STUDYPIVOT.

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16 d

Logarithms

1 d 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a Logarithms
6 b 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 c
1. (d) It is obvious.
11 d 12 c 13 d 14 b,c 15 c 2. (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by definition
3x 2
16 c 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 c 5+
(2 2 )x = 325 4  (2.21 / 2 ) x = 25.2 2 / 5 ;  2 2 = 2 5

21 b 22 c 23 a 24 c 25 b
3 27
Here, by equating the indices, x=
26 a 27 a 28 c 29 a,b,c,d 30 b 2 5
31 a,b,c 32 a 33 a 34 a 35 b 18
x = = 3.6 .
5
36 b 37 c 38 a 39 b 40 b
3. (c) Suppose, if possible, log 2 7 is rational, say p / q where
p and q are integers, prime to each other.
Indices and Surds
p
Then, = log 2 7  7 = 2 p / q  2 p = 7q ,
1 a 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 a q
6 c 7 d 8 c 9 a 10 d which is false since L.H.S is even and R.H.S is odd.
11 c 12 c 13 d 14 b 15 d
Obviously log 2 7 is not an integer and hence not a
prime number.
16 a 17 a 18 d 19 b 20 a,d
log 28 log 7 + log 4
21 b 22 c 23 a,b 24 b,c 25 a,c,d 4. (b) log 49 28 = =
log 49 2 log 7
26 c 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 c
log 7 log 4 1 1
31 a 32 b 33 a 34 d 35 b = + = + log 7 4
2 log 7 2 log 7 2 2
36 b 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 d
1 1 1 1 1 + 2m
41 b 42 b 43 d 44 d 45 b = + .2 log 7 2 = + log 7 2 = + m =
2 2 2 2 2
46 a
a+b 1
5. (a) log e   = (log e a + log e b)
 2  2
Partial fractions
1
= log e (ab) = log e ab
1 b 2 a,d 3 c 4 c 5 a 2
a+b
6 a 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 c  = ab  a + b = 2 ab
2

( a − b)
11 a,c 12 d 13 b 14 a 15 c 2
 =0  a− b =0  a=b.
16 d 17 c 18 b,c 19 a 20 c
6. (b) Since 10, 3, e, 2 are in decreasing order.
21 b 22 d 23 b 24 b 25 a
Obviously, log10 , log 3 , loge , log 2  are in
26 d 27 b 28 d 29 d 30 a increasing order.
31 a,d 32 b 33 d  ab 
11. (b) log ab − log | b |= log  = log | a |.

 | b |
Critical Thinking Questions
12. (c) log 02.5 4 = {log 0.5 (0.5)−2 }2 = (−2)2 = 2 .
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 b 13. (b) log 3 4. log 4 5. log 5 6. log 6 7. log7 8. log 8 9
6 a,b,d 7 a,b 8 b 9 a 10 a log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9 log 9
= . . . . . =
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 a log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 3
= log 3 9 = log 3 3 2 = 2 .
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25. (b) a x = b  x log a = log b

14. (c) log7 log7 7 7 7 = log7 log7 77 / 8 = log7 (7 / 8)
log b
 x= = log a b
= log 7 7 − log 7 8 = 1 − log 7 23 = 1 − 3 log 7 2 . log a
Similarly y = log b c, z = log c a
(1 / log5 3) log9 36 4 / log7 9
15. (d) 81 + 27 +3  xyz = log a b. log b c. log c a = 1 .
1
= 3 4 log3 5 +
3. log3 36
3 2 + 3 4 log9 7 26. (c) y = 312  28  log10 y = 12 log10 3 + 8 log10 2
4 3/ 2 4/2
= 3log3 5 + 3log3 36 + 3log3 7 = 12  0.47712 + 8  0.30103
= 5 4 + 36 3 / 2 + 7 2 = 890 . = 5.72544 + 2.40824 = 8.13368
 16 25 81  7 5 3  Number of digits in y = 8 + 1 = 9.
16. (c) Given expression = log 7 . 5 . 3  = log 2 .
 15 24 80 
n 1 n n n
27. (a)  =  log a 2n =  n log a 2 = log a 2.  n
1 n =1 log 2n (a) n =1 n =1 n =1
17. (d) ab = log 4 5. log 5 6 = log 4 6 = log 2 6
2 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
1 = log a 2. = log a 2 .
ab = (1 + log 2 3)  2ab − 1 = log 2 3 2 2
2
1 28. (c) log 7 log 5 ( x 2 + 5 + x ) = 0 = log 7 1
 log 3 2 = .
2ab − 1  log5 (x 2 + 5 + x)1 / 2 = 1 = log5 5
18. (b,c) log k x. log 5 k = log x 5  log 5 x = log x 5
 (x 2 + 5 + x)1 / 2 = 5
1
 log x 5 =  (log x 5)2 = 1  log x 5 = 1
log x 5  (x 2 + x + 5) = 25  x 2 + x − 20 = 0
1  (x − 4)(x + 5) = 0  x = 4, − 5  x = 4 .
 x  1 = 5  x = 5, .
5 1 1
29. (b) log 4 18 = log 2 (3 2.2) = (2 log 2 3 + log 2 2)
19. (c) log 5 a. log a x = 2  log 5 x = 2  x = 5 2 = 25 . 2 2
20. (c) a 2 + 4b 2 = 12ab 1
= log 2 3 + , which is irrational.
 a 2 + 4b 2 + 4ab = 16ab  (a + 2b)2 = 16ab 2
 2 log(a + 2b) = log 16 + log a + log b  0.1 
2 log20  
1
log 20 (0.1+ 0.01+......)  1   1− 0.1 
30. (a) (0.05) = 
 log(a + 2b) = [log a + log b + 4 log 2]  20 
2
21. (c) A = log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2 log 2 1 / 2 2 = 20 −2 log20 (1 / 9) = 20 2 log20 9 = 20log20 9 = 9 2 = 81 .
2

1 31. (a) [log b a. log c a − log a a] + [log a b. log c b − log b b]

