STEAM ENGINE

(HISTORY)

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work

using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force
produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth
inside a cylinder. This pushing force is transformed, by
a connecting rod and flywheel, into rotational force for work. The
term "steam engine" is generally applied only to reciprocating
engines as just described, not to the steam turbine.

Steam engines are external combustion engines where the

working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The
ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called
the Rankine cycle.

In general usage, the term steam engine can refer to either

complete steam plants (including boilers etc.) such as
railway steam locomotives and portable engines, or may refer to
the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam
engine and stationary steam engine

 In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a

system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical
energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to

1
 do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working
substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state
temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that
brings the working substance to the high temperature state.
The working substance generates work in the working body
of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it
reaches a low temperature state. During this process some
of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the
properties of the working substance. The working substance
can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it
usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, a lot of heat is
lost to the surroundings and so cannot be converted to work.

 Steam is water in the gas phase, which is formed when

water boils or evaporates. Steam is invisible; however,
"steam" often refers to wet steam, the visible mist or aerosol
of water droplets formed as this water vapour condenses. At
lower pressures, such as in the upper atmosphere or at the
top of high mountains, water boils at a lower temperature
than the nominal 100 °C (212 °F) at standard pressure. If
heated further it becomes superheated steam.

 A connecting rod is a rigid member which connects a

piston to a crank or crankshaft in a reciprocating engine.

2
 Together with the crank, it forms a simple mechanism that
converts reciprocating motion into rotating motion.

 A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to

efficiently store rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes
in rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount
of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square
of its rotational speed and its mass. The way to change a
flywheel's stored energy without changing its mass is by
increasing or decreasing its rotational speed. Since
flywheels act as mechanical energy storage devices, they
are the kinetic-energy-storage analogue to electrical
capacitors, for example, which are a type of accumulator.
Like other types of accumulators, flywheels smooth the
ripple in power output, providing surges of high power
output as required, absorbing surges of high power input
as required, and in this way act as low-pass filters on the
mechanical velocity of the system.

 A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy

from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work
on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was
invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
3
Steam engines

Imagine living off nothing but coal and water and still having
enough energy to run at over 100 mph! That's exactly what a
steam locomotive can do. Although these giant mechanical
dinosaurs are now extinct from most of the world's railroads,
steam technology lives on in people's hearts and locomotives like
this still run as tourist attractions on many heritage railways.

Steam locomotives were powered by steam engines, and

deserve to be remembered because they swept the world through
the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. Steam
engines rank with cars, airplanes, telephones, radio,
and television among the greatest inventions of all time. They are
marvels of machinery and excellent examples of engineering, but
under all that smoke and steam, how exactly do they work?

4
What powers a steam engine?

It takes energy to do absolutely anything you can think of—to ride

on a skateboard, to fly on an airplane, to walk to the shops, or to
drive a car down the street. Most of the energy we use for
transportation today comes from oil, but that wasn't always the
case. Until the early 20th century, coal was the world's favorite
fuel and it powered everything from trains and ships to the ill-fated
steam planes invented by American scientist Samuel P. Langley,
an early rival of the Wright brothers. What was so special about
coal? There's lots of it inside Earth, so it was relatively
inexpensive and widely available.

Coal is an organic chemical, which means it's based on the

element carbon. Coal forms over millions of years when the
remains of dead plants get buried under rocks, squeezed by
pressure, and cooked by Earth's internal heat. That's why it's

5
called a fossil fuel. Lumps of coal are really lumps of energy. The
carbon inside them is locked to atoms of hydrogen and oxygen by
joints called chemical bonds. When we burn coal on a fire, the
bonds break apart and the energy is released in the form of heat.

Coal contains about half as much energy per kilogram as cleaner

fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene—and that's
one reason why steam engines have to burn so much of it.

What is a steam engine?

A steam engine is a machine that burns coal to release the heat

energy it contains—so it's an example of what we call a heat
engine. It's a bit like a giant kettle sitting on top of a coal fire. The
heat from the fire boils the water in the kettle and turns it into
steam. But instead of blowing off uselessly into the air, like the
steam from a kettle, the steam is captured and used to power a
machine.

