An Introduction To Gage R&R

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quality-101-an-introduction-to-gage-r-r
Quality 101: An Introduction to Gage R&R

December 1, 2005
KEYWORDS gage repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) / measurement / variability
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Gage R&R studies can help operators from making costly measurement errors
It is a fact of nature that all data contain random variation. Part of

this variation is due to individual differences, but another part of
this variation is due to uncertainty in the measurements caused by
variability in the measurement equipment and process. If the
measurement uncertainty is too large, the measurement system
may be unusable. A gage repeatability and reproducibility (R&R)
study looks at this variability.
Gage R&R helps determine the magnitude of the variation in a

measurement system as well as the sources of this variation.
While the sources of variation can be numerous, three of these
Automated measurement sources are fundamental: part-to-part variation, repeatability and
systems require nonstandard reproducibility.
calculations in gage R&R
studies. Source: Mitutoyo
America
In this gage performance curve, the red line

shows the percent probability of measuring a
part in specification. The horizontal axis is
the actual reference value for the part.
Source: www.statsoft.com
CLICK TO VIEW LARGER IMAGE
Part-to-part variation is the normal range over which measurements are made-the part of your
data you actually want to measure. Repeatability is the variation because of the gage itself, while
reproducibility is the variation because of different operators using the gage. Repeatability and
reproducibility together are called "measurement error," or simply "noise," and are measured as
"gage R&R." This noise is a nuisance that adds uncertainty to your data. A good measurement
system has very low noise, preferably less than 1% of the total variability in your data, indicated
as a gage R&R of less than 10%. A questionable system will have noise between 1% and 9% of
the total variability, or a gage R&R between 10% and 30%. A poor system will have noise
greater than 9% of the total variation, or a gage R&R greater than 30%.
Gage R&R measures the size of the noise relative to the total data variation, which is called % of
total variation or %TV, and relative to the specification range, called % of tolerance. It also
separates the variability into its sources, namely part-to-part variation, repeatability and
reproducibility. This information helps operators determine how to fix a poor measurement
system. For instance, a high repeatability relative to reproducibility indicates the need for a better
gage. A high reproducibility relative to repeatability indicates the need for better operator
training in the use of the gage.
One way of seeing the consequences of measurement noise is to use a gage performance curve.
Such a curve shows the probability of accepting a part as in specification using a specific
measurement system.
Gage R&R software produces various

graphs to help operators understand
measurements visually. Source:
www.statsoft.com
CLICK TO VIEW LARGER IMAGE
In the "Gage Performance Curves" graph on the following page, the red line shows the percent
probability of measuring a part in specification. The horizontal axis is the actual, reference value
for the part. The graph, showing a good system, indicates that with gage R&R = 7% there is little
chance of rejecting a good part or accepting a bad one except very near the specification limits,
which are colored in blue. For gage R&R = 14%, a questionable system, the chance of error
spreads over a wider range near the specification limits. For gage R&R = 32%, a poor system,
errors are more common. These errors can be expensive by providing measurements that are not
reliable.
Gage R&R helps determine if a measurement system is adequate for your needs. The study also
helps determine what needs to be fixed if the system is poor, tells the operator if the
measurement system is trustworthy or if he needs a better system and, ultimately, saves the
operator from making costly errors
Good website for Gauge R&R calculation
http://www.muelaner.com/quality-assurance/gage-r-and-r-excel/

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Quality 101: An Introduction to Gage R&R

It is a fact of nature that all data contain random variation. Part of

Gage R&R helps determine the magnitude of the variation in a

In this gage performance curve, the red line

CLICK TO VIEW LARGER IMAGE

Gage R&R software produces various

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