= log 2 log 2 log 4 4 4 + 2  log 2 2
(1 / 2)
+[loga c logb c − log c c] = 0
= log 2 log 2 4 + 4 = log 2 log 2 2 2 + 4
1
= log 2 2 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5 .  [(ln a)3 + (ln b)3 + (ln c)3 ] −3=0
ln a. ln b. ln c
2 2
22. (d) log 1000 x 2 = log 10 3 x 2 = 2 log 10 3 x = log 10 x = y . 
1
[(ln a)3 + (ln b)3 + (ln c)3 − 3 ln a. ln b. ln c] = 0
3 3 ln a. ln b. ln c
23. (b) x = log a bc  1 + x = loga a + loga bc = loga abc
 (ln a)3 + (ln b)3 + (ln c)3 − 3 ln a. ln b. ln c = 0
 (1 + x)−1 = log abc a
 ln a + ln b + ln c = 0
 (1 + x)−1 + (1 + y)−1 + (1 + z)−1 = logabc a + logabc b + logabc c
 ln(abc) = ln 1, [a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0
= log abc abc = 1 .
 a + b + c = 0] ,  abc = 1 .
log 12 2 log 2 + log 3
24. (c) a = log 24 12 = = log 27 3 log 3 2a log 2
log 24 3 log 2 + log 3 32. (c) a= =  log 3 =
3 log 2 + log 3 log 12 log 3 + 2 log 2 3−a
b = log 36 24 =
2(log 2 + log 3) log 16 4 log 2
log 6 16 = =
2(log 2 + log 3) log 6 log 2 + log 3
c = log 48 36 =
4 log 2 + log 3 4 log 2 4(3 − a) 3−a
= = = 4. .
2 log 2 + log 3 2a log 2 3 − a + 2a 3+a
 abc = log 2 +
4 log 2 + log 3 3−a
6 log 2 + 2 log 3 3 log 2 + log 3 log x log y log z
 1 + abc = = 2. = 2bc . 33. (a,b,c,d) = = = k (say)
4 log 2 + log 3 4 log 2 + log 3 b−c c −a a−b
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 log x = k(b − c), log y = k(c − a), log z = k(a − b)

 x = e k(b−c), y = e k(c −a) , z = e k(a−b)

 xyz = ek(b −c)+k(c −a)+k(a −b) = e0 = 1

x a yb z c = e k(b−c)a+k(c −a)b+k(a−b)c = e 0 = 1 = xyz log1 / 2
sin x  0 , x  [0, 4 ]  0  sin x  1

x b+c yc +a z a+b = ek(b

2
−c 2 )+k(c 2 −a 2 )+k(a 2 −b 2 )
= e0 = 1 .   3 9 11
 Integral multiple of will be , , ,
4 4 4 4 4
34. (b) Let log16 x = y  y 2 − y + log16 k = 0
Number of required values = 4.
This quadratic equation will have exactly one solution if 39. (b) log1 / 2 (x 2 − 6 x + 12)  −2 …..(i)
its discriminant vanishes.
2
For log to be defined, x − 6 x + 12  0
 (−1)2 − 4.1. log16 k = 0  1 = log16 k 4
 (x − 3)2 + 3  0 , which is true x  R .
 k 4 = 16  k 2 = 4  k = 2 . −2
1
But log16 k is not defined k  0 ,  k = 2 . From (i), x 2 − 6 x + 12   
 2
 Number of real values of k = 1 .  x 2 − 6 x + 12  4  x 2 − 6 x + 8  0
3 5 1
(log3 x )2 + log 3 x −  (x − 2)(x − 4)  0  2  x  4 ;  x  [2, 4] .
35. (a,b,c) x4 = 3= 4 . 32
log 2 ( x −1)
There is a possibility of a solution x = 3 40. (b) 2  x + 5  ( 2)2 log2 ( x −1)  x + 5
3 2 5
. 1 +1 −   2 1
 (x − 1)2  x + 5  x 2 − 3x − 4  0
For this value, LHS = 3 4 4
= 3 4 = 3 2 = RHS .
 (x − 4)(x + 1)  0  x  4 or x  −1
 x = 3 is a solution, which is a +ve integer.
But for log (x − 1) to be defined, x − 1  0 i.e., x  1
3 5 1 2
Next,  (log 3 x)2 + log 3 x −  log 3 x =
4 4 2  x  4  x  (4, ) .
41. (c) log 0.04 (x − 1)  log 0.2 (x − 1) …..(i)
 [3 (log 3 x) 2 + 4 log 3 x − 5] log 3 x − 2 = 0
For log to be defined x − 1  0  x  1
 3t 3 + 4t 2 − 5t − 2 = 0 , [ t = log 3 x ]
From (i), log(0.2)2 (x − 1)  log 0.2 (x − 1)
 3t 3 − 3t 2 + 7t 2 − 7t + 2t − 2 = 0
1
 (3t 2 + 7t + 2)(t − 1) = 0  (3t + 1)(t + 2)(t − 1) = 0  log 0.2 ( x − 1)  log 0.1 ( x − 1)  x − 1  (x − 1)
2
1 1
 t = 1, − 2, −  log 3 x = 1, − 2, −  x − 1(1 − x − 1)  0  1 − x − 1  0
3 3
1 1  x − 1  1  x  2 ,  x  [2, ) .
 x = 3 , 3 ,3
1 −2 −1 / 3
;  x = 3, ,
9 33 x+2
42. (a) log 0.2 1 …..(i)
Thus, there is one +ve integral value, one irrational x
value, two positive rational values. x+2
For log to be defined,  0  x  0 or x  −2
36. (a) x = log 5 1000 = 3 log 5 10 = 3 + 3 log 5 2 = 3 + log 5 8 x
x+2
y = log 7 2058 = log 7 (7 3.6) = 3 + log 7 6 Now from (i), log 0.2  log 0.2 0.2
x
As log 5 8  log 5 5 i.e., log 5 8  1 .  x  4 x+2
  0.2 …..(ii)
And log 7 6  log 7 7 i.e., log 7 6  1 x
Case (i) x  0
 y4;  x y.
From (ii), x + 2  0.2x
1 1  0.8 x  −2
37. (a) + x
log 3  log 4  5
 x− . 5 0 5 –2
2 – –
 log 3 + log 4  x  log 12  x 2 2
Case (ii) x  −2
 2  12   3 5
From (ii), x + 2  0.2x  0.8 x  −2  x  −
 12   2 ;  log 12  log  2 2
i.e., log 12  2 ;  x will be 2.  5  5
 x  (0, )   − , −  ;  x   − , −   (0, ) .
 2   2
1
38. (a) 0  1 43. (b) We have xyz = logb a  log c b  log a c
2
Y log e a log e b log e c
=   = 1.
log e b log e c log e a

