar and Moses [23] developed a one-
2
) and radiation parameter (K1). However the dimensional adaptive-grid finite-differencing
shear stress components due to main and cross computer code for thermal radiation magneto hydro
flows for an unsteady mean flow are subjected to dynamic (RMHD) simulations of fusion plasmas.
periodic oscillation which depends on Hartmann Alagoa et al. [2] studied magneto hydro dynamic
number, inverse Darcy parameter, radiation optically-transparent free-convection flow, with
parameter but also on the Prandtl number and radiative heat transfer in porous media with time-
frequency of oscillation. Applications of the dependent suction using an asymptotic
model include fundamental magneto-fluid approximation, showing that thermal radiation
dynamics, MHD energy systems and magneto- exerts a significant effect on the flow dynamics. El-
metallurgical processing for aircraft materials. Hakiem [10] analyzed thermal radiation effects on
transient, two dimensional hydro magnetic free
Keywords: steady and unsteady flows, thermal convection along a vertical surface in a highly
radiation heat transfer, hall current effects, free and porous medium using the Rosseland diffusion
forced convective flows, surface temperature approximation for the radiative heat flux in the
oscillation and porous medium. energy equation, for the case where free-stream
velocity of the fluid vibrates about a mean constant
Keywords - About five key words in alphabetical value and the surface absorbs the fluid with constant
order, separated by comma velocity. Israel-Cookey et al. [14] described the
effects of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation
on transient magneto hydro dynamic free-

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 E.Neeraja and M.Veera Krishna/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
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Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1197-1210
convection flow past an infinite vertical heated plate surface temperature oscillation taking hall current
in an optically thin environment with time- into account.
dependent suction showing that increased cooling
(positive Grashof number) of the plate and II. FORMULATION AND SOLUTION OF THE
increasing Eckert number boost velocity profile and PROBLEM
temperature, a rise in magnetic field, thermal We consider a two dimensional unsteady
radiation and Darcian drag force decelerate the flow MHD flow of a viscous incompressible electrically
and increasing thermal radiation and magnetic field conducting fluid occupying a semi infinite region of
cool the flow in the porous medium. Other excellent space bounded by porous medium through an
studies of thermal radiation-convection magneto infinite vertical plate moving with the constant
hydro dynamics include Duwairi and Damseh [8], velocity U, in the presence of a transverse magnetic
Raptis et al. [18] who considered axi-symmetric field. The surface temperature of the plate oscillates
flow and Duwairi and Duwairi [9] who studied with small amplitude about a non-uniform mean
thermal radiation heat transfer effects on the hydro temperature. The co-ordinate system is such that the
magnetic Rayleigh flow of a gray viscous fluid. x-axis is taken along the plate and y-axis is normal
Vasil’ev and Nesterov [22] who presented a two to the plate. A uniform transverse magnetic field Bo
dimensional numerical model for radiative- is imposed parallel to y-direction. All the fluid
convective heat transfer in the channel of an MHD properties are considered constant except the
generator with a self-sustaining current layer. influence of the density variation in the buoyancy
Duwairi [7] considered Ohmic and viscous term, according to the classical Boussinesq
dissipation effects on thermal radiating hydro approximation. The radiation heat flux in the x-
magnetic convection. Ouaf [17] has considered direction is considered negligible in comparison to
thermal radiation effects on hydro magnetic the y-direction. The unsteady MHD equation
stretching porous sheet flow. Aboeldahab and governing the fluid through a porous medium under
Azzam [1] have described the effects of magnetic the influence of transverse magnetic field with
field on hydro magnetic mixed free-forced heat and buoyancy force, then takes the vectorial form,
mass convection of a gray, optically-thick, q
 q.q  v  2 q  J  B  g (T  T )
1
electrically-conducting viscous fluid along a semi-
t 
infinite inclined plate for high temperature and
concentration using the Rosseland approximation. (2.1)
Zueco [24] has modeled using the network The equation of continuity is
simulation technique, the collective effects of wall .q  0 (2.2)
transpiration, thermal radiation and viscous heating Ohm’s law for a moving conductor states
effects on hydro magnetic unsteady free convection J   E  q  B (2.3)
flow over a semi-infinite vertical porous plate for a Maxwell’s electromagnetic field equations are
non-gray fluid (absorption coefficient dependent on   B  e J (Ampere’s Law) (2.4)
wave length). Alam et al. [3] have very recently
B
investigated the influence of thermal radiation, E   (Faraday’s Law) (2.5)
variable suction and thermo phoretic particle t
deposition on steady hydro magnetic free-forced .B  0 (Solenoidal relation i.e., magnetic field
convective heat and mass transfer flow over an continuity) (2.6)
infinite permeable inclined plate using the .J  0 (Gauss’s Law i.e., Conservation of electric
Nachtsheim–Swigert shooting iteration technique charge) (2.7)
and a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme.
Ghosh and Pop [11] have studied thermal radiation In which q, B, E and J are, respectively
of an optically-thick gray gas in the presence of ,the velocity vector, magnetic field vector, electric
indirect natural convection showing that the field vector and current density vector, T is the
pressure rise region leads to increase in the velocity temperature of the fluid, T is the temperature far
with an increase of radiation parameter. Recently away the plate , g is the gravitational acceleration ,
Anwerbeg. O and S.K, Ghosh [4] investigated hydro
 is the coefficient of volume expansion,  is the
magnetic free and forced convection of an optically-
thin gray gas from vertical flat plate subject to a density of fluid,  is the electrical conductivity,  e
surface temperature oscillation with significant is the magnetic permeability of the fluid, t is time, v
thermal radiation. In this paper, we study the steady is dynamic viscosity and Bo is the magnetic flux
and unsteady magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) density component normal to the plate surface .
viscous, incompressible free and forced convective According to Shercliff [20] and Hughes and young
flow of an electrically conducting Newtonian fluid [13], the following assumptions are compatible with
through a porous medium in the presence of the fundamental equations (2.1) to (2.7) of magneto
appreciable thermal radiation heat transfer and hydro dynamics.
q  (u,0, w), B  Bx , B0 , Bz  (2.8)

