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Experiment # 2 Logic Simplification Using Universal Gates: Digital Design LAB

This document describes Experiment #2 from the Digital Design LAB course. The objectives are to study realizing basic logic gates using universal gates and constructing combinational logic functions using only NAND or NOR gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal as any logic function can be implemented using only one type. The experiment involves implementing inverters, AND, OR, XOR gates using NAND and NOR gates on a breadboard and verifying the implementations using truth tables. De Morgan's laws are also tested in the lab work. Exercises are provided to construct an X-NOR gate with NOR and an inverter with XOR.

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Reggie Palaganas
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104 views

Experiment # 2 Logic Simplification Using Universal Gates: Digital Design LAB

This document describes Experiment #2 from the Digital Design LAB course. The objectives are to study realizing basic logic gates using universal gates and constructing combinational logic functions using only NAND or NOR gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal as any logic function can be implemented using only one type. The experiment involves implementing inverters, AND, OR, XOR gates using NAND and NOR gates on a breadboard and verifying the implementations using truth tables. De Morgan's laws are also tested in the lab work. Exercises are provided to construct an X-NOR gate with NOR and an inverter with XOR.

Uploaded by

Reggie Palaganas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Design LAB

Islamic University – Gaza


Engineering Faculty
Department of Computer Engineering
Fall 2012
ECOM 2112: Digital Design LAB
Eng: Ahmed M. Ayash

Experiment # 2

Logic simplification using


Universal Gates

September 23, 2012


1. Objectives:
- To study the realization of basic gates using universal gates.
- Understanding how to construct any combinational logic function
using NAND or NOR gates only.

2. Theory:
AND, OR, NOT are called basic gates as their logical operation cannot be
simplified further.
NAND and NOR are called universal gates as using only NAND or only
NOR, any logic function can be implemented. Using NAND and NOR gates
and De Morgan's Theorems different basic gates & EX-OR gates are
realized.


De Morgan`s Law:
In formal logic, De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical operators "AND"
and "OR" in terms of each other via negation. With two operands A and B:

1. A.B = A + B

2. A+B = A . B

o The NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with the bubble at its inputs
which are as shown.

o The NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with the bubble at its inputs
which are as shown.

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3. Designing the Solution:

 NAND
o IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NAND GATE :

The figure shows two ways in which a NAND gate can be used as an inverter (NOT gate).
1. All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.
2. One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other input
pins are connected to logic 1. The output will be A’.

o IMPLEMENTING AND USING NAND GATE:

An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The
AND is replaced by a NAND gate with its output complemented by a NAND
gate inverter).

o IMPLEMENTING OR USING NAND GATE :

An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure (The OR


gate is replaced by a NAND gate with all its inputs complemented by NAND
gate inverters).

From De Morgan`s law we see that:

Now invert the two sides we get:

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o IMPLEMENTING XOR USING NAND GATE:

 A  B=A'B + AB'

 NOR
o IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NOR GATE:

 The figure shows two ways in which a NOR gate can be used as an inverter
(NOT gate).
 All NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.
 One NOR input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other input
pins are connected to logic 0. The output will be A’.

o IMPLEMENTING OR USING NOR GATE:

 An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The OR is


replaced by a NOR gate with its output complemented by a NOR gate
inverter)

3
o IMPLEMENTING AND USING NOR GATE:

 An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The AND
gate is replaced by a NOR gate with all its inputs complemented by NOR gate
inverters)

From De Morgan`s law we see that:

Now invert the two sides we get:

4. Lab Work:

 Requirements:
IC 7402(NOR), IC 7400(NAND), 7404(NOT), 7408(AND), 7432(OR), KL 33002, power
supply, connecting wires and Breadboard etc.

 Prelab:
1. Derive the truth table and draw a schematic diagram for each experimental part.
2. Write out a logical expression for the output for each circuit connection in your experiment.

Part 1: Implementation using NAND

 Construct (inv, AND, OR, XOR) gates and check its truth table using NAND
ICs(7400) only.

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 Repeat using KL 33002 block b.

Part 2: Implementation using NOR

 Construct (inv, OR, AND) gates and check its truth table using NOR
ICs(7402) only.

 Repeat using KL 33002 block a.

Part 3: De Morgan`s Law


 Test De Morgan`s Law:

a) A.B = A + B using KL3002 block a and block e.

b) A+B = A . B using KL3002 block e and block b.

5. Exercises

a) Construct X-NOR gate using a NOR gate.

b) Build an inverter using XOR gate.

c) Implement the following function with NAND gates only:

F= xy + xy + z

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