4
2
X
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..
21
So, rationlising factor is (x 2 − xy + y 2 ) . Put the value of x
98 .
44. (b) log 2 . log 3 ..... log 99 log100 10099 and y. Thus the required rationlising factor is
.2
1 a 2 / 3 + a −2 / 3 − 1 .
..
99 98
= log 2 log 3 .... log 99 [log 100 100 = 1] 8. (c) Let 3+ 5 = x+ y
1
.2
97 .. 3 + 5 = x + y + 2 xy . Obviously x + y = 3
= log 2 log 3 .... log 98 98
1
and 4 xy = 5 . So (x − y)2 = 9 − 5 = 4 or (x − y) = 2
.2
..
96 1 5 1
= log 2 log 3 .... log 97 97 = log 2 log 3 3 2 After solving x = ,y = .
2 2
= log 2 2' log 3 3 = log 2 2 = 1 .
5 1 5 +1
Hence, 3+ 5 = + = .
Indices and Surds 2 2 2

l 2 + lm+ m 2 m 2 + nm+ n 2 n 2 + nl + l 2
9. (a) (17 + 12 2 ) = [3 2 + (2 2 )2 + 2.3.2 2 ] = 3 + 2 2
 x  l x m  x n 
1. (a)  m     
 xn   xl   4 (17 + 12 2 ) = (3 + 2 2 ) = 2 +1 .
x     
= (x l −m )(l
2
+lm+m2 )
(x m−n )m
2
+nm+n2
( x n− l ) n
2
+nl +l 2 10. (d) Given (x + 1) − (x − 1) = (4 x − 1) .....(i)

= xl
3
−m3
.x m
3
−n3
.x n
3
−l 3
= xl
3
−m3 +m3 −n3 +n3 −l 3
= x 0 =1 Squaring both sides, we get, − 2 ( x 2 − 1) = 2 x − 1
2. (d) 2 x = 2 2y = 2 3z i.e., x = 2y = 3z = k (say). 5
Squaring again, we get, x = , which does not satisfy
4
k3 eq. (i). Hence, there is no solution of the given equation.
Then xyz = = 288 , So k = 12
6 m
11. (c) am loga n = aloga n = nm .
1 1 1 11
 x = 12, y = 6, z = 4 . Therefore, + + = n n
2 x 4 y 8 z 96 12. (c) (am)n = am  amn = am  mn = mn
1
2.3n+1 + 7.3n−1 2.3n−1.32 + 7.3n−1 3n−1[18 + 7]
3. (a) 1− n
= = n−1 =1.  n = mn−1  m = n n−1 .
1 3n−1.33 − 2.3n−1 3 [27 − 2]
3n+ 2 − 2  1 
−3 / 2 5
+3 .
2 4 3 2
− . . 4+3
17

3 13. (d) (x 5 )1 / 3 (16 x 3 )2 / 3  x 4 / 9  x3 3 9 2 23 = 2 3 x3 .

4 
x+2 2− 2 x x+2 2x −2
 2 3  2  2
4. (c)   =     =  . 14. (b) a 1 / x = b1 / y = c 1 / z = k (say)  a = k x , b = k y , c = k z
3  2 3 3
b2 = ac  (k y )2 = k x .k z  k 2y = k x + z  x + z = 2y .
Clearly x + 2 = 2x − 2  x = 4
3 15. (d) a x .b y .c z = bc.ca.ab = a 2 b 2 c 2
5. (a) 9 , 4 11, 6 17
 a x − 2by − 2c z − 2 = 1 = a0b0c 0
 L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 is 12
 x=y=z=2
 3 9 = 91 / 3 = (9 4 )1 / 12 = (6561)1 / 12 ,
 xyz = 23 = 8 = x + y + z + 2 .
4
11 = (11) / 4 (113 )1 / 12 = (1331)1 / 12 ,
16. (a) a x .a y .a z = (x + y + z)y + z + x
6 1/ 6 2 1/ 2 1 / 12
17 = (17) = (17 ) = (289)
 a x + y + z = (x + y + z) x + y + z  x + y + z = a
3
Hence, 9 is the greatest number.
Now, a x = (x + y + z)y = ay  x = y , similarly y = z
6. (c) Given fraction
a
15 x=y=z= .
= 3
10 + 20 + 40 − 5 − 80
17. (a) a x −1 = bc  a x = abc
15
=  a x = by = c z = abc = k (say)
10 + 2 5 + 2 10 − 5 − 4 5
1
15 5 10 + 5  a = k1 / x  = log k a ;
= = . x
3 10 − 3 5 10 − 5 10 + 5
1
= 10 + 5 = 5 ( 2 + 1)
  x = log k a + log k b + log k c = log k abc = log abc abc = 1 .

7. (d) Let x = a1 / 3 , y = a −1 / 3 then a = x 3 , a −1 = y 3 18. (d) 2m(n+1)+ 2n+n = 2(m+1)n+ 2m

x 3 + y3 = (x + y)(x 2 − xy + y 2 )  mn + m + 3n = mn + 2m + n  m = 2n .
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2 x +1
19. (b) x y = y x  (x y )1 / x = y −2
26. (c) 4. 9 x −1 = 3 . (2 2 x + 1 )  3 2 x − 2−1 = 2 2
x/y x/y
x  x 
x/y  1− y  2
= x x   2 x −3 
2 x −3 2 x −3
Now,   =  y/x 
y x     3 2 x −3
= 2 2  2 2 = 3 2 
   