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E  ( Ex , E y , Ez ), J  J x ,0 , J z  (2.9) and q r is the radiative heat flux, a is
Where, u and w are the velocity absorption coefficient of the fluid and  * is the
components along the x-direction and z-direction Stefan-Boltzmann constant. We assume that the
respectively. Since magnetic Reynolds number is temperature differences within the flow are
very small for metallic liquid or partially ionized sufficiently small such that T '4 may be expressed as
fluid the induced magnetic field produced by the a linear function of the temperature. This is
electrically conducting fluid is negligible. Also as accomplished by expanding T '4 in a Taylor series
no external electric field is applied, the polarization
about T' and neglecting higher order terms, leading
voltage is negligible so that following Meyer [16],
E=0. Ohmic and viscous heating effects are also to:
T ' 4  4T' T '3T'
3 4
neglected. The appropriate boundary conditions to (2.19)
be satisfied by equations (2.1) and (2.3) are Making use of the equation (2.17) the
u '  U , w'  0,   T  T   w ( x)(1  e i 't ' ), at y'  0; components u0' , w0' and  0' represent the steady mean
u '  0, w'  0,   0 at y'  ; flow and temperature fields, and satisfy the
(2.10) following equations:
Where Φ designated wall-free stream u0' w0'
 0 (2.20)
temperature difference,  
U
i.e., dimensionless x' y '
v  2u0' σμ H 
velocity ratio and  is the frequency of oscillation 0v  gw ( x) 0  e 20 (mw0'  u0' )  u0'
y' 2
1 m k
in the surface temperature of the plate. The
(2.21)
conditions (2.10) suggest solutions to equations
(2.1) to (2.3) for the variables u' , v' and  of the  2 w0' σμe H 0 ' 
0v  ( w0  mu0' )  w0' (2.22)
form, y ' 2
1 m 2
k
u'  u0'  ei 't 'u1' , (2.11) K  02 '
1 qr
0  (2.23)
w'  wo'  ei 't ' w1' , (2.12) c p y '2 c p y '
   w ( x)(  e  )
'
o
i 't '
1
'
(2.13) Where K designates thermal conductivity
and cp is the specific heat capacity under constant
Since B  (0, B0 , 0) and q = (u, 0, w), When the pressure. The corresponding boundary conditions
strength of the magnetic field is very large, the are
generalized Ohm’s law is modified to include the uo'  U , wo'  0, T  Tw at y'  0
Hall current, so that
(2.24)
ωτ
J  e e J  H  σ (E  μe q  H) (2.14) uo'  0, wo'  0, T  T at y'  
H0
(2.25)
Where, q is the velocity vector, H is the Again making use of the equation (3.17),
magnetic field intensity vector, E is the electric
the components u1' , w1' and θ1 represent the steady
field, J is the current density vector,  e is the
mean flow and temperature fields, and satisfying the
cyclotron frequency,  e is the electron collision
following equations:
time,  is the fluid conductivity and, μ e is the u1' w1'
magnetic permeability. In the above equation the  0 (2.26)
x' y'
electron pressure gradient, the ion-slip and thermo-
 2u ' σμ H 
electric effects are neglected. We also assume that i' u1'  v 21  gw ( x)1'  e 20 (mw1'  u1' )  u11
the electric field E=0 under assumptions reduces to y' 1 m k
J x  m J z  σμ e H 0 w (2.15) (2.27)
J z  m J x   σμ e H 0 u  2 w1' σμ e H 0 ' 
(2.16) i1' w1'  v  (w1  mu1' )  w11 (2.28)
On solving these equations (2.15) and (2.16), we y'2 1  m2 k
have, Φ K  θ1 2 '
1 qr
  (2.29)
σμ H σμ H t ρc p y '2
ρc p y '
J x  e 02 ( w  mu), J y  0, J z  e 02 (mw  u ) (2.17)
1 m 1 m The corresponding boundary conditions are
Where m  τ e ωe is the hall parameter. u1'  U , w1'  0, T  Tw at y' 0
For the case of an optically-thin gray gas, the (2.30)
thermal radiation flux gradient may be expressed as
u1'  0, w1'  0, T  T at y'  
follows (Siegel and Howell [21])
q (2.31)
 r  4a * (T'  T '4 )
4
(2.18)
y'

