ECONOMICS
gross _ profit
Rate of Return, RR
total _ capital _ invested
Capitalized Cost, Capitalized Cost = First Cost + Cost of Perpetual Maintenance
Annuityannual _ cos t
Capitalized _ Cost CO
int erest yearly
Annual Cost, Annual Cost = Annual Depreciation Cost + Interest of First Cost + Annual Operating Cost +
Maintenance Cost
Break-even point, when total _ income total exp enses
Salvage value, resale value (sold for the purpose it was intended)
Scrap value, sold for a purpose other than its intended purpose
Simple Interest,
I Pin
where P is the principal
i is the interest per period
n is the number of interest periods
Future Amount of Principal, F
F P 1 in
d
Ordinary Simple Interest, n
360
Exact Simple Interest
Note: If leap year, then it is exactly divisible by 4
If the year in question is a century year (1900, 1800), then if it is exactly divisible by 400 it is a leap year.
d
For normal years, n
365
d
For leap years, n
366
Problem:
A man invested P 110, 000 for 31 days. The net interest after deducting 20% withholding tax is P 890.36. Find
the rate of return annually. i=11.75%
Net _ Interest pesos I 0.20I 0.80I
P890.36 P 0.80 I I P1,112.95
n
From I Pin I P i ,
360
31
P1,112.95 P110, 000 i i 11.75%
360
Discount
Discount pesos Future _ Worthpesos Pr esent _ Worthpesos
1
Rate of Discount, d 1 where i is the interest
1 i
Problem:
Miss Evilla borrowed money from the bank. She receives from the bank P 1, 340.00 and promised to pay P 1,
500.00 at the end of 9 months. Determine the corresponding discount rate or often referred to as the banker’s
discount. d=13.73%
Solving for simple interest, i:
F P 1 in
9*30
P1,500 P1,340 1 i i 15.92%
360
1 1
d 1 1 0.1373
1 i 1 0.1592
Compound Interest
Future Amount, F and Present Worth, P
F P 1 i
n
Problem:
How long will it take money to double itself if invested at 5% compounded annually? 14.2 years
F P 1 i 2P P 1 0.05 n 14.2 years
n n
Continuously Compounding
Future Amount, F and Present Worth, P
mn
No min al _ Rate
F P 1 Pe
( No min al _ rate ) n
m
Nominal Rate is the basic annual rate of interest.
Effective Rate is the actual or the exact rate of interest earned on the principal during a one-year period (is
present due to compounding).
No min al _ rate
ER 1 i 1 where i
m
is the interest per period
m
m is the number of interest periods per year
n is the number of years
Problem:
If P 5,000 shall accumulate for 10 years at 8% compounded quarterly, then what is the compound interest at the
end of 10 years? P 6, 040.20
mn 410
No min al _ Rate 0.08
F P 1 5, 000 1 P11, 040.20
m 4
Interest F P P11, 040.20 P5, 000 P6, 040.20
Annuity
Sum/Future Worth of Ordinary Annuity
A 1 i 1
n
F
i
Present Worth of Ordinary Annuity
From compound interest, F P 1 i , substitute F to get P
n
Problem:
What is the present worth of a P500 annuity starting at the end of the third year and continuing to the end of the
fourth year if the annual interest rate is 10%? P 717.17
Let the start of the 3rd year (or end of 2nd year) be the start date to measure present worth of 2 annuities (n=2
means 2 years an annuity was deposited).
A 1 i 1 500 1 0.1 1
n 2
P1 867.77
i 1 i 0.11 0.1
n 2
Let P1 be the future value of a value after 2 years given a yearly interest of 10%.
F 867.77
P
1 i 1 0.1
n 2
Depreciation is the reduction in value of an asset or physical property.
Methods of Computing Depreciation
I. Straight Line Method
C Cn
Depreciation per year, d o
nyears
where Cn is the Final Value/Book Value (in pesos) after n years
CO Cn is the total depreciation in pesos
II. Sinking Fund Method – seldom used in engineering industry since low initial depreciation
C C i
Depreciation per year, d o n n
1 i 1
where Cn is the Final Value/Book Value (in pesos) after n years
CO Cn is the total depreciation in pesos
III. Declining Balance Method/Constant Percentage/Matheson’s Method – assumed that the annual cost of
depreciation is a fixed percentage of the book value at the beginning of the year.
