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Physics Hons 2017

CU physics honours question paper 2017

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Physics Hons 2017

CU physics honours question paper 2017

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srvr 7575
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G.Uy HYSICS HONOURS QUESTION PAPERS (PART-1& I1)—2017 PART-I FIRST PAPER - 2017 Full Marks — 100 Answer Question No. I and any four questions from each Unit ‘ 1. Answer any ten of the following : 2x10 n 0 (a) Find the values of x for which the series Ds nat is conver- nel, t. (b) Prove that [ (6V?v +¥4.Vy dl" = $(6!'y)dS where is ie volume enclosed by the closed surface S. (c) Prove that the product of two Hermitian matrics A and B is lermitian only if A and B commute. (d) Using the generating function g(x,h)= (1—2xh +h?) ¥? on 1 : P(x).(h\<) find out the Legendre Polynomial Px). : (¢) Find the Fourier transform of 6(x—a)+0(x + a) where aisa 0 instant. (f) Find whether d¢ is an exact differential where dd = (x° — 4xy) de + (V°— 2x)dy. (g) Distance between two points ina medium is 2m. The optical th corresponding to this distance is 2.5. Find out velocity of light medium. _(h) Distinguish between amplitude resonance and velocity reso- (i) Draw a sketch of the drain characteristics of a MOSFET and ify the different regions. Pat AG Le elas Ge 2. C.U. Physi lysics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & I)— 2017 First Paper—2017 @) Verify the Boolean identity ; ie AC+ABC=AC ok mt dye ine : a at Woe frequencies than BJT "s? J es, i ili show (i) exactly twice ( ii) at least 6 aes oe ) Unit-1 2.(a) (i) Deduce Vx (gA) = (0) x44 6(Fx Ay. (ii) State Stokes’ theorem fora vector V Let 7 = gé where @ 4 Pi i cis dy ei k+d : 0, setting YC) = Ya aX with ay #0. 4=0 stys (i) Verify that the indicial equation is k (k — 1) = 0. (ii) Fork = 1. show that a, is necessarily zero. (iii) Find the recurrence relation. (iv) Hence show that for k= 1, the solution is y= a, sin x. 2414242 (b) A particle moves in a plane such that * dx dx a ee —=18 a 50y and ii x (b) Gi Given that it passes through the point (2, 0), find the equation of iven the y ae 2 A Way vector 4 = (x? _ D)i+29 428 , evatute the path. 3 6. (a) Solve Or oy by the method of separation of variables, given that U (0. y) = 8e”. (b) Given be i ent aa) pn nm where 7, is the Hermite Polynomial. show that 17 (x) = (-1)” i $4 éFarouna the boundary of the circle x?+y2= : ; (a) Ww y © matrix can be wri en as the sum of a 3.(a) Show that an Squar nati b tt the si f (b) Find the eigenvalues and the normalised eigenvector of the 2 Qin matrix =|. te ! m 243 CA ia os ‘ a beat, Farieh defined by the relation NN* = N* N. If Nis Maine i and B are Hermitian, show that AandB 4. i : Ba ae eo path of length X during which a molecule of an ideal €rany collision with another molecule, the probabil- H,(-2). (c) Aplucked string of length Z is excited at x = L/3 and touched at x=L/4. Calculate the harmonics present. 4 7. (a) Expand the function dias =x for-n of the centre of mass. 3 (b) A uniform cylindrical firecraker of mass ‘m’ is ignited and pro- jected from a height “h’ (centre of mass height) with an intial horizon- tal velocity Ui, . The firecraker explodes after time ‘t’, in mid-air. Deter- mine the path of the centre of mass. 2 (c) If the centre of mass of a system is accelerating. show that the total torque about centre of mass due to the pseudoforce arising out of the acceleration of the centre of mass is zero. Hence, show that for a system of particles dL’ Le dt with T= and L’ =>. i i , Here, 7 and pare the _ Position and momentum of the i-th particle with respect to the centre _ of mass but F is the true total force on the i-th particle as seen from an , inertial frame. Under what condition can you replace the torque in the alienate 15!) iy) 89.0) | a ‘ Cu Physics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & II above equation by the externg 4. (a) Find the moment of j 2017 al torque on the system ? 242+) axis having direction cosiné ae fuses oe eS O02 and a with r 4 3 spect to X.Y ang Zaxes Tespectively SSin; ‘Ou; NCS, LY and passing thr igin. WI fh assing t igh the origin. What is ellipsoid of inertia 442 (b)A homogeneou. -Y plane with ; IS Square lamina i: iS centre at the origin on axes. Now the and edges parallel { x lo the x i Coordinate system is roy ne that the resulting coord, Spective of the angled . 