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ENG 101 Lesson - 41 DR - Surriya Shaffi Mir Definition

- The document provides definitions and examples of writing concise summaries. It explains that a summary is a brief and clear statement of the key points of a longer passage. It provides tips for writing summaries, such as identifying the main points, removing unnecessary details, and rearranging the points into a logical order. Examples are given of rewriting passages more concisely by shortening sentences, removing redundant words, and combining clauses. The goal of a summary is to communicate the essence of the original text in fewer words.

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Malik Iftikhar Abid
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93 views8 pages

ENG 101 Lesson - 41 DR - Surriya Shaffi Mir Definition

- The document provides definitions and examples of writing concise summaries. It explains that a summary is a brief and clear statement of the key points of a longer passage. It provides tips for writing summaries, such as identifying the main points, removing unnecessary details, and rearranging the points into a logical order. Examples are given of rewriting passages more concisely by shortening sentences, removing redundant words, and combining clauses. The goal of a summary is to communicate the essence of the original text in fewer words.

Uploaded by

Malik Iftikhar Abid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENG 101

Lesson - 41
Dr.Surriya Shaffi Mir

Definition:
A summary or precis (French word which means the
same as summary) is a brief and clear statement in a
connected and readable shape of the substance of
a longer passage.
i) As a foreign learner of English any examination you
take, the examiners are likely to test your ability to
read, write and think in English. As summary writing
requires all three, it will give you
ii) good practice both in clear writing and clear
thinking.
iii) It enables you to express in your own words
somebody else’s ideas even if you do not agree with
those ideas.
Read the passage carefully.
Read passage again. Note the different points it
contains. Number the points.
Strike out points not essential to meaning, repetitions,
illustrations, anecdotes, comparisons, etc..
Arrange points best possible way.
Write summary – first draft.
Polish the draft
A summary is a brief and clear statement in a
connected and readable shape of the substance of
a longer passage.
You noticed five words have been underlined.
In the middle ages people had no ideas of scientific
farming. Spare cattle were killed and salted for winter
eating. Spices were used a lot. They came from the
East. The Turks cut the line of supply. Voyages of
exploration were undertaken partly to find spices.
As people in the middle ages had not idea of
scientific farming, spare cattle had to be killed and
salted for winter eating. This unappetizing meat led to
a demand for spices, and one reason for the great
voyages of exploration was the shortage of spices
when the trucks cut the overland route of their supply.
Here are some more examples of phrases that would
be better expressed in single words:
of a disagreeable nature
-of a delightful description
in a brief manner
in a stupid way.
of a silly kind
Here are some more examples that show how easy it
is to write wordily and also how the wordiness might
be avoided.
-Boys whose way of
life is cast in an - town boys (2)
urban environment (11)
Together with the
addition of (5) - also (1)
Special attention - special attention will
will be paid to be paid to activities
activities with an eye to the to cultivate initiative
(10)
cultivation of the qualities
of initiative, etc. (18)
Judged in the light of - Judge by their results (4)
their results (7)
In this connection it - Here it should be said
(5)
should be said (7)

Practice 1: Writing Briefly & Clearly:


It is not without interest to observe in connection with
the duration of the school team that punishments
show a tendency to increase in number as the term
progresses. (29)
It is interesting to note that punishments increase as
the school team progresses (13)
2.Having regard to the recent increase in the number
of cases of malaria in this area it is clearly desirable
that the scheme for the provision of more doctors
should be put into effect. (34)
The recent increase in the number of malaria cases in
this area requires that more doctors should be posted
(19)
3.Two men sustained serious bodily injury when their
car came into collision with a truck today. (16)
- Today two men were seriously injured when their car
collided with a truck. (13)
REPETIITON:
People seem sometime to think that what they say
twice is more impressive than what they say once.
Actually repetition shows weakness not strength.
PRACTICE 2: Avoiding Useless Repetition.
For three months the river is in continuous flood; this
state of affairs goes on for the whole of that time
without cease.
- For three months the river is in flood.
In the end we eventually agreed to go by the shortest
route.
In the end we agreed to go by the shortest route.
Without warning, unexpected, unheralded, the storm
broke on us.
- Without warning the storm broke on us.
Putting Ideas Together:
You can do this by subordinating the less to the more
important ideas e.g.
-It was quite dark; for the sun had set an hour before
and the moon had not yet risen when the thief
carefully opened the door of his house and prepared
to go about his business. (36)
(Here there are 5 clauses, but it is possible to turn
many of them into words or phrases). e.g.
An hour after sunset one dark, moonless might, the
thief crept to of his house to go about his business (20
words)
( Here we have 20 words instead of 36 and the
meaning so little changed as to be almost the same).
PRACTICE 3:
Shorten the following without losing any of the
meaning.
His efforts, although they were the best h could make,
ended in failure.
His best efforts failed.
2. Athar came upon a house that was green
Athar came upon a green house.
His horses, which were two in number, he use for
the single purpose of playing polo, which he was only
able to do on Mondays once in every two weeks.
- He used his two horses for playing polo on
Mondays every fortnight.
Four samples of summary writing.
Working conditions in the nineteenth century seem
barbaric today: twelve-to-fourteen hour work days;
seven day weeks; cramped, unsafe factories;
marginal wages, and no legal protection. Yet
employers seldom had problems motivating their
workers: poverty and unemployment were so
widespread that any job was welcome.
- Widespread poverty and unemployment made
nineteenth-century workers willing to put up with
terrible working conditions.
2. Compromise is a common and effective way of
coping directly with conflict or frustration. We
often recognize that we cannot have everything
we want and that we cannot expect others to do
just what we would like them to do. We then
compromise, deciding on a more realistic solution
or goal since an ideal solution or goal is not
practical. A young person who loves animals and
greatly wishes to become a veterinarian may
discover he has less aptitude for biology than he
had hoped and
that dissecting is so distasteful to him that he
could never bring himself to operate on animals.
By way of compromise, he may decide to become
an animal technician, a person who works as an
assistant to a veterinarian. - Compromise is a
direct way of coping in which we decide on a more
realistic solution or goal since an ideal solution or goal
is not practical. For example, a person not good in
biology may decide to be an animal technician rather
than a veterinarian.
3. All family systems can be categorized into one of
two types. The extended family is one in which more
than two generations of the same kinship live together
either in the same house or in adjacent dwellings. The
extended family, which is commonly found in
traditional, pre-industrial societies can be very large: It
contains 3 generations living together. In contrast,
the nuclear family is one in which the family group
consists only of the parents and their dependent
children. The nuclear family is the usual type in
virtually all modern industrialized societies.
-There are two basic types of families. The
extended family, which is more than 2 generations
living together, is common in pre-industrial
societies. The nuclear family, made up of parents
and their dependant children, is usual in
industrialized societies.
Again, when we feel fear of the dog, we learn to
avoid similar situations. Finally, emotions help
regulate social interaction. Our observation of
other peoples emotional states determines how
we respond to them. For example, if we notice
that another person is experiencing fear, we may
be moved to comfort and reassure him. -
Psychologist have distinguished 3 functions of
emotions in our lives. Emotions can prepare us to
take action, shape our future behavior, or regulate our
social interaction.

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