6.

1Ratios, Proportions, and the Geometric lengths of two corresponding sides is called the
Mean scale factor.

If a and b are two numbers or quantities and b Þ *The ratios of lengths in similar polygons is the
0, then the ratio of a to b is a}b . The ratio of a to same as the scale factor.
b can also be written as a:b. Corresponding Lengths in Similar Polygons

PROPORTIONS - An equation that states that If two polygons are similar, then the ratio of any
two ratios are equal two corresponding lengths in the polygons is
The numbers b and c are the means of the equal to the scale factor of the similar polygons.
proportion. The numbers a and d are the 6.4Prove Triangles Similar by AA

6.5Prove Triangles Similar by SSS and SAS

extremes of the proportion

6.2 Use Proportions to Solve Geometry

Problems

A scale drawing is a drawing that is the same

shape as the object it represents. 6.6 Use Proportionality Theorems

The scale is a ratio that describes how the The Midsegment Theorem- is a special case of
dimensions in the drawing are related to the the Triangle Proportionality Theorem and its
actual dimensions of the object. converse.
6.3 Use Similar Polygons

Two polygons are similar polygons if

corresponding angles are congruent and
corresponding side lengths are proportional.

If two polygons are similar, then the ratio of the

 500B.C.).This theorem can be used to find
information about the lengths of the sides of a
right triangle.

Fractals- is an object that is self-similar. An object *The area of a square with side lengths is
is self-similar if one part of the object can be A=s2.The area of a triangle with base b and
enlarged to look like the whole object height h Is A=1}2bh
Many fractals are formed by a repetition of a
sequence of the steps called iteration
The first stage of drawing a fractal is considered
Stage 0. Helge van Koch (1870–1924) described
a fractal known as the Koch snowflake

6.7Perform Similarity Transformations

A dilation is a transformation that stretches or

shrinks a figure to create a similar figure. A
A Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive
dilation is a type of similarity transformation.
integers a, b, and c that satisfy the equation c2=
In a dilation, a figure is enlarged or reduced with a2+b2.
respect to a fixed point called the center of
7.2 Use the Converse of the Pythagorean
dilation.
Theorem
The scale factor of a dilation is the ratio of a side
The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is
length of the image to the corresponding side
used to verify that a given triangle is a right
length of the original figure. In the figure shown, n
triangle.

X YZ is the image of n ABC. The center of dilation

is (0, 0)and the scale factor is XY}AB

*Generally, for a center of dilation at the origin, a

point of the figure and its image lie on the same
ray from the origin. However, if a point of the
figure is the origin, its image is also the origin.

7.1Apply the Pythagorean Theorem

One of the most famous theorems in mathematics

is the Pythagorean Theorem, named for the
ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras (around
7. 3 Use Similar Right Triangles A trigonometric ratio is a ratio of the lengths of
two sides in a right triangle. You will use
When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a trigonometric ratios to find the measure of a side
right triangle, the two smaller triangles are similar or an acute angle in a right triangle. The ratio of
to the original triangle and to each other. the lengths of the legs in a right triangle is
constant for a given angle measure. This ratio is
called the tangent of the angle.

7. 4 Special Right Triangles

A 45degree-45degree-90degree triangle is an
isosceles right triangle that can be formed by
7. 6Apply the Sine and Cosine Ratios

The sine and cosine ratios are trigonometric ratios

for acute angles that involve the lengths of a leg
and the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

cutting a square in half If you look up at an object, the angle your line of
sight makes with a horizontal line is called the
A 30degree-60degree-90degree triangle can be angle of elevation. If you look down at an object,
formed by dividing an equilateral triangle in half the angle your line of sight makes with a
horizontal line is called the angle of depression.