5. (a) The relatiy i (a) The relative motion of two molecules can be described Tibed as the moti i i phen lotion ofa single particle Teduced mass m, = i i 1 - Using this idea ve hi latir I 1 We get the distrib ution of the relati: € velocities of the mo ecules Cl dn 2 : re m i mC> 1 (:) cxf et 4xC?dC, Where C. is the Telative velocity of two m average relative veloci the average velocity o olecules. Show that the ty of the molecules is C, = V2 c. where ¢ is f the molecules. path. Also, find the number of molecules havi and 2), , where 2. is the mean free ‘Path, (©) Prove that coeffici i lent of vi ity sure overa wide range. WI swe 241 i &4s is independent of pres- gina NY Is this no longer valid at extremely low pres- 6. (a) Colloi icles a - PN Mien eu Suspended in liquid. Using Einstein’s theory. ia pendence of the mean Square displacement per unit 6 (b) A parti i ) A particle under Brownian motion at 27°C has an r.m.s speed Third Paper—2017 a Invsec. Find the mass of the particle. Boltzmann Constant K = 1.38 x 10" IK, 4 7. (a) Express van der Walls equation of state of a real gas in virial form. Determine the Boyle temperature from it. 2+1 (b) A long wire resistivity 210‘ ohm —cm and | mn in diameter carries a current of 5 ampere. If it is covered uniformly with a cylindri- cal layer of insulating material having coefficient of thermal conduc- tivity of 610+ c.g.s unit and outer diameter of 1 cm, what is the temperature difference between the inner and outer surface of the insulating layer at steady state ? ‘ 4 (c) What is solar constant ? Each square meter of sun’s surface radiates energy at the rate of 6.310" Joule/m?/s, and Stefan’s Con- stant is 5.67< 10° W/m?/K*. Find the temperature of the surface of the sun. 2 THIRD PAPER- 2017 Full Marks — 100 Question No. 1 is compulsory. Answer any eight questions, taking four from each unit 1. Answer any ten of the following questions : 2x10 (a) An amplifier with mid gain |A| = 500 has negative feedback | | = 0.01. If the upper cut-off frequency without feedback were at 50 kHz. then calculate its value with feedback. (b) A magnetic field B=i+ 2j —4k T and an unknown electric field E exists ina region. Ifan electron moving within that region with velocity ¥ = 231 +j - 2k) m/s experiences no force, calculate E . (c) How a J-K Flip-flop can be converted to D Flip-flop ? (d) Acurrent distribution gives rise to the magnetic vector poten- tial A (x, ¥.2)= x°yi + y?xj — xvzk Tm. Find the corresponding mag- Netic field B at (-1,2.5). (e) Check whether the LCR series combination with L = 0.2H, C= 2uF .R=100Q connected to a-DC source will be oscillatory in i Nature ? Plot the current through the circuit as a function of time when the source is suddenly connected. () An AC circuit connected toa 220V. 50Hz supply contains a 20H 10 C. U. Physics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & I)— 2017 coil of resistance 100 Q connected i i i ted in series with uF i culate the power factor of circuit. oe (g) Determine the electric field d ue to th i = (A/ ; a 0 the potential « (r)= (4/ (h) Consider an infinite straight chain of alternating charges +q and -—q. The distance between i ‘ ; the alternating charges is ‘a’. Fi interaction energy of each charges with all the éahees nee (i) Find the dimension of ,/¢, / 4 Ay By I "i i (j) Ifa zone plate is constructed in such a way that the radii of the zon c “ i es are ./i and even zones (with even value of 1) are blackened. a show the points at the distance minimum when m= 2. bi aie i Nee (K)A reflected li ght emerging after incidence at Brewster's angle is it will be maximum when m= 1 and plane polarized. 2 i i polarized. A 4 plate placed in reflected light can transform it into a circularly polarized light. Mention the orientation of such aX plate. : (1) What is Brewster's law ? 2.(a) Find the output volta; Eyre ircui ge for the given circuit configuration. 4 ee ance S | ©. Here S=——and OF aL Third Paper—2017 "4 is represented by-v = vcos( @,t +m SMOn!), where the symbols have their usual meanings. Show that ifthe modulation index m is 1, then the band width of the modulated wave is approximately 20, - 143 (c) The highest audible frequency is 18 kHz. If the modulation index of an FM wave is 4.5, find the minimum bandwidth required for the detection of the FM wave. # 3.