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Select Join Create database Avg

Distinct Inner Join Create table Count
Where Left Join Create index Max
And - OR Right Join Create view Min
Order By Full Join Increment Sum
Group By Union Drop Mid
Having TOP Alter table Len
Like Wildcard Add column Round
Insert IN Alter column Now
Update Between Rename column UCase
Delete ISNULL Drop column LCase
Select
Select Syntax:
SELECT column(s)FROM table ;
SELECT * FROM table ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 300
3 800
4 300

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 300
3 800
4 300

Example 2:
SELECT price FROM store;

PRICE
100
300
800
300

Distinct
Distinct Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 400
3 800
4 400

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT price FROM store;

PRICE
100
400
800

Where
Where Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 200
2 500
3 900
4 500

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
2 500
4 500

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price > 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
3 900

And & OR
Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE name='B' AND price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

2 500 B

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE name='B' OR price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

2 500 B
4 500 D

Example 3:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price = 900 AND (name='A' OR name='C');

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

3 900 C

Order By
Order By Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store ORDER BY price, name;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
2 500 B
4 500 D
3 900 C

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store ORDER BY name DESC;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

4 500 D
3 900 C
2 500 B
1 200 A
Group By
Group By Syntax:
SELECT column_name1, aggregate_function(column_name2)

FROM table GROUP BY column_name1

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE TYPE
1 200 LOW
2 500 MEDIUM
3 900 HIGH
4 500 MEDIUM

Example:
SELECT type, SUM(price) FROM store GROUP BY type;

TYPE PRICE
LOW 200
MEDIUM 1000
HIGH 900

Having
Having Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s), aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM my_table
WHERE condition {optional}
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING (aggregate_function condition)
Having Example:
Sales table:

ID PRICE CUSTOMER
1 200 David
2 500 Linda
3 900 Tom
4 500 David
5 1200 Ellen
6 1200 Linda

SELECT customer, SUM(price)

FROM sales
GROUP BY customer
HAVING SUM(price) > 1000

Having Result:
customer SUM(price)
Linda 1700
Ellen 1200

Like
Like Syntax:
SELECT column(s) FROM table WHERE column LIKE pattern

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 21
2 Samantha 22
3 Tom 23
4 James 24
5 Sandra 24

Like Example 1:
Find the employee names that contain letters: am.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE '%am%';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
2 Samantha 22
4 James 24

Like Example 2:
Find the employee names that begin with: J.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'J%';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 21
4 James 24

Like Example 3:
Find the employee names that end with: a.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE '%a';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
2 Samantha 22
5 Sandra 24

Insert into
Insert into Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, ...)

OR

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...)

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
INSERT INTO store VALUES (5, 600, 'E');

Example 2:
INSERT INTO store(object_id, price, name) VALUES (6, 400, 'F');

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D
5 600 E
6 400 F

Update
Update Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1, column2 = new_value2,... WHERE
{condition}
IF you don't put the {condition} then all records on the updated column will be
chenged.

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
UPDATE store SET price = 300 WHERE object_id=1 AND name='A';

SELECT * FROM store WHERE object_id=1 AND name='A';

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 300 A

Example 2:
UPDATE store SET price = 1000, name = 'Y' WHERE object_id=3;

SELECT * FROM store WHERE object_id=3;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

3 1000 Y

Delete
Delete Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE {condition}

IF you don't put the {condition} then all the records from the table will be erased.

Store table:
 OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example:
DELETE FROM store WHERE price=500;

SELECT * FROM store;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
3 900 C

Join
Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, b.book_id, b.price
FROM students s, books b
WHERE s.student_id = b.student_id
AND b.price > 90 ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV
Books table:
BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Join Result:
STUDENT_ID NAME BOOK_ID PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 4 100
2 STUDENT_2 5 120
3 STUDENT_3 7 200
2 STUDENT_2 8 150

Inner Join
Inner Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, SUM(b.price)
FROM students s INNER JOIN books b
ON s.student_id = b.student_id
GROUP BY b.price ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV

Books table:
 BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Inner Join Result:

STUDENT_ID NAME PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 140
2 STUDENT_2 320
3 STUDENT_3 270
4 STUDENT_4 90

