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Abstract— With rapid urbanization in India, cities are going through an eccentric transformation with an immense inflow of population from rural ar
housing shortage especially in economically weaker and lower income categories. The government had launched large scale affordable housing pr
JnNURM, PMAY(U) and several state level schemes have been implemented to resolve this issue by providing housing under subsidiary prices. Sinc
of these categories are very low, housing constructed under these schemes are characterized by less carpet area, uncomfortable infrastructure an
environment. It should be taken care by governments to provide adequate housing for all keeping in view of its livability, sustainability and afforda
green technologies. This paper studies the various affordable housing schemes in India and challenges faced in implementing of it and reviews a p
society comparing its merits and demerits in terms of sustainability aspects like construction technologies, material usage and come up with soluti
of it. Keywords— Affordability, infrastructure, livability, sustainable urbanization. I. INTRODUCTION According to the 2011 Census, the population o
1,210 million, out of which, approximately 377 million (approximately 31%) lived in urban areas. It is projected that by 2041, 50% of the total popu
urban areas. (Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2011). The rising population growth in urban areas in the recent years had created
deficiencies and increased congestion in traffic. Provision for basic amenities like water, electricity and open spaces has become a major challenge
approximately 30 million additional houses will be required by 2020 for the growing urban population in India. Approximately 99% of the housing s
economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income groups (LIG) of the urban population and only a small portion of the housing shortage (appr
housing the middle and higher income groups (MIG & HIG). In India, private real-estate developers typically build housing projects for the middle a
and the government provides housing for the economically weaker and lower income segments for welfare purposes. Several policies and methods
and State Governments have delivered affordable housing for the economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income groups (LIG) of the popul
housing policies specify certain criteria’s like income levels, minimum size and number of units, extent of subsidies, list of basic amenities etc. (LaS
differ from program to program and lack consistency with respect to the minimum requirements for income and development standards. Given the
for the economically weaker (EWS) and lower income (LIG) segments and the problems of land shortage, congestion in traffic and competence of b
electricity and open spaces, there is a necessity to develop minimum standards that will use the available resources efficiently and that can be dep
for providing housing for the economically weaker segments (EWS) and lower income groups (LIG) of the urban population. II. AFFORDABILITY 1) W
Affordability in terms of housing can be coined as the ratio of price/ rent of housing to income level of the household. The ratio differs for different
Economically weaker sections or lower income groups can afford to pay much lesser proportion of their income for housing than that of higher inco
2009) Figure 1: Affordability Ratio of Different Income Groups Source: Parekh Committee, D. (2008). Affordable housing for all. EWS and LIG catego
separated out since in most government and institutional programs these are taken as separate categories. Keeping the affordability ratio for LIG a
Parekh Committee, the ratio for EWS is lowered to not more than 20 per cent for EMI/rent and 3 times household’s gross annual income for cost of
There is another category of urban poor which is also or should be part of government’s comprehensive policy of providing affordable housing for a
Line (BPL). This category needs to be considered distinctly and not as part of economically weaker sections (EWS). The affordability level of househ
would be not more than 5 per cent of the household’s income. The income categories and affordability levels defined by the Government of India c
follows: Figure 2: Income classifications and capacity to afford EMI/ Rent per month Source: Parekh Committee, D. (2008). Affordable housing for a
be defined not only in terms of renting a house or purchase price of the house (in case of possession of a house) but must also comprise other cha
charge, taxes etc.) payable at the time of purchase/renting of the house as also recurring cost over the lifetime of stay in the house. These would i
maintenance cost, etc., One may also include cost of commuting to work place or other places of different members of family. (Wadhwa, 2009) 2)
The Indian Government has articulated many policies for housing especially since 1980`s including the National Housing Policy of 1988 (Appendix
bodies like the National Housing Bank (NHB) and Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) had been created to facilitate the implemen
The first policy specific to urban housing was the National Urban Housing and Habitat policy in 2007(Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Allevia
affordable housing as a key objective for sustainable urban development. Following this, many programs specific to affordable housing have since
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (MoHUPA,2015): It aimed to construct 1.5 Million houses for the urban poor in the mission period
mission cities. Two policies under JnNURM targeted housing. Integrated Housing and Slum Redevelopment Programme is a direct housing policy m
Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) aims at providing entitlements such as security of tenure, affordable housing, and services such as water
education and social security to low income segments b) Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) (MoHUPA, 2013): A market solution-based approa
players. c) Rajiv Awas Yojana (MoHUPA, 2012): This programme aimed at providing affordable housing to the urban poor. d) Pradhan Mantri Awas Y
2015, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was rolled over into the Housing for All (HFA) by 2022 policy. This report analyses the RAY and HFA 2022 policies af
framework for sustainable policies for addressing the problem of affordable housing. III. HOUSING IN INDIA 2.1 Housing in India: Housing in India is
economic and cultural diversity of its population and diverse climatic conditions across India. One of the urbanization challenges in India has been
housing between the affluent, middle-income and low-income segments of the population. Most of the economically weaker segments of the urban
slums. A “slum” is typically a heavily populated urban area with substandard housing. They could be vast informal settlements with buildings varyi
well-maintained structures. Often, they lack basic services. They are becoming the most visible manifestation of urban poverty in India and the dev
(UNHabitat, April, 2007) 2.2 Current Affordable Housing Programs – A Snapshot: A number of housing policies for the economically weaker (EWS) a
(LIG) and local byelaws for various townships were reviewed for criteria and requirements for housing for the economically weaker and lower incom
policies and byelaws specify the following for these housing developments: • minimum plot area and width • minimum carpet area or floor area •
foot or per unit • minimum amount of subsidy for each unit • income criteria for various types of units • percentage of land or FAR to be reserved f
developments • maximum density and maximum size of the housing development • amenities and facilities like water supply, sewage facilities etc
The requirements and criteria are varied and differ from policy to policy and state to state. There are no consistent eligibility criteria or requiremen
developments. The minimum floor areas and the minimum size of a unit vary from policy to policy. 2.3 Current Affordable Housing Programs – Mini
Units: The National Building Code recommends the following minimum sizes of a habitable EWS/LIG dwelling unit (du): EWS (Economically Weaker
carpet area LIG (Lower Income Group) – 28-40 sq.m carpet area Carpet Area is defined as the area between the walls. Built-up Area is defined as th
occupied by walls, doors of the unit. Super built-up Area is defined as Carpet area + terrace + balconies + areas occupied by walls + area occupie
construction (e.g. lift, stairs, club house, etc.). Generally, builders use loading factor on carpet area to arrive at super built-up area. Saleable Area i
area. Gross Floor Area (GFA) is a real estate term referring to the total floor area inside the building envelope, including the external walls, and exc
Challenges of providing housing programs: Most of the housing programs include an inclusive approach to providing housing and basic services for
economically weaker sections. Due to the various problems faced by these groups, there is low utilization of existing services and programs availa
Often there are delays in project implementation and delays in rehabilitating the existing population and convincing the existing population to shift
Often, the beneficiaries preferred to rent out the units they were allotted. The allotment of the units depends on the ability to access entitlements
Often, the allotments are not equitable. Few factors which are influential in rise of prices in affordable housing are: a) Scarcity of land: The high po
urbanization, and poorly conceived regulations have created shortage in land parcels capable of development. This is worsened by excessive contr
of cities and difficulties in land recycling, which results in a push toward the periphery. Land acquisition has been a thorny issue, giving rise to land
encroachments, reducing availability of land at an affordable price. b) Rising costs: Both land and construction costs have increased, compounded
construction materials and labor. Financing affordable housing is constrained because of different construction indices and incomes across the cou
angle, obtaining finance is difficult even if the customers have regular incomes when they are employed in the unorganized sector or lack income p
loan process. c) Scarcity of marketable land parcels: Large tracts of centrally located urban land are owned by public entities such as the railways,
authorities. These are non-marketable pockets and lend themselves to the proliferation of slums and squatter settlements as the authorities are of
their holdings. Further, scattered and poorly planned settlements make it difficult to provide land for mass housing. Property buyers take many fac
quality and cost into consideration, such as basic utilities, connectivity, infrastructure and so on.
Sources