€a)A symmetrical astable multivibrator using bipolar junction transistor ( = 90) is designed for the frequency 20kHz. Calculate the value of R...R, and the capacitor C. It is given that supply voltage 12 volt, the collector saturation current 6mA andT=1.38R,C. Consider that the transistors are ideal and just saturate in ON state. 4 (b) Show that for a signe tuned amplifier total output impedance. _ Zbecomes approximately. Le sis 1+ j206 when the operating frequency is very near to the tuned frequency @-%o Ry @ —* = a@yR,C . The Land C are the 0 | inductor and capacitor of the tank circuit and R, is the total output - resistance. 4 ( (c) What is the utility of using Radio Frequency Choke in the collector for Hartley and Colpitts oscillators ? 2 4a) Drawa clocked S-R flip flop circuit using two-input NAND _ gates and explain its operation with proper state table. 242 (b) Explain how a clocked S-R flip flop is converted into a delay ip flop. : z (ec) Gi) Discuss the principle of operation of a 4-bit digital compara- i) Distinguish between combinational and sequential logic cir- i 242 = (9) Write down the Biot-Savart law for the general case ofa 4 si 2 C.U. Physics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & II)— 2017 volume current and verify that V_B =0 J av: 3 a sep ana oe o = centre of a regular hexagon carrying a ly . Le the di eae ¢ distance from the centre of the hexagon (c) For the C-R circuit i : ) shown below if V, is the vol i a : capacitor initially. then show that the electrical cher ce rat a entirely dissipated in R after the switch S is closed. a oy 6.(a) A long and uniform cylinder of radius R, canis amagnetiza- tion parallel to the axis Af = nisi ind r is the Mf = kr2 . Here k a constant a distance from the axis. There is no free current anywhere. Using Am | a ye . pere’s law, find H and B inside and outside the cylinder. 4 (b) In the interior of a permanent magnet H and B have opposite directions. Which parts ; parts of the hy: is loo magnetic state ? reste er Eee na m aauan 2 tetas AE Ra si Hens docs a magnetic circuit differ from clectric circuit? A mag- otha, it consists of a circular iron-core of permeability 4 ,a ok ce f = 7 air gap of width d. Cross section of the oe Aand eal : of turns of the coil is N carrying current I. Derive an . i a n ‘or the intensity of magnetic field in the air gap. * e voltage magnification in an LCR circuit is defined as p-d across the inductance (or capacitance) applied emf Third Paper—2017 13 C=0.5pF withR= 10. calculate the voltage ma gnification in the circuit at reasonant frequency. 2 (b) Calculate the impedance for the following circuit and find the frequency for which the current in this circuit will be in phase with the input voltage. Figure 5 ‘Also find the value of frequency for which the impedance will become inductive only. ! 24142 (c) Two long parallel wires are separated in air by a distance d. Current passes through them in opposite sense. Radius of each wire is a. Calculate the self-inductance per unit length when d>>a. 3 ~ Unit—6 8.(a) Theelectric field in the x-y plane is given by: E=2axi+ by V/m. What is the charge density responsible for this field ? 3 (b) A conical surface (an empty ice-cream. cone) carries a uniform surface charge density o - The height of the cone is a, and R is the radius at the top. Find the potential difference between the vertex and the centre of the top. 4 _ (c) The electric field in a region of space is given by ye — gxi — 457 — 42k - Find the equation of the lines of force in the i, planez=0. is i 9.(a) Ifa charge distribution is spherically symmetric, show that all but the monopole term of the multipole expansion corresponding tothis distribution vanish. Show that the dipole moment of asystem ‘of charges is independent of the choice of the origin if the net mono- wale maimnent[ is Zcro. 3 14 C. U. Physics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & I)— 2017 (b) A circular disc of radius a on the xy plane has a surface charge density, o =o r cos@/ a. Calculate the electric dipole moment of this charge distribution. 4 (c) Determine the force acting on an electric dipole placed within an-inhomogencous electric field. 3 10.(a) State the boundary conditions prevaling at the interface of two dielectrics in presence of charge density on the interface. 