Step-by-step

It's easiest to see how everything works in our little animation of a

steam locomotive, below. Inside the locomotive cab, you load coal
into the firebox (1), which is quite literally a metal box containing
a roaring coal fire. The fire heats up the boiler—the "giant kettle"
inside the locomotive.
6
The boiler (2) in a steam locomotive doesn't look much like a
kettle you'd use to make a cup of tea, but it works the same way,
producing steam under high pressure. The boiler is a big tank of
water with dozens of thin metal tubes running through it (for
simplicity, we show only one here, colored orange). The tubes run
from the firebox to the chimney, carrying the heat and the smoke
of the fire with them (shown as white dots inside the tube). This
arrangement of boiler tubes, as they are called, means the
engine's fire can heat the water in the boiler tank much faster, so
it produces steam more quickly and efficiently. The water that
makes the steam either comes from tanks mounted on the side of
the locomotive or from a separate wagon called a tender, pulled
behind the locomotive. (The tender also carries the locomotive's

7
supply of coal.) You can see a photo of a tender showing its water
tank further down this page.

The steam generated in the boiler flows down into a cylinder (3)
just ahead of the wheels, pushing a tight-fitting plunger,
the piston (4), back and forth. A little mechanical gate in the
cylinder, known as an inlet valve (shown in orange) lets the steam
in. The piston is connected to one or more of the locomotive's
wheels through a kind of arm-elbow-shoulder joint called a crank
and connecting rod (5).

As the piston pushes, the crank and connecting rod turn the
locomotive's wheels and power the train along (6). When the
piston has reached the end of the cylinder, it can push no further.
The train's momentum (tendency to keep moving) carries the
crank onwards, pushing the piston back into the cylinder the way
it came. The steam inlet valve closes. An outlet valve opens and
the piston pushes the steam back through the cylinder and out up
the locomotive's chimney (7). The intermittent chuff-chuff noise
that a steam engine makes, and its intermittent puffs of smoke,
happen when the piston moves back and forth in the cylinder.

There's a cylinder on each side of the locomotive and the two

cylinders fire slightly out of step with one another to ensure
there's always some power pushing the engine along
8
Types of steam engine

Our diagram shows a very simple, one-cylinder steam engine

powering a steam locomotive down a track. This is called
a rotary steam engine, because the piston's job is to make a
wheel rotate. The earliest steam engines worked in an entirely
different way. Instead of turning a wheel, the piston pushed a
beam up and down in a simple back-and-forth
or reciprocating motion. Reciprocating steam engines were used
to pump water out of flooded coal mines in the early 18th century.

Our diagram shows steam pushing the piston one way and the
momentum of the locomotive driving it the other way. This is
called a single-acting steam engine and it's quite an inefficient

9
design because the piston is being powered only half the time. A
much better (though slightly more complex) design uses extra
steam pipes and valves to make steam push the piston first one
way and then the other. This is called a double-
acting (or counterflow) steam engine. It's more powerful
because steam is driving the piston all the time. If you look closely
at the wheels of a typical steam engine, you'll see that everything
is more complex than we've seen in the simple animation up
above: there's much more machinery than just a single crank and
connecting rod. In fact, there's an intricate collection of shiny
levers, sliding back and forth with meticulous precision. This is
called the valve gear. Its job is to open and close the cylinder
valves at just the right moments to let steam in from either end,
both to make the engine work as efficiently and powerfully as
possible and to allow it to drive in reverse. There are quite a few
different types of valve gear; one of the most common designs is
called the Walschaerts, named for its Belgian inventor Egide
Walschaerts (1820–1901). The tank engine 80104 shown in the
second photo on this page has a Walschaerts-type valve gear,
and so does Eddystone, the locomotive pictured below.

10
The first steam engines were very large and inefficient, which
means it took huge amounts of coal to get them to do anything.
Later engines produced steam at much higher pressure: the
steam was produced in a smaller, much stronger boiler so it
squeezed out with more force and blew the piston harder. The
extra force of high-pressure steam engines allowed engineers to
make them lighter and more compact, and it was this that paved
the way for steam locomotives, steam ships, and steam cars.

