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TWO PORT NETWORKS

Introduction:

A port is normally referred to a pair of terminals of a

network through which we can have access to network
either for a source for measuring an output. We have
already seen the methods of calculating current in any part

m
of the network. Frequently the problem is more restricted

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in nature and may be that of calculating the response at a
terminal pair designated as output terminals, when the

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excitation is applied at another terminal pair designated as
input terminals. It is the problem of the external behavior

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of network. The network having only two pairs of terminals such as input and
output terminals through which it is accessible, and also these are called two port

at
networks. We will study the relation between the input and output voltages and
uc
currents and define different sets of two port parameters.

If we relate the voltage of one port to the current of the same port, we get
ed

driving point (input or output) immittance. On the other hand, if we relate the
voltage of one port to the current at another port, we get transfer immittance.
hi

Immittance is a general term used to represent either the impedance or the

admittance of a network. We have discussed the driving point and transfer
ks

immittance of one port network. For one port network we have only driving point
a

impedance / admittance and transfer immittances. A general network with two

pairs of terminals is a very important building block in control systems,
.s

transmission systems, and communication systems.

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General Two Port Networks:

w

We will consider a general two port network composed of linear, bilateral

w

elements and no independent sources. Dependent sources are permitted. It is

represented as a block box accessible terminal pairs as shown in fig.

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m
The terminal pair (1 – 1 ) represent port1 and is called input port or sending end

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and the terminal pair (2 – 2 ) represent port 2 and is called output port or receiving
end. The voltage and current at port 1 are V1, I1 and at port 2 are V2, I2. The

n.
polarities of V1 and V2 and the directions of I1 and I2 are customarily selected as
shown in fig. out of the four variables V1, I1, V2 and I2 only two are independent.

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The other two are expressed in terms of the independent variables in terms of

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network parameters. This can be done in number of ways.
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S.NO NAME of EXPRESSED INTERMS of EQUATIONS
PARAMETERS (dependent) (independent)
1 Open circuit V1 , V2 I1, I2 1 11 12 1
ed

=
Impendence 2 21 22 2
parameters
hi

2 Short circuit I1, I2 V1, V2 1 11 12 1

=
Admittance 2 21 22 2
ks

parameters
3 Transmission V1, I1 V2, I2
a

parameters
(ABCD)
.s

4 Hybrid parameters V1, I2 I1, V2 1 11 12

=
w

(h-parameters) 2 21 22
1
w

2
w

Short circuit Admittance Parameter:

Consider the general two port network and assume that the network is made up
of n loops including the two external loops. If I1, I2, - - - - -, In represent the loop
currents, the network equations in loop method of analysis can be written as ZI = V
i.e.,

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11 12 1 1 1
1 2
21 22 2 = 2= 2 --------
1 2
1 2
--- (1)

By Cramer’s rule we get,

I1 = V1 ( A11 / Dz ) + V2 ( A21 / Dz ) + - - - - -

m
I2 = V1 ( A12 / Dz ) + V2 ( A22 / Dz ) + - - - - - -

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Where Dz is the determinant of the loop impedance matrix [ Z ] and Aij is the
cofactor

n.
Aij = 1 | | !"

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Network is a passive network with no independent sources, so source voltages i.e.,

V3 = V4 = V5 = - - - - - = Vn = 0.
at
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Heance ,
ed

I1 = V1 ( A11 / Dz ) + V2 ( A21 / Dz )

I2 = V1 ( A12 / Dz ) + V2 ( A22 / Dz ) ------------------ (2)

hi

Since the dimensions of (Aij / Dz) is an admittance, we can write equations (2) as
ks

= + # #
a

= + ---------------- (3)
.s

# # ## #

Where = / and = /
w

$ # # $

= / and = /
w

# # $ ## ## $
w

These parameters are called as Admittance (Y) parameters. These can be

determined by equating & # equal to zero i.e. by short circuiting the ports ( 1 )
& ( 2 ). Since each parameter is admittance and is obtained by short circuiting one
of the ports, these parameters are known as short circuit admittance parameters.

The short circuit admittance parameters are obtained by short circuiting one of
the ports and are defined as fallows.