3 (b) Calculate the potential inside a uniformly charged spherical shell. Calculate the electric field at that point. 2+1 (c) What is electrical image ? A charged particle is at a distance dfrom an infinite conducting plane maintained at zero potential. When released from rest. the particle reaches a speed u at a distance d/2 fromthe plane. At what distance from the plane will the particle reach the speed 2u ? 4 11.(a) Show that ifone beam of a two beam interference setup has an irradiance of N times that of the other beam, the fringe visibility is given by N+1 (b) In the Newton’s ring arrangement, write down the conditions of maxima and minima for both the reflected and transmitted light, Compare these two fringes. 4 (c) Newton’s rings are formed between a spherical lens surface and an optical flat. Ifthe tenth bright ring of green light (546.1 nm) is 7.89 mm in diameter, what is the radius of curvature of the lens surface ? 2 (d) Show that fringe width of the interference pattern produced by Fresnel’s biprism is expressed as = (1 + *\, be a} 2a(n-l) : where a= distance between slit and biprism. b = distance between biprism and screen, « = angle of biprism and n = refractive index of the material of the prism. 2 12.(a) Distinguish between single slit and double slit difft raction 15 Fourth Paper—2017 (b) State and explain Rayleigh criterion of | nga any - separation of two points on the moon that can ? eae cm telescope. The distance of the moon 1S 3.8x10°km. The ey 342 iti i swavelength 5500 A. —~ ni lines of Neon are identified with the wavelen, eth 62172 and 62664 Ifa grating with 10,000 lines per inch isallowedto received the light. What will be separation of these lines in the third < lens of the focal order of spectrum at the focal plane of a convex lens : fs i aa ne phenomenon of double refraction in a or : 'stal by applying Huygen’s theory. _ : ir : x - bela two crossed linear pepe it ts i vi hird linear po! vertical and horizontal. Now insent a third s i hae transmission axis at 45° to the vertical. Determine the emerg; ing irradiance in terms of incident irradiance. ee (c) The rotation in the plane of polarization at wayelength sea ina certain substance is 10°/cm. Calculate the STH oa. - refractive indices for right and left circular polarized light 1 : co Aplane polarized light of wavelength 550 nm ees . rt larly polarized light on passing through ‘ — opp ee ‘pane oe “optic axis. Calculate the minimum ae tok Bea (n,-n,)= 0.005 where n, and n,are the refreactive Ge for E-ray and O-ray respectively, FOURTH PAPER- 2017 GROUP-A Full Marks-50 cman i y m the Answer Question No. 1 and any four fron cee have their usual meaning everyw here i Given h= 6.626 « 10 J -sec m=9.1 x 10°" kg c=3 x 10® m/sec y : five of the following : : a ae can detect 1.0*10° 18 Joules of Seay (a)’ Me ena aaa Atal aOR Cent? 16 C.U. Physics (Hons.) Ques. Papers (Part-I & II)— 2017 f (b) If the uncertainty in the position of a particle be determined up to an accuracy of 10m, what is the corresponding uncertainty in momentum ? sie. (c) Starting from the basic commutation relation [x. Py ] =if. one can show that [x.p2] =ifnp?', Using this result or in other way. prove that [x.sinp,]=ificosp, . ; 2 (d) If the state functions p. V and T are related by an equation of state f (p, V, T) = 0. then show that (Fhlahe) (e) A 100 Q resistor is held at constant temperature of 300 K. A current of 10 ampere is passed through the resistor for 300 sec. What is the change in entropy of the resistor and the universe ? z (f) Why the slope of the fusion curve in the P— T phase diagram of water is negative ? 2 2.(a) Using the concept of discrete energy and Boltzman probabil- ity distribution, find the average energy per mode of oscillation ofan assembly of harmonic oscillators. Hence, derive the spectral distribu- tion function assuming the number of modes per unit volume per unit wavelength to be (5, ) . What is the name of the spectra distribu- tion obtained above ? 341 (b) Repeat the above treatment for the case of continuous varia- tion in energy. Mention the name of the spectral distribution ob- tained. atl (c) A layer of Sodium 1 atom thick and | m?in area contain 10" atoms. If the incident light delivers a power of 10° watts to each atom, then what would be the time required for an atom to accumulatc sufficient energy to emit a photo electron classically (Given work function for sodium = 2.3eV). What inference can be drawn regarding the Einstein's Photoelectric effect from the above problem ? 