11
Did steam really die?

Coal was a cheap and abundant fuel during the early Industrial
Revolution, but the invention of the gasoline engine (petrol

12
engine) in the mid-19th century heralded a new era: during the
20th century, oil overtook coal as the world's favorite fuel. Steam
engines are extremely inefficient, wasting around 80–90 percent
of all the energy they produce from coal. That means they have to
burn enormous amounts of coal to produce useful amounts of
power.

A steam engine is so inefficient because the fire that burns the

coal is totally separate (and often some distance from) the
cylinder that turns the heat energy in the steam into mechanical
energy that powers the machine. This design is called
an external combustion engine because the fire and boiler are
outside the cylinder. It's inefficient because energy is wasted as
the heat and steam travel from the fire, via the boiler, to the
cylinder. Gasoline- and diesel-powered engines are based on a
totally different design called an internal combustion engine.
The gasoline or diesel fuel is burned inside the cylinder, not
outside it, and this makes internal combustion engines
considerably more efficient. (You can read more about internal
and external combustion in our overview of engines.) Oil has
many other advantages too: it's cleaner than coal, makes less air
pollution, and is much easier to transport in pipes.

13
That's largely why steam locomotives disappeared from our
railroads—diesel locomotives were altogether more convenient. It
takes hours to fire up a steam engine before you can use it; you
can get a diesel engine running in less than a minute. Steam
engines disappeared from factories when electricity became a
more convenient way of powering buildings. Who wants to load
coal into a factory every day when they can just flick on switches
to make things work?

But things are not quite what they seem. Steam and coal never
did disappear—not exactly. Where does the electricity we use
come from? It would be great if it all came from renewable
energy (wind turbines, solar panels, and so on), but much of it
still comes from coal, burned in power plants miles away from our
homes and factories. Inside a coal-fired power plant, coal is still

14
burned to make steam, driving windmill-like devices called steam
turbines, which are much more efficient than steam engines. As
they rotate, they turn electromagnetic generators and produce
electricity. So, you see, although steam locomotives have
vanished from our railways, steam power is alive and well—and
just as important as it ever was

Who invented the steam engine... and when?

Here's a brief history of steam power:

 1st century CE: Hero of Alexandria demonstrates a steam-powered

spinning sphere called an aeolipile.

 16th century CE: Italian architect Giovanni Branca (1571–1640)

uses a steam jet to rotate the blades of a small wheel, anticipating the

steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

 1680: Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1693) makes the

first piston engine using a simple cylinder and piston powered by

exploding gunpowder. Huygens' assistant Denis Papin (1648–

c.1712) realizes steam is a better way to drive a cylinder and piston.

15
 1698: Thomas Savery (c.1650–1715) develops a steam-powered

water pump called the Miner's Friend. It's a simple reciprocating

steam engine (or beam engine) for pumping water from mines.

 1712: Englishman Thomas Newcomen (1663–1729) develops a

much better design of steam-powered, water-pumping engine than

Savery and is usually credited with inventing the steam engine. A

Scottish engineer named James Watt (1736–1819) figures out a

much more efficient way of making power from steam after improving

a model of the Newcomen engine. Watt's improvements of

Newcomen's engine lead to the widespread adoption of steam.

 1770: French army officer Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725–1804)

invents a steam-powered, three-wheeled tractor.

 1797: English mining engineer Richard Trevithick (1771–1833)

develops a high-pressure steam version of Watt's engine, paving the

way for steam locomotives.

 1803: English engineer Arthur Woolf (1776–1837) makes a steam

engine with more than one cylinder.

 1804: American industrialist Oliver Evans (1775–1819) invents a

steam-powered passenger vehicle. Like Trevithick, he recognizes the

16
 importance of high-pressure steam and builds more than 50 steam-

powered vehicles.

 1807: American engineer Robert Fulton (1765–1815) runs the first

steamboat service along the Hudson River.

 1819: Steam-powered ocean ship Savannah crosses the Atlantic

from New York to Liverpool in only 27 days.

 1825: English engineer George Stephenson (1781–1848) builds the

world's first steam railway between the towns of Stockton and

Darlington. To begin with, steam locomotives pull only heavy coal

trucks, while passengers are ferried in horse-drawn carriages.

