A Mini Project Report on

STUDY OF ELEVATORS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree

BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

PILLUTLA ARVIND THILAK

16R11A0335

Under the guidance of

Dr. T. SIVA PRASAD
Professor & HOD, Mechanical Dept. GCET.

Mr. K. PRAVEEN
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Dept. GCET.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (14)

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated by JNTUH, Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ grade and NBA)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist. TS -501301
2019 - 2020

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini project entitled STUDY ON ELEVATORS is being submitted by

Mr. PILLUTLA ARVIND THILAK , bearing Roll No. 16R11A0335, in partial fulfilment for the

award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by him/them under my guidance and

supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute

for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Internal Guide External Guide

Dr. T. Siva Prasad - Professor & HOD Shri. A.V. Joshi
Dept. of Mech. Engineering Managing Director
Kaveri Elevators

Mr. K. Praveen – Assistant Professor

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Dr. T. Siva Prasad

Professor and Head of MED

Signature of the External Examiner

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 CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
CHAPTER No
No.
Abstract i
List of Figures ii
Notations iii
I Chapter-I 1-3
1.1 Introduction to elevators 1
1.2 History of Elevators 1
1.3 Description 3
II Chapter-II 4-9
2.1 Objective 4
2.2 Methodology 4
2.1.1 Types of elevator control systems 4
2.1.2 Components of Elevator 8
III Chapter-III 10-12
3.1 Elevator Fabrication 10
3.2 Design Specifications 11
3.3 Types of Materials used and their Properties 12
IV Chapter-IV 13-35
4.1 Controlling Methods 13
4.1.1 General Controls 14
4.1.2 External Controls 18
4.2 Controller 19
4.3 Types of Elevator Controllers 20
4.4 Elevator Control System Sequence Diagrams 22
4.5 Discrete Control and Communication interfaces in 25
Elevator Control System
4.6 Special Operating modes for Elevator Control 31
System
4.7 Control Room Electromechanical Requirements 35
V Chapter-V 36-37
5.1 Elevator modernization 36
5.2 Uses of Elevators 36
5.3 Social Impact 37
5.4 Elevators for Urban Transport 37
Conclusions 38
REFERENCES 39

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ABSTRACT

This report studies and examines the functioning of different types of elevators. It also gives a brief
introduction towards the history and evolution of Elevators. It also investigates recent advances in
elevator technology and examines their impact on tall building development. It maps out,organizes, and
collates complex and scattered information on multiple aspects of elevator design, and presents them in
an accessible and non-technical discourse. We will also be learning about the fabrication, design
specifications, materials used, types of controllers and controlling methods and control systems in
Modern day elevators.

pg. i
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Name Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Standard Elevator 2

Fig. 1.2 Elevators in Hospital 2

Fig. 1.3 Passenger Lift 2

Fig. 2.1 Hydraulic Lift 5

Fig.2.2 Detail view of Erection 6

Fig.3.1 Hoist way of a 6storyed Building 10

Fig.3.2 Modern day Motor 12

Fig.4.1 Manual push button elevator controls 13

Fig.4.2 OTIS 1920’s Controller 14

Fig.4.3 Typical Freight elevator Control 15

Fig.4.4 Dual Door open and Close door Buttons 16

Fig.4.5 Signal Button 17

Fig.4.6 External Control Panel 18

Fig.4.7 Relay based Controller (Electromechanical Switching) 20

Fig.4.8 Solid state Logic Technology 21

Fig.4.9 PLC Controller 22

Fig.4.10 State chart for User Activity 23

Fig.4.11 State chart of Controls Systems behaviour 24

Fig.4.12 Operating Panel 25

Fig.4.13 Car operating panel COP buttons 26

Fig.4.14 Car top operating station 28

Fig.4.15 Controller Cabinet 29

Fig.4.16 Standard Phone 30

Fig.4.17 ADA Phone 30

Fig.4.18 Supervisory Control Panel 31

Fig.4.19 Anti-Crime Protection 31

pg. ii
Fig.4.20 Sabbath Service 33

Fig.5.1 Elevator Test tower 36

Fig.5.2 Modern Elevator Governor 37

NOTATIONS

Symbol Description

Shear Stress in N/mm2


Tensile Strength in N/mm2
Ts
Elongation in mm.
δ

pg. iii
 CHAPTER- 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

An elevator system is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors of a building. They are generally powered by electric motors. The most
popular elevator is the rope elevator. In the rope elevator, the car is raised and lowered by
transaction with steel rope. Elevators also have electromagnetic brakes that engage, when the
car comes to a stop. The electromagnetic actually keeps the brakes in the open position. Instead
of closing them with the design, the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses
power. Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and the bottom of the
elevator shaft. Many modern elevators are controlled by a computer. The computers job is to
process all of the relevant information about the elevator and turn the motor correct amount to
move the elevator car in correct position.
In order to do this the computer needs to know at least three things those are
i) where people want to go
ii) where each floor is
iii) where the elevator car is Finding out where people want to go is very easy. The
buttons in the elevator car and the buttons in each floor are all wired to the computer,
when anyone presses these buttons, the computer logs this request.