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Proceeding with the analysis we introduce The boundary conditions (2.38), (2.39), (2.40) and
dimensionless quantities to normalize the flow (2.41) can be written subject to equation (2.34 and
model: 2.35) as follows:
u' w' u 'e w' e y 'U F  1 ,  0  1 at y  0 (2.42)
u 0  0 , w0  0 , u1  1 , w1  1 , y  ,
U U U U v F  0 ,  0  0 at y   (2.43)
t' U 2 ' θ0 v ' θv gv 2 w ( x) and
t , θ0  , θ1  1 , Gr  ,
v UL ULe U 4L H  1, 1  1 at y0
' v (2.44)
  2 , H  0, 1  0 at y   (2.45)
U
B v2
2 16av 2T'3 Equations (2.36) and (2.32) subjects to the
M 2  0 2 , D 1  2 , K1  boundary conditions (2.42) and (2.43) can be solved
U k KU 2 and the solution for the steady mean flow can be
T  T expressed as:
θ0  θ1 
Tw  T (
M2
 D 1 ) y
F  u 0 ( y )  iw0 ( y )  e 1 m 2

(2.46)
 ( M2
 D 1 ) y 
Where Gr is Grashof number, M 2 is the 
Gr
e 1 m 2
e
 k1 y

Hartmann (magneto hydro dynamic number), K1 is M2  
K1  (  D 1 )  
the thermal radiation-conduction number, K is 1 m 2

thermal conductivity and 1 is dimensionless in which  e  k y = 0 ( y) .

1

temperature D-1 is the inverse Darcy parameter. Equations (2.36) and (2.33) subjects to the
Using equation (2.29) together with the equations boundary conditions (2.44) and (2.45) may also be
(2.18) and (2.19) the dimensionless form of equation solved yielding the following solution for unsteady
(2.23) becomes: mean flow:
d 2 0 H  u1 ( y, t )  iw1 ( y, t )
 K1 0  0 (2.32)
  i
Gr e ( C iD ) y  e ( C iD ) y 
dy 2
 e (C iD ) y 
1 1 1 1 2 2