 
= x ( x / y) −1 = x ( x / y) − k  k = 1 . 3
x
 2x − 3 = 0 ,  x = .
1+
1
 1+ 1  2
20. (a, d) x x. x
1/ 3
= (x . x 1 / 3 ) x  x x
3
= x 3 
  27. (b) 9 x − 2 x +(1 / 2) = 2 x +(3 / 2) − 3 2 x −1
  1 1
1 2x x+ x + −2
4  3 2x + .3 = 2.2 2 + 2 2
 xx
4/3
(
= x4/3 = x x)x 4/3
= x3
x
 x4/3 =
4
3
x 3
1 1
x+ x + −2
4 3  4 . 3 2 x −1 = 3. 2 2  3 2x−2 = 2 2
−1 4 4 4 64
 x3 =  x1/ 3 = ;  x =   = 3 x −1
3 3 3 27 x− 9
 3 2 x −2 = 2   
2 = 2 −1 / 2
2
 
Also x = 1 is an obvious solution.
1
21. (b) a x = b y = (ab) xy  ( x − 1) log 9 / 2 9 / 2 = − log 9 / 2 2
2
 x ln a = y ln b = xy ln(ab) = k (say)
1
k k  x − 1 = − log 9 / 2 2
ln a = , ln b = 2
x y
k k k k k  x = 1 − log 9 / 2 2 = log 9 / 2 9 / 2 − log 9 / 2 2
ln(a b) =  ln a + ln b =  + =
xy xy x y xy  x = log 9 / 2 (9 / 2 2 ) ;  x = log 9 / 2 (9 / 8 ) .
1 1 1 x+y 1 1
 + =  = ;  x + y = 1. 28. (b) Let 4 + 15 = x , then 4 − 15 =
x y xy xy xy x
22. (c) x = 21 / 3 − 2−1 / 3 1
 x 3 = 2 − 2 −1 − 3.21 / 3.2 −1 / 3 (21 / 3 − 2 −1 / 3 ) 6 + 35 = y , then 6 − 35 =
y
1 3
 x 3 = 2 − − 3x  x 3 + 3x = 1
2 2 x3/2 + 3 3/2
 Given expression = x 3 / 2 = x + 1 . y 
 2x 3 + 6 x = 3 . 1 y3 − 1  x 
3/ 2 3/ 2 y3/ 2 − 3/2
23. (a,b) x x x
= (x x ) x  x x = (x 3 / 2 ) x  x x = x (3 / 2)x y
3 3 9 3/2
 x 3 / 2 = x  x1/ 2 =  x = (4 + 15 )3 + 1  6 + 35 
2 2 4 = .
Also x = 1 is an obvious solution. (6 + 35 )3 − 1  4 + 15 
x−2
1 3/2
24. (b,c) 5 x −1 + 5 (0.2) x −2 = 26  5 x −1 + 5 .   = 26 (4 + 15 + 1) {(4 + 15 )2 − (4 + 15 ) + 1}  6 + 35 
5 = 
(6 + 35 − 1) {(6 + 35 )2 + (6 + 35 ) + 1}  4 + 15 
 5 x −1 + 5 3− x = 26  5 x −1 + 25 . 5 −( x −1) − 26 = 0
3/2
 5 2( x −1) − 26. 5( x −1) + 25 = 0 5 + 15 {31 + 8 15 − 4 − 15 + 1}  6 + 35 
= . .
5 + 35 {71 + 12 35 + 6 + 35 + 1}  4 + 15 
 5 2( x −1) − 5 x −1 − 25.5 x −1 + 25 = 0
 5 x −1 (5 x −1 − 1) − 25(5 x −1 − 1) = 0 3/2
5+ 3 28 + 7 15  6 + 35 
 (5 x −1
− 25)(5 x −1
− 1) = 0  (5 x −1 2
− 5 ) (5 x −1 0
−5 )= 0 = 
5+ 7 78 + 13 35  4 + 15 
x −1 2 x −1 0
 5 = 5 or 5 = 5  x = 3,1 .
5 + 3 7 6 + 35
7 7 . (21 / 4 − 1) = . .
25. (a, c, d) = 5 + 7 13 4 + 15
21 / 2 + 21 / 4 + 1 (21 / 4 − 1) [(21 / 4 ) 2 + 21 / 4 .1 + 1 2 ]
7 . (21 / 4 − 1) 7 3 + 5 ( 5 + 7 )2 2
= = A + B . 21 / 4 + C. 21 / 2 + D.2 3 / 4 = . . .
23 / 4 − 1 13 5 + 7 2 ( 3 + 5 )2
 7. 2 1/ 4
− 7 = ( A − D) 23 / 4 + (2B − A) + (2C − B).21 / 4
7 3+ 5 5+ 7 7
+ (2D − C)21 / 2 = . . = .
13 5 + 7 3 + 5 13
 (2B − A + 7) + ( A − D)23 / 4 + (2C − B − 7)21 / 4 + (2D − C)21 / 2 = 0 1
 2B − A + 7 = A − D = 2C − B − 7 = 2D − C = 0 29. (b) y =  xy = 1
x
 A = D = 1, B = −3, C = 2 .
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

 3x 2 + 4 xy − 3y 2 = 3 (x − y) (x + y + 4) = 2( 3 + 2 ) 2 ;  50 + 48 = 21 / 4 ( 3 + 2 ) .
 5+ 2 5 − 2   5+ 2 5 − 2  6+2 5 4+2 3
= 3. −  + +4 38. (b) (3 + 5 ) − 2 + 3 = −
 5− 2 5 + 2   5− 2 5 + 2  2 2
 
3 [( 5 + 2 )2 − ( 5 − 2 )2 ] 1 1 5 3
= [( 5 + 2 )2 + ( 5 − 2 )2 ] + 4 = [(1 + 5 ) − (1 + 3 )] = ( 5 − 3) = − .
(5 − 2) (5 − 2) 2 2 2 2
1 56 1 39. (c) 12 5 + 2 55 = 5 (12 + 2 11)
= .4 10 . 2 (5 + 2) + 4 = 10 + 4 = (56 10 + 12) .
3 3 3
= 51 / 4 11 + 1 + 2 11 = 51 / 4 ( 11 + 1)
12 12 [(3 − 2 2 ) − 5 ]
30. (c) =
3+ 5 −2 2 [(3 − 2 2 ) + 5 ][(3 − 2 2 ) − 5 ] 40. (d) Let x = (9 3 + 11 2)1 / 3