2 3.(a) An electron and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Com- pare the wavelengths and the phase and group velocities of their de Broglie waves. 3 | Fourth Paper—2017 VW (b) Write down the time independent Schré ndinger equation fora Partcle moving in 1 — D. If there is no force acting on it, find out the Solution, If the particle is constrained to move such that 01S,) and (2P, +1S,) lines of the 2 5 i 2 hydrogen spectrum ina moderate magnetic field. Give a neat diagram. 343 (c) What is the role played by an optical resonator in a laser system? 2 13. (a) Outline the main features of Raman scattering. 3 (b) Show that ina pure rotational spectrum ofa diatomic gas, the spectral lines are equally spaced in frequency. 4 (c) For 2P +18 transition in hydrogen atom, the mean spontaneous life-time is 1.66 x 10* sec and the frequency of the emitted radiation is 2.4 x 10'SHz. Calculate the probability of stimulated emission. 3 SIXTH PAPER-2017 FULL MARKS- 100 Answer Question No. 1 and four each from Unit— 11 and Unit —12 1. Answer any ten of the following : 2x10 (a) A hadron has a quark content ddu. Find the charge and strangeness of this hadron. (b) What is velocity selector in a mass spectrometer? Explain with sketch. (c) What are nuclear isomers? (d) ‘The average nuclear binding energy in the range 30 (i) y, +n >p*_> (ii) e +e Sp +__- (d) All resonance particles have very short lifetimes. Why does this suggest they must be hadrons ? 1 Unit -12 (Solid state Physics) 8. (a) Show that the reciprocal lattice corresponding to a simple cubic lattice is another simple cubic lattice. Find the relation between volumes of the unit cells of the two lattices. 3 (b) Write down Bragg’s equation and hence, argue-greater is the angle of diffraction, greater is the accuracy in determining the lattice parameter. 142 (c)A diffractometer data of a crystal of an element show peaks at 29 angles of 44.46A; 64.7A, 82A and 93.224. If the wavelength of X-rays used is 1.543A, assign Miller indices to the peaks and determine the lattice constant. Can you identify the crystal structure? 2+1+1 9. (a) Explain the origin of non-zero value of average energy of degenerate free electrons at T = OK. 2 (b) What is meant by mean free path of free electrons in metal? Calculate the electrical conductivity with mean free path A for a metal with 6 x 10” conduction electrons per cc in unit of A ohm! em". 1+3 (c) Auniform copper wire of length 0.5 m and diameter 0.3 mm has a resistance of 0.12 Q at 293 K. If the thermal conductivity of the specimen at the same temperature is 390 Wm'K", calculate the Lorentz number. Compare this value with the theoretical value based on free electron theorV. Q1 Sixth Paper— 2017 9 10.(a) Mention the different types of bondings in crystalline solids. Describe their properties briefly. 1+2 (b) The potential energy of a system of two atoms is given by B yest r pee The atoms form a stable bond having bond length 3A and - bond- energy 1.8 eV. Calculate the force required to break the molecule and the critical interatomic distance for which it occurs. 3+1 (c) Find the minimum distance of the Na* and CI ions in NaCl crystal. The crystal has FCC interpenetrating lattice structure. Given : atomic wt. of Na and Cl are 23 and 35.5, density of NaClis 2.17 gm/cm’. 3 ll. (a) State Bloch’s theorem in periodic crystals. 2 (b) In the Krénig-Penney model, the following equation is obtained after simplification ; Bi. ——sinaa+cosaa =coska; a =\/—> aa h (i) Obtain the energy band gap at k= a in the limit 2 V,ab<< a m (ii) What is the energy of the lowest band at k = 0 in the limit P << 1? 242 (c) Find the expression for effective mass of an electron in a lattice. What happens to this mass close to the edges of the Brillouin zones and why? 242 12. (a) Suppose a paramagnetic atom having permanent moment tt with a given resultant quantum number J, is placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Obtain an expression of the magnetization as a function of B and temperature T. Hence, obtain Curie’s law in the appropriate limit. F 442 (b) Sketch the spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnet as a function of temperature. Indicate the universal feature associated with the graph. 