8/15/2019 Disaster Management Cycle - DIMERSAR_RED

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Disaster Management Cycle

DIMERSAR
ACADEMY Mitigation: Measures that prevent or
reduce the impact of disasters.

Preparedness: Planning, training, &

educational activities for things that cant
be mitigated.

Response: The immediate aftermath of a

disaster, when business is not as usual.

Recovery: The long-term aftermath of a

disaster, when restoration efforts are in
addition to regular services.
Website for the Disaster Management (or disaster management) is
Management, Emergency the discipline dealing of with and avoiding
Response and Search and Rescue
risks. It is a discipline that involves
Academy. Recognised training
provider of planning, operational, preparing, supporting, and rebuilding
vocational and leadership courses. society when natural or human-made
disasters occur.
WELCOME PAGE
THE ACADEMY In general, any Emergency management
is the continuous process by which all
STAFF
individuals, groups, and communities
CONSULTING manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards.
RESOURCE LINKS
LATEST NEWS Actions taken depend in part on perceptions of risk of those exposed. Effective
CONTACT emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at
all levels of government and non-government involvement. Activities at each
LOGO
level (individual, group, community) affect the other levels. It is common to
place the responsibility for governmental emergency management with the
institutions for civil defence or within the conventional structure of the
emergency services. In the private sector, emergency management is
sometimes referred to as business continuity management.
DIMERSAR Academy on
LinkedIn
MITIGATION
Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of
disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term
measures for reducing or eliminating risk Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing and avoiding unnecessary
risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to personal property.

An example of personal non-structural mitigation would be to avoid buying property that is exposed to hazards,
Join our special list! e.g. in a flood plain, in areas of subsidence or landslides. Homeowners may not be aware of their home being
Please Click Here exposed to a hazard until it strikes. Real estate agents may not come forward with such information. However,
to get special deals and updates specialists can be hired to conduct risk
on our email list! assessment surveys. Insurance covering the most prominent identified risks are a common measure.

Personal structural mitigation in earthquake prone areas include installation of an Earthquake Valve to instantly
Help our chosen charity shut off the natural gas supply to your property, seismic retrofits of property and the securing of items inside the
building to enhance household seismic safety such as the mounting of furniture, refrigerators, water heaters and
breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. In flood prone areas houses can be built on poles, like
in much of southern Asia. In areas prone to prolonged electricity black-outs a generator would be an example of
an optimal structural mitigation measure. The construction of storm cellars and fallout shelters are further
examples of personal mitigative actions.

PREPAREDNESS
In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common
preparedness measures include:

The Communication plans with easily understood terminology and chain of command
Development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command
Proper maintenance and training of emergency services
Development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined with emergency shelters
and evacuation plans
Stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment

An efficient preparedness measure is an emergency operations centre (EOC) combined with a practiced region-
wide doctrine for managing emergencies. Another preparedness measure is to develop a volunteer response
capability among civilian populations. Since, volunteer response is not always as predictable and plan-able as
The DIMERSAR Academy is on the professional response; volunteers are often deployed on the periphery of an emergency unless they are a proven
UK Register of Learning Providers and established volunteer organization with standards and training.
No. 10031310
On the contrary to mitigation activities which are aimed at preventing a disaster from occurring, personal
The UK Register of Learning preparedness are targeted on preparing activities to be taken when a disaster occurs, i.e. planning. Preparedness
Providers is a one-stop portal to be measures can take many forms. Examples include the construction of shelters, warning devices, back-up life-line
used by government departments,
services (e.g. power, water, sewage), and rehearsing an evacuation plan. Two simple measures prepare you for
agencies, learners, and employers to
share key information about learning
either sitting out the event or evacuating. For evacuation, a disaster supplies kit should be prepared and for
providers. The UKRLP allows sheltering purposes a stockpile of supplies.
providers to update their information
in only one place and share this RESPONSE
across agencies such as, the The response phase includes the mobilization of the
Learning and Skills Council, the necessary emergency services and first responders
Careers Advice Service, the Higher in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first
Education Statistics Agency (HESA), wave of core emergency services, such as fire-
the Higher Education Funding fighters, police and ambulance crews. They may be
Council for England (HEFCE) and supported by a number of secondary emergency
UCAS services, such as specialist rescue teams.
G.O.A.L. EXPO 2010
We work in all Phases of Disaster management and
SAR INSTRUCTOR (Canada 2010) through our supported teams we respond in
moments after a disaster hits as as well as the other
phases to try to reduce the chance of it happening in
the first place or to reduce the impact of a disaster.
We can respond worldwide to LEDCs (Less
Economically Developed Countries) as well as
MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries.

SOURCE: Photo taken by Gary Foo during the Oct 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan.

In addition volunteers and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the local Red Cross branch or
St. John Ambulance may provide immediate practical assistance, from first aid provision to providing tea and
coffee. A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as part of the preparedness phase enables efficient
coordination of rescue efforts. Emergency plan rehearsal is essential to achieve optimal output with limited
resources. In the response phase, medical assets will be used in accordance with the appropriate triage of the
affected victims.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE & SEARCH SURVIVAL LAW OF 3S

