Introduction to Tables and Graphs in SAS

1) Descriptive statistics are valuable as analytical tools and in developing data

• in the introduction, we went over basic reporting commands
− frequencies: PROC FREQ
− univariate statistics: PROC MEANS and PROC UNIVARIATE
− correlations: PROC CORR
• this class will
− discuss these routines in more detail, focusing on how to produce simple tables and
cross-tabulations (conditional tables) of statistics
− introduce a general tabulation procedure, PROC TABULATE
− discuss some plotting and graphing procedures

2) Printing information from a data set

• the simplest reporting procedure is PROC PRINT, which prints the values from a data set
• the syntax for this procedure is

PROC PRINT <option-list>;

VAR <variable-list>;

• this procedure is helpful for analyzing modestly sized data sets

• you need to be careful not to call this procedure with large data sets, such as the PSID,
because the resulting output can overwhelm the OUTPUT window
• the VAR statement will help to control the width of the output
• data set options and general options are two ways to control the length of the output

3) Univariate statistics
• in empirical analyses, we often include a table of univariate statistics to document the
data set; we also want to be sure that the measures that we are using have reasonable
values and distributions (e.g., all the values are in range, some variation in the values)
• we can use the MEANS and UNIVARIATE procedures to generate these statistics
• the advantage of these procedures is that they produce a great deal of standard output
with very few commands
• PROC MEANS
− the syntax of the PROC MEANS statement is

PROC MEANS <option-list> <statistic-keyword-list>;

− if you don’t specify any statistic keywords (the default), the MEANS procedure
reports the number of non-missing values, means, standard deviations, minimum
values, and maximum values for all of the variables in your data set or all of the
variables listed in an accompanying VAR statement
− you can also specify alternative statistics such as the median (MEDIAN), the sum (SUM),
variance (VAR), standard error (STDERR), and coefficient of variation (CV); a complete list

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 is available at
http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/59565/HTML/default/a000146729.htm
− the MEANS procedure generally outputs one line per variable; however, it may
output multiple lines if your variables are labeled or if you request lots of statistics
• PROC UNIVARIATE
− the syntax for the PROC UNIVARIATE statement is

PROC UNIVARIATE <option-list>;

− although it is not required, it is a good idea to include a VAR statement specifying the
variables for which statistics will be generated
− the main difference between the UNIVARIATE and MEANS procedures is that the
UNIVARIATE procedure estimates many more statistics, usually 1-2 pages per
variable
• to produce simple distributions of categorical variables we can use the FREQuency
procedure
− the syntax for a univariate distribution is:

PROC FREQ;
TABLE <row-var>;

where row-var is the categorical variable

− this will produce a table with rows containing the numbers, percentages, cumulative
numbers, and cumulative percentages of observations in each category of row-var

4) Two-way cross-tabulations
• cross-tabulations are tables of statistics that are computed conditionally
• for example, in an empirical analysis, we might want to list simple descriptive statistics
or distributions of variables for separate sub-samples of our larger analysis sample (e.g.,
list results separately for women and men or separately by ethnicity)
• many statistical procedures in SAS have simple commands that allow for conditional
processing
• PROC FREQ
− in a previous lecture we showed how the FREQuency procedure could be used to
produce two-way tables; the syntax is

PROC FREQ;
TABLE <row-var> * <col_var> / <options>;

− this will produce a two-way table with cells corresponding to each possible
combination of row-var and col-var
− be careful in your table requests
◊ you generally want to avoid using this with variables with lots of different
outcomes, especially continuous variables (note: if needed, you can specify
formats to control the display of continuous variables)