1.2 HISTORY OF ELEVATOR- The first reference elevator was invented by Archimedes
in 312. From some literacy source, elevator were developed as cable on a hemp rope and
powered by hand or by through animals. This type of elevator was installed in the Sinai
Monastory of Egypt. In the 17th century, the very small type elevators were placed in the
building of England and France. In 1793, Lvan Kuliben created an elevator with the screw
lifting mechanism for the winter place of Saint Petersburg. In 1816, an elevator was established
in the main building of Sub-moscow village called Arkhamgelskoye. In the middle 1800’s,
there were many type of curd elevators that carried freight. Most of them ran hydraulically.
The first hydraulic elevators used a plunger below the car to raise or lower the elevator. A
pump applied water pressure to a plunger, or steel column, inside a vertical cylinder. In 1852,
Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab, if the cable
broke. In 1857 March 23rd, the first Otis passenger elevator was installed in New York
City. The first electric elevator was built by Werner Von Siemens in 1880. In
1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely.
In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the
London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with
Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator.

For the last one hundred years, the availability of space for construction of the houses and
offices within towns and cities has continued to shrink. This has given the way to the
construction of multi-storey buildings based in the use of steel and iron as support structures.
However this buildings would not have been of use if an access technology such as that
provided by elevators was not available. In addition, the elevator must provide a special link

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 between the demand by the users and available access. In this chapter an overview of elevator
technology is presented and issues pertaining to safety are also discussed.

The objective of this project is to design a controller for an elevator that serves two floors.

Fig.1.1(Standard Elevator) Fig.1.2(Elevators in Hospital)

Passenger Lift Hospital lift

Fig.1.3

ELEVATOR SYSTEM OVERVIEW

This figure consists of floor where passenger wants to visit. Elevator car moves it either
upward or downward direction. The arrival sensor detected the arrival of the elevator to the

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respective floor. Floor button is used to take the elevator to the respective floor. Floor lamp
shows the indication of floor and direction lamp shows the direction of elevator movement,
whether it is upward or downward direction. Elevator button is used for moving the elevator
car either in upward and downward direction. Based on the elevator switch pressed, the elevator
car is moved either in upward and downward direction. D.C. Motor is another important
component of elevator system. Based on the switch pressed, the D.C. Motor either moves in
forward and reverse direction to move the elevator in either upward or downward direction.
Door of the elevator system is one of the important factors of elevator system. When
elevator car stops in particular floor, the door of the elevator is opened for passenger to be come
out and come in to the elevator car. Arrival sensor is used in every floor, for detecting
the elevator car. When a particular car is reached to the particular floor, this arrival sensor
detects the elevator car and stops that car.

1.3DESCRIPTION –
When User presses an elevator button, the elevator button sensor sends the elevator button
request to the system, identifying the destination floor the user wishes to visit. When any new
request comes, this new request is added to the list of floors to visit. If the elevator is
stationary, the system determines in which direction the system should move in order to service
the next request. The system commands the elevator door to close, when user presses the
elevator door closed button. When the door has closed, the system commands the motor to
start moving the elevator, either in up and down direction, based on switch pressed. When the
elevator moves between floors, the arrival sensor detects that the elevator is approaching
a floor and notifies the system to stop the elevator and open the door of the elevator system.

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 CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVE & METHODOLOGY
2.1 OBJECTIVE:

• Study of elevator fabrication.

• Erection of elevator
• Study of elevator controller and it’s types
2.2 METHODOLOGY:

Elevator technology-
Elevators are especially important in tall structures like skyscrapers, where climbing stairs to
get to top floors would be very difficult. The car of an elevator, in which people ride, is attached
to guard rails inside a tall, empty space called a shaft.

2.1 Types of elevator control systems:

There are 3 main types for elevator control systems as follows:

1- Single Automatic operation:

• Called if no one is using it.

• Passenger has exclusive use of the car until rip is complete.
• First automated system w/o single call button on each floor and single button for each
floor inside car.

2- Selective collective operation:

• Most common, remembers and answers calls in one direction then reverses. When trip
complete, programmed to return to a home landing.

3- Group automatic operation:

• For large buildings with many elevators which are controlled with programmable
microprocessors to respond.

Elevator designs -There are two types of elevators in common use today.
• Hydraulic type elevators
• Roped (cable type) elevators

Hydraulic elevators systems-They are designed to lift a car using a hydraulic ram
using a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder. The cylinder is connected to a fluid-

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 pumping system.

The hydraulic system has three key parts;

• A tank( which is the fluid reservoir)
• A pump(powered by an electric motor)
• A valve

Hydraulic elevators operation-

The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is
opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid
reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into
the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator
car. When the car approaches the right floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric
motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into
the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward
through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays
where it is.

To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is
operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch. When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid
that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car
and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car
gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve.

Fig.2.1. Hydraulic lift

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The cable system-

It is the most popular elevator design, in this system the car is raised and lowed by traction
steel ropes. The ropes are connected to the elevator car, and looped around a pulley. The pulley
grips the ropes, so that when the electric motor rotates the pulley, the ropes move too. When
the motor turns one way, the pulley raises the elevator and when the motor turns the other way,
the pulley lowers the elevator.

There are two types of cable elevators:

• Geared
• Gearless

Geared versus gearless elevators

• In geared elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly.
• In gearless elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave.

Roped elevators are much more efficient than hydraulic elevators, they also have more safety
systems.

Fig.2.2 Detailed View of Erection

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Elevator safety mechanism-
The first elevators in use were not especially safe because once in a while a cable would
break, and a car, pulled by gravity, would come crashing down. Safety devices were soon added,
though, to keep such disasters from occurring. Additional ropes attached to cars and powerful
metal "jaws" that grip guard rails keep elevators from falling if their main cables break. Other
safety devices keep elevators from moving when their doors are still open and from traveling
too fast. Automatic switches in the shaft allow an elevator to hurry past unwanted floors, or to
slow and stop when a chosen floor is reached, unlocking its doors to admit and release
passengers.
Without safety mechanisms no one would dare use elevator systems. Therefore safety is a
mandatory issue that needs special attention. Elevators are built with several safety systems
that keep them in position.

