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/ 9
Problems 21
Power Spectral Density
40,
as
sn
is
fH) x 10
am, Figure 3-48 PSD of an RS-232 signal with a data rate of 38,400 bits
PROBLEMS
3-1 Demonstrate that the Fourier ser
are given by Bq, (3-5).
coefficients for the switching waveform shown in Fig. 3-1
3-2 (aySkeich the naturally sampled PAM waveform that results from sampling a I-kHz sine wave
at a 4-KHZ rate
(b) Repeat part (2) for the case of a flat-topped PAM waveform
33 The spectrum of an analog audio signals shown in Fig. 3-3. The waveform is wo be sampled
gy ata 10-Kilz rate with a pulse width of 7 = 50 ps,
es
pen)
Figure P3-3
(2) Find an expression for the spectrum of the naturally sampled PAM waveform. Sketch your
result
(b) Find an expression for the spectrum of the flat-topped PAM waveform, Sketch your result, 222
cy
36
37
Bu
32
Baseband Pulse and Digital Signaling Chap. 3
(a)Show that an analog output waveform (which is proportional co the ofiginal input analog
‘waveform) may be recovered feom a naturally sampled PAM waveform by using the de~
modulation technique shown in Fig. 3-4
() Find the constant of proportionality, C, that is obtained with this demodulation technique,
where 1(") is the original waveform and Ca0(2) 3s the recovered waveform, Note that € is
«function of 1, where the oscillator frequency iS nf,
Figure 3-4 illustrates how a naturally sampled PAM signal can be demodulated to recover the
analog waveform by the use of a product detector. Show that the product detector can also be
used to recover #(?) from an instantaneously sampled PAM signal, provided that the appropri-
ate filter H(/) is used. Find the required Hi) characteristic.
Assume that an analog signal with the spectum shown in Fig, P3-3 is (o be transmitted over &
PAM system that has ac coupling. Thus, a PAM pulse shape of the Manchester type, as given
by Eq. G—46a), is used. The PAM sampling frequency is. 10 ktiz, Pind the spectrum for the
‘Manchester encoded flat-topped PAM waveform, Sketeh your result,
In a binary PCM system, if the quamizing noise is not to exceed +P percent of the peak-to-peak
analog level, show that the number of bits in each PCM word needs to be
1 = toa 1 floe( 2) = 322 eo (2)
(Bint: Look at Fig. 3-8¢,)
‘The information in an analog voltage waveform is to be transmitted over a PCM system with a
0.1% accuracy (full scale), The analog waveform has an absolute bandwidth of 100 Hz and
an amplitude range of -10 10 +10 V.
(a) Determine the minimum sampling rate needed.
(b) Determine the number of bits needed in each PCM word,
{e) Determine the minimum bit rate required in the PCM signal.
(d) Detesmine the minimum absolute channel bancidth required for transmission of this PCM
signal
‘An 850-Mbyte hard disk is used to store PCM data, Suppose that a voice-frequency (VF) sig-
nal is sampled at 8 ksamples/s and the encoded PCM is to have an average SNR of at least 30
dB. How many siinutes of VF conversation (ie., PCM data) can be stored on the hard disk?
‘An analog signal with a bandwidth of 4.2 MHz is to be converted into binary PCM and trans-
mmitied over a channel. The peak-signal quantizing noise ratio at the receiver output must be
least $5 oB.
{a) If we assume that P, = 0 and that there is no IS1, shat will be the word length and the num-
ber of quantizing steps needed?
{h) What will be the equivalent bit rate?
(@) What will be the channel null bandwidth required if rectangular pulse shapes are used?
‘Compact disk (CDy players use 16-bit PCM, including one parity bit with 8 times oversampling
of the analog signal, The analog signal bandwidth is 20 kHz
(a) What is the nol bandwidth of this PCM signal?
(b) Using Bq, (3-18), find the peak (SNR) in decibels
Given an audio signal with speciral components in the frequency band 300 10 3,000 Hz, as-
sume that a sampling rate of 7 KHz. will be used to generate a PCM signal, Design an appro-
priate PCM system as follows Problems 223
34
Bus
316
wT
38
319
321
(a) Draw a block diagram of the PCM system. including the transmtitier, channel, and receiver
tb) Specify the numiber of tmifoamy gitantzation steps needed and the channel null bandit re-
Guired, assuming that the peak signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output needs to be at least
30 dB and that polar NRZ signaling is used.
(6) Discuss ow nonuniform quantization can be used to, improve the performance of the sys
tem.
The SNRs, as given by Eqs, (3-17) and (3-17b), assume no IST and no bit errors due to chan-
vel noise (ie. Pe = 0), How large can P, become before Eqs. (3-173) and 3-17) ave in error
by 0.1% if A = 4, 8, oF 16.
In @ PCM system, the bit error rate due to channel noise is (0. Assume that the peak signal-
‘o-nvise ratio on the recovered analog signal needs to be at least 30 dB.