 1830: The Liverpool and Manchester Railway becomes the first to

use steam power for hauling both passengers and freight.

 1882: The prolific American inventor Thomas Edison (1847–1931)

opens the world's first commercial power plant at Pearl Street, New

York. It uses high-speed steam engines to power the electricity

generators.

1884: English engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931) develops the

steam turbine for his high-speed steam boat

17
Coal fired power plant

Coal fired power plants are a type of power plant that make use
of the combustion of coal in order to generate electricity. Their
use provides around 40% of the world's electricity and they are
primarily used in developing countries. Countries such as South
Africa use coal for 94% of their electricity and China and India use
coal for 70-75% of their electricity needs, however the amount of
coal China uses dwarfs most other countries (see the data
visualization below). The use of coal provides access to
electricity to those who previously didn't have it, which helps to
increase quality of life and reduce poverty in those regions,
however it produces large quantities of different pollutants which
reduces air quality and contributes to climate change.

18
A coal fired power plant in England.Note the two tall smoke stacks where
the combustion products go into the atmosphere and the shorter, wider
cooling towers.

Burning huge amounts of coal

Coal plants require enormous amounts of coal. Shockingly: a
1000 MWe coal plant uses 9000 tonnes of coal per day,
equivalent to an entire train load (90 cars with 100 tonnes in
each!). The amount of coal used during a full year would then
require 365 trains, and if each is 3 km long then a single train
carrying all of this coal would need to be about 1100 km long;
about the same distance as driving from Calgary AB to Victoria
BC. If this train were to pass by your house at 40 kilometers per
hour, it would take more than a day to
pass!

A coal train the length of 1100 kilometers, the distance from

Calgary to Victoria, is needed per year for a 1000 MWe coal
fired power plant.

19
The conversion of this coal to the end goal of electricity is a multi-
faceted process:

1. The coal must be unloaded from the train. Traditional ways

of doing this require the use of cranes picking up the coal
from the cars, however newer plants have the floor
underneath the train tracks drop away, allowing the coal to
be dropped into underground containment. Doing so doesn't
even require the train to stop moving. Many coal plants
are mine mouth which means the plant was put where
the coal mine is, so the coal doesn't need to be transported
by train.
2. Once unloaded, the coal is then pulverized into a fine
powder by a large grinder. This ensures nearly complete
burning of the coal in order to maximize the heat given off
and to minimize pollutants.
3. The pulverized coal is then input to a boiler, where
combustion occurs and the coal provides heat to the power
plant. This heat is transferred to pipes containing
high pressured water, which boils to steam.
4. The steam then travels through a turbine, causing it to
rotate extremely fast which in turn spins a generator,
producing electricity. The electricity can then be input to
the electrical grid for use by society.
20
Coal fired power plants follow the Rankine cycle in order to
complete this process. Since they require plenty of water to be
circulated in this cycle, coal power plants need to be located near
a body of water. The process of coal fired plants can be seen
below in Figure 3.

The process of a coal fired power plant to convert coal into

electricity.

Air pollution

The burning of coal releases many pollutants - oxides

of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur (SOx) - and particulate matter. They
also emit greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2)

21
and methane (CH4), which are known to contribute to global
warming and climate change. To help stunt the emission of these,
power plants require technology to reduce the output of these
harmful molecules.

Water Use/Pollution

Large quantities of water are often needed to remove impurities

from coal, in the process is known as coal washing. For instance,
in China, around one-fifth of the water used in the coal industry is
used for this process.This process helps reduce air pollution, as it
eliminates around 50% of the ash content in the coal. This results
in less sulfur dioxide (SOx) being produced, along with less
carbon dioxide (CO2) due to higher thermal efficiencies

When power plants remove water from the environment, fish and
other aquatic life can be affected, along with animals relying on
these sources. Pollutants also build up in the water that power
plants use, so if this water is discharged back into the
environment it can potentially harm wildlife there.

The discharge of water from the power plants and coal washing
requires monitoring and regulation.

22
How Does a Coal Power Plant Work?
More than half of the electricity generated in the world is
by using coal as the primary fuel.

The function of the coal fired thermal power plant is to

convert the energy available in the coal to Electricity.