The rope system:

This is the line of defense. One rope can support the weight of the elevator car. In essence,
elevators are built with multiple ropes, if one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the
elevator up.
Roped elevator cars have in built braking systems, that grab onto the guide rails when the car
moves too fast.

Speed Governor:
When the elevator moves too quickly, braking is activated by a governor. A governor rope is
connected to the elevator car, so it also moves when the car moves up and down. As the car
speeds up, so does the governor, therefore controlling the speed of the elevator car.

Electromagnetic Brakes-
These brakes engage when the elevator comes to a stop. When the elevator moves too fast its
brought to a stop by the automatic braking.
The elevator must provide a link between the controller and the mechanical parts, the controller
can be implemented using sequential logic circuits. A brief discussion of the sequential
logic circuits is therefore presented.

Sequential logic circuits–

In a sequential logic circuit, the outputs depend not just on the current values of the inputs,
but also on the past values of the inputs. The circuit has memory. Sequential circuits can do
two things that combinational circuits cannot:
• Recognize sequences of inputs
• Generate sequence of outputs.
A sequential circuit consists of a combinational circuit to which the storage elements are
connected to form a feedback path. The storage elements are devices capable of storing
binary information. The binary information stored in these elements at any given time defines
the state of the sequential circuit at that time. The sequential circuit receive binary from the

7
 information from the external inputs. These inputs together with the present state of the storage
element, determine the binary value of the outputs.

2.2 COMPONENTS OF ELEVATOR-

1. Guide Rails
2. Counter weight
3. Buffer or Bumper
4. Speed regulator
5. Parachute system
6. Electricity arrangement
7. Control system
8. Ropes and cables
9. Cabin doors
10. Stop or floor doors
11. Ventilation

1) Guide Rails: It protects the cabin and the counter weight along the vertical direction and,
it prevents any turning of cabin and counter weight. All rails are used by the parachute
arrangement to hold the cabin. Generally T-profile steel are used for guide rails.

2) Counter Weight: The weight of the counter weight is equal to the cabin weight and 0.4
or 0.5 of the whole weight. To be able to carry it easily and to arrange the required amount,
it is made with cast iron.

3) Buffer or Bumper : In any case if an elevator cannot stop at the lowest stop and continue
on its way, to soften the crash to the ground and to reduce the damage that may occur,
according to the speed of the elevator, wooden, plastic, spring, or hydraulic elements known
as bumpers are used.

4) Speed regulator: If the downward speed exceeds the normal speed by %25, speed
regulator effects the parachute brake and shuts off the electricity of the motor. It acts like
“speed limit”.

5) Parachute system: This system stops the elevator on guide rails with breaking, if ropes
are broken or if the speed of going down is increased too much. It gets signals from a speed
regulator.

6) Electricity arrangement: In the Machinery room on a panel there is a circuit breaker

and fuses. Many circuits are installed to start the electric motor, to loosen the
automatic brakes, lighting, security and control.

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7) Control System: To be able to use the elevators easily, comfortably, orderly and
securely, control systems are installed. For modern elevators, “button” control are used.
Button control are divided into two. Buttons outside the cabin are “external” and buttons in
side the cabin are “internal” control buttons.

8) Ropes or Cables: Ropes are produced from high carbon cold drawn wires. Wires are
wrapped up in helix way to create cordons, and cordons are wrapped up in helix way to
create ropes.

9.) Cabin Doors: Cabin doors can be separated in three according to their operation
as follows
1. Slam-doors- opened and closed by hand
2. Semi-automatic doors- closed with the help of shock absorbers
3. Full-automatic doors - operate by electric motors

9) Stop or Floor Doors: These should be fixed to the openings, which allows entries
to the elevators. They are fire resistant.

10) Ventilation: There could be proper ventilation in cabins and in the Machine
room.

11) Cabin Doors: Cabin doors can be separated in three according to their operation as
follows
i) Slam-doors- opened and closed by hand.
ii) Semi-automatic doors- closed with the help of shock absorbers.
iii) Full-automatic doors - operate by electric motors.

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 Elevator Fabrication:

• The elevator cars are built at the elevator manufacturer's plant using standard metal
cutting, welding, and forming techniques. If the cars will be exposed to the weather
during building construction, the interior trim may be installed after the building is
finished.
• The rest of the elevator is assembled on the building site. The building design
integrates the elevator shaft from the beginning, and the shaft grows as the building is
erected. The walls of the shaft are poured concrete, and the shaft straightness and

• Guide rails, switch ramps, service ladders, and similar support equipment are bolted
into the shaft after the shaft walls are complete, but before the shaft is roofed.
• While the shaft is still open at the top, a crane raises the counterweight to the top of
the building and lowers it into the shaft along its rails.
• The crane then lifts the elevator car and inserts it partly into the shaft. The guide
wheels connect the car to the guide rails, and the car is carefully lowered to the
bottom of the shaft.
• The shaft is then roofed over, leaving a machine room above the shaft. The hoist
motor, governor, controller, and other equipment are mounted in this room, with the
motor located directly over the elevator car pulley.
• The elevator and governor cables are strung and attached, the electrical connections
completed, and the controller programmed.