(a) Find the minimum nuinber of quantizing steps that can be used to encode the analog signal
into a PCM signal.
(b) If the original analog signal fad an absolute bandwidth of 2.7 kElz, what is the null band
width of the PCM signal for the polar NRZ signaling ease?
Referring to Fig, 3-20 for a bit synchronizer using a square-faw device, draw some typical
‘waveforms that will appear in the bit synchronizer if a Manchester encoded PCM signal is pre-
sent at the input, Discuss whether you would expect this bit synchronizer 10 work better for the
“Manchester encoded PCM signal or for a polar NRZ encoxled PCM signa)
(a)Sketch the complete 4z = 10 compressor characteristic that will handle input voltages over
the range 5 to 45 V
(b) Plot the correspouding expandor characteristic.
(©) Draw a 16-level nonuniform quantizer characteristic that corresponds to the je = 10 com
pression characteristic.
For a 4-bit PCM system, calculate and sketch a plot of the ootpist SNR. (in decibels) as a func-
tion of the relative input level, 20 log (azy«/¥) for
(a) A PCM system that uses j1 = 10 lay compandi
(b) A PCM system that uses uniform quantization (no companding).
Which of these systems is better to use in practice? Why’?
The perfosmance of a = 253 law companded PCM system is to be examined when the input
consists of @ sine wave having a peal value of V valts. Assume that M = 256.
(a) Find an expression that describes the ouiput SNR for this companded PEM system,
(b) Prot (S/4),q (in decibels) as a function of the relative input level, 20 log (syos/V). Com
pare this result with that shown in Fig. 3-16.
A multilevel digital communication system sends one of 46 possible levels over the chante}
every 0.3 ms,
(a) What is the number of bits corresponding to each level
(b) What is the baud rate’?
(©) What is the bit rate?
A mutilevel digital communication system is to operate at a data rate of 9,600 bits/s
(a) If 4-bit words are encoded into each level for transmission over the channel, what is the min.
imum required bandwidth for the channel?
(b) Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit encoding into each level
Consider a deterministic test pattern consisting of alternating binary 1s and binary 0s. Dete
mine the magaitude spectra (not the PSD) for the following types of signaling Formats os « fur
tion of 7, the time needed to send one bit of data: 228
32
B24
3.25
3.26
a0
3.28
3.29
Baseband Pulse and Digital Signaling — Chap, 3
{a} Unipolar NRZ. signaling
{b) Unipolar RZ signaling where the pulse width is + = 37,
How would each of these magnitude spectra change if the test pattern was changed to an alter~
nating sequence of four binary I's followed by four binary 0's?
Consider a random data patiern consisting of binary I's and 0's, where the probability of ob-
taining either a binary 1 of a binary 0 is 4. Calculate the PSD for the Following types of signal-
ing formats as a function of 7, the time needed to send one bit of dats
(a) Unipotar NRZ signaling.
(b) Unipolar RZ signaling where the pulse width is + = 37,
How do these PSDs for the random data cases compare fo the magnitude spectra for the deter
rinistic case of Prob, 3-21? What is the spectral efficiency for each af these cases?
Considera deterministic data pattern consisting of altemating binary 1’s and 0's, Determine the
agaitude spectra (not the PSD) for the following types of signaling formats as a funetion of
Ta, the time needed to send one bit of data:
(a Polar NRZ signaling,
dh) Manchester NRZ, signaling
How would each of these mi
nating sequence of four bit
Consider a random data pattern consisting of binary 1's and 0°s, where the probability of ob-
taining either a binary 1 or a binary 0 is +, Calculate the PSD for the following types of signal-
ing formats as a function of 7, the time needed to send 1 bit of data
(a) Polar RZ signaling where the pulse width is = 27,
(b) Manchester RZ. signsling where the pulse width is 7 = }75. What is the first null band-
\width of these signals? What is the spectral efficiency for each of these signaling cases?
Obtain the equations for the PSD of the bipolar NRZ and bipolar RZ (pulse width $7) line
codes assuming peak vahies of 43 V. Plot these PSD results for the case of R = 1.544 Mbits/'.
In Fig. 3-16, the PSDs for several line codes are shown. These PSDs were derived assumn-
ing unity power for each signal se that the PSDs could be compared on an equal transmis-
sion power basis. Rederive the PSDs for these line codes, assuming that the peak level is
unity (Le., A = 1), Plot the PSDs so that the spectra can be compared on an equal peak-sig-
nal-level basi
Using Eq, (3-36), determine the conditions required so tiat there anc deta functions in ths PSD
for line codes. Discuss how this affects the design of bit synchronizers for these line codes.
(Hint: Examine Eq, (3-43) and (6-70d),]
Consider a random data pattern consisting of binary 1's and 0's, where the probability of ob-
taining either a binary I or a binary Q is }. Assume that these data are encoded into a polar-type
waveform such that the pulse shape of each bit is given by
nitude spectra change if the test pattern was changed to an alter-
ary I's followed by two binary 0’s?
I
