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Topic Memory: Function of Recitation: Problem

The document discusses measuring memory through the recitation method, describing recitation as reading text aloud which engages both the auditory and visual senses and has been shown to improve learning and recall compared to silent reading alone; an experiment is proposed to test the hypothesis that memorizing with recitation saves time by giving subjects a paragraph to memorize through either reciting aloud or silent reading and measuring their learning times and recall.

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Muhammad Maher
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1K views3 pages

Topic Memory: Function of Recitation: Problem

The document discusses measuring memory through the recitation method, describing recitation as reading text aloud which engages both the auditory and visual senses and has been shown to improve learning and recall compared to silent reading alone; an experiment is proposed to test the hypothesis that memorizing with recitation saves time by giving subjects a paragraph to memorize through either reciting aloud or silent reading and measuring their learning times and recall.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Maher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic

Memory: Function of Recitation


Problem
To measure memory by recitation method

Introduction:
Memory is the mental capacity to store, recall or recognize the events that were
previously experienced. The term memory also refers to what is retained. The term
“remembering” is used to mean either retaining experiences or recalling them.

Most cognitive psychologist memory as a perceptually active mental system that


receives, encodes, modifies and retrieves information. Behaviourists focus only on stimulus input
and response output and neglect what happens between these two. Actually, the associations
formed between stimulus events and responses are themselves units of memory.

An organism without a capacity for memory is not able to profit from experiences
or training. Without memory, we would not know how to shut off the alarm, take a shower,
get dressed or recognize objects. We would be unable to communicate with other people
because we would not remember what the meanings of words are, or even what we have
just said. We would be unaware of our own likes and dislikes (Vorauer and Ross, 1993).
And we would have no idea of who we were in any meaningful sense. (Khilstrom 1993)

Measurement of memory and its types always have been the favourite subject of
psychologists, therefore, according to them remembering involves those processes which
are essential for memory. Basically there appear to be three different memory systems.

1. Sensory information Storage:


This is the first system of the memory which maintains sensory information just long
enough to be used in perceiving, judging and remembering. It usually lasts for less than
half a second. This system has a very limited storage and if required, the material is shifted
on to the short-term memory.

2. Short-Term Memory:
The information received by this system remain in it for very short period i.e. 20 seconds or
slightly more. After that these information either vanish or shifted to next system of
memory.
3. Long-Term Memory:
This system has more permanent and has unlimited capacity of storage. In this system
basic meaning and essence is stored for hours, days, weeks and even for years covering the
whole life and when required with appropriate cues the material is retrieved.

There are different factors which contribute to the process of learning and memory
as well. These factors can be related to the individual, others are rooted in the situation.
Factors regarding the methods of learning are equally important. Learning or memorizing
methods differ according to the age experiences, skill or purpose and the nature of the
content.

Here recitation method will be explained as the demand of the experiment.

Recitation:
Recitation means to read aloud. This method is invariably advantageous, when
learning new material with successive readings or with short intervals. Most individuals
incorporate this procedure in their study habit. After reading for a while, individuals
challenges himself by taking a try at reciting to see how far he has memorized.

The method of learning by recitation is thoroughly sound psychologically. It has


been demonstrated experimentally that recitation is a boon of learning, whether demanded
performance is immediate or delayed recall, whether the material being learned in the sense
or non-sense variety. Recitation provides immediate knowledge of results. It makes nearly
optimal use of the principal of reinforcement. It seems certain that if verbal reproduction of
material is ultimately to be required, it makes good sense to use recitation method.

In recitation auditory sense also helps to receive and then retrieve the content while
reading silently only visual sense is involved. Recitation also helps to improve
concentration, as it has been observed that those who learn Quran-Pak by heart they
maximum use recitation method.

Hypothesis:
Memorizing with Recitation method saves time.

Material:
10 lines paragraph, Stopwatch, paper, pencil

Experimenter:
Write your own name, age and class.
Experimenter:
Write your own name, age and class.

Subject:
The name, age and class of the fellow student who is willing to work as a subject.

Instructions for Experimental Subject:


You will be given a simple paragraph to memorize in 5 to 10 minutes. You have to
read it aloud (recite). When you feel that you have memorized just inform. Then you will
be asked to recall the paragraph. At the end you will write about your feelings and
experience.

Procedure:
Both control and experimental subjects were seated in different places and after
instructions paragraph was given to them. Time was recorded with the help of stopwatch. It
was ensured the experimental groupsubject was reading aloud and control group was
memorizing silently. When control and experimental subjects reported that they had
learned, they that learning time was noted. Their recall was recorded and compared to see
the effect of recitation. At the end of experiment both subject wrote about their experience.

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