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If port ( 2 ) is short circuited as in fig i.e. # = 0, then

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n.
From equation ( 3 ) we have,

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= / | # = 0 -- short circuit driving point admittance at port ( 1 )

at
# = #/ | # = 0 -- short circuit transfer admittance between port ( 1 ) & (
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2 ) - - - (4)

If port ( 1 ) is short circuited as in fig i.e. = 0, then

ed

# = / # | = 0 -- short circuit transfer admittance between port ( 2 )

hi

&(1)
ks

## = # / # | = 0 -- short circuit driving point admittance at port ( 2 ) -

- - (5)
a

For bilateral networks # = #

.s

Hence the two port network can be described in terms of short circuit parameters
w

as from equation
w

#
= - - - - - (6)
w

# # ## #

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Open Circuit Impedance Parameters:

For the general two port network, consider the nodal equations with n nodes as

# %
# ## #% # = # -------- (i)
% %# %% % %

m
Since there are no sources inside the network except the two current sources and
# at node (1) and node ( 2 ), the remaining current sources & , ----- , % are all set to

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zero.

By Cramer’s rule solving,

n.
=( / ') +( / )

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# ' #

=( #/ ') +( ## / ) ------- (ii)

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# ' #

Where ' , is the determinant of nodal admittance matrix [Y] and is the cofactor
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of ' with ith row and jth column removed from ' .
ed

Since the terms ( / ') has the dimension of impedence

From equation (ii) as fallows,

hi

= +
ks

# #

# = # + ## # ------- (iii)
a

Where =( / ')
.s

=( / )
w

# # '

=( #/ ') and
w

#
w

## =( ## / ' )

These parameters are called impedance parameters. They can be obtained by

equating and # to zero i.e., by open circuiting ports (1) & (2) as shown in fig.

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m
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n.
If port (2) is open circuited that is # = 0 then

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= / | # = 0 driving point impedance at port (1)

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# = # / | # = 0 Transfer impedence between ports (2) & (1) - -
- (iv)
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If port (1) is open circuited that is = 0 then
ed

# = / # | = 0 Transfer impedence between ports (1) & (2)

hi

## = # / # | # = 0 driving point impedence at port (2) - - - - - (v)

ks

For bilateral networks, # = #

Hence the two port network can be described in terms of open circuit impedance
a

parameters as,
.s

#
= - - - - - (vi)
w

# # ## #
w

Relationship between Y and Z Parameters:

w

We can possible to express the relationship between Y and Z parameters and also
vice versa.

From equation (vi), , # expressed as,

(
#
=
# # ## #

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$)) ($),
*+ *+
=
# ,) ,, #
-+ -+

From that we can show that,

(
Z=

m
= ## / '

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# =- # / '

# =- #/ ' and

n.
## =- / '

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Example 1: For the two port network determine Z and Y parameters.
uc
ed
hi
a ks
.s

From the fig, the loop equations are

w

1st loop,
w

+ 2( - I) =
w

3 -2I = ---- (1)

2nd loop,

2 (I- ) + 1 * I + (I + #) (0.5) = 0

-2 + 3.5I + 0.5 # = 0 ----(2)

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3rd loop,

0.5 I + 0.5 # = # ---- (3)

From equation (2), 3.5 I = 2 - 0.5 #

I = (4/7) - (1/7) # ---- (4)

Substitute (4) in (1) & (3)

m
3 - 2 [(4/7) - (1/7) #] =

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(13/7) + (2/7) # = -----(5)

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[(4/7) - (1/7) # + #] 0.5 = #

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(2/7) + (3/7) # = # ------ (6)

at
From equations (5) and (6) write the matrix form,
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& #
1 . . 1
= # &
2 2
ed

. .

& #
hi

11 12 . .
Therefore from that, Z = = # &
21 22
ks

. .

& #(
a

( . .
Y parameters = Y = = # &
.s

. .
w

& (# & (#
. . / /
Solve the above and we get, Y = (7/5) (# = (#
w

& &
. . / /
w

& (#
11 12 / /
Y= = (# &
21 22
/ /

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Example 2: For the given 0-network (delta connected network) determine the
equivalent T- network (star connected network) using two port equations.