12 (3 − 2 2 − 5 ) 12 (3 − 2 2 − 5 )  x 3 = 9 3 + 11 2
= =
(3 − 2 2 )2 − 5 17 − 12 2 − 5 =6 3 +3 3 +9 2 +2 2
=3 3 +2 2 +6 3 +9 2
(3 − 2 2 − 5 ) ( 5 + 2 2 − 3) ( 2 + 1)
= =
1− 2 ( 2 − 1) ( 2 + 1) = 3 3 + 2 2 + 3(2 3 + 3 2)
= 3 3 + 2 2 + 3 2 . 3( 2 + 3 )
10 + 4 − 3 2 + 5 + 2 2 − 3
= = 1 + 5 + 10 − 2 .
2 −1 = ( 3 )3 + ( 2)3 + 3. 2. 2 ( 3 + 2) = ( 3 + 2)3

5/2 + 7−3 5 5 + 14 − 6 5 So, x 3 = ( 3 + 2 )3

31. (a) =
7 / 2 + 16 − 5 7 7 + 32 − 10 7 x= 3+ 2.

5 + (3 − 5) 3 41. (b) x + x 2 + 1 = a  x 2 + 1 = a − x
= = , which is rational.
7 + (5 − 7 ) 5  x 2 + 1 = (a − x) 2 = x 2 − 2ax + a 2
  1 − a2 a2 − 1 1  1
2 2+ 3 + 2− 3 
2    x= = = a −  .
32. (b) = − 2a 2a 2 a
2+ 3 − 2− 3 (2 + 3 ) − (2 − 3 )
42. (b) x = 7 + 3 , xy = 4
4+2 3 + 4−2 3 ( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)
= = =1. 4 4 4( 7 − 3 )
2 3 2 3  y= = = = 7− 3
x 7+ 3 7−3
33. (a) 4 4 (1 + 2 + 3 )
=
1+ 2 − 3 (1 + 2 )2 − 3 x 4 + y 4 = (x 2 + y 2 )2 − 2x 2y 2
4(1 + 2 + 3 ) 6( 3 − 2) = [(x + y)2 − 2xy]2 − 2(xy)2 = [(2 7 )2 − 8]2 − 2 . 4 2 = 368 .
= +
3+2 2 −3 3−2
43. (d) x = 3 − 5
= 2(1 + 2 + 3 ) = 2 + 2 + 6 . 1 1
x = 3− 5 = . 6−2 5 = ( 5 − 1)
34. (d) 3 2 4 3 6
− + 2 2
6+ 3 6+ 2 3+ 2
14 − 6 5
3 2( 6 − 3 ) 4 3 ( 6 − 2 ) 6 ( 3 − 2) 3x − 2 = 9 − 3 5 − 2 = 7 − 3 5 =
= − + 2
6−3 6−2 3−2
= 2 ( 6 − 3 ) − 3 ( 6 − 2) + 6 ( 3 − 2) = 0. (3 − 5 ) 2 3− 5
= ;  3x − 2 =
2 2
35. (b) (2 3 − 7 ) (2 3 + 7 ) = 12 − 7 = 5 (a rational)
5− 5  5 − 1
 Rationalising factor = 2 3 + 7 2 + 3x − 2 = = 5 
2  2 

36. (b) 12 − 68 + 48 2 = 12 − 6 2 + (4 2 ) 2 + 2.6.4 2
x 1
 2 + 3x − 2 = 5 . x ;  = .
= 12 − (6 + 4 2 ) 2
= 12 − 6 − 4 2 = 6 − 4 2 2 + 3x − 2 5

= 2 2 + ( 2)2 − 2 . 2 2 = 2 − 2 . 44. (d) a − b = 21 − 20 − 18 + 17

37. (d) 50 + 48 = 5 2 + 4 3 = 2[5 + 2. 2. 3 ] = ( 21 − 18 ) − ( 20 − 17 )

 STUDYPIVOT.COM

( 21 − 18 )( 21 + 18 ) 20 − 17 Comparing the coefficient of like terms, we get

= − A + C = 0 , 2 A + B − C = 3 , 2B + C = −1  A = 1 ,
21 + 18 20 + 17
B = 0 , C = −1
 1 1 
= 3 −  3x − 1 x 1
 21 + 18 20 + 17   = − .
(1 − x + x 2 ) (2 + x) x2 − x +1 x+2
3 [ 20 + 17 − 21 − 18 ]
= ( x + 1) 2 A Bx + C
( 21 + 18 ) ( 20 + 17 ) 5. (a) 3
= + 2
x +x x x +1
3 [( 20 − 21) + ( 17 − 18)]
=  (x + 1) 2 = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C) x
( 21 + 18 ) ( 20 + 17 )
 A + B = 1, C = 2 , A = 1  B = 0
− 3 [( 21 − 20 ) + ( 18 − 17 )
=  0,  ab.  A 1 
( 21 + 18 ) ( 20 + 17 ) Therefore, sin −1   = sin −1   = 30 o = .
C
  2
  6
45. (b) x + 10 + x − 2 = 6  x + 10 = 6 − x − 2
x 1 1 x +1 
6. (a) =  − 2 +y
 x + 10 = 36 + x − 2 − 12 x − 2 2
( x − 1)(x + 1) 2
4  ( x − 1) x + 1
 2 = x − 2  4 = x − 2  x = −6 x 1 1 x +1  Ax + B
 2 2
=  − 2 + 2
This value satisfies the given equation. x = 6 . ( x − 1)(x + 1) 4  ( x − 1) x + 1  (x + 1)2

6 + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 6 −1  4 x = (x 2 + 1)2 − (x + 1)(x − 1)(x 2 + 1) + 4( Ax + B)(x − 1)