Fig.3.1 Hositway of a 6 storyed Building

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 3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS:

Capacity:
(i) 640 kgs.

Car Size: Maximum of 15 SF (1.39 sm).

(i) 36 inches by 48 inches (914 mm by 1219 mm).
(ii)36 inches by 54 inches (914 mm by 1372 mm).
(iii)36 inches by 60 inches (914 mm by 1525 mm).

Car height and Overhead Clearance:

a. Nominal 84 inch car height: Total overhead clearance required is 96 inches (2238 mm)
above the upper landing level with the following exception. Total overhead clearance for In-
line Drive System with Electrical Control box located inside hoistway is 108 inches (2743 mm).
b. Nominal 96 inch car height: Total overhead clearance required is 108 inches (2743
mm) above the upper landing level with the following exception. Total overhead clearance
for In-line Drive System with Electrical Control box located inside hoistway is 120 inches
(3048 mm).

Platform Configuration:
(i) Styles 1L & 1R: On/Off Same Side Entry/Exit, Adjacent to rails: One side opening only.
(ii) Style 2: Straight Through Entry/Exit: Front and rear openings.
(iii) Styles 3 & 4: 90 Degree Entry/Exit: Front and side openings.
(iv) Style 5: On/Off Same Side Entry/Exit, Opposite rails: One front opening only.

Number of Stops:
2 stops.
3 stops.
4 stops.
5 stops.
6 stops.

Speed: Nominal 196.85-334.646 feet per minute (0.68-1.75 m/sec).

Power Requirements: 230 VAC,15 Amp, Single Phase (In-Line Geared Drive).A
Separate 115-Volt, 15 Amp Circuit is always required for car lighting.

Pit Depth: As per manufacturers shop drawings.

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 Fig.3.2 Modern day Motor

3.3 Types of Materials used and it’s properties:

Elevator Car: Stainless Steel/3Cr12

❖ Hardness: ≤12.0 mm thick - 220 Brinell Max
❖ Ultimate Tensile Strength: 450 MPa Min
❖ Elongation (in 50mm): ≤6.0 mm thick = 20% Min
Guide Rails/Hand Rails: Steel E235B
❖ Hardness: ≤16.0mm thick- 278 Brinell Max
❖ Tensile strength: 0 - 470 MPa
❖ Yield strength: 185 - 235 MPa
Suspending Ropes: Unalloyed Carbon Steel (Carbon 0.4-0.8 %)
❖ Tensile Strength: 1770 N/mm²
❖ Hardness: 295 HB

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 CHAPTER-4

4.1 CONTROLLING METHODS-

In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of
the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by
switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were
manually controlled by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor. This
rheostat (see picture) was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of
a cake. This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting
handle, which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder.
The elevator motor was located at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft. Pushing
the handle forward would cause the cab to rise; backwards would make it sink. The harder the
pressure, the faster the elevator would move. The handle also served as a dead man switch: if
the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab
to stop. In time, safety interlocks would ensure that the inner and outer doors were closed
before the elevator was allowed to move.
This lever would allow some control over the energy supplied to the motor and so enabled the
elevator to be accurately positioned — if the operator was sufficiently skilled. More typically,
the operator would have to "jog" the control, moving the cab in small increments until the
elevator was reasonably close to the landing point. Then the operator would direct the
outgoing and incoming passengers to "watch the step".

Fig.4.1 Manual pushbutton elevator controls

Automatic elevators began to appear as early as the 1930s, their development being
hastened by striking elevator operators which brought large cities dependent on skyscrapers
(and therefore their elevators) such as New York and Chicago to their knees. These
electromechanical systems used relay logic circuits of increasing complexity to control the
speed, position and door operation of an elevator or bank of elevators.

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The Otis Autotronic system of the early 1950s brought the earliest predictive systems which
could anticipate traffic patterns within a building to deploy elevator movement in the most
efficient manner. Relay-controlled elevator systems remained common until the 1980s and their
gradual replacement with solid-state, microprocessor-based controls are now the industry
standard. Most older, manually-operated elevators have been retrofitted with automatic or semi-
automatic controls.

Fig.4.2 OTIS 1920’s CONTROLLER

General controls
A typical modern passenger elevator will have:

• Space to stand in, guardrails, seating cushion (luxury)

• Overload sensor — prevents the elevator from moving until excess load has been
removed. It may trigger a voice prompt or buzzer alarm. This may also trigger a "full car"
indicator, indicating the car's inability to accept more passengers until some are unloaded.
• Electric fans or air conditioning units to enhance circulation and comfort.
• A control panel with various buttons. In the United States and other countries, button text
and icons are raised to allow blind users to operate the elevator; many have Braille text
besides. Buttons include:
• Call buttons to choose a floor. Some of these may be key switches (to control access).
In some elevators, certain floors are inaccessible unless one swipes a security card or
enters a passcode (or both).
• Door open and Door close buttons.

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 Fig.4.3 TYPICAL FRIEGHT ELEVATOR CONTROL

The operation of the door open button is transparent, immediately opening and holding the
door, typically until a timeout occurs and the door closes. The operation of the door close button
is less transparent, and it often appears to do nothing, leading to frequent but incorrect
reports that the door close button is a placebo button: either not wired up at all, or inactive
in normal service. Working doors open and door close buttons are required by code in many
jurisdictions, including the United States, specifically for emergency operation: in independent
mode, the door open and door close buttons are used to manually open or close the door.
Beyond this, programming varies significantly, with some door close buttons immediately
closing the door, but in other cases being delayed by an overall timeout, so the door cannot be
closed until a few seconds after opening. In this case (hastening normal closure), the door close
button has no effect. However, the door close button will cause a hall call to be ignored (so
the door won't reopen), and once the timeout has expired, the door close will immediately
close the door, for example to cancel a door open push. The minimum timeout for
automatic door closing in the US is 5 seconds, which is a noticeable delay if not overridden.