7. 7Solve Right Triangles

To solve a right triangle means to find the

measures of all of its sides and angles. You can
solve a right triangle if you know either of the
following:• Two side lengths• One side length and

7.5 Apply the Tangent Ratio

the measure of one acute angle

Law of Sines and Law of Cosines 8.2 Use Properties of Parallelograms

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs

of opposite sides parallel. The term
“parallelogram PQRS” can be written as~ PQRS.
8.1 Find Angle Measures in Polygons
In~ PQRS,}P Q i}RS and}Q Ri}PS by definition.
In a polygon, two vertices that are end points of
INTERIOR ANGLES The Consecutive Interior
the same side are called consecutive vertices. A
Angles Theorem states that if two parallel lines
diagonal of a polygon is a segment that joins two
are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of
nonconsecutive vertices.
consecutive interior angles formed are
supplementary. A pair of consecutive angles in a
parallelogram are like a pair of consecutive
interior angles between parallel lines. This
similarity suggests Theorem 8.5

*Unlike the sum of the interior angle measures of

a convex polygon, the sum of the exterior angle
measures does not depend on the number of
sides of the polygon. The diagrams below
suggest that the sum of the measures of the
exterior angles, one at each vertex, of a pentagon
8.3Show that a Quadrilateral is a
Parallelogram

8.4Properties of Rhombuses, Rectangles, and

Squares

is 360degree.In general, this sum is 360degree

for any convex polygon
Three special types of parallelograms
:rhombuses, rectangles, and squares

8.5 Use Properties of Trapezoids and Kites

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair

of parallel sides. The parallel sides are the bases.

Conditional statement- If the diagonals of a

parallelogram are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus. Converse - If a
parallelogram is a rhombus, then its diagonals are
perpendicular.

If the legs of a trapezoid are congruent, then the

trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid.

The midsegment of a trapezoid is the segment that

connects the midpoints of its legs.

A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of consecutive

congruent sides, but opposite sides are not congruent

Technical drawings may include isometric drawings. These

drawings look three-dimensional and can be created on a
grid of dots using three axes that intersect to form
120degree angles.

Technical drawings may also include an orthographic

projection. An orthographic projection is a two-
dimensional drawing of the front, top, and side views of an
object. The interior lines in these two-dimensional A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows
drawings represent edges of the object. and columns. (The plural of matrix is matrices.) Each
number in a matrix is called an element.
8.6 Identify Special Quadrilaterals
The dimensions of a matrix are the numbers of rows and
columns. The matrix above has three rows and four
columns, so the dimensions of the matrix are3 x 4 (read “3
by 4”).

* To add or subtract matrices, you add or subtract

corresponding elements. The matrices must have the same
dimensions.

*You can use matrix addition to represent a translation in

the coordinate plane. The image matrix for a translation is
9.1Translate Figures and Use Vectors the sum of the translation matrix and the matrix that
represents the pre image
A Transformation moves or changes a figure in some way
to produce a new figure called an image. Another name for *The product of two matrices A and B is defined only when
the original figure is the pre image. the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows
in B.
A Translation moves every point of a figure the same
distance in the same direction. 9.3Perform Reflections

An isometry is a transformation that preserves length and A reflection is a transformation that uses a line like a mirror
angle measure. Isometry is another word for congruence to reflect an image. The mirror line is called the line of
transformation reflection.

A reflection in a line m maps every point P in the plane to a

point P9, so that for each point one of the following
properties is true:•If P is not on m, then m is the
perpendicular bisector of}PP9, or• If P is on m, then P=P9
A vector is a quantity that has both direction and
magnitude, or size. A vector is represented in the
coordinate plane by an arrow drawn from one point to
another

9.2Use Properties of Matrices

9.4 Perform Rotations
A Rotation is a transformation in which a figure is turned
about a fixed point called the center of rotation. Rays
drawn from the center of rotation to a point and its image
form the angle of rotation.

Tessellations

A tessellation is a collection of figures that cover a plane

with no gaps or overlaps.

A regular tessellation is a tessellation of congruent regular

9.5 Apply Compositions of Transformations polygons.

The tessellation of equilateral triangles is a regular

tessellation.

9.6 Identify Symmetry

A figure in the plane has line symmetry if the figure can be

mapped onto itself by a ref lection in a line. This line of ref
lection is a line of symmetry, such as line m at the right. A
figure can have more than one line of symmetry.
A translation followed by a reflection can be performed
A figure in a plane has rotational symmetry if the figure can
one after the other to produce a glide reflection. A
be mapped onto itself by a rotation of 1808 or less about
translation can be called a glide. A glide reflection is a
the center of the figure. This point is the center of
transformation in which every point P is mapped to a point
symmetry. Note that the rotation can be either clockwise
P" by the following steps. First, a translation maps P to P'
or counterclockwise.
Then, a reflection in a line k parallel to the direction of the
translation maps P' to P". 9.7Identify and Perform Dilations
When two or more transformations are combined to form A dilation is a transformation in which the original figure
a single transformation, the result is a composition of and its image are similar.
transformations. A glide reflection is an example of a
composition of transformations.