Making use of non-dimensional variables, 2 2

together with equations (2.18) and (2.19) the (2.47)
dimensionless form of equation (2.29) becomes: and  1( y, t )  e
 K iPr1
.
d 21
 ( K1  i Pr)1  0 (2.33) Where, the functions  0 and  1 denote the
dy 2
temperature fields due to the main flow and cross
We are introducing complex variables flows, respectively. Of interest in practical MHD
plasma energy generator design are the
u0  iwo  F , (2.34) dimensionless shear stresses at the plate, which may
u1  iw1  H (2.35) be defined for steady and unsteady mean flow,
respectively as follows:
where i   1 .  
dF M2
Combining equations (2.21) and (2.22) | y  0    D 1  
dy  1 m2  (2.48)
with the help of (2.34), the differential equation for  
  M2  
steady mean flow in dimensionless form becomes: 
Gr
   D 1   K1 
M2 1 
 1 m2  
d 2F M2 K1  ( D )  
 (  D 1 ) F  Gr o (2.36) 1 m2
dy 2 1  m2 H
| y 0  (C1  iD1 ) 
Combing equations (2.27) and (2.28) with y
the help of (2.35), the differential equation for   i
 2 Gr  (C1  iD1   C 2  iD2 
unsteady mean flow in dimensionless form reduces  2
to: (2.49)
2H M2 It is evident from equations (2.48) and
 (  D 1  i ) H  Gr1 (2.37) (2.49) that the shear stress component due to the
y 2 1  m2
main flow for the steady mean flow equations (2.48)
The corresponding boundary conditions for steady
and the shear stress components due to main and
mean flow (non-dimensional) are
cross flows given by equation (2.49) do not vanish
uo  1, wo  0, o  1 at y  0 (2.38) at the plate. Inspection of these expressions also
uo  0, wo  0,  o  0 at y   (2.39) reveals that the shear stress component as defined
The corresponding boundary conditions for by equation (2.48) due to a steady mean flow is
unsteady mean flow (non-dimensional) are subjected to a non-periodic oscillation that depends
u1  1, w1  0 , 1  1 at y  0 (2.40) on Hartmann number, inverse Darcy parameter and
radiation- conduction parameter. In contrast to this,
u1  0, w1  0 , 1  0 at y   (2.41)

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the shear stress components as computed in equation continuously reduced with increasing M. The
(2.49) due to the main and cross flows for an transverse magnetic field generates a retarding body
unsteady mean flow are subjected to periodic force in the opposite direction to the flow which
oscillation which is a function of not only Hartmann serves to decelerate the flow. As such magnetic field
number and radiation- conduction parameter, but is an effective regulatory mechanism for the regime
also the Prandtl number and the frequency of (Fig. 1). The magnitude of the velocity (u0) reduces
oscillation. The shear stress for equation (2.48) will with increase in the inverse Darcy parameter D-1.
vanish at the plate (y=0) at a critical value of the Lower the permeability of the porous medium lesser
free convection parameter i.e. Grashof number, the fluid speed in the entire fluid region (Fig. 2). An
defined by the condition: increase in radiation-conduction number, K1 has an
  adverse effect on the velocity due to steady mean
M2 1  M2
GrCrit   D K   D 1  flow (u0) for all values of y. K1 represents the
1 m 2
 1
1 m 2

  relative contribution of thermal radiation heat
(2.50) transfer to thermal conduction heat transfer. For
The shear stress for equation (2.48) will K1 < 1 thermal conduction exceeds thermal radiation
vanish at the plate (y=0) when and for K1 > 1 this situation is reversed. For K1 = 1
GrCrit  (C1  iD1 )C1  C2   iD1  D2  (2.51) the contribution from both modes is equal. In all
cases steady mean flow velocity is a maximum at
Also of interest in plasma MHD generator
the plate (y = 0) and decays smoothly to the lowest
design is the dimensionless temperature gradient at
value far from the plate (Fig. 3). Conversely an
the plate. This can be shown to take the form, for the
increase in free convection parameter, Grashof
unsteady main flow, as follows:
number Gr, boosts the steady mean flow velocity,
d 0
| y 0   K 1 (2.52) (u0). Increasing thermal buoyancy (Fig. 4) therefore
dy accelerates the mean steady flow in particular at and
For the unsteady cross flow the near the plate surface. Fig.5 exhibits the magnitude
dimensionless temperature gradient at the plate of the velocity (u0) increases with increase in the
(y=0) is hall parameter m. Figures (6 to 17) correspond to the
d1 unsteady mean flow distributions due to the main
| y0   K 1i Pr (2.53) flow (u1) and also cross flow (w1). The frequency of
dy
oscillation is prescribed as 2 unless otherwise
Comparing equations (2.51) and (2.52) it is indicated. Magnetic field effects on the unsteady
immediately deduced that in the absence of an mean main flow velocity component (u1) and the
oscillating surface i.e., for  =0, the dimensionless unsteady mean cross flow velocity component (w1),
temperature gradient due to a steady and unsteady respectively, are presented in figures 6 and 12. The
mean follows are identical. magnitude of the velocity (u1) is strongly reduced
with increase in the intensity of the magnetic field
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION parameter M, with the maximum effect sustained at
The flow governed by the non-dimensional the plate surface where peak (u1) value plummets
parameters namely viz., Hartmann number M, from 0.037 for M = 5 to 0.0035 for M = 10 (Fig. 6).
inverse Darcy parameter D-1,hall parameter m, K1 is Unsteady mean cross flow velocity component (w1)
the thermal radiation-conduction number, surface is also reduced in magnitude with a rise in M. For M
temperature oscillation i.e.,  and Grashof number = 10 cross flow velocity is almost totally suppressed
Gr. Selected computations for the velocity and at all locations transverse to the wall. With weaker
temperature fields have been provided in figures (1- magnetic field the backflow presence is substantial.
17) & (18-24) respectively. Default values of the As such very strong magnetic field may be applied
dimensionless thermo-physical parameters were in operations to successfully inhibit backflow
specified as follows, unless otherwise indicated: M normal to the plate surface (Fig. 12). The magnitude
= 2, m=1, K1 =1,  =2, Gr = 2 and Pr = 0.025 of the velocities (u1 & w1) reduces with increase in
which correspond to weak free convection currents the inverse Darcy parameter D-1. Lower the
in liquid metal flow under strong magnetic field permeability of the porous medium the fluid speed
with equal thermal radiation and thermal conduction retards in the entire fluid region (Fig. 7 & 13).
contribution, with surface temperature oscillation. Increasing radiation-conduction number, K1, as with
Computations for the shear stresses at the plate are the steady mean flow (u0) discussed in figure 3,
provided in tables (1-3) and for temperature gradient again has an opposing influence on unsteady main
at the plate in tables (4-7). flow velocity (u1). The profiles are similar to those
We note that steady mean flow is simulated for steady mean flow. Conversely cross flow
for which there will be no surface temperature velocity (w1) is positively affected by an increase in
oscillation i.e.  = 0. The magnitude of the velocity K1 as depicted in figure (5). Profiles become less
reduces with increase in the intensity of the negative as K1 rises from 1 through 2 to 3. As such
magnetic field. i.e., Mean flow velocity, (u0) is backflow is inhibited considerably with increasing