Coal power plants work by using several steps to convert

stored energy in coal to usable electricity that we find in
our home that powers our lights, computers, and
sometimes, back into heat for our homes.

How Coal Power Plants Produce Electricity

The conversion from coal to electricity takes place in three

stages.

Stage 1
The first conversion of energy takes place in the boiler.
Coal is burnt in the boiler furnace to produce heat. Carbon
23
in the coal and Oxygen in the air combine to produce
Carbon Dioxide and heat.

Stage 2
The second stage is the thermodynamic process.

1. The heat from combustion of the coal boils water in

the boiler to produce steam. In modern power plant,
boilers produce steam at a high pressure and
temperature.
2. The steam is then piped to a turbine.
3. The high pressure steam impinges and expands
across a number of sets of blades in the turbine.
4. The impulse and the thrust created rotates the
turbine.
5. The steam is then condensed and pumped back into
the boiler to repeat the cycle.
Stage 3
In the third stage, rotation of the turbine rotates the
generator rotor to produce electricity based of Faraday’s
Principle of electromagnetic induction.

24
Key Facts About Coal-Fired Electricity Production

In practice to effect these three stages of conversion,

many systems and sub systems have to be in service.
Also involved are different technologies, like combustion,
aerodynamics, heat transfer, thermodynamics, pollution
control, and logistics.

As an example consider these facts for typical coal fired

power plant of capacity 500 MW.

 Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each

year to produce the continuous power.
 Coal combustion in the boiler requires air. Around 1.6
million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air
fans into the furnace.
 The ash produced from this combustion is around
200,000 tons per year.
 Electrostatic precipitators capture almost all of this
ash without dispersing this to the

25
 atmosphere. Pollutants from coal power plantslike
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide
can also affect the environment. Thermal power
plants are the biggest producers of Carbon Dioxide.
 The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around
1600 tons per hour of steam at a temperature of 540
to 600 degrees Centigrade. The steam pressures is in
the range of 200 bar. The boiler materials are
designed to withstand these conditions with special
consideration for operational safety.
 Heat transfer from the hot combustion gases to the
water in the boiler takes place due to Radiation and
convection.
 The Electrical generators carry very large electric
currents that produce heat and are be cooled by
Hydrogen and water.
 The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the
water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler. To
condense all the steam it will require around 50,000
cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated
from lakes, rivers or the sea. The water is returned to
26
 the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees
centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment.
 Apart from the cooling water the power plant also
requires around 400 cubic meter per day of fresh
water for making up the losses in the water steam
cycle.

The boilers of ZBG coal-fired power station have low

original pollutant emissions, high thermal efficiency,
and energy saving.

27
 Capacity:8-440ton
Pressure:≤10MPa
Fuel: bituminous coal, brown coal, anthracite coal,
lean coal,

coal power plant

In the end use of various energy sources around the

world, power is becoming more and more important,
accounting for nearly a quarter of the total. Industrial
demand is the biggest growth point in the power industry,
and electricity is increasingly being used for heating and
transportation. The power plant boiler is the core
equipment of the power station, and is mainly used to
promote the work of the steam turbine in the
thermal power station.

28
coal-fired power plant boilers

In many developing countries, coal power is still the

main force in the power industry. Coal resources still
occupy an important position in the energy structure and
will continue. On the one hand, coal-fired power station
boilers are widely used in thermal power plants, and on
the other hand, they are also used in the reheat
cogeneration industry.

29
coal-fired power station boilers

Considering the
current status of coal
utilization technology
and the higher
requirements for
environmental
protection in the
future, efficient and
clean combustion of coal is inevitable. The boiler of ZBG
coal-fired power station boiler is designed to achieve low
emissions of sulfides and nitrogen oxides during
combustion. The boiler combustion efficiency is about
97% to 99%, the thermal efficiency is high, the fuel
amount is reduced by more than 3%, and the fan power
consumption is saved by more than 20%. It is an efficient
energy-saving device.

30
List of coal power stations (INTERNATIONAL)

The following page lists all coal-fired power

stations (including lignite-fired) that are larger
than 2,000 MW in current net capacity, which are
currently operational or under construction. If station has
also non-coal-fired blocks, only coal-fired capacity is listed.
Those power stations that are smaller than 2,000 MW, and
those that are only at a planning/proposal stage may be
found in regional lists, listed at the end of the page.