* Compositions of two reflections result in either a

translation or a rotation, as described in Theorems 9.5 and
9.6.
10.1 Use Properties of Tangents COMMON TANGENTS - A common internal tangent
intersects the segment that joins the centers of two circles.
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are A common external tangent does not intersect the
equidistant from a given point called the center of the segment that joins the centers of the two circles.
circle. A circle with center P is called “circle P” and can be
written (P.A segment whose end points are the center and 10. 2 Find Arc Measures
any point on the circle is a radius.

A chord is a segment whose endpoints are on a circle. A

diameter is a chord that contains the center of the circle.

A secant is a line that intersects a circle in two points. A

tangent is a line in the plane of a circle that intersects the
circle in exactly one point, the point of tangency.

* The words radius and diameter are used for lengths as

well as segments. For a given circle, think of a radius and a
diameter as segments and the radius and the diameter as
lengths

COPLANAR CIRCLES - Two circles can intersect in two

points, one point, or no points. Coplanar circles that
intersect in one point are called tangent circles. Coplanar
circles that have a common center are called concentric.

ADJACENT ARCS- Two arcs of the same circle are

adjacent if they have a common endpoint. You can add the
measures of two adjacent arcs.

COMMON TANGENTS - A line, ray, or segment that is

tangent to two coplanar circles is called a common
tangent.

10.3 Apply Properties of Chords

A chord is a segment with endpoints on a circle. Because its

endpoints lie on the circle, any chord divides the circle into
two arcs. A diameter divides a circle into two semicircles.
Any other chord divides a circle into a minor arc and a
major arc
 10. 5Apply Other Angle Relationships in
Circles

The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of its

intercepted arc. This is true even if one side of the angle is
tangent to the circle

10. 4Use Inscribed Angles and Polygons

An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle

and whose sides contain chords of the circle. The arc that INTERSECTING LINES AND CIRCLES- If two lines
lies in the interior of an inscribed angle and has endpoints intersect a circle, there are three places where the lines
on the angle is called the intercepted arc of the angle. can intersect.

A polygon is an inscribed polygon if all of its vertices lie on

a circle. The circle that contains the vertices is a
circumscribed circle.

10. 6 Find Segment Lengths in Circles

When two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, each

chord is divided into two segments that are called
segments of the chord.

* Only certain quadrilaterals can be inscribed in a circle.

A secant segment is a segment that contains a chord of a
circle, and has exactly one endpoint outside the circle. The
part of a secant segment that is outside the circle is called
11 .1Areas of Triangles and Parallelograms

RECTANGLES- A rectangle that is b units by h units can

Draw a Locus be split into b x h unit squares, so the area formula for a
rectangle follows from Postulates 24 and 26
A locus in a plane is the set of all points in a plane that
satisfy a given condition or a set of given conditions. The
word locus is derived from the Latin word for “location.”
The plural of locus is loci, pronounced “low-sigh.”

LOCI SATISFYING TWO OR MORE CONDITIONS- To

find the locus of points that satisfy two or more conditions,
first find the locus of points that satisfy each condition
alone. Then find the intersection of these loci.

10.7 Write and Graph Equations of Circles

11 .2 Areas of Trapezoids, Rhombuses, and

Kites

The height of a trapezoid is the perpendicular distance

 An arc length is a portion of the circumference of a circle.
You can use the measure of the arc (in degrees) to find its
length (in linear units)

Geometry on a Sphere

In Euclidean geometry, a plane is a f lat surface that

extends without end in all directions, and a line in the
plane is a set of points that extends without end in two
directions. Geometry on a sphere is different. In spherical
geometry, a plane is the surface of a sphere. A line is
defined as a great circle, which is a circle on the sphere
whose center is the center of the sphere.

between its bases.

