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    Cracking Definition

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    asim zeeshan
    Cracking is the process of breaking down complex organic molecules like kerogens and long-chain hydrocarbons into simpler molecules like light hydrocarbons by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. There are three main types of cracking: thermal cracking uses heat and pressure, fluidized catalytic cracking uses a catalyst at moderate temperature and pressure, and hydrocracking is a catalytic process using hydrogen and a catalyst. They differ in their use of energy sources, catalysts, operating temperatures and pressures to produce lighter hydrocarbon products from heavier feedstocks.

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    Cracking Definition

    Uploaded by

    asim zeeshan
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    Cracking is the process of breaking down complex organic molecules like kerogens and long-chain hydrocarbons into simpler molecules like light hydrocarbons by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. There are three main types of cracking: thermal cracking uses heat and pressure, fluidized catalytic cracking uses a catalyst at moderate temperature and pressure, and hydrocracking is a catalytic process using hydrogen and a catalyst. They differ in their use of energy sources, catalysts, operating temperatures and pressures to produce lighter hydrocarbon products from heavier feedstocks.

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    Cracking is the process of breaking down complex organic molecules like kerogens and long-chain hydrocarbons into simpler molecules like light hydrocarbons by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. There are three main types of cracking: thermal cracking uses heat and pressure, fluidized catalytic cracking uses a catalyst at moderate temperature and pressure, and hydrocracking is a catalytic process using hydrogen and a catalyst. They differ in their use of energy sources, catalysts, operating temperatures and pressures to produce lighter hydrocarbon products from heavier feedstocks.

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    26 views4 pages

    Cracking Definition

    Uploaded by

    asim zeeshan
    Cracking is the process of breaking down complex organic molecules like kerogens and long-chain hydrocarbons into simpler molecules like light hydrocarbons by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. There are three main types of cracking: thermal cracking uses heat and pressure, fluidized catalytic cracking uses a catalyst at moderate temperature and pressure, and hydrocracking is a catalytic process using hydrogen and a catalyst. They differ in their use of energy sources, catalysts, operating temperatures and pressures to produce lighter hydrocarbon products from heavier feedstocks.

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    of 4

    Cracking

    Cracking Definition
    Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-
    chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking
    of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly
    dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into
    smaller, more useful alkenes. This process requires high temperatures and high pressure.

    Cracking types:
    In petroleum refining, different cracking processes are used to break bonds of higher hydrocarbons, which
    are as follows:

     Thermal Cracking
     Hydro-Cracking
     Fluidised Catalytic Cracking

    Thermal Cracking:
    Thermal cracking is a refining process in which heat and pressure are used to break down, rearrange, or
    combine hydrocarbon molecules. Thermal cracking is an extraction process in which hydrocarbons such
    as crude oil are heated to a high temperature to break the molecular bonds.

    Feedstock
    Thermal cracking is used for conversion of residues and higher Mol. wt. hydrocarbons into more useful
    products by cracking the large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at a specific temperature and
    pressure.

    Process condition
     High Pressure 7000 kPa
     High Temperature 400°C to 900°C
     Free Radical Mechanism
     Homolytic fission
     Produces mostly alkenes ...e.g. ethene for making polymers and ethanol
     Produces Hydrogen ... used in the Haber Process and in margarine manufacture
    Block diagram

    Fluidized –Bed Catalytic Cracking


    The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is the heart of the refinery and is where heavy low-value petroleum
    stream such as vacuum gas oil (VGO) is upgraded into higher value products, mainly gasoline and C3/C4 olefins,
    which can be used in the alkylation unit for production of gasoline (C7– C8 alkylates).

    Process condition
    The temperature used for this process is about 475-530ºC. The pressure is about 20 atm

    Catalyst
    Catalysts used in fluidized catalytic cracking is alumina, silica, or zeolites.

    Feedstock
    The main feedstock used in a FCC unit is the gas oil , which can be considered mixtures of aromatic, naphthenic
    and paraffinic molecules.

    Diagram
    Hydrocracking
    There are a number of hydrocracking processes available for licensing. These processes are fixed bed
    catalytic processes, in which liquid is moving downward and gas is moving upward/downward. The
    process employs either single stage or two stage hydrocracking.

    Process condition
    The temperature and pressure may vary with the age of catalyst, desired products and the properties of
    feedstock. Typical process condition. The temperature used for this process is about 260-245ºC. The
    pressure is about 35-200 bar.

    Feedstock
    The feed for hydrocracking is vacuum gas oil (VGO) , atmospheric gas oil (AGO) and straight run diesel.

    Hydrocracking Catalysts
    The catalyst use in hydrocracking is dual function. Catalyst use is alumina , zeolites ,Co ,Mo ,Nickel and platinum.
    Process Diagram

    Major Differences
    Thermal cracking Fluidized cracking Hydrocracking

    Uses heat energy for the Involves a catalyst to obtain Hydrocracking is a catalytic
    breakdown of compounds( at products (along with moderate cracking process in the presences
    high temperatures and high temperature and pressure) of hydrogen and catalyst
    pressures

    The temperature used for this The temperature used for this The temperature used for this
    process is about 400-900oC. process is about 475-530ºC process is about 260-245 oC

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