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thermal radiation. We observe that an unsteady consistency with the velocity distribution shown in
mean cross flow velocity trough occurs near the figure (1-5) (Table. 1). Table (2) indicates that shear
plate surface at y ~1. At the plate cross flow velocity stress at the plate with unsteady mean flow due to
vanishes and at large distance from the plate again main flow (u1) reduces with increase in Gr,  and
vanishes (Fig. 8 & 14). Figures 9 and 15 show the m, and is greatly increased with an increase in the
effect of Grashof number on the unsteady mean square root of the Hartmann magneto hydro
main flow velocity component (u1) and the unsteady dynamic number (M), inverse Darcy parameter D-1
mean cross flow velocity component (w1), and radiation-conduction parameter, K1. Unsteady
respectively. In both cases increasing buoyancy has mean flow is therefore enhanced strongly with an
an adverse effect on both velocity fields. Mean flow increase in magnetic field strength. An increase in
velocity remains however positive always i.e., there thermal radiation-conduction number (K1) also
is no presence of backflow. Cross flow velocity is decreases values but very slightly indicating that
consistently negative throughout the regime thermal radiation has a very weak effect on flow at
indicating that backflow is always present. Lower the plate surface. On the other hand, the shear stress
buoyancy forces i.e. smaller Grashof number serves at the plate with unsteady mean flow due to cross
to reduce the backflow. Very little effect of flow direction (w1) as shown in table (3) is
oscillation frequency (  ) is computed, in figure 10, considerably increased with square root of the
on the unsteady mean main flow velocity Hartmann magneto hydro dynamic number (M)
component, (u1) which decreases very slightly as  since the magnetic retarding force acts in the same
rises from 2 through 4 to 6. However frequency direction as this flow component and boosts
exerts a marked influence on the unsteady mean secondary (cross) flow. A rise in thermal radiation-
cross flow velocity component (w1), as shown in conduction number (K1) also increases the slightly
figure 16 which is decreased substantially with a since values become less negative indicating that
rise in  . Backflow is therefore augmented with backflow is resisted with greater thermal radiation
increasing oscillation frequency, with the maximum contribution. The shear stress enhances due to cross
effect at close proximity to the plate. In engineering flow with increasing M, D-1 and  , and reduces with
design applications, therefore this region (y ~ 1) increasing m, K1 and Gr. An increase in frequency
would be of particular interest in controlling of oscillation (  ) causes the temperature gradient at
backflow during MHD generator operations. The the plate due to unsteady mean flow i.e. to decrease
magnitudes of the velocities (u1 and w1) increase slightly, as indicated in table 4; conversely
with increase in the hall parameter m (Fig. 11 & 17). increasing thermal radiation-conduction parameter
The magnitude of the temperature  0 reduces with (K1) has a strong positive effect inducing a major
increase in Temperature gradient at the plate due to
increase in radiation-conduction number K1 due to
unsteady cross flow affected more strongly (Table.
steady mean flow (Fig. 18). The magnitude of the
5) with an increase in frequency of oscillation (  ),
temperature  1 reduces with increase in K1 and Pr
being reduced from -0.03531 for  = 2, to -0.07036
due to unsteady mean flow (Fig. 19 & 20). Similarly for  = 4 and to the lowest value of -0.10491 for
the magnitude of the temperature  1 reduces with  = 6 (all at K1 = 1). In contrast to this the
increase in K1 and enhances with increase in Pr due temperature gradient, is increased somewhat with an
to unsteady cross flow (Fig. 21 &22). The increase in thermal radiation-conduction parameter
magnitude of the temperature  1 reduces in (K1), for any value of  . The combined influence
of thermal radiation-conduction parameter (K1) and
0  y  2.5 and y=4.5 and enhances within the Prandtl number (Pr) on the temperature gradient at
domain 2.5<y<4.5 with increase in surface the plate due to unsteady main flow is shown in
temperature oscillation  due to unsteady mean (table. 6). An increase in thermal radiation-
flow (Fig. 23). Likewise the magnitude of the conduction parameter (K1) substantially decreases
temperature 1 enhances in 0.5  y  1.5 and values for all Prandtl numbers. An increase in
reduces within the domain 2.5  y  4.5 with Prandtl number also decreases values. Lower Pr
values imply a higher thermal conductivity and
increase in surface temperature oscillation  due to correspond to liquid metals (Pr<<1). Pr = 1 implies
unsteady cross flow (Fig. 24). that energy and momentum are diffused at the same
Tables (1-3) also show the combined rate and the lowest value of occurs for Pr =1, at a
influence of several of the dimensionless parameters given value of K1. Finally in table 7, temperature
on the shear stress at the plate. An increase in M and gradient at the plate due to unsteady cross flow, is
inverse Darcy parameter D-1 causes increase in the observed to be increased with an elevation in
shear stress at the plate y=0 due to a steady mean thermal radiation-conduction parameter (K1) at any
flow (u0) i.e.  values become increasingly Prandtl number (Pr). Conversely increasing Prandtl
negative. Increasing radiation-conduction parameter, number markedly reduces the value of at a fixed
K1 , hall parameter m and Grashof number Gr also value of K1. A similar trend was observed in the
decreases the shear stress i.e. decelerates the flow, in