31
The Taichung Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant in
Longjing, Taichung, Taiwan. With an installed coal-fired
generation capacity of 5,500 MW, it is the second largest
coal-fired power station in the world, and also the world's
largest emitter of carbon dioxide with approximately 40
million tons annually. Together with its gas-fired and
wind generation units, the total installed capacity of the
plant is 5,824 MW.

Arnot Power Station in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a

coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom. Coal from the
Arnot coal mine directly feeds the station.

32
The Bełchatów Power Station is the world's largest
lignite-fired power station situated near Bełchatów in
Łódź Voivodeship, Poland. It is the largest thermal power
station in Europe, and second largest fossil-fuel power
station in the world. It produces 27–28 TWh of electricity
per year, or 20% of the total power generation in Poland.
The power station is owned and operated by PGE GIEK
Oddział Elektrownia Bełchatów, a subsidiary of Polska
Grupa Energetyczna.

33
Boxberg Power Station is a lignite-fired power station
with three units at Boxberg, near Weißwasser, Saxony,
Eastern Germany. Since the late 1990s, its capacity
amounts to 1,900 MW and was acquired by Vattenfall
Europe, a subdivision of Vattenfall, in 2001. The power
station was sold by Vattenfall to the Czech energy group
EPH and its financial partner PPF Investments on
30 September 2016.

34
Jänschwalde Power Station is located near the village
of Jänschwalde in Brandenburg on the German-Polish
border. The lignite-fired power station has an installed
capacity of 3,000 megawatts and consists of six 500 MW
units. It is the third-largest brown coal power plant in
operation in Germany and is currently owned by EPH,
who took over its ownership from Vattenfall in 2016.

35
Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station is a coal-fired power
station owned and operated by Uniper at Ratcliffe-on-
Soar in Nottinghamshire, England. Commissioned in
1968 by the Central Electricity Generating Board, the
station has a capacity of 2,000 MW.

36
Xuzhou Chacheng power station is a two-unit coal-fired
power plant with a total capacity of 270 MW coal-fired
power plant in Jiangsu Province, China.

The Castle Peak Power Station is the largest coal-fired

power station in Hong Kong. It is situated in Tap Shek
Kok, Tuen Mun District, on the north shore of Urmston
Road. Its name came from the mountain Castle Peak
nearby. The station consists of four 350 MW and four
677 MW generating units, with auxiliary facilities.

37
TPP Nikola Tesla is a power plant complex operated by
Elektroprivreda Srbije, located on the right bank of the
river Sava, approximately 40 km upstream from
Downtown Belgrade, near the city municipality of
Obrenovac. By far the largest one in Serbia, the complex
generates around 16 TWh annually, which covers almost
half of Serbia's needs for electricity. The complex and
two of its plants are named in honor of Nikola Tesla.

38
LIST OF COAL POWER STATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Capacity Coordinate
Station (MW)
Commissioned Community
s

Total 7432 MW

Toledo Power
246 1993 Toledo, Cebu
Corp(Metrobank)

Tokyo Electric
728 1996 Pagbilao, Quezon 13°53′35″N 121°44′42
Power Marubeni ″E

Brgy. Binugao,
Therma South Inc. 300 2015 Toril District,
Davao City

Sultan Energy
200 2012 Sultan Kudarat
Philippines

Sual Power
1294 1999 Sual, Pangasinan
16°6′24″N 120°5′17″E
Station

Villanueva, Misamis
STEAG GMBH 232 2006 Oriental

39
 Malag, Davao
SMI Power Corp. 500 2016
Del Sur

SMC
Consolidated 600 2016 Limay, Bataan 14°56′6″N 120°36′37″
Power Corp E

San
Buenaventura
Power Ltd. Co. 500 2018 Mauban, Quezon 14°13′45″N 121°45′18
Supercritical Coal ″E
Power Plant

PEDC Coal Fired Lapaz,Iloilo City,

167.4
Power Plant Iloilo

Pagbilao Energy
420 2018 Pagbilao, Quezon 13°53′35″N 121°44′42
Corporation PEC ″E