1+1 10 CU. Physics Hons. Question Papers (Part — ITI) -2017 (c) Atomic weight and density of iron are 55.847 and 7.87% 10° kg/m! respectively. If iron has a magnetic moment of 2.2 Bohr magneton, determine its spontaneous magnetization. 2 13. (a) Explain briefly the Meissner effect with a suitable diagram. 2+1 (b) Calculate the wavelength of the photon which will be required to destroy the superconductivity in Aluminium having critical transition temperature 1.2 K. In which region of electromagnetic spectrum does it belong? 1+1 (c). What are the main assumptions in Debye model? How does it differ from Einstein’s model? Find the expression for number of modes of vibrations in the range Y to Y+ dy ina cubic solid having N atoms. 14143 SEVENTH PAPER-2017 (Group—A) FULL MARKS-50 Answer Question No. I and any four from the rest 1, Answer any five of the following : 2x5 (a) By evaluating the volume of the relevant region of its phase space, show that the number of microstates available to a rigid rotator with angular momentum less than M is (27M /h)’. (b) State the theorem of equipartition of energy with particular emphasis on the form of the system’s Hamiltonian. (c) Sketch the Fermi distribution function for three temperatures T, > 7, > T, = 0 on the same graph. (d) Explain how Maxwell modified the Ampere’s law. (e) The non-zero components of the electric and magnetic vectors for an electromagnetic field are given by £, = Ee #*#), B= Bes respectively. Obtain the value of ¢, when 0<¢<2z. (f) Find out the pressure exerted by a radiation of power 1kW/ cm? on a totally absorbing surface. 2. (a) Derive the partition function of a system of classical monatomic ideal gas. How do you show the extensive property of the entropy from this partition function? (b) A system has two non-degenerate energy states E, and Seventh Paper—2017 "4 E,, with populations m, and 7,, respectively (n,, n,>> 1). The system is in contact with a heat bath at temperature T. Show, from Boltzmann’s statistical definition of entropy, the change in entropy when one particle goes from state | to state 2 is given by kin(n,/n,) where kis the Boltzmann constant. (c) A system has three non-degenerate energy states given by ¢,=OK, ¢,/k =200K and «¢,/k =300K . Find the average energy (¢) and dispersion o = Vie)-@ for the system if the temperature of the system is 250K. (B+3)}42+2 3. Find out the number of ways in which 7 identical bosons may be distributed among g energy levels. Obtain an expression for electronic specific heat for metals at low temperature. A spherical black body of radius 1 cm is enclosed in an evacuated chamber. If the chamber is at a temperature 300K, find out the amount of heat that must be supplied per second to the black body to keep it at a temperature 1000K. Neglect conduction of heat, (o =5.67x10* W/m’ /K"). 2444143 4. (a) With proper explanation, derive the condition of validity of classical statistical mechanics in terms of the temperature and density of particles. (b) Show that the Fermi momentum is proportional to the cube root of the density of free fermions at zero temperature in three dimensions. SHS 5. Starting from Maxwell’s equation, show that any initial charge density in a conductor dissipates in a characteristic time. Find the average energy density for a plane monochromatic wave. Show that Poynting theorem predicts Joule heating in a wire. 34344 6. A current / is made to increase in the windings of a long solenoid very stowly. The solenoid has radius R, length L and ‘n’ turns per unit length. 12 C.U. Physics Hons, Question Papers (Part — TI) -2017 (a) Write down the expression for energy stored U, in the solenoid at any given instant. dl (b) Find out the time rate of change of U in terms of a (c) Use Faraday’s law to find the induced electric field, (d) Find out the instantaneous Poynting vector, (e) Calculate its flux through the Lateral surface (i.e. the cylindrical surface, not the edges) and find its relation with “ at the surface. Find out the ratio of the electric field intensities for normal incidence. Find out the conditions under which there is a phase reversal for the reflected wave, Starting from Maxwell’s equations derive Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws, 2+34+2+3 UTY COLLAR Tren Ar "UA. Bala Ryn ricuns,9

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