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earlier studies of for example Duwairi and Damseh
[8], Raptis et al. [18] and more recently by Samad et
al. [19]. The analytical solutions presented therefore
provide a succinct confirmation of earlier results and
also reveal some new interesting phenomena in the
interaction of radiation, magnetic field and effect of
hall current, porous medium and periodicity of
surface temperature.

IV. FIGURES AND TABLES

3.1. Velocity Distributions due to steady mean
flow

Fig. 3: Velocity distribution due to a steady mean

flow for various K1 with   0 , Gr=2, m=1, M=2,
D-1=1000, Pr=0.025

Fig. 1: Velocity distribution due to a steady mean

flow for various M with   0 , Gr=2, D-1=1000,
m=1, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 4: Velocity distribution due to a steady mean

flow for various Gr with   0 , M=2, m=1 , D-
1
=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 2: Velocity distribution due to a steady mean

flow for various D-1 with   0 , Gr=2, m=1, M=2,
K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 5: Velocity distribution due to a steady mean

flow for various m with   0 , M=2, Gr=12, D-
1
=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

3.2. Velocity Distributions due to unsteady mean

and cross flow

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Fig. 6: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to mean Fig. 9: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to mean
flow for various M with   2 , Gr=2, m=1, D- flow for various Gr with   2 , M=2, D-1=1000,
1 m=1, K1=1, Pr=0.025
=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 7: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to mean Fig. 10: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to
flow for various D-1 with   2 , Gr=2, M=2, m=1, mean flow for various  with Gr  2 , M=2, m=1,
K1=1, Pr=0.025 D-1=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 8: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to mean

flow for various K1 with   2 , Gr=2, m=1, D- Fig. 11: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to
1
=1000, M=2, Pr=0.025 cross flow for various m with Gr  2 , M=2,  =2,
D-1=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