Mariveles Coal- Mariveles Bataa 14°25′21″N 120°32′15

651.6 2013
Fired Power Plant n ″E

Lanao Kauswagan
Kauswagan power 552 2017 ,Lanao Del
station Norte

40
KEPCO-SPC
200 2011 Naga, Cebu
Power Plant

EGCO Group 511 2000 Mauban, Quezon 14°13′45″N 121°45′18

″E

Calaca, 13°55′49″N 120°47′19

DMCI Holdings 600 1984, 1995
Batangas ″E

APEC 50 2006 Mabalacat, Pampanga 15°14′08″N 120°36′37

″E

AES Corp. 600 1998 Masinloc, Zambales 15°34′02″N 119°55′22

″E

 Toledo Power Corp(Metrobank)

own and operate a $450 million (mn) 3 x 82-MW coal-fired
power plant located in Toledo, Cebu utilizing the latest
Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) technology.
 Tokyo Electric Power Marubeni
Marubeni has been playing an active role as an Independent
Power Producer in the Philippines through its investment into four
existing power plants. Upon completion of the Project, Marubeni's

41
power assets in the Philippines will be approximately 4,000MW
(gross), which is one-fourth of the total installed capacity in the
country. With high economic growth, demand for social
infrastructure is expected to increase continuously in the
Philippines. Marubeni is committed to further contribution to the
development of the country through stable and efficient power
supply.

 Therma South Inc.

Davao power station is a coal-fired power plant under development
in Davao del Sur in the Philippines. The 300-megawatt (MW) Phase
I, consisting of two 150 MW units, is under construction. The
proponent of the power station is Therma South, a subsidiary of
listed AboitizPower Corporation. Construction is being managed
by Black & Veatch.

 Sultan Energy Philippines

is a 200-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station owned by San
Miguel Corp’s Sultan Energy Philippines in Sultan Kudarat, the
Philippines.
The plant was planned to come online in 2012, according to the
Oxford Business Group
San Miguel acquired Sultan Energy Philippines Inc. in 2010 for $14.5
million, giving San Miguel control over three coal mines in Sultan
Kudarat, covering a combined area of 17,000 hectares.

42
The project is not listed in the Philippines Department of Energy
August 2013 status list of coal plants under development in Mindanao.
It appears to have been cancelled.

 STEAG GMBH

STEAG's third foreign power plant is located in the north of

the Philippine island of Mindanao and supplies the 22 million
inhabitants of the second largest island in the Philippines with
electricity. The The two-unit power plant produces electricity
from hard coal.

 SMI Power Corp.

Davao San Miguel power station, also known as the Malita power
station, is a 600-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power plant under
development in Davao Occidental Province, Philippines.
Originally the Davao Power Plant project was described as a 300 MW
coal plant consisting of two 150 MW units. In June 2013 San Miguel
Corporation disclosed plans for two additional phases. Phase II, an
additional 300-MW unit, would be completed by 2018; Phase III, two
300 MW units, would be completed in 2019 and 2020.

 SMC Consolidated Power Corp

Limay power station is a 450-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power

station under construction in Limay, Bataan, in the Philippines. A
further 150 MW is under development.

43
San Miguel Corporation (SMC) is currently building the first four units
of a six-unit, three-phase coal-fired power plant with a total planned
capacity of 900 MW in Limay Province

 San Buenaventura Power Ltd. Co. Supercritical Coal

Power Plant

“The SBPL plant will be one of the first facilities in the

Philippines to utilize the supercritical boiler technology leading
to higher efficiency and significant reductions in carbon
dioxide emissions in comparison to traditional boiler
technology
The San Buenaventura power plant is seen to play a crucial
role as electricity demand grows, especially in Luzon which
accounts for about 70 percent of the country’s gross domestic
product.

PEDC coal fired power plant

The facility is owned by Panay Energy Development Corp. (PEDC),
a subsidiary of Global Business Power Corp of GT Capital Holdings,
in Iloilo City, the Philippines. The plant was completed in 2010-11.
PEDC began construction of a 150 MW coal plant expansion of the
station in October 2013. The construction cost of the power plant is
estimated to reach P6.199 billion. The company plans for the plant
to be completed in 2016.The construction project was turned over
to Formosa Heavy Industries in June 2014. Construction is slated to

44
be completed in August 2016, and is expected to cost P15.6 billion,
or $350 million.