DISTANCES - In Euclidean geometry, there is exactly one

distance that can be measured between any two points.
On a sphere, there are two distances that can be measured
11.3 Perimeter and Area of Similar Figures between two points. These distances are the lengths of the
major and minor arcs of the great circle drawn through the
REGULAR POLYGONS - Consider two regular polygons
points.
with the same number of sides. All of the angles are
congruent. The lengths of all pairs of corresponding sides
are in the same ratio. So, any two such polygons are
similar. Also, any two circles are similar.

11 .4 Circumference and Arc Length

The circumference of a circle is the distance around the 11 .5 Areas of Circles and Sectors
circle. For all circles, the ratio of the circumference to the
diameter is the same. This ratio is known as π, or pi (3.14
to approximate the value of π.")

A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of

the circle and their intercepted arc.

11 .6 Areas of Regular Polygons

The diagram shows a regular polygon inscribed in a circle.

The center of the polygon and the radius of the polygon
are the center and the radius of its circumscribed circle.
The distance from the center to any side of the polygon is 12.1 Explore Solids
called the apothem of the polygon. The apothem is the
Platonic solids, named after the Greek philosopher Plato
(427 B.C.–347 B.C.), are solids that have the same
congruent regular polygon as each face, or side of the solid.

A polyhedron is a solid that is bounded by polygons, called

faces, that enclose a single region of space. An edge of a
polyhedron is a line segment formed by the intersection of
two faces. A vertex of a polyhedron is a point where three
or more edges meet. The plural of polyhedron is polyhedra
or polyhedrons.

height to the base of an isosceles triangle that has two radii

as legs. A central angle of a regular polygon is an angle
formed by two radii drawn to consecutive vertices of the
polygon. To find the measure of each central angle, divide
360degree by the number of sides.

CLASSIFYING SOLIDS -Of the five solids above, the

prism and the pyramid are polyhedra. To name a prism or a
pyramid, use the shape of the base.

11.6 Use Geometric Probability

The probability of an event is a measure of the likelihood

that the event will occur. It is a number between 0 and 1, EULER’S THEOREM- the sum of the number of faces and
inclusive, and can be expressed as a fraction, decimal, or vertices of the polyhedra is two more than the number of
percent. The probability of event A is written as P(A) edges. This suggests the following theorem, proved by the
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (pronounced “ oi′-
ler”), who lived from 1707 to 1783.

A geometric probability is a ratio that involves a geometric

measure such as length or area
REGULAR POLYHEDRA- A polyhedron is regular if all of
its faces are congruent regular polygons. A polyhedron is
convex if any two points on its surface can be connected by
a segment that lies entirely inside or on the polyhedron. If
this segment goes outside the polyhedron, then the
polyhedron is non convex, or concave.

There are five regular polyhedra, called Platonic solids after

A cylinder is a solid with congruent circular bases that lie in

parallel planes. The height of a cylinder is the
perpendicular distance between its bases. The radius of a
base is the radius of the cylinder. In aright cylinder, the
segment joining the centers of the bases is perpendicular
to the bases. The lateral area of a cylinder is the area of its
curved surface. It is equal to the product of the
circumference and the height, or 2πrh. The surface area of
the Greek philosopher Plato (c. 427B.C.–347B.C.). The five a cylinder is equal to the sum of the lateral area and the
Platonic solids are shown. areas of the two bases.