• An alarm button or switch, which passengers can use to warn the premises manager that
they have been trapped in the elevator.
• A set of doors kept locked on each floor to prevent unintentional access into the elevator
shaft by the unsuspecting individual. The door is unlocked and opened by a machine sitting
on the roof of the car, which also drives the doors that travel with the car. Door controls
are provided to close immediately or reopen the doors, although the button to close them
immediately is often disabled during normal operations, especially on more recent
elevators. Objects in the path of the moving doors will either be detected by sensors
or physically activate a switch that reopens the doors. Otherwise, the doors will close after
a preset time. Some elevators are configured to remain open at the floor until they are
required to move again.

15
• Elevators in high traffic buildings often have a "nudge" function (the
Otis Autotronic system first introduced this feature) which will close the doors at a
reduced speed, and sound a buzzer if the "door open" button is being deliberately held
down, or if the door sensors have been blocked for too long a time.
• A stop switch (not allowed under British regulations to halt the elevator while in motion
and often used to hold an elevator open while freight is loaded. Keeping an elevator stopped
for too long may set off an alarm. Unless local codes require otherwise, this will most
likely be a key switch.
Some elevators may have one or more of the following:

• An elevator telephone, which can be used (in addition to the alarm) by a trapped
passenger to call for help. This may consist of a transceiver, or simply a button.
• Hold button: This button delays the door closing timer, useful for loading freight and
hospital beds.
• Call cancellation: A destination floor may be deselected by double clicking.
• Access restriction by key switches, RFID reader, code keypad, hotel room card, etc.
• One or more additional sets of doors. This is primarily used to serve different floor plans:
on each floor only one set of doors opens. For example, in an elevated crosswalk setup,
the front doors may open on the street level, and the rear doors open on the crosswalk
level. This is also common in garages, rail stations, and airports. Alternatively, both doors
may open on a given floor. This is sometimes timed so that one side opens first for
getting off, and then the other side opens for getting on, to improve boarding/exiting speed.
This is particularly useful when passengers have luggage or carts, as at an airport, due to
reduced maneuverability.

Fig.4.4 DUAL DOOR OPEN AND CLOSE DOOR BUTTONS

• In case of dual doors, there may be two sets of Door open and Door close buttons, with
one pair controlling the front doors, from the perspective of the console, typically
denoted <> and ><, with the other pair controlling the rear doors, typically denoted with a
line in the middle, <|> and >|<, or double lines, |<>| and >||<. This second set is required
in the US if both doors can be opened at the same landing, so that the doors can both be
controlled in independent service.
• Security camera
• Plain walls or mirrored walls.
• Glass windowpane providing a view of the building interior or onto the streets.

16
 Fig.4.5 Signal Button

An audible signal button, labeled "S": in the US, for elevators installed between 1991 and 2012
(initial passage of ADA and coming into force of 2010 revision), a button which if pushed,
sounds an audible signal as each floor is passed, to assist visually impaired passengers. No
longer used on new elevators, where the sound is obligatory.
Other controls, which are generally inaccessible to the public (either because they are key
switches, or because they are kept behind a locked panel), include:

• Fireman's service, phase II key switch

• Switch to enable or disable the elevator.
• An inspector's switch, which places the elevator in inspection mode (this may be situated
on top of the elevator)
• Manual up/down controls for elevator technicians, to be used in inspection mode, for
example.
• An independent service/exclusive mode (also known as "Car Preference"), which will
prevent the car from answering to hall calls and only arrive at floors selected via the
panel. The door should stay open while parked on a floor. This mode may be used for
temporarily transporting goods.
• Attendant service mode.
• Large buildings with multiple elevators of this type also had an elevator
dispatcher stationed in the lobby to direct passengers and to signal the operator to leave
with the use of a mechanical "cricket" noisemaker.

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 EXTERNAL CONTROLS-

Fig.4.6 AN EXTERNAL CONTROL PANEL

Elevators are typically controlled from the outside by a call box, which has up and down
buttons, at each stop. When pressed at a certain floor, the button calls the elevator to pick up
more passengers. If the particular elevator is currently serving traffic in a certain direction, it
will only answer calls in the same direction unless there are no more calls beyond that floor.
In a group of two or more elevators, the call buttons may be linked to a central dispatch
computer, such that they illuminate and cancel together. This is done to ensure that only one
car is called at one time.
Key switches may be installed on the ground floor so that the elevator can be remotely switched
on or off from the outside.
In destination control systems, one selects the intended destination floor (in lieu of pressing
"up" or "down") and is then notified which elevator will serve their request.

The elevator algorithm

The elevator algorithm, a simple algorithm by which a single elevator can decide where to
stop, is summarized as follows:

• Continue traveling in the same direction while there are remaining requests in that same
direction.
• If there are no further requests in that direction, then stop and become idle, or change
direction if there are requests in the opposite direction.
The elevator algorithm has found an application in computer operating systems as an
algorithm for scheduling hard disk requests. Modern elevators use more complex heuristic
algorithms to decide which request to service next.

