Scribd
Upload
69 views15 pages

Ower Ystem Rotection: 1 M.S.Muhit

The document discusses power system protection and circuit breakers. It provides information on how circuit breakers operate to open when faults occur. It describes different types of circuit breakers based on their arc quenching mechanisms and classifications as trip-free or non-trip-free. The document also discusses arc flashes, modes of arc extinction, technical parameters of circuit breakers, transients in RL circuits, mathematical formulas for rated short circuit breaking capacity and making current, and provides an example mathematical problem to calculate circuit breaker ratings.

Uploaded by

Siam Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views15 pages

Ower Ystem Rotection: 1 M.S.Muhit

The document discusses power system protection and circuit breakers. It provides information on how circuit breakers operate to open when faults occur. It describes different types of circuit breakers based on their arc quenching mechanisms and classifications as trip-free or non-trip-free. The document also discusses arc flashes, modes of arc extinction, technical parameters of circuit breakers, transients in RL circuits, mathematical formulas for rated short circuit breaking capacity and making current, and provides an example mathematical problem to calculate circuit breaker ratings.

Uploaded by

Siam Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Power System Protection

Lecture 2

M.S.Muhit 1
When faults occurs…

The relay (2) connected to CT (8) and PT (7) actuates and closes its contacts (6).
Current flows from the battery (5) in the trip circuit (4). Trip coil (3) is energized
and CB (1) operating mechanism is actuated and it operates for opening
operation.

M.S.Muhit 2
Trip/Non trip Free feature of CB
Circuit breakers are classified as being trip free or non trip free:

A trip-free circuit breaker is a circuit breaker that will trip (open) even if the
operating mechanism (ON-OFF switch) is held in the ON position. Trip-free
circuit breakers are used on circuits that cannot tolerate overloads and on
nonemergency circuits. Examples of these are precision or current sensitive
circuits, nonemergency lighting circuits, and nonessential equipment circuits.

A nontrip-free circuit breaker can be reset and/or held ON even if an


overload or excessive heat condition is present. In other words, a nontrip-
free circuit breaker can be bypassed by holding the operating mechanism
ON. Nontrip-free circuit breakers are used for circuits that are essential for
operations. Examples of these circuits are emergency lighting, required
control circuits, and essential equipment circuits.

M.S.Muhit 3
Classification of HV CB
(based on arc quenching mechanism)

• Air CB: upto 600 V, 5-35 MVA


• Vaccum CB: 11 KV, 500 MVA
• Oil CB: upto 12 KV, 500 MVA
• Minimum oil CB: 33-245 KV, 30000 MVA
• Air blast CB: 245-400 KV, 35000 MVA
• SF6 CB: 245-700 KV, 35000-50000 MVA

M.S.Muhit 4
ARC
Arc flash is the result of rapid release of energy due to an arcing fault
between a phase bus bar and another phase bus bar, neutral or a ground.
An electric arc is an electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an
ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current through normally
nonconductive media such as air. Arc is created when there is a sudden
contact breakdown in high voltage line.

M.S.Muhit 5
Mode of arc extinction
i) High resistance interruption:
In this process the resistance of arc is increased by lengthening and cooling it to
such an extent that the system can't maintain the arc and thus extinguishes. This is
used in the air break CB and d.c CB.
Rarc=Varc/Iarc

ii) Low resistance or zero point interruption:


In this process the arc gets extinguished at the natural current zero of the
alternating current wave and is prevented from restriping again by rapid increasing
the dielectric strength of the contact space. It is used in almost all HV a.c circuit
breaker.

M.S.Muhit 6
Technical parameters of a CB

M.S.Muhit 7
Speed of CB and Relay
Before 1930: CB interrupting time: 15-30 cycles;
relay interrupting time: 6-120 cycles
1930: CB interrupting time: 8 cycles
1935: CB interrupting time: 3 cycles

Present days relay time becomes as small as 1-3 cycles

M.S.Muhit 8
Circuit Breaker Rating
• In a purely inductive circuit e = L di/dt volts where L = dϕ/dt, ϕis the flux
linkage due to i. Energy in inductance L Henry at the instant when the current in
it is I A, is given by Wm = ½ Li2 joules.
• In an inductive circuit current can’t change instantaneously. Hence when the
e.m.f is applied at t=0, the current is zero at the instant of closing the switch.
• While interrupting the current flowing through an inductive circuit such as an
unloaded transformer or a transformer with inductive load the circuit breaker
should interrupt the arc at the natural current zero of the current wave. If the
arc extinction takes place at the natural current zero the energy in the
inductance 1/2Li2 is zero.
• However if the arc is suddenly interrupted before the natural current zero at
the instantaneous value i, the energy 1/2Li2 is suddenly interrupted by closing
the current to artificial zero value.
• Due to such phenomenon the interrupting low magnetizing current of
transformer and reactor need special attention. The CB should be capable of
interrupting such without getting damaged or without giving rise to over voltage
above permissible limit.

M.S.Muhit 9
Transients in RL circuits
Selection of CB for the power system depends not only on the normal current but
also upon the maximum current it may have to carry momentarily and the current
it may have to interrupt at the voltage of the line in which it is placed. In order to
approach the problem for calculating the initial current when a synchronous
generator is short circuited,

M.S.Muhit 10
Transients in RL circuits

M.S.Muhit 11
Transients in RL circuits

M.S.Muhit 12
Transients in RL circuits
• The fault current attains the peak value at ½ cycle after the fault inception which
is the break value of the fault current under sub transient period.
• Having the fault current been sensed by CT the operation of the protective relay
starts. The CB contact start to apart after the operation of the protective relay
which generally takes little time. So the contacts of the CB generally starts to
separate when the initial fault current reduces to lower level in the transient period.
• The r.m.s value of the current at the instant of the contact separation is called the
breaking current of the CB and is expressed in kA.
• In other words the breaking current is equal to the r.m.s value of the fault current
under transient period.
• If a CB closes its contact on the existing fault the current would increase to a peak
value during the first half cycle from the instant of closing the CB on the fault. The
fault current is reached to the peak value at the ½ cycle from the inception of the
fault. This peak value of the fault current is called the making current of the CB.

M.S.Muhit 13
Mathematical formulas

• Rated short circuit breaking capacity (Rupturing Capacity) of a CB


= √3 X kV (Rated Voltage) X kA (symmetrical breaking current)
• Rated short circuit making current
= 1.8 X √2 X rated short circuit breaking current (symmetrical)
= 2.55 X rated short circuit breaking current (symmetrical)
• Making Capacity = 2.55 X symmetrical breaking capacity

M.S.Muhit 14
Mathematical Problem
Q.1 A 3ϕ CB is rated 1250 A, 2000 MVA, 33kV, 4 sec. Find the symmetrical
breaking current, making current and short time rating.

M.S.Muhit 15

You might also like