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Fig. 12: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to Fig. 15: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to
cross flow for various M with   2 , Gr=2, m=1, cross flow for various Gr with   2 , M=2, m=1, D-
D-1=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025 1
=1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 13: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to Fig. 16: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to
cross flow for various D-1 with   2 , Gr=2, m=1, cross flow for various  with Gr=2, M=2, m=1, D-
1
M=2, K1=1, Pr=0.025 =1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025

Fig. 17: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to

Fig. 14: Unsteady mean flow distribution due to cross flow for various m with Gr=2, M=2,  =2, D-
1
cross flow for various K1 with   2 , Gr=2, m=1, =1000, K1=1, Pr=0.025
D-1=1000, M=2, Pr=0.025 3.3. Temperature Distributions due to steady
flow

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Fig. 18: Temperature distribution due to a steady

mean flow for various K1 with  =0 Fig. 21: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady
3.4. Temperature Distributions due to unsteady mean flow for various Pr with  =2, K1=1
mean and cross flow

Fig. 19: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady

Fig. 22: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady
mean flow for various K1 with  =2, Pr=0.025
mean flow for various Pr with  =2, K1=1

Fig. 20: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady

mean flow for various K1 with  =2, Pr=0.025
Fig. 23: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady
mean flow for various  with Pr=0.025, K1=1

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5. The magnitude of the temperature  1 reduces
with increase in K1 and Pr due to unsteady
mean flow. The magnitude of the temperature
 1 reduces with increase in K1 and enhances
with increase in Pr due to unsteady cross flow.
6. The magnitude of the temperature  1 reduces
in 0  y  2.5 and y=4.5 and enhances within
the domain 2.5<y<4.5 with increase in surface
temperature oscillation  due to unsteady
mean flow. Likewise the magnitude of the
temperature  1 enhances in 0.5  y  1.5 and
reduces within the domain 2.5  y  4.5 with
increase in surface temperature oscillation 
Fig. 24: Temperature distribution due to a unsteady due to unsteady cross flow.
mean flow for various  with Pr=0.025, K1=1 7. An increase in M and inverse Darcy parameter
D-1 causes increase in the shear stress at the
V. CONCLUSIONS plate y=0 due to a steady mean flow (u0).
Exact solutions have been derived using Increasing radiation-conduction parameter, K1,
complex variables for the transient Magneto hydro hall parameter m and Grashof number Gr also
dynamic convection flow of an electrically- decreases the shear stress.
conducting, Newtonian, optically-thin fluid from a 8. The shear stress at the plate with unsteady
flat plate with thermal radiation and surface mean flow due to main flow (u1) reduces with
temperature oscillation effects. Our analysis has increase in Gr, m and  , and is greatly
shown that: increased with an increase in the square root of
1. Steady mean flow velocity, (u0), is decreased the Hartmann magneto hydro dynamic number
with increasing thermal radiation (K1), inverse (M), inverse Darcy parameter D-1 and
Darcy parameter D-1 and magnetic hydro radiation-conduction parameter, K1.
dynamic parameter (M), increased with 9. The shear stress enhances due to cross flow
Grashof number (Gr) and hall parameter m. with increasing M, D-1 and  , and reduces
2. Unsteady mean flow velocity (u1) is reduced with increasing K1, m and Gr.
with increasing radiation-conduction number, 10. Temperature gradient at the plate due to
K1 , slightly decreases with increasing unsteady cross flow is reduced substantially
frequency of oscillation (  ) and also falls with with an increase in frequency of oscillation but
a rise in Grashof number, inverse Darcy elevated with an increase in thermal radiation-
parameter D-1 and magnetic hydro dynamic conduction parameter (K1), for any value of
parameter, M. Mean flow velocity (u1) is .
enhanced with increasing hall parameter m. 11. An increase in thermal radiation-conduction
3. Conversely cross flow velocity (w1) is parameter (K1) reduces strongly as does an
increased with a rise in K1 but decreased with a increase in Prandtl number (Pr).
rise in Gr, D-1 and  . Strong magnetic field 12. Temperature gradient at the plate due to
also practically eliminates backflow. unsteady cross flow, increases with thermal
4. The magnitude of the temperature  0 reduces radiation-conduction parameter (K1) but
with increase in radiation-conduction number reduces with a rise in Prandtl number.
K1 due to steady mean flow.