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Relay logic elevator-

Although relay logic has been replaced by modern electronic devices, it's still now used on
old elevators.
The image below shows a basic relay logic (designed for educational purpose) of a traction
elevator with manual doors.
Basically an elevator panel consists of a power circuit, which supplies the motor, and a low
voltage control circuit: this one supplies the relay coils, the motor brake and the doors locking
mechanism.
At the head of the control circuit there are the safety switches.
The automatic switch cuts off the relay circuit if an insulation failure occurs (for example
between the doors safety circuit and the ground); that would be dangerous because the
elevator may move with open doors.
The interlock allows the requests when the door is closed. However the motion of the
elevator is allowed by a second switch, when the door is locked.
The finals work if the elevator goes over an extreme floor (due to a motor brake failure, for
example).
The car safety brake is a mechanical device that prevents the elevator from falling; it works
in combination with the governor.

4.2 Controller
The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive command
control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning efficiently.

The primary function of the elevator controller

The primary function of the elevator controller is essentially to receive and process a variety
of signals from several different components of a whole elevator system. It is able to send
signals in response to the ones it receives in order to operate all of the other components in
the system. This exchange of signals is how the elevator controller is able to keep the
elevators running smoothly on a day-to-day basis.

Here are a few of the following ways the controller interacts with the other components of the
elevator system:
• Controls the speed of elevator engines in order to move elevator cabs up and down
their respective shafts.
• Queues and processes elevator summons and floor requests from passengers through
the signals provided to it by several buttons.
• Processes information sent to it by load sensors in order to ensure that the load of a
cab never exceeds the safety limit.
• Processes information sent to it by position marker sensors in order to keep track of
where the elevator cabs are at all times, as well as their speed.
• Provides feedback to passengers through the lights on some of the buttons and the
floor number and direction displays in each cab.
• Can sound alarm bells that are either invoked by trapped passengers or required to
warn of excess load in a cab.
• Controls the operation of the elevator doors of a cab through communication with
door opening devices.

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4.3 Types of elevator controllers:

There are 3 primary types of controller technology used to process the logic of the controller
as follows:

1- Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)

Fig.4.7 Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)

A relay is a very dependable device consisting of an electromagnet that opens and closes
contacts, routing the logic to various circuits. A simple elevator with a few stops and manual
door operation can be served well by a relay controller. Relays can also be used for more
complex elevators, and in fact were until the 1980's. However, the number of relays required
can make it difficult to troubleshoot should there ever be a problem.

The following applications may be recommended as suitable for controllers using

electromagnetic relay technology:
• Single lifts only.
• Drive speed up to 1 m/s.
• Passenger lifts in low traffic and usage situations in low-rise buildings, i.e. not more
than three stories (e.g. residential buildings, very small hotels, nursing homes).
• Goods, bullion lifts in low-rise commercial buildings (e.g. offices, hotels, hospitals).

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2- Solid-State Logic Technology

Fig.4.8 Solid-State Logic Technology

It includes both discreet transistors circuits and integrated circuit boards. It gives improved
reliability, lower power consumption and easy fault diagnosis than electromagnetic relay
technology.

The following applications are recommended as suitable for controllers using solid-state logic
technology:
• Single lifts and duplex groups.
• Drive speed up to 2 m/s.
• Passenger lifts in low traffic situations in medium-rise buildings, i.e. up to 12 stories
(e.g. residential buildings and small hotels).
• Goods, bullion lifts in low-rise commercial buildings (e.g. offices, hotels, hospitals).

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3- PLC controller (computer based technology)

Fig.4.9 PLC controller (computer based technology)

The advent of personal computers has made microprocessor technology affordable for many
other fields. Elevator Concepts utilizes a special type of industrial computer called a
Programmable Logic Controller PLC to control the logic of more complex jobs. They are
very dependable, compact, and simple to troubleshoot.

Computer based controllers are suitable for the following:

• All lifts types.
• All drive speeds (i.e. 0.5 m/s to 10 m/s).
• Lift groups of all sizes.

4.4 Elevator Control System Sequence Diagrams

The elevator control system may be viewed either from the point of view of an individual
user or as a system being acted on by many users and the following images show these
different point of views.

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1- From the point of view of an individual user:

Fig.4.10

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2- From the point of view as a system being acted on by many users:

Fig.4.11

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4.5 Discrete control and communication interfaces in elevator Control
system:

Under this title, we will find (5) components as follows:

1. Car Operating Panel COP.

2. Car top operating station.
3. Controller Cabinet.
4. Communications Interface.
5. Supervisory Control Panel.

1- Car Operating Panel COP

Fig.4.12 Operating Panel

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CAR OPERATING PANEL-
Car operating panel COP is A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls
keys and buttons as follows:

Fig.4.13 Car Operating Panel COP Buttons

a- Door-close-button
The door-close-button can be used to close the door immediately after a car call is given,
which reduces the waiting time.

b- Door-open-button
The door-open-button can be used to open the door or to hold the door open.