There are only five regular polyhedra because the sum of

the measures of the angles that meet at a vertex of a
convex polyhedron must be less than3608. This means that
the only possible combinations of regular polygons at a
vertex that will form a polyhedron are 3, 4, or 5 triangles, 3
squares, and 3 pentagons. 12 .3 Surface Area of Pyramids and Cones
The intersection of the plane and the solid is called across A pyramid is a polyhedron in which the base is a polygon
section. and the lateral faces are triangles with a common vertex,
12.2 Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders
called the vertex of the pyramid. The intersection of two
lateral faces is a lateral edge. The intersection of the base
A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent faces, called and a lateral face is a base edge. The height of the pyramid
bases, that lie in parallel planes. The other faces, called is the perpendicular distance between the base and the
lateral faces, are parallelograms formed by connecting the vertex.
corresponding vertices of the bases. The segments
connecting these vertices are lateral edges. Prisms are
classified by the shapes of their bases. The surface area of
a polyhedron is the sum of the areas of its faces. The lateral
area of a polyhedron is the sum of the areas of its lateral
faces. The two-dimensional representation of the faces is
called a net
A regular pyramid has a regular polygon for a base and the
The height of a prism is the perpendicular distance segment joining the vertex and the center of the base is
between its bases. In aright prism, each lateral edge is perpendicular to the base. The lateral faces of a regular
perpendicular to both bases. A prism with lateral edges pyramid are congruent isosceles triangles. The slant height
that are not perpendicular to the bases is an oblique prism. of a regular pyramid is the height of a lateral face of the
regular pyramid. A non regular pyramid does not have a
slant height
CONES -A cone has a circular base and a vertex that is not
in the same plane as the base. The radius of the base is the
radius of the cone. The height is the perpendicular distance
between the vertex and the base.
12.5 Volume of Pyramids and Cones
In a right cone, the segment joining the vertex and the
center of the base is perpendicular to the base and the the volume of a prism is Bh, where B is the area of a
slant height is the distance between the vertex and a point base and h is the height.
on the base edge.
12 .6 Surface Area and Volume of Spheres
The lateral surface of a cone consists of all segments that
connect the vertex with points on the base edge. A sphere is the set of all points in space equidistant
from a given point. This point is called the center of
the sphere. A radius of a sphere is a segment from
the center to a point on the sphere. A chord of a
sphere is a segment whose endpoints are on the
sphere. A diameter of a sphere is a chord that
contains the center

*As with circles, the terms radius and diameter also

represent distances, and the diameter is twice the
VOLUME FORMULAS- The volume of any right
radius
prism or right cylinder can be found by multiplying
the area of its base by its height

If a plane intersects a sphere, the intersection is

either a single point or a circle. If the plane contains
the center of the sphere, then the intersection is a
great circle of the sphere. The circumference of a
great circle is the circumference of the sphere.
Every great circle of a sphere separates the sphere
into two congruent halves called hemispheres
12.7 Explore Similar Solids Properties of Exponents

Two solids of the same type with equal ratios of An exponent tells you how many times to multiply a
corresponding linear measures, such as heights or base. The expression45 is called a power with base 4
radii, are called similar solids. The common ratio is and exponent 5.
called the scale factor of one solid to the other
45= 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x4 =1024
solid. Any two cubes are similar, as well as any two
spheres.

The green cylinders shown above are not similar.

Their heights are equal, so they have a 1 : 1 ratio.
The radii are different, however, so there is no Using the Distributive Property
common ratio.
You can use the Distributive Property to simplify
some expressions. Here are four forms of the
Distributive Property.

*Like terms are terms of an expression that have

Operations with Rational Numbers
identical variable parts. You can use the Distributive
The product or quotient of two numbers with the Property to combine like terms and to simplify
same sign is positive. expressions that include adding, subtracting,
factoring, and dividing polynomials.
The product or quotient of two numbers with
different signs is negative. Binomial Products

Simplifying and Evaluating Expressions To multiply two binomials, you can use the
Distributive Property systematically. Multiply the
To evaluate expressions involving more than one
first terms, the outer terms, the inner terms, and
operation, mathematicians have agreed on the
the last terms of the binomials. This method is
following set of rules, called the order of
called FOIL for the words First, Outer, Inner, and
operations.
Last. For certain binomial products, you can also use
1.Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols. a special product pattern
2.Evaluate powers.
3.Multiply and divide from left to right.
4.Add and subtract from left to right.
Radical Expressions
*To evaluate an algebraic expression, substitute
values for the variables. Evaluate the resulting A square root of a number n is a number m such
numerical expression using the order of operations. that m2=n. Every positive number has two square
roots, one positive and one negative. Negative
numbers have no real square roots. The square root inequality.
of zero is zero. The radical symbol, Ï}2, represents a Multiply each side of the inequality by the same
nonnegative square root: Ï}. The opposite of a positive number. If you multiply by a negative
square root is negative: 2Ï}.A perfect square is a number, reverse the direction of the inequality
number that is the square of an integer. So, 81 is a symbol.
perfect square. A radicand is a number or Divide each side of the inequality by the same
expression inside a radical symbol positive number. If you divide by a negative
number, reverse the direction of the inequality
symbol.