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 ◊ also, to minimize output, you generally want to use the row variable to be variable
with the most potential outcomes
− in the output, each cell will contain
◊ the cell frequency (the number of observations in that cell)
◊ the table percentage (cell observations as a percent of all non-missing
observations in the dataset)
◊ the row percentage (cell observations as a percent of observations with a given
value of row-var), and
◊ the column percentage (cell observations as a percent of observations with a given
value of col-var)
− options can be specified to suppress the calculation of some of these statistics
◊ NOFREQ suppresses the printing of cell frequencies
◊ NOPERCENT suppresses the printing of table percentages
◊ NOROW suppresses the printing of row percentages
◊ NOCOL suppresses the printing of column percentages
− you can also request formal statistics of the association between the row and column
variables, such as the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients; the general
option for these is MEASURES
− unless you specify otherwise, the FREQuency procedure ignores missing values; if
you would like missing values to be included as an additional category, include the
MISSING option
• the CLASS statement in the MEANS and UNIVARIATE procedures
− the MEANS and UNIVARIATE procedures also will produce conditional statistics
− in newer versions of SAS, this can be done using a CLASS statement
− the syntax for this statement is

CLASS <variable-list>;

− with this, the procedures will calculate statistics for subgroups defined by the CLASS
variables
◊ if there is just one CLASS variable, the procedures will calculate statistics for
each different value
◊ if there are two CLASS variables, the procedures will calculate statistics for each
observed combination of values
− for example, suppose that you had a data set with two categorical variables, gender
and education

PROC MEANS;
CLASS gender education;

produces simple descriptive statistics for each combination in the cross-product,

gender x education
• tests of differences of means, the TTEST procedure
− when we calculate conditional means and other statistics, we are often interested in
formally testing whether these statistics differ across groups

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 − the TTEST procedure tests for differences in means and variances across two groups
− the syntax is

PROC TTEST;
VAR <variable-list>;
CLASS <class-var>;

− the CLASS variable needs to be restricted to two outcomes

− if the VAR statement is omitted, TTEST calculates tests for all of the numerical
variables in your data set
• PROC TABULATE
− the TABULATE procedure is a general procedure for generating tables, as such it
combines features of the MEANS and FREQuency procedures—but with a lot more
flexibility, including multiple conditioning
− the general syntax is

PROC TABULATE <option-list>;

CLASS <class-variable-list>;
VAR <analysis-variable-list>;
TABLE <page-expression,> <row-expression,> <column-expression>
/ <table-options>;

− the CLASS statement is needed to identify potential conditioning variables

− the VAR statement is needed to identify potential outcome variables
− the actual use of the variables depends on the TABLE statement
− expressions consist of variables, operators, statistical keywords, and formatting
instructions
− some TABLE operators
◊ , used to distinguish page, row, and column dimensions
◊ * cross-product conditioning within a dimension
◊ () used to group elements
− consider a dataset with two categorical (CLASS) variables c and d and two analytical
variables x and y
− example #1: specification

PROC TABULATE;
CLASS c d;
VAR x y;
TABLE c, d * (x y) * (MEAN STD);

would produce a table of means and standard deviations of x and y conditional on the
possible combinations of c and d, where the values of c would appear in the rows and
d would appear in the columns
− example #2: changing the TABLE statement to

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 TABLE c, (ALL d) * (x y) * (MEAN STD);

would add an initial column where the means of x and y were only conditioned on c
(i.e., weren’t conditioned on d)
− example #3: changing the TABLE statement to

TABLE (ALL c), (ALL d) * (x y) * (MEAN STD);

would add an initial column where the means of x and y weren’t conditioned on c
− example #4: changing the TABLE statement to

TABLE c * d, (x y) * (MEAN STD);

would produce the same statistics as example #1; however, all of the conditioning
would take place by rows instead of by rows and columns
− example #5: changing the TABLE statement to

TABLE c, d * N;

would produce frequencies of the combinations of c and d

− additional information on PROC TABULATE, including examples and more elaborate
formatting options, is available at
http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/59565/HTML/default/a000146759.htm

5) Creating data sets that contain statistics

• with standard statistical procedures
− the MEANS procedure allows you to include an OUTPUT statement
− the syntax for this statement is

OUTPUT OUT=<SAS data set> <other specifications>;

− unless you specify otherwise, the OUTPUT statement for the MEANS procedure will
generate one observation
◊ per standard statistic (N, MEAN, STD, MIN, MAX); the type of statistic would
be identified with the _STAT_ variable
◊ per possible classification group
− you can request specific statistics; to do this, you would list the type of statistic that
you want and name it
− for example,