AND RESCUE Sometimes it is useful to remember the survival law of 3’s is significant if you consider the survival profile of the
person and the situation and add that to the other important factors in a survival situation. This works in a
This book is a must have for anyone
interested in the Emergency Services displaced wilderness scenario or a disaster, such as earthquakes in an urban or austere / mountainous
especially Emergency Response and environment.
Search and Rescue. Written as part of a
series, the author Gary Foo, is a United
Nations Coordinator and international DRR The survival law of 3s is often quoted as:
(Disaster Risk Reduction) Advisor with
international deployments and is a 1. Air 3 Minutes without air
recognised authority by the World Bank's
subject matter experts. He is a former 2. Water 3 days without water
Police Officer, a rescue tech. and PHTLS 3. Food 3 weeks without food
Paramedic. The book takes a very
comprehensive and broad approach to the
rescue world in some 350 pages and over Shelter Finding shelter is important to keep warm or cool and protected.(Some say 3 hours without shelter in harsh areas)
200 graphics / pictures, leaving the reader Health Proper healthy living, nutrition, activity, medical, etc., is needed.
with a strong base, understanding and Company / Moral: Some add - 3 months without companny.
reference in Emergency Response and
Search and Rescue. SEE MORE HERE
WITH EXCERPTS!: www.sarbook1.com Where required, search and rescue efforts commence at a very early stage. Depending on injuries sustained by
the victim, outside temperature, and victim access to air and water, their location, etc., the vast majority of those
severely affected by a disaster may die within 72 hours after impact. Within a week of a major incident SAR
Teams often leave and the incident enters a ‘Recovery phase’. Medical response obviously has obvious important
applications in the ‘Direct Impact’ phase and the ‘Indirect Impact’ phase – as a secondary result of the incident.
(Llike disease, infection and post trauma treatment.)

Individuals often feel compelled to volunteer directly after a disaster. Volunteers can be both a help and a
hindrance to emergency management and other relief agencies. A spontaneous, unaffiliated volunteer can
actually harm the effectiveness of coordinated agencies – some earning the term ‘disaster tourists’ running into an
event with preparation, coordination or even informing anyone – of their whereabouts and intentions. However

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8/15/2019 Disaster Management Cycle - DIMERSAR_RED
trained and prepared volunteers under the direction of an organizing agency, such as mobile SAR Disaster
Teams, can provide many benefits to the troubling effects of a disaster.

The response phase of an emergency may commence with a search and rescue phase. However in all cases the
focus will be on fulfilling the basic needs of the affected population on a humanitarian basis. This assistance may
be provided by national and/or international agencies and organisations. Effective coordination of disaster
assistance is often crucial particularly when many organisations respond and Local Emergency Management
Agency (LEMA) capacity may be over-stretched and diminished by the disaster itself.

On an individual or personal level, your decision / response can take the shape either of a home confinement or
an evacuation. In a home confinement scenario a you and your family should be prepared to fend for yourselves
in their home for several days without any form of outside support.

In an evacuation scenario, you and the family evacuates by a vehicle with the maximum amount of supplies,
TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS RE- including a tent for shelter. The scenario could also include equipment for evacuation on foot with at least three
RELEASED! days of supplies and rain-tight bedding a tarpaulin and a bedroll of blankets, would be the minimum.
One of Gary Foo's Highly Successful Police
Books, Tactical Communications, has just RECOVERY
been Re-Released! Written in 1992, The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs from the response
updated and released in 2002 and adopted phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate
by ACPO Subcommittee on Self-Defence as
well as the model used by most Canadian needs are addressed. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed
Police Forces and many US Ones! You can property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.
order your copy from Amazon.

An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a 'window of opportunity' for the
implementation of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular. Citizens of the affected area are more
likely to accept more mitigative changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory. The recovery phase starts
when the immediate threat to human life has subsided. In the reconstruction it is recommended to reconsider the
location or construction material of the property.

In long term disasters the most extreme home confinement scenarios like war, famine and severe epidemics last
up to a year. In this situation the recovery will take place inside the home.

Planners for these events usually buy bulk foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the
food as part of normal life. A simple balanced diet can be constructed from vitamin pills, whole-meal wheat,
beans, dried milk, corn, and cooking oil. One should add vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and
fresh-gardened, when possible.

4 R’S OF RESCUE, RELIEF, REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION

The standard time frame of rescue, relief and rehabilitation are usually defined as approximately 7 days, 3 months
and 5 years respectively. (This is an approximate rule.)

The rescue operation starts with the local residents, immediately after the earthquake / disaster. It is usually
supported by the trained and skilled staffs from the (Urban) Search and Rescue (SAR) departments of the
governments. These activities can be complemented by the non-government organizations (NGO).

International Relief Teams arrive in the later stage, usually after 24 hours, depending on the accessibility, and
political relation with the country.

RESCUE PHASE
Rescue phase usually lasts for the first 48 to 72 hours after a disaster when the rate of survival of trapped victims
is high. Rescue operations continue for much longer duration, however, after the first 2 to 3 day, the resources
allocated for rescue are comparatively low since other priorities take over. Initially Rescue may be 'self-rescue' or
the rescue by bystanders or witnesses.

RELIEF PHASE
Relief phase followed immediately after the Rescue phase. During the relief phase, the focus is to provide basic
necessities to victims of the earthquake and to restore social equilibrium. Detailed assessment of human and
other losses is also usually carried out during the relief phase, which helps in optimal allocation of resources.

Relief phase may last between 1 to 3 months depending on the severity of the earthquake and the resources of
the government. Community, supported by government is usually the central point. Added resources of the NGOs
and the international organization substantiate this effort.

REHABILITATION / RECONSTRUCTION PHASE AIMS

Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase aims to restore the communities to the pre-earthquake status. During this
phase, the social and other infrastructure is restored and economy revitalised. The rehabilitation/reconstruction
phase typically starts at the end of relief phase and may last for several years.

The short term plans of the recovery process are clearance of debris, building housing units, restoration of the
lifelines and infrastructures, while the long-term objective is to build a safer and sustainable livelihood. Past
experiences show that the efforts are sustainable only with community / government partnership, while NGOs and
international organizations role is reduced after a certain period.

The Disaster Management Cycle: Therefore, disaster management can be divided in several phases,
(depending on the perspective and definition of each phase).

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