46. (a)
5+2 6 −1 1
 4 A + 2 = 0 , 4B − 4 A = 4  A = , B=
2 2
(1 + 2 + 3 ) − 1 3+ 2
= = =1. Ax + B 1 (1 − x)
( 3 + 2) 3+ 2 y= =
( x 2 + 1) 2 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2
Partial fractions −4 11
5x + 6 3
1. (b) 2x + 3 = a(x − 3) + b(x + 1) 7. (a) = + 3
(2 + x) (1 − x) 2 + x 1 − x
−1
Put x = −1 ; 2(−1) + 3 = a(−1 − 3)  1 = −4 a  a = Rewriting the denominators for expressions, we get
4
−4 11
9 −2 x
−1
11
Now put x = 3 ; 2(3) + 3 = b(3 + 1)  9 = 4b  b = 3 + 3 = (1 − x)−1
4 = 1 +  +
 x  1− x 3  2 3
2 1 + 
−1 9  2
Therefore, a + b = + = 2.
4 4
−2 x x2 x3 xn 
3x + a A 10 = 1 − + − + ...... + (−1)n n + ......
2. (a, d) 2 = − 3  2 4 8 2 
x − 3 x + 2 ( x − 2) ( x − 1)
 (3x + a) = A(x − 1) − 10(x − 2) 11
+ [1 + x + x 2 + ....... + x n + .....]
3
 3 = A − 10 , a = − A + 20
(On equating coefficients of x and constant term) The coefficient of x n in the given expression is

 A = 13, a = 7. −2 1 11
(−1)n n + .
3x + 4 A B C 3 2 3
3. (c) We have, = + +
(x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) (x + 1)2
2
8. (c) Putting x = 1 , remainder = 7

 3 x + 4 = A(x + 1)2 + B( x + 1) ( x − 1) + C( x − 1) 9. (b) 1 = A0 (x + 1)(x + 2)....(x + n) + A1 x(x + 2)(x + 3)...(x + n)

7 +... + Ar x(x + 1)(x + 2)....(x + r − 1)(x + r + 1)(x + r + 2)

Putting x = 1 , we get 7 = A(2)2  A = .
4
.......(x + n)
3x − 1 Ax + BC
4. (c) = 2 + Putting x = −r ,
(1 − x + x ) (2 + x) x − x + 1 x + 2
2

1 = Ar (−r)(−r + 1)(−r + 2),.....(−1).1.2....(−r + n)

 (3 x − 1) = ( Ax + B) (x + 2) + C(x 2 − x + 1)
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

(−1)r 1
 1 = Ar .(−1)r r!.(n − r) ! ;  Ar = . k = .
r ! (n − r ) ! a2 − b2
17. (c) 9 = A(x + 2) 2 + B(x − 1) (x + 2) + C (x − 1)
x +1 A B C
10. (c) = + + For x = 1, 9 = 9 A  A = 1
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3
For x = −2, 9 = −3C  C = −3
 x + 1 = A (x − 2)(x − 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 3) + C(x − 1)(x − 2)
Equating coefficient of x 2 , 0 = A + B  B = − A = −1
Putting x = 1, A = 1 ; x = 2 gives B = −3 ,  A − B − C = 1 − (−1) − (−3) = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5 .
18. (b,c) ax + b = (3x + 4) − 3  a = 3, b = 4 − 3 = 1 .
For x = 3, C = 2
x 2 + 13 x + 15 A B C
19. (a) = + +
1 3 2 (2 x + 3)( x + 3)2
2 x + 3 x + 3 (x + 3)2
 Given expression = − + .
x −1 x − 2 x − 3  x 2 + 13x + 15 = A(x + 3) 2 + B(2x + 3) (x + 3) + C(2x + 3)
11. (a,c) ax 2 + bx + c = 3(x + 2)(2x + 3) + 2(x − 1)(2x + 3) 3
For x = −3, C = 5 and for x = − ; A = −1
2
−5 (x − 1)(x + 2)
Equating coefficient of x 2
 a = 6 + 4 − 5 = 5 , b = 21 + 2 − 5 = 18 , 1− A
1 = A + 2B  B = =1
2
c = 18 − 6 + 10 = 22 .
1 1 5
 Given expression = − + .
12. (d) e x + 2 = −3(2e x − 3) + B(e x − 1) x + 3 2 x + 3 ( x + 3) 2

 1 = −6 + B , 2 = 9 − B  B = 7 . 3 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 10 A B C D
20. (c) = + + +
(x − 1) 4 x − 1 (x − 1) 2 (x − 1) 3 (x − 1) 4
13. (b) 3x + 4 = A(x − 1) − B(x − 2)
 3x 3 − 8 x 2 + 10 = A(x − 1)3 + B(x − 1) 2 + C(x − 1) + D
 3 = A − B, 4 = − A + 2B Equating coefficients of different powers of x , 3 = A
−8 = −3 A + B  B = 1
 A = 10, B = 7
0 = 3 A − 2B + C  C = −7
 ( A, B) = (10, 7) . 10 = − A + B − C + D  D = 5
 Given expression
f ( x) 6 f ( x) 3 3 1 7 5
14. (a) = 1 ( x ) + , =  2 ( x) + = + − + .
x +1 x +1 x − 2 x−2 x − 1 (x − 1) 2 (x − 1) 3 (x − 1) 4
f ( x) 15
and =  3 ( x) + 21. (b) A(x 2 + 1) + x(Bx + C) = (x − 1)2
x+2 x+2
f ( x) Q( x) For x = i, − B + Ci = −2i  B = 0, C = −2
=  ( x) +
( x + 1) (x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x + 1) ( x + 2) (x − 2) Equating coefficient of x 2 ,
We have to find Q(x) , which will be a second degree A + B = 1 A =1− B = 1− 0 =1 ;
polynomial. When Q(x) is divided by (x + 1) , we  A = 1, B = 0, C = −2 .
should get the same remainder as being obtained by
22. (d) 2x = A(x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)
dividing f (x) by (x + 1) i.e., 6. Similarly when Q(x) is
divided by (x − 2) , remainder should be 3 and when 2
For x = 1 , 2 = 3 A  A =
f (x) is divided by x + 2, the remainder should be 15. 3