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On operating the door-open-button the closing movement will be stopped and the door will
be re-opened. After some seconds the door will close.

c- Alarm button
On operating the alarm button the alarm device will be activated and a voice communication
with the emergency service established.
The alarm button serves as emergency light which remains active by means of standby-power
even in the case of power failure.

d- Fan button
The fan button switches the fan in the car on / off.

e- Overload indicator
The overload indicator gives an optical and / or acoustic signal to indicate that the car is
overloaded. If the car is overloaded, it will remain at the floor with doors open.
The signal stops automatically as soon as overload is removed. Then normal operation can be
continued.

f- Car position indicator / direction indicator

The car position indicator permits the floor to be read on which the car is located at the
moment or displays special information, e.g. inspection operation.

g- Fireman button
Used in the event of a fire in the elevator.

h- Floors button
Used to choose the floor that you want to get him.

i- Instruction plate
Be Stick on the COP to show how to handle passengers in the car lift in case of emergency.

Note: Braille Markings for the COP, Hall Stations and Hall landings are included as standard
equipment.

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2- Car top operating station

Fig.4.14 Car top operating station

Car top operating station provided on some cars for operating the car from the car top. To be
used by the elevator technician when servicing the car.

This station should only be operated under the direct supervision of the elevator technician.

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3- Controller Cabinet

Fig.4.15 Controller Cabinet

The controller cabinets are installed usually in the elevator control room above the hoistway.
Their sizes vary with the complexity of the required controls. They should be installed plumb,
square and securely fixed in place. Adequate lighting should be provided and the
environmental conditions required by manufacturers must be observed like temperature and
humidity for example, if the natural ventilation is not good, a forced ventilation of the cabinet
should be applied.

4- Communications Interface

The communications interface in the elevator system consists of telephone which is directly
connected to a repair person’s phone, which is staffed 24 hours a day. Thus, in the event of an
emergency, a user can pick up the phone and will be connected immediately to a repair
person, who will be able to assist the user or direct their call to the proper people.

The phone usually placed in a recessed box (phone box) mounted on the cab wall with a
hinged cover to hides the phone from view and there are two types of elevator phones as
follows:

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a- Standard Phone

Fig.4.16 Standard Phone

Standard “rotary “type phone can be mounted on the cab wall or in a phone box.

b- Hands Free ADA Phone

Fig.4.17 Hands Free ADA Phone

A special programmable speaker phone that just requires the touch on one button dial a
number.

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5- Supervisory Control Panel

Fig.4.18 Supervisory Control Panel

This is a monitoring panel located in the security room that displays the status of all the
elevators or escalators operating in the building including flooring location, travelling in/out
of service, etc.
4.6 Special operating modes for Elevator control system

1- Anti-Crime Protection (ACP)

Anti-Crime Protection will force each car to stop at a pre-defined landing and open its doors.
This allows a security guard or a receptionist at the landing to visually inspect the passengers.
The car stops at this landing as it passes to serve further demand.

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 Fig.4.19 ACP

2- Up peak (MIT)
During Up Peak mode (also called Moderate Incoming Traffic), elevator cars in a group are
recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building,
most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time
period.

Elevators are dispatched one-by-one when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or
when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time. The next elevator to be
dispatched usually has its hall lantern or a "this car is leaving next" sign illuminated to
encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity.

The commencement of Up Peak may be triggered by a time clock, by the departure of a

certain number of fully loaded cars leaving the lobby within a given time period, or by a
switch manually operated by a building attendant.

3- Down peak
During Down Peak mode, elevator cars in a group are sent away from the lobby towards the
highest floor served, after which they commence running down the floors in response to hall
calls placed by passengers wishing to leave the building. This allows the elevator system to
provide maximum passenger handling capacity for people leaving the building.

The commencement of Down Peak may be triggered by a time clock, by the arrival of a
certain number of fully loaded cars at the lobby within a given time period, or by a switch
manually operated by a building attendant.

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4- Sabbath service (SHO)
In areas with large populations of observant Jews or in facilities catering to Jews, one may
find a "Sabbath elevator". In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor,
allowing people to step on and off without having to press any buttons. This prevents
violation of the Sabbath prohibition against operating electrical devices when Sabbath is in
effect for those who observe this ritual.

However, Sabbath mode has the side effect of wasting considerable amounts of energy,
running the elevator car sequentially up and down every floor of a building, repeatedly
servicing floors where it is not needed. For a tall building with many floors, the car must
move on a frequent enough basis so as to not cause undue delay for potential users that will
not touch the controls as it opens the doors on every floor up the building.

Fig.4.20 Sabbath Service

5- Independent service (ISC) -Independent service is a special service mode found on

most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a
centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on independent service, it
will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other
elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled). The elevator will remain
parked on a floor with its doors open until a floor is selected and the door close button is held
until the elevator starts to travel. Independent service is useful when transporting large goods
or moving groups of people between certain floors.

6- Inspection service (INS)

Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection
and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key
switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or
'HWENAB'.

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When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be
canceled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in
the group (or canceled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be
moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the top-most (to access
the top of the car) and bottom-most (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key
switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open.
This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most
controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.

Elevators have a car top inspection station that allows the car to be operated by a mechanic in
order to move it through the hoistway. Generally, there are three buttons — UP, RUN, and
DOWN. Both the RUN and a direction button must be held to move the car in that direction,
and the elevator will stop moving as soon as the buttons are released. Most other elevators
have an up/down toggle switch and a RUN button. The inspection panel also has standard
power outlets for work lamps and powered tools.

7- Fire service mode (EFS)

Depending on the location of the elevator, fire service code will vary state to state and
country to country. Fire service is usually split up into two modes: Phase One and Phase
Two. These are separate modes that the elevator can go into.

Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the
building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one.
The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell
everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on
where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the Fire Recall Floor. However, if the
alarm was activated on the fire recall floor the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall
to. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open.
The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. Located on the fire
recall floor is a fire service key switch. The fire service key switch has the ability to turn fire
service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator
to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.