Pagbilao Energy Corporation PEC

The Pagbilao Power Station (PPS) is a 735-MW coal-fired
thermal power plant at Isla Grande in Pagbilao, Quezon
Province. Consisting of two generating units (Pagbilao 1
and 2), the power plant is capable of producing a maximum
of 16,800 MWh of electricity daily or over six (6) million
MWh annually. Beginning operations in 1996, its output is
contracted to the Philippine government under a build,
operate and transfer (BOT) scheme which ends in 2025.

Mariveles Coal-Fired Power Plant

Mariveles Coal-Fired Power Plant is a coal power

plant in Mariveles, Bataan. The 600-MW facility was connected to
the Luzon power grid in 2013. The facility was a joint project of
GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant Ltd Co. and AC Energy.

Two additional units are under construction, both with 600-MW

capacity. It is scheduled in early 2016 that the construction of the
first unit which will cost P1 billion will commence.

45
Aboitiz Power Corporation (AP), through their wholly owned
subsidiary Therma Power, Inc. acquired 66.1 percent ownership
interest. It was completed on December 27, 2016.

Lanao Kauswagan power station

GNPower Kauswagan, a joint venture of the Ayala Corporation and
shell company Power Partners Ltd. Co., is building a four-unit coal-
fired power plant with a total planned capacity of 552 MW in Lanao
del Norte Province.In May 2014, Ayala put the cost of the plant at
US $1 billion. In July 2017, the cost of the project to date was
estimated by one observer to be US $2.5 billion

KEPCO-SPC Power Plant

In 2011 Kepco and SPC already partnered for a 200-MW clean
coal-power plant in Colon, city of Naga, Cebu. The power
facility was meant to augment the power supply in the Visayan
grid.

EGCO Group
The project will be one of the first power plants in the country to
utilize efficient supercritical technology. The project will have a
gross output capacity of 500MW of which 455MW will be

46
contracted for sale to the Manila Electric Company (Meralco) on
a long term basis.

DMCI Holdings
The original Calaca power station is a 600-megawatt (MW)
coal-fired power station owned by DMCI Holdings in Calaca, the
Philippines. Units 1 and 2 of the plant, each 300 MW, were
commissioned in 1984 and 1995 respectively. DMCI bought the
plant from the Philippine government in July 2009 for $361
million.

APEC
The power plant was built by Formosa in 2006. At present, it is
running at a dependable capacity of 42 MW and is being fed with
a combination of local and imported coal.
APEC sources its local coal requirements from Semirara Corp.
and its imported coal from Indonesia.

The APEC power plant uses the circulating fluidized bed (CFB)
clean-coal technology.

If the expansion of the APEC pushed through, Bacalla said they

would be utilizing the same technology.

47
Sual Power Station

The Sual power station is a 1,218 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power

station in the Philippines.

The Sual Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant located in Sual,

Pangasinan on the Lingayen gulf with a net contracted capacity of
2x500 MW. This power plant is owned by Team Energy, which is
a joint venture between Marubeni Corporation and Tokyo Electric
Power Corporation.

The Sual Power Plant is the largest coal-fired power plant in the
Philippines [in terms of installed capacity]. It was built pursant to
an ECA with NPC under-year Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
scheme that expires on October 24, 2024. On August 28, 2009,
San Miguel Energy Corporation (SMEC) successfully bid for the
appointment to be the IPPA for the Sual Power Plant and
received a notice of award on September 1, 2009. SMEC
assumed administration of the Sual Power Plant on November 6,
2009 in accordance with an IPPA agreement entered into with
PSALM.

48
REFERENCES:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-fabricating/steam-engine-
history/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coal_power_stations

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_plants_in_the_Philippines

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/technology-terms-and-
concepts/steam-engine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

https://www.explainthatstuff.com/steamengines.html

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Coal_fired_power_plant

https://www.zgboilers.com/power/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coal_power_stations

49