 Q(−1) = 6 For x = , 2 = A(1 +  +  2 ) + B 2 + (C − B) − C

Q(2) = 3 , Q(−2) = 15  2 = A.0 + B 2 + (C − B) − C
2
Let Q(x) = x + x +  ,   −  +  = 6 …..(i)
− 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i
4 + 2 +  = 3 .....(ii); 4 − 2 +  = 15 …..(iii) = , 2 =
2 2
  = 2,  = −3,  = 1 ;  Q(x) = 2x 2 − 3 x + 1 .  1 3   1 3 
15. (c) 1 − cos x = sin (1 + cos x) − 2 cos x  − 1 + 3i = B − − i + (C − B)  − + i −C
 2 2   2 
  2

 1 = sin , − 1 = −2 + sin    = .
2  B C B  i 3
 − 1 + 3i =  − − + − C  + (C − 2B)
16. 2 2 2 2
(d) x = k [a (x + b ) − b (x + a )] 2 2 2  2 2 2  2

 x 2 = k [(a 2 − b 2 )x 2 ]  1 = k(a 2 − b 2 ) 3 3
 −1 = − C, 3 = (C − 2B)
2 2
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

2 C−2 2 13 1
C= ,B = =−  A= , B = −2 , C = , A + B + C = 5 .
3 2 3 2 2
−1
 A = C  B  A  B  C. 3x 3x  x 3
32. (b) =− (1 + x) −1  1 −  =− x
2
x +1 A B C (x − 2) (x + 1) 2  2 2
23. (b) = + +
(2 x − 1) (x 2 − 1) (2 x − 1) x + 1 x − 1  x x
2
x
3 
(1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 − ..)  1 + +   +   + ... 
 2  2  2 
 x 2 + 1 = A(x 2 − 1) + B(2x − 1)(x − 1) + C(x + 1) (2x − 1)  
For x = 1, 2 = 2C  C = 1 3 1 1 1
Coefficient of x 4 = − − 1.1 + 1. − 1. + 1. 
2  2 4 8
1
For x = −1 , 2 = 6 B  B = 3 1 1 1  15
3 =− −1+ − +  = .
2  2 4 8  16
1 5 3 5
For x = , =− A A=−
2 4 4 3 x2 + 1 Ax + B C
33. (d) 2
= 2 +
5 1 1 1 1 ( x + 4) ( x − 2) x + 4 x − 2
 Given expression = − + +
3 (2 x − 1) 3 x + 1 x − 1  x 2 + 1 = ( Ax + B) (x − 2) + C(x 2 + 4)  1 = A + C
24. (b) ax − 1 = x(2 + x) − (1 − x + x 2 ) = 3x − 1 −2 A + B = 0 , 1 = −2B + 4C
 a = 3. 3 3 5
 A = , B = ,C =
8 4 8
25. (a) A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x = 1
3 3 5
For x = 0, A = 1 and for x = i , −B + Ci = 1 x+
x2 + 1 8 4 8
 2 = 2 +
 B = −1, C = 0  ( A, B, C) = (1, − 1, 0) . (x + 4) (x − 2) x +4 x−2
−1 −1
2x 2x 2x 13 3 x 2  5 1  x
26. (d) = = =  x +   1 + + 1 − 
x 4 + x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2 − x 2 (x 2 − x + 1) (x 2 + x + 1) 4 8 4  4  8 (−2)  2
1 1
3   
2 3
= − . 13 x 2  x 2   x 2  
x2 − x + 1 x2 + x + 1 =  x +  1 − + − + .... 
48 4 4  4   4 
 
27. (b) 3x 2 + 5 = a (x 2 + 1) + b
5  x x
2 
 a = 3, a + b = 5  b = 2 ;  (a, b) = (3, 2) . − 1 + +   + ..... 
16  2  2 

28. (d) A(x − d) − B(x − c) + C(x − c)(x − d) = (x − a) (x − b)
5
3 1 3 5 1
Equating coefficient of x 2 , C = 1 . Coefficient of x 5 = . 2 + 0−  
32 4 16 16  2 
x2 − 5 x2 − 5 A B 3 5 1 1
29. (d) 2
= = + +C = − =− 8 =− .
x − 3 x + 2 (x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2 29 29 2 256
 x 2 − 5 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1) + C(x − 1)(x − 2)
Critical Thinking Questions
 C = 1, A + B − 3C = 0, − 2 A − B + 2C = −5
1 1
 A = 4, B = −1, C = 1 1. (c) y = log 17 25 = 2 log 17 5 ;  = log 5 17
y 2
4 1
 Given expression = 1 + − 1 1 1 1
x −1 x − 2 = log 5 3 = log 5 9 . Clearly,  ;x y
x 2 y x
6 x 4 + 5 x 3 + x 2 + 5 x + 2 x 2 (6 x 2 + 5 x + 1) + (5 x + 2) 1
30. (a) = 2. (a) log 0.3 ( x − 1)  log (0.3)2 ( x − 1) = log 0.3 ( x − 1)
6x 2 + 5x + 1 (6 x 2 + 5 x + 1) 2
5x + 2 (2 x + 1) + (3 x + 1) 1
= x2 + = x2 +  log 0.3 ( x − 1)  0
(2 x + 1) (3 x + 1) (2 x + 1) (3 x + 1) 2
1 1 or log0.3 (x − 1)  0 = log 1 or (x − 1)  1 or x  2
= x2 + + .
2x + 1 3 x + 1 As base is less than 1, therefore the inequality is
31. (a,d) sin 2 x + 1 = A(sin x − 1) + B(2 sin x − 3) reversed, now x > 2  x lies in (2, ) .
+C(sin x − 1)(2 sin x − 3) 3. (b) log x : log y : log z = y − z : z − x : x − y
1 log x log y log z
 1 = 2C  C =  = = = k (say)
2 y−z z−x x−y
0 = A + 2B − 5C,1 = − A − 3B + 3C .  log x = k(y − z), log y = k(z − x), log z = k(x − y)
 log x + log y + log z = 0  log(xyz) = 0  xyz = 1 .
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