Solving Formula

A formula is an equation that relates two or more

real-world quantities. You can rewrite a formula so
that any one of the variables is a function of the
Solving Linear Equations other variable(s). In each case you isolate a variable
To solve a linear equation, you isolate the variable. on one side of the equation

Add the same number to each side of the equation. Graphing Points and Lines
Subtract the same number from each side of the A coordinate plane is formed by the intersection of
equation. a horizontal number line called the x-axis and a
Multiply each side of the equation by the same vertical number line called the y-axis. The axes meet
nonzero number. at a point called the origin and divide the coordinate
Divide each side of the equation by the same plane into four quadrants, labeled I, II, III, and IV.
nonzero number. Each point in a coordinate plane is represented by
Solving and Graphing Linear Inequalities
an ordered pair. The first number is the x-
coordinate, and the second number is the y-
You can graph solutions to equations and coordinate.
inequalities on a number line

You can use properties of inequalities to solve linear

inequalities. A solution of an equation in x and y is an ordered
Add the same number to each side of the pair (x,y) that makes the equation true. The graph of
inequality. such an equation is the set of points in a coordinate
Subtract the same number from each side of the
plane that represent all the solutions. A linear solution, or no real solutions. When b= 0, you can
equation has a line as its graph. use square roots to solve the quadratic equation.

Slope and Intercepts of a Line

The slope of a non vertical line is the ratio of the The graph of a quadratic equation is a U-shaped
vertical change, called the rise, to the horizontal curve called a parabola. The vertex is the lowest
change, called the run. point of a parabola that opens upward (a > 0) or the
highest point of a parabola that opens downward (a
< 0). The vertical line passing through the vertex is
the axis of symmetry.

To graph a quadratic function, you can make a table

of values, plot the points, and draw the parabola.
An x-intercept is the x-coordinate of a point where a The x-intercepts of the graph (if any) are the real
graph crosses the x-axis. A y-intercept is the y- solutions of the corresponding quadratic equation.
coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y-
axis.

Systems of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations in two variables is Functions

shown at the right. A solution of such a system is an A function can be described by a table of values, a
ordered pair (x,y) that satisfies both equations. A graph, an equation, or words
solution must lie on the graph of both equations.
Problem Solving with Percents
Linear Inequalities
You can use equations to solve problems with
A linear inequality in x and y can be written in one percents. Replace words with symbols as shown in
of the forms shown at the right. A solution of a the table. To estimate with percents, use
linear inequality is an ordered pair (x,y) that satisfies compatible numbers.
the inequality. A graph of a linear inequality is the
graph of all the solutions.

Mean, Median, and Mode

Three measures of central tendency are mean,

Two or more linear inequalities form a system of
median, and mode. One or more of these measures
linear inequalities. A solution of such a system is an
may be more representative of a given set of data
ordered pair (x,y) that satisfies all the inequalities in
than the others.
the system. A graph of the system shows all the
solutions of the system.

Quadratic Equations and Functions A quadratic

equation is an equation that can be written in the
standard form ax2+bx+c= 0, where aÞ 0. A
quadratic equation can have two solutions, one
Displaying Data probabilities lie between 0 and 1.You can write a
probability as a decimal, a fraction, or a percent.
There are many ways to display data. An
When you consider the probability of two events
appropriate data display can help you analyze the
occurring, the events are called compound events.
data. The table summarizes how data are shown in
Compound events can be dependent or
some data displays.

independent.
Sampling and Surveys

A survey is a study of one or more characteristics of

MEASUREMENTS
a group. A population is the group you want
information about. A sample is part of the
population. In a random sample, every member of a
population has an equal chance of being selected
for a survey. A random sample is most likely to
represent the population. A sample that is not
representative is a biased sample. Using a biased
sample may affect the results of a survey. In
addition, survey results may be influenced by the
use of biased questions. A biased question
encourages a particular response.

Counting Methods

To count the number of possibilities in a situation,

you can make an organized list, draw a tree
diagram, make a table, or use the counting
principle.

Probability

The probability of an event is a measure of the

likelihood that the event will occur. An event that
cannot occur has a probability of 0, and an event
that is certain to occur has a probability of 1. Other