Phase two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the
centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue
people from a burning building. The phase two key switch located on the COP has three
positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move.
However, like independent service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the
firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the
desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This
is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the
door. The firefighter must hold door open until the door is completely opened. If for any
reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key
switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the
recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.

Fire Service is for emergency use only, although fire service keys can be purchased on eBay,
and other websites. Only trained responders should use this feature, and it is by no means a

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safe way to escape from a burning building.

8- Medical emergency/'Code Blue' service (EHS)

Commonly found in hospitals, Code Blue service allows an elevator to be summoned to any
floor for use in an emergency situation. Each floor will have a 'Code Blue' recall key switch,
and when activated, the elevator system will immediately select the elevator car that can
respond the fastest, regardless of direction of travel and passenger load. Passengers inside the
elevator will be notified with an alarm and indicator light to exit the elevator when the doors
open.

Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will
be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical personnel
must then activate the Code Blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the
doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor,
and will remain in Code Blue service until switched off in the car. Some hospital elevators
will feature a 'hold' position on the Code Blue key switch (similar to fire service) which
allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until Code Blue is deactivated.

9- Emergency power operation (EPO)

Many elevator installations now feature emergency power systems which allow elevator use
in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators.

When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt.
One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down.
People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement
informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have
successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used
for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under
emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order
to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will
bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.

4.7 Control Room Electromechanical Requirements

1. Must provide one dedicated phone line per elevator.

2. Must be properly vented to maintain a temperature between 32° and 104° F.
3.Door must be self-closing and self-locking with group 2 locking devices.
4. Provide suitable lighting in control room with switch located within 18" of lock jamb side
of door.
5. Provide GFCI convenience outlet.
6. Provide 3-phase power supply with circuit breaker or fused disconnect per contract
requirements. Must be lockable in the OPEN position. The feeder wire should be connected
to the controller and properly grounded per N.E.C.
7. Provide 120-volt, 15-amp, single-phase power supply with a fused disconnect or circuit
breaker wired to the elevator controller.

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 CHAPTER-5

5.1 Elevator modernization

Most elevators are built to provide about 30 to 40 years of service, as long as service intervals
specified and periodic maintenance/inspections by the manufacturer are followed. As the
elevator ages and equipment become increasingly difficult to find or replace, along with code
changes and deteriorating ride performance, a complete overhaul of the elevator may be
suggested to the building owners.
A typical modernization consists of controller equipment, electrical wiring and buttons,
position indicators and direction arrows, hoist machines and motors (including door
operators), and sometimes door hanger tracks. Rarely are car slings, rails, or other heavy
structures changed. The cost of an elevator modernization can range greatly depending on
which type of equipment is to be installed.
Modernization can greatly improve operational reliability by replacing mechanical relays and
contacts with solid-state electronics. Ride quality can be improved by replacing motor-
generator-based drive designs with Variable-Voltage, Variable Frequency (V3F) drives,
providing near-seamless acceleration and deceleration. Passenger safety is also improved by
updating systems and equipment to conform to current codes.

Fig.5.1 An elevator test tower

5.2 USES OF ELEVATORS-

1. Passenger service
2.Frieght elevators
3.Sidewalk elevators
4.Stage lifts
5.Vehicle elevators
6.Boat lifts
7.Aircraft elevators

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5.3 SOCIAL IMPACT
Before the widespread use of elevators, most residential buildings were limited to about
seven stories. The wealthy lived on lower floors, while poorer residents–required to climb many
flights of stairs–lived on higher floors. The elevator reversed this social stratification,
exemplified by the modern penthouse suite.
Early users of elevators sometimes reported nausea caused by abrupt stops while descending,
and some users would use stairs to go down. In 1894, a Chicago physician documented
"elevator sickness".
Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel
Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would
press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard
documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about
stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal
space and claustrophobia, and concerns about personal hygiene.

5.4 ELEVATORS FOR URBAN TRANSPORT

Examples:

• Alexandria, Virginia, USA —Public incline elevators connect to Huntington station

• Almada, Portugal: Elevador da Boca do Vento
• Asansor, Izmir, Turkey
• Bad Schandau Elevator in Bad Schandau, Germany
• Barcelona, Spain — Elevator and cableway line connecting the port terminal to Montjuic
hill
• Bilbao — Casco Viejo Bilbao Metro station (fare-paying elevator connecting upper and
lower 37eighbourhoods, as well as the station)
• Brussels — Marolles, Belgium: “Ascenseur des Marolles”, links the upper part of the city
to the lower one, from Place Poelaert to Breughel square.
• Coimbra, Portugal: Elevador do Mercado.

Fig.5.2 Modern Elevator Governor

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CONCLUSIONS
In this project we have learnt how any elevator is fabricated and erection of elevator within the
hoistway of a 6 storied building. We have also studied the different types of controllers and their
purpose. Elevators have not changed substantially in many years and are unlikely to do so in the
near future. Electronic controls will continue to improve in ways that are evolutionary and not
very dramatic. Control systems are being developed that will learn from past traffic patterns and
use this information to predict future needs in order to reduce waiting times. Laser controls are
coming into use, both to gauge car speed and distance, as well as to scan building floors for
potential passengers.

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REFERENCES:
• Kaveri Elevators Vendors and suppliers
• http://www.steelnumber.com/en/equivalent_steel_iron_eu.php?zname_id=7831
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator

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