x log x + y log y + z log z 1 3 4

10. (a) − −
= x.k.(y − z) + y.k.(z − x) + z.k(x − y) = 0 11 − 2 30 7 − 2 10 2 2+ 3
 log(x x .y y .z z ) = log 1
11 + 2 30 3 (7 + 2 10 ) 2 2− 3
 x x yy z z = 1 . = − −
1 9 1
4. (d) log 2 (x + 5) = 6 − x  x + 5 = 26− x  x + 5 = 64.2− x
= 11 + 2 30 − 7 + 2 10 − 2 2 − 3
Let y = x + 5 , y = 64.2− x will intersect at one point.
Number of solutions = 1. = ( 6 + 5 ) − ( 5 + 2) − 8 − 4 3
1 1
5. (b) 201 / 3  3  201 / 2   log 20 3  = ( 6 − 2) − ( 6 − 2) = 0 .
3 2
1 1 11. (b) 134 + 6292 = [112 + ( 13)2 ] + 2.11. 13 = (11 + 13)2
 log 20 3   ,  .
 3 2  134 + 62 92 = 11 + 13 .
1
6. (a,b,d)  log 0.1 x  2 1 1 2− 3
2 12. (a) y = = = =2− 3
1 x 2+ 3 4−3
 log 0.1 x  log 0.1(0.1)1 / 2  log 0.1 x
2 x y x( 2 − x ) y( 2 + y )
1  + = +
 (0.1)1 / 2  x  x  2+ x 2− y 2− x 2−y
10
y ( y + 2) x ( x − 2) y ( y + 2)
log 0.1 x  2  log 0.1 x  log 0.1 (0.1)2  x( x − 2 ) + = +
x−2 2−y 3 3
1 1 1
x  (0.1)2  x  , x . 1
100 100 10 = [ x x + y y + 2 (y − x)]
3
1 1
Hence, x max = , x min. = . 1
10 100 = [(2 + 3 ) 3 / 2 + (2 − 3 ) 3 / 2 + 2 (−2 3 )]
2 2 3
+ 2) + 2)
7. (a, b) 4( x − 9.2( x +8 = 0
1  1 3/2 1 
2 =  3 / 2 (4 + 2 3 ) + 3 / 2 (4 − 2 3 ) 3 / 2 − 2 6 
  2( x + 2) 
2
( x 2 + 2)
 − 9.2 +8 = 0 3 2 2 
 
2 1  1 
{( 3 + 1] 3 + ( 3 − 1) 3 } − 2 6 
2
Put 2( x + 2) = y . Then y 2 − 9y + 8 = 0 , which gives = 
3  2 2 
y = 8, y = 1 .
2 2 1  1 
when y = 8  2x +2
= 8  2x +2
= 23  x 2 + 2 = 3 =  {2.3 3 + 6. 3 } − 2 6 
3 2 2 
 x 2 = 1  x = 1,−1 .
1
2
+2 2
+2 = (3 6 − 2 6 ) = 2 .
when y = 1  2x = 1  2x = 2o 3
 x 2 + 2 = 0  x 2 = −2 , which is not possible. 13. (c) Put the repeated factor
8. (b) Let 10 − 24 − 40 + 60 = ( a − b + c ) 2 (x − 1) = y  x = y + 1

= a + b + c − 2 ab − 2 bc + 2 ca x2 (1 + y)2 1 + 2y + y 2
 = =
a, b, c  0 . Then a + b + c = 10, (x − 1)3 (x − 2) y 3 (y − 1) y 3 (−1 + y)
ab = 6 , bc = 10, ca = 15 Dividing the numerator,
(1 + 2y + y 2 ) by (−1 + y) till y 3 appears as factor,
a2b2c 2 = 900  abc = 30 ( 30) .
So, a = 3, b = 2, c = 5 1 + 2y + y 2 4y 3
we get = (−1 − 3y − 4 y 2 ) +
−1+ y −1+ y
Therefore, (10 − 24 − 40 + 60 ) = ( 3 + 5 − 2 ) −1 3 4 4
Given expression = 3 − 2 − +
1 x b+c y y y −1+ y
9. (a)  a −b a −c
= b+c −1 −3 −4
1+ x +x x + x c + a + x a +b + + +
4
= .
1 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
=  x b+c
x b + c + x c + a + x a +b
1
= (x b + c + x c + a + x a +b ) = 1 .
x b + c + x c + a + x a +b
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

3 2
x 2 − 5 x + 6 x − 6 x + 10 x − 2 x − 1
14. (a)
x − 5x 2 + 6x
3
− + −
−x2 + 4 x − 2
−x2 + 5x − 6
+ − +
− x +4
 f (x) = x − 1 .
x 4 + 24 x 2 + 28 A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 A3 x + B3
15. (a) = + 2 + 2
( x 2 + 1)3 x2 + 1 (x + 1)2 ( x + 1)3
 x 4 + 24 x 2 + 28 = ( A1 x + B1 )(x 2 + 1)2
+ ( A2 x + B2 )(x 2 + 1) + ( A3 x + B3 )
Putting x = i, 5 = A3 i + B3  A3 = 0, B3 = 5
Equating different powers of x,
0 = A1 , B1 = 1, 2 A1 + A2 = 0  A2 = 0
2B1 + B2 = 24  B2 = 22 .
1 22 5
 Partial fraction = 2
+ 2 2
+ .
x +1 ( x + 1) (x + 1) 3 2

1+ x
16. (d) log e (1 + x) − x = log e (1 + x) − log e e x = log e x
e
1+ x x2
= ln 2 3
 0, as 1 + x  1 + x + + .... +
x x 2!
1+ x + + + ...
2! 3!
 log e (1 + x)  x , for x  0 .
x 1
− log(1 + x) = 1 − − log(1 + x)
1+ x 1+ x
 1 
= 1−  + log(1 + x)  0 , for x  0
 1 + x 
x
  log(1 + x) ,  (b) is true
1+ x
x2 x3
e x − (1 + x) = 1 + x + + + ..... − (1 + x)
2! 3!
x2 x3
= + + .....  0 , for x  0
2! 3!
 e x  1 + x , for x  0 ;  (c) is true
x2
e x − (1 − x) = 1 + x + + ...... − 1 + x
2!
x2 x3
= 2x + + + .......  0 , for x  0
2! 3!
 e x  1 − x , for x  0
Thus, e x  (1 − x), for x  0 is not true.