T – Network and 0-network show in below fig.

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n.
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The open circuit parameters are determined as given below

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T-network:
ed

Port 2 is open circuited i.e. # =0

hi

= ( + & )
ks

# = &

= / | =0=
a

# + &
.s

# = #/ | # =0= &
w

Port 1 is open circuited i.e. =0

w

# = # ( #+ & )
w

= # &

## = #/ # | =0= #+ &

# = / # | # =0= &

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11 12 1 & &
Therefore Z- parameters of T-network, =
21 22 & # 1 &

0-network:

The short circuit parameters are determined as fallows

Port 2 is short circuited i.e. # =0

m
= ( 2+ 3 )

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# =- 3

n.
= / | # =0= 2+ 3

= / | #= 0= -

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# # 3

Port 1 is short circuited i.e. =0

= ( )
at
# # 2+ 4
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=- # 3
ed

## = #/ # | =0= 4+ 3
hi

# = / # | =0= - 3
ks

11 12 2 1 3 3
The Y parameters of a 0-network = =
21 22 3 4 1 3
a

In order the two networks are equivalent to Z parameters both networks must be
.s

1 & & 1 3
equal. = 2 3 (
1 1
w

& # & 3 4 3

1
w

2 3 3
= (1/ 2 3 + 4 3 + 2 4 )
3 4 1 3
w

& = ( 3/ 2 3 + 4 3 + 2 4 ) = [(1/ 3 )/ (1/ 2 3) + (1/ 4 3) + (1/ 2 4) ]

= 2 4 /( 2+ 3 + 4)

1 & = 4 1 3 /∑ 2 3

= 4/ ∑ 2 3 = 2 3 /( 2+ 3 + 4)

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# 1 & = 2 1 3 /∑ 2 3

# = 2/ ∑ 2 3 = 4 3 /( 2+ 3 + 4)

This gives delta to star conversion, or 0 to T conversion. The star to delta

conversion can also be obtained in a similar way. Express 2 , 3 & 4 interms of
, #& &

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2 1 3 3 1 & # (
=
3 4 1 3 # # 1 &

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1 & #
= (1/ # + # & + & )
1

n.
# # &

3= &/ ∑

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#

Therefore =∑ / = 1 +( / &)

at
3 # & # #

2 1 3 = # + &/ ∑ #
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Similarly, 2 = 1 & +( & / #)
ed

4 = & 1 # +( # &/ )

Example 3: For the fallowing two port network, determine the impedance
hi

parameters
a ks
.s
w
w
w

1 11 12 1
The impedance parameters, =
2 21 22 2

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The loop equations are,

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n.
( 1- I) 2s = 1 ---------- (1)

(I - ) 2s + 5I + (I + )= # ----- (2)

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#

at
s # + (1/s) (I + # )= # ----- (3)

From equation (2)

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(5 + 2s + 1/s) I = 2s - 1/s #
ed

(5 s+ 27 # + 1) I = 27 # - #
hi

#8 )
I= - # ------ (4)
#8 ) /9 #8 ) /9
ks

Substituting for I in equations (1) & (3) we get

a

#8 )
2s – 2s [ - # ]=
#8 ) /9 #8 ) /9
.s

#8 ) #8
w

[2s - ]+ # [#8 ) /9 ]=
#8 ) /9
w

Solve the above and we get the equation,

w

#8 /8 #8
+ # = ------ (5)
#8 ) /9 #8 ) /9

#8 /8 #8
Therefore 11 = 12 =
#8 ) /9 #8 ) /9

From substitute I in equation (3)

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I + (s + ) # = #
8 8

#8 ) 8)
[ - # ]+ # = #
8 #8 ) /9 #8 ) /9 8

#8 8)
+ - # = #
#8 ) /9 8 9 #8 ) /9

#8 #8 : /8 ) &9

m
+ # = #
#8 ) /9 #8 ) /9

co
#8
21 =
#8 ) /9

n.
io
at
uc
ed
hi
a ks
.s
w
w
w

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