PROC MEANS;
CLASS c d;
VAR x y;
OUTPUT OUT=tsum
MEDIAN=x_med y_med;

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 produces output with one observation per possible classification combination (all,
classified by c, classified by d, classified by c and d) and with the MEDIANs for x
and y stored in the variables x_med and y_med, respectively
− note that requesting specific statistics results in one observation per classification
group
• OUTPUT statements can also be used with the UNIVARIATE and FREQuency
procedures
• the SUMMARY procedure can also be used to produce data sets with the same types of
statistics as the MEANS procedure
− the primary difference between the two procedures is PROC SUMMARY does not
produce listing output
− thus, the SAS data set tsum from the previous example could have also been produced
with the for example,

PROC SUMMARY;
CLASS c d;
VAR x y;
OUTPUT OUT=tsum
MEDIAN=x_med y_med;

6) Graphs and SAS/GRAPH procedures

• SAS has an extensive graphics capability through the SAS/GRAPH module
• SAS/GRAPH supports many types of graphs, including bar charts, line charts, pie charts,
and maps
• Scatter and line plots, the GPLOT procedure
− PROC GPLOT produces two-way scatter and line plots; it will also produce bubble
plots
− the syntax for scatter and line plots is

PROC GPLOT <options>;

PLOT <plot-request> / <plot-options>;

− the plot request for an outcome variable, y, along the vertical axis and an independent
variable, x, along the horizontal axis would be y * x
− you can also specify a series of conditional plots
◊ let c be the conditioning variable
◊ the request for plotting y against x conditional on different values of c would be
y*x=c
− unless you specify otherwise, the PLOT command in GPLOT produces scatter plots
− specifying line plots is a little tricky
◊ you need to define the SYMBOLs for the PLOT and specify that the SYMBOLs
will INTERPOLATE between values
◊ the syntax for requesting that the symbols for the first category in your graph be
joined is

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 SYMBOL1 I=JOIN;

− example of a simple scatter plot

PROC GPLOT;
PLOT y * x;

− example of a simple line plot

PROC GPLOT;
PLOT y * x;
SYMBOL1 I=JOIN;

• unless otherwise specified, output from SAS/GRAPH procedures will be directed to a

graph window; from there you can save the graphs as JPEG or other types of graphics
files, using FILE • EXPORT AS IMAGE
• SAS/GRAPH involves numerous procedures; only some simple examples for a particular
type of graph have been shown here; for more information about the SAS/GRAPH
procedures go to http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/graph/index.html

7) Looking for other ways to store your output

• SAS sends listing output, including graph output, to its Output Delivery System (ODS)
• the default for the ODS is the LISTING source
− results from most procedures are sent to the OUTPUT window
− results from SAS/GRAPH are sent to a GRAPH window
• it is possible to redirect SAS output to other sources through ODS commands; the ODS
destinations are
− LISTING (the default)
− HTML – this destination will produce HTML code and graphics files
− PDF – creates a PDF file with the output
− RTF – creates a RTF (MS Word) file with the output
• syntax
− there are two ODS commands: one to open a destination and one to close it
− to open a destination, the command is

ODS <destination> <options>;

where the <destination> is LISTING, HTML, PDF, or RTF and the <options> are
style options for the output
− one of the options is to specify a FILE, e.g., FILE = '<windows-file>'
− the destination is closed when SAS terminates; if you want to close a destination
before then and write the output to it (i.e., have the output available to read), you type
an ODS CLOSE command

ODS <destination> CLOSE;

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 − example: to redirect the output from the LISTING to a PDF file, c:\temp\ex1.pdf, you
would type

ODS LISTING CLOSE; /* closes default LISTING dest. */

ODS PDF FILE='c:\temp\ex1.pdf';
/* opens PDF as an ODS destination */

SAS statements that produce output here…

ODS PDF CLOSE; /* closes PDF dest.; writes output */

ODS LISTING; /* re-opens LISTING as destination */

− for more information on the SAS Output Delivery System, go to

http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/odsug/59523/HTML/default/a000933274.htm

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