Engineers For A Cause - Low-Cost-HousingCompare text

while keeping the affordability ratio for lig and mig as given by the parekh committee, the ratio for ews is lowered to not more than 20 per cent for emi/rent and 3 times househo
gross annual income for cost of house. there is another category of urban poor which is also (or ought to be)...
https://www.slideshare.net/amitabhcontact/engineersfor-a-cause-lowcosthousing

affordable housing policy.pdf | Affordable Housing | SlumCompare text

w. it focused on affordable housing as a key objective for sustainable urban development. health and education and social security to low-income segments  affordable housing
partnership (ahp)(mohupa. the “cost of improper regulation” and of poor governance. this percentage is very...
https://www.scribd.com/document/343850416/affordable-housing-policy-pdf

Housing | Parks | WildernessCompare text

...the policies and byelaws specify the following for these housing developments: .3 26.6 42 21.maximum density and maximum size of the housingplotted housing (plots above
sq.25 . district centre.50 – 1. government and semigovernment offices. extensive industry open space 1.the...
https://www.scribd.com/document/253748466/Housing

How is saleable area calculated? What is super built-up area?Compare text

super built-up area: carpet area + terrace + balconies + areas occupied by walls + area occupied by common/shared construction (e.g. lift, stairsbuilders apply different models
arrive at saleable area. the methods used by builder can result into as high as 20% to 25% increase in the effective rate.
http://www.fijiprojects.co.in/blog/government/how-is-saleable-area-calculated-what-is-super-built-up-area/

construction area | WordReference ForumsCompare text

...the internet, "the gross construction area (gca) or total floor area of potential buildings is 250,000 square meters for the entire plot and 197,800 squaregross floor area (gfa) is
real estate term referring to the total floor area inside the building envelope, including the external walls, and...
https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/construction-area.3003001/

Dr. Kalpana Gopalan IAS, PhD: AFFORDABLE HOUSING: AN...Compare text

financing affordable housing is constrained because of different construction indices and incomes across the country. from the customer’s angle, obtaining finance is difficult eve
they have regular incomes; in case they are employed in the unorganized sector or lack income proof...
http://www.academia.edu/5840081/Dr._Kalpana_Gopalan_IAS_PhD_AFFORDABLE_HOUSING_AN_ACADEMIC_PERSPECTIVE_ON_POLICY_AND_PRACTICE_IN_INDIA._18.01.2013

Affordable housing: Policy and practice... (PDF Download Available)Compare text

these are non-. marketable pockets, and lend themselves to the proliferation of slums andsettlements as the authorities are often unable to monitor their holdings. scattered and
poorly.location choice. these complexities point to the need for a comprehensive and holistic concept of ah.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277727508_Affordable_housing_Policy_and_practice_in_India