Left Join
Left Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, b.price
FROM students s LEFT JOIN books b
ON s.student_id = b.student_id
ORDER BY s.student_id ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV
5 STUDENT_5 I
6 STUDENT_6 IV

Books table:
 BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Left Join Result:

STUDENT_ID NAME PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 40
1 STUDENT_1 100
2 STUDENT_2 50
2 STUDENT_2 120
2 STUDENT_2 150
3 STUDENT_3 70
3 STUDENT_3 200
4 STUDENT_4 90
5 STUDENT_5
6 STUDENT_6

Right Join
Right Join Example:
SELECT * FROM employee e RIGHT JOIN department d
ON e.DEP_ID = d.DEP_ID
ORDER BY d.DEP_ID ;

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24
5 EMPLOYEE_5

Department table:
DEP_ID DEP_NAME
21 DEP_21
22 DEP_22
23 DEP_23
24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Right Join Result:

EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID DEP_ID DEP_NAME
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21 21 DEP_21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22 22 DEP_22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23 23 DEP_23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24 24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Full Join
Full Join Example:
SELECT * FROM employee e FULL JOIN department d
ON e.DEP_ID = d.DEP_ID
ORDER BY e.employee_id ;

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24
5 EMPLOYEE_5

Department table:
 DEP_ID DEP_NAME
21 DEP_21
22 DEP_22
23 DEP_23
24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Full Join Result:

EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID DEP_ID DEP_NAME
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21 21 DEP_21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22 22 DEP_22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23 23 DEP_23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24 24 DEP_24
5 EMPLOYEE_5
25 DEP_25

Union
Union Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_a
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_b

Union All Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_a
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_b

Employee_a Employee_b
id name id name
1 Martin 1 David
2 Carol 2 Barbara
3 Davis 3 Carol
4 Sandra 4 Sandra

UNION Example:
SELECT * FROM employee_a UNION SELECT * FROM employee_b;

UNION Result:
1 Martin
2 Carol
3 Davis
4 Sandra
1 David
2 Barbara
3 Carol

UNION ALL Example:

SELECT * FROM employee_a UNION ALL SELECT * FROM employee_b;

UNION ALL Result:

1 Martin
2 Carol
3 Davis
4 Sandra
1 David
2 Barbara
3 Carol
4 Sandra

TOP
TOP Syntax:
SELECT TOP number column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT TOP percent column_name(s) FROM table_name

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24

TOP number Example:

SELECT TOP 3 * FROM employee;

TOP Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23

TOP percent Example:

SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM employee;

TOP Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22

Wildcard
Wildcard Definition
% Represents zero or more characters
_ Represents exactly one character
[char list] Represents any single character in charlist
[^char list]
Represents any single character not in
or
charlist
[!char list]

Students table:
ID NAME STATE
1 Tom Arizona
2 Martin Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Tania California
5 Harry Colorado

_ Wildcard Example:
Select the student with a name that starts with any character, followed by "ar".
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '_ar';

_ Wildcard Result:
ID NAME STATE
2 Martin Texas
5 Harry Colorado

[char list] Wildcard Example:

Select the student with a name that starts with any character from char list.
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '[tma]%';

[char list] Wildcard Result:

1 Tom Arizona
2 Martin Texas
4 Tania California

[!char list] Wildcard Example:

Select the student with a name that do not starts with any character from char list.
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '[!tma]%';

[!char list] Wildcard Result:

3 Helen Florida
5 Harry Colorado
In
In Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN
(value1,value2,value3,...)

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 33
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36
5 Sandra 37

In Example:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name IN ('Samantha', 'Bill', 'Sandra');

In Result:
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
5 Sandra 37

Between
Between Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN
value_a AND value_b
Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 33
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36
5 Sandra 37

Between Example:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dep_id BETWEEN 34 AND 36;

Between Result:
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36

ISNULL
ISNULL Syntax:
SELECT ISNULL(column_name,0) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 100 A
2 B
3 600 C
4 D

ISNULL Example:
SELECT id, ISNULL(price,0), name FROM store;

ISNULL Result:
 ID PRICE NAME
1 100 A
2 0 B
3 600 C
4 0 D

Create Table
Create Database Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE database_name

