Multiple Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Session 1 & 2
Outline:
At the end of these sessions you should be able to,
• Evaluate surface integrals over rectangular region
∆𝑥 =width
𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ =height of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ rectangle
𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ ∆𝑥 is the area of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ rectangle.
𝑏 𝑛
𝐶
𝐹
𝐸 𝐷
𝐺
𝐵
𝑅
𝐻
𝐴
To find the volume;
• Divide the rectangle 𝑅 into sub rectangles.
Divide 𝑛 sub intervals
Area ∆𝐴 of a small
rectangle is ∆𝑥∆𝑦
∗ ∗
Volume of this column is 𝒇 𝒙𝒊𝒋 , 𝒚𝒊𝒋 ∆𝑨
• Therefore, total volume 𝑉, of the solid can be
approximated by,
𝑚 𝑛
𝑉≈ 𝒇 𝒙∗𝒊𝒋 , 𝒚∗𝒊𝒋 ∆𝑨
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑚 𝑛 𝑏 𝑑
Type I
Type II
Plane polar co-ordinates
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =1
𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋} 𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋}
In general, 𝑅 can be defined as,
𝑅= 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽}
In order to compute the surface integral over
the region 𝑅, divide region 𝑅 into 𝑚 circles and
𝑛 spokes.
𝜃𝑗 − 𝜃𝑗−1 = ∆𝜃
𝑅𝑖𝑗
𝑟𝑖 − 𝑟𝑖−1 = ∆𝑟
∆𝐴 = (𝑟∆𝜃)(∆𝑟)
Therefore,
If 𝑓 is continues on a polar rectangle 𝑅, given by 𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
and 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽 , the volume of the solid between region 𝑅
and the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ,
𝑚 𝑛
𝑉≈ 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑓 𝑟𝑖∗ cos 𝜃𝑗∗ , 𝑟𝑖∗ sin 𝜃𝑗∗ 𝑟∆𝜃∆𝑟
When 𝑛 and 𝑚 become larger, we can have a better
approximation for the volume.
𝑚 𝑛
𝜃=𝛽 𝑟=𝑏
𝑅
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜃=𝛼 𝑟=𝑎
𝑓(𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 sin 𝜃) 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
Session 3 & 4
Volume Integrals
Outline:
At the end of these sessions you should be able to,
• Evaluate volume integrals over rectangular regions using
Cartesian Coordinates
• Evaluate volume integrals over non-rectangular regions
using Cartesian Coordinates
• Evaluate volume integrals using Cylindrical polar
coordinates.
•Evaluate volume integrals using Spherical polar coordinates.
Triple Integral Over Rectangular Regions
• We can define triple integrals for functions of three
variable.
• Let f is defined on a rectangular box
B = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 |𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, r ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑠
• Then divide B into sub boxes.
• Divide the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 into 𝑙 subintervals 𝑥𝑖−1, 𝑥𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑥.
• Divide the interval 𝑐, 𝑑 into 𝑚 subintervals 𝑦𝑖−1, 𝑦𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑦.
• Divide the interval 𝑟, 𝑠 into 𝑛 subintervals 𝑧𝑖−1, 𝑧𝑖
of equal width ∆𝑧.
• Then 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖−1, 𝑥𝑖 × 𝑦𝑖−1, 𝑦𝑖 × 𝑧𝑖−1, 𝑧𝑖
• Volume of 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘
∆𝑉 = ∆𝑥 × ∆𝑦 × ∆𝑧
• Triple Riemann Sum is
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∆𝑉
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
The triple integral of 𝑓 over the box B is
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = lim 𝑓 𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∆𝑉
𝑙,𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝐵
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × 𝑐, 𝑑 × 𝑟, 𝑠 , then
𝑠 𝑑 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝐵 𝑧=𝑟 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=𝑎
Triple Integral Over Non-Rectangular Region
• Suppose a solid region E lies between the graph of
two continuous functions x and y, that is
𝐸 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 | 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝐸 𝐷 𝑧=𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
• Suppose a solid region E lies between the graph of
two continuous functions x and y, that is
𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 |𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑔1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑔2 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑏 𝑔2 𝑥,𝑦 𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐸 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔1 𝑥,𝑦 𝑧=𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
Example
Find the volume of the solid bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and
the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 4 and 𝑦 = 9.
Solution:
3 4 9
𝑉 = 𝑥=−3 𝑧=0 𝑦=𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
3 4
= 𝑥=−3 𝑧=0 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
3 z
= 𝑥=−3 36 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
y
=144
x y
x
Cylindrical polar coordinates
Let 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be any point in space
Let (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) respectively denote
𝑟: projection OQ of OP on 𝑥𝑦-plane
𝜃: angle which OQ makes with 𝑥-axis
𝑧: perpendicular PQ on the 𝑥𝑦-plane
Then cylindrical coordinates of P are 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧
𝑟≥0
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
−∞ < 𝑧 < +∞
Q
• Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑧=𝑧
• Cylindrical to Cartesian coordinates
r= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
−1 𝑦
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
𝑧=𝑧
• Volume element
𝛽 ℎ2 𝜃 𝑢2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∅
• Cartesian to spherical coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
• Spherical to Cartesian coordinates
r= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
−1 𝑧 𝑧
𝜃= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑟 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
−1 𝑦
𝜙= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
• Volume element
∆𝒓
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌 ∆∅
𝜽𝒌
∆𝜽
𝒓𝒊 ∆𝜽
∆∅
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌
𝒓𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒌 ∆∅
• By assuming that the given region is a
rectangle
• ∆𝑉𝑖𝑗𝑘 = ∆𝑟 𝑟𝑖 ∆𝜃 𝑟𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑘 ∆∅
= 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑘 ∆𝑟∆𝜃∆∅
• Suppose E is a spherical wedge given by
𝐸 = 𝑟, 𝜃, ∅ |𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏, 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽, 𝑐 ≤ ∅ ≤ 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
𝑑 𝛽 𝑏
2𝜋 𝜋 1
3 3
2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 2 2
𝑟 2
𝑒 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
𝐵 ∅=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
2𝜋 𝜋 1
3
2
𝑟 2
4
= 𝑑∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑒−1
3
∅=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
Thank You