Table 1: Shear stress(  ) at the plate y=0 due to a steady mean flow (u0) for various values of thermal radiation-
conduction number (K1), square root of the Hartmann magneto hydro dynamic number (M), Gr and m or  = 0
M I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
2 -2.45655 -2.84415 -2.99445 -2.74445 -2.85856 -1.52498 -1.11489 -2.15526 -2.00145
5 -4.64789 -4.83145 -5.26688 -4.73365 -4.75698 -2.44565 -2.00534 -4.15585 -3.88859
8 -6.25566 -6.33475 -6.33248 -6.25446 -6.53266 -4.45244 -3.21156 -5.62281 -4.66525
10 -9.66655 -9.81498 -10.1156 -9.75278 -9.84422 -6.22415 -5.00012 -7.99859 -5.23011

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

D-1 1000 2000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
K1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1

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Gr 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2
m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3

Table 2: Shear stress (  ) at the plate y=0 with unsteady mean flow due to main flow (u1) for various values of
frequency of oscillation (  ) and square root of the Hartmann magneto hydro dynamic number (M), K1, Gr, m
and Pr = 0.025
M I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
2 -22.714 -31.971 -39.088 -22.714 -22.714 -22.665 -23.284 -22.714 -22.714 -22.612 -22.452
5 -22.946 -32.141 -39.218 -22.945 -22.947 -22.904 -22.626 -22.945 -22.945 -22.854 -22.665
8 -23.374 -32.442 -39.464 -23.374 -23.375 -23.331 -22.861 -23.374 -23.372 -23.356 -23.152
10 -23.762 -32.722 -39.694 -23.762 -23.762 -23.718 -23.676 -23.762 -23.764 -23.511 -23.354

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI

-1
D 1000 2000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
K1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gr 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2
m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3

Table 3: Shear stress (  ) at the plate y=0 with unsteady mean flow due to cross flow (u1) for various values of
frequency of oscillation (  ), square root of the Hartmann magneto hydro dynamic number (M), K1, Gr , m and
Pr = 0.025
M I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
2 -22.008 -31.268 -38.377 -22.005 -22.004 -21.945 -21.045 -22.004 -22.004 -15.486 -13.895
5 -22.234 -31.435 -38.511 -22.238 -22.238 -22.125 -21.945 -22.215 -22.245 -18.225 -15.445
8 -22.665 -31.734 -38.764 -22.666 -22.665 -22.625 -22.169 -22.666 -22.665 -20.562 -18.452
10 -23.0585 -31.017 -38.988 -23.053 -23.053 -23.049 -22.982 -23.052 -23.054 -21.468 -19.256

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI

D-1 1000 2000 3000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
K1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gr 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2
m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3

Table 4: Temperature gradient at the plate due to unsteady main flow for various values of frequency of
oscillation (  ) and thermal radiation-conduction parameter (K1) for Pr = 0.025.
 I II III
2 -1.00000 -1.41432 -1.73214
4 -1.00125 -1.41466 -1.73228
6 -1.00279 -1.41521 -1.73246
8 -1.00424 -1.41732 -1.73284
K1 1 2 3

Table 5: Temperature gradient at the plate due to unsteady cross flow for various values of frequency of
oscillation () and thermal radiation-conduction parameter (K1) with Pr = 0.025
 I II III
2 -0.02499 -0.01768 -0.01532
4 -0.04993 -0.03534 -0.02894
6 -0.07479 -0.05299 -0.03566
8 -0.09222 -0.06735 -0.04225
K1 1 2 3

Table 6: Temperature gradient at the plate due to unsteady main flow for various values of thermal radiation-
conduction parameter (K1) and Prandtl number (Pr) with  =2

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K1 I II III IV V
1 -1.28082 -1.00125 -1.00045 -1.32049 -1.46635
2 -1.55949 -1.41462 -1.32645 -1.84538 -1.94522
3 -1.82125 -1.73229 -1.63322 -2.00536 -2.14455
4 -2.06095 -2.00019 -1.98882 -2.11432 -2.16654
I II III IV V
Pr 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.025 0.025
 2 2 2 4 6

Table 7: Temperature gradient at the plate due to unsteady cross flow for various values of thermal radiation-
conduction parameter (K1) and Prandtl number (Pr) with  =2
K1 I II III IV V
1 -0.80022 -0.04992 -0.02452 -0.95263 -1.14362
2 -0.65725 -0.03534 -0.02965 -0.83452 -0.93163
3 -0.56289 -0.02885 -0.00145 -0.67425 -0.84435
4 -0.49734 -0.02496 -0.00035 -0.05921 -0.62432
I II III IV V
Pr 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.025 0.025
 2 2 2 4 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS flow effects”, Int. J. of Appl. Math and

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