Create Database Example:

CREATE DATABASE new_dba;

Create Table
Create Table Syntax:
CREATE TABLE new_table
(
column_name_1 datatype,
column_name_2 datatype,
....
column_name_n datatype
);

Create Table Example:

CREATE TABLE sales
(
id int,
price int,
name varchar(50)
);
Create Index
Create Index Syntax:
CREATE INDEX my_index
ON my_table (column_name)

Create Unique Index Syntax:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX my_index
ON my_table (column_name)

Create View
Create View Syntax:
CREATE VIEW my_view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM my_table_name
WHERE condition

Create View Example:

Sales table:

ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

CREATE VIEW sales_view AS

SELECT id, price, name
FROM sales
WHERE price=500;

Create View Result:

 ID PRICE NAME
2 500 B
4 500 D

Increment
Identity Syntax:
CREATE TABLE new_table
(
column_name_1 PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
column_name_2 datatype,
....
column_name_n datatype
);

Identity Example:
CREATE TABLE sales
(
id int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
price int,
name varchar(50)
);

Drop
Drop Table Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;

Drop Database Syntax:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Drop Index Syntax:

DROP INDEX table_name.index_name;

Truncate Table Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Alter Table
Alter Table
Add Column
Alter Column
Rename Column
Drop Column

Add Column
Add Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data_type

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)

Add Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee ADD (dep_id int, address varchar(100));

Add Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(100)

Alter Column
Alter Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name data_type

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(100)

Alter Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee ALTER COLUMN address varchar(400);

Alter Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)

Rename Column
Rename Column Syntax:
EXEC sp_rename 'Table.Old_Column', 'New_Column', 'COLUMN'

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)
Rename Column Example:
EXEC sp_rename 'employee.address', 'new_address', 'COLUMN' ;

Rename Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
new_address varchar(400)

Drop Column
Drop Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)

Drop Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN address;

Drop Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
AVG
AVG Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

AVG Example:
SELECT AVG(price) FROM store;

AVG Result:
525

Count
Count Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name
Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Count Example 1:
SELECT COUNT(id) FROM store WHERE price=500;

Count Result: 2
Count Example 2:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM store;

Count Result: 4

Max
Max Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Max Example:
SELECT MAX(price) FROM store;
Max Result: 900

Min
Min Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Min Example:
SELECT MIN(price) FROM store;

Min Result: 200

Sum
Sum Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
 ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Sum Example:
SELECT SUM(price) FROM store;

Sum Result: 2100

Mid
Mid Syntax:
SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

Mid Example:
SELECT state, MID(state,1,4) FROM students;

Mid Result:
State MID(state,1,3)
Arizona Ari
Texas Tex
Florida Flo
California Cal
Len
Len Syntax:
SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

Len Example:
SELECT state, LEN(state) FROM students;

Len Result:
State LEN(state)
Arizona 7
Texas 5
Florida 7
California 10

Round
Round Syntax:
SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimal precision) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 25.845 A
2 26.97 B
3 27.9 C
4 28.34 D

Round Example 1:
SELECT id, ROUND(price,1) FROM store;

Round Result:
ID PRICE
1 25.8
2 26.9
3 27.9
4 28.3

Round Example 2:
SELECT id, ROUND(price,0) FROM store;

Round Result:
ID PRICE
1 26
2 27
3 28
4 28

Now
Now Syntax:
SELECT NOW() FROM my_table

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 25.845 A
2 26.97 B
3 27.9 C
4 28.34 D

Now Example:
SELECT id, price, NOW() as PriceDate FROM store;

Now Result:
Id Price PriceDate
1 25.845 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
2 26.97 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
3 27.9 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
4 28.34 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM

UCase
UCase Syntax:
SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

UCase Example:
SELECT name, UCASE(name) FROM students;

UCase Result:
Name UCASE(name)
Tom TOM
Linda LINDA
Helen HELEN
Robert ROBERT

LCase
LCase Syntax:
SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

LCase Example:
SELECT name, LCASE(name) FROM students;

LCase Result:
Name LCASE(name)
Tom tom
Linda linda
Helen helen
Robert robert

Resources:
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