C
Constant percentage, k 1 n n
CO
IV. Sum-Of-Years’ Digit Method – first year has highest value of depreciation
Depreciation per year,
Respective Depreciation Charges
First Year n
d1 CO Cn
years
Second Year n 1
d 2 CO Cn
years
Third Year
mth Year n n 1
d n CO Cn
years
Final Value/Book Value (in pesos) after n years, Cn CO d1 d 2 dn
n n 1
Sum of Years’ Digit, years 2
Problem for Method IV
ABC Corporation makes it a policy that for any new equipment purchased; the annual depreciation cost should
not exceed 20% of the first cost at any time with no salvage value. Determine the length of service life
necessary if the depreciation used is the SYD method. n = 9 years
Analyze the depreciation in first year (in SYD, first year is highest depreciation):
n n 2
d1 CO Cn CO Cn CO Cn
years n n 1 n 1
2
Since no salvage value, then Cn=0 where n is the final year.
2
Note that d1 0.20CO . So, 0.20CO CO . Finally, n=9 years.
n 1
Depletion is the reduction of the value of certain natural resources.
THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth Law System separately in thermal equilibrium with a
“Thermodynamic Equilibrium” third system, so they are in equilibrium with each
other
First Law int ernal _ energy heatadded workdone _ on _ system
“Conservation of Energy”
Second Law Total entropy of any isolated system tends to
“Entropy” increase over time
“Claussius Law” Impossible to convert heat completely into work
in cyclic process
Third Law Entropy of all systems and of all states of a
“Absolute Zero Temperature” thermodynamic system is zero at absolute
“Nerst Statement” temperature.
Fourth Law Equality of certain relationships of certain
relations between flows and forces in
thermodynamic systems
CHEMISTRY
Plasma was first identified (as "radiant matter") by Sir William Crookes in 1879. Sir J.J. Thomson identified the
nature of the matter in 1897. It was Irving Langmuir who assigned the term "plasma" in 1928.
Radioactivity was first explored by Antoine Becquerel and the term was coined by Marie Curie.
Cogener – elements of the same group
milligramssolute
Parts Per Million, ppm
litersolution
Molar Fraction
molsolute
xsolute
molsolute molsolvent
molsolvent
xsolvent
molsolute molsolvent
molsolute
Molarity, M
litersolution
molessolute
Molality, m
kg solvent
molessolute
Molinity, Molinity
kg solution
#_ equivalent _ solute gram
Normality, N where #_ equivalent _ solute
literssolution eq. _ weight
NOTES
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetic, r 1 Bismuth is strongest diamagnetic
Cannot be attracted by magnet
Paramagnetic, r 1 Examples are Al, Platinum, Mn, Cr
Ferromagnetic, r 1 Examples are Iron (Curie: 770 deg),
Nickel (Curie: 358 deg), Cobalt
(Curie: 1130 deg), Gadolinium
(Curie: 16 deg)
Empirical Formula
is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Problem:
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 52.9% carbon and 47.1% oxygen. C3O2
I. Convert to grams
52.9 grams of Carbon
47.1 grams of Oxygen
II. Divide with the least number.
Carbon – 1.5 and Oxygen 1
III. Multiply with an Integer to get a whole number.
Multiply 2, so C3O2
Molecular Formula
(a.k.a. chemical formula) is a way of expressing the actual information about the atoms that constitute a
particular chemical compound. CH 2 C7 H14
Problem:
Find the molecular formula of a certain chemical compound if its Empirical Formula is CH 2 and its molecular
mass is 98.0 amu.
gram
1gram 6.022 x1023 amu so 1 1amu
mol
gram
98.0
molecular _ mass mol
ratio 7
empirical _ mass 12 2 1.0 gram
mol
Finally, CH 2 C7 H14
PHYSICS
Kepler’s Laws
First Law Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus.
Second Law A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal areas in equal
time.
Third Law The periods of the planets are proportional to 3/2 powers of the major
axis lengths of their orbits.
Geometric Optics
For mirror/lens, real images are always inverted w.r.t. object
For mirror/lens, virtual images are always upright w.r.t. object
MIRROR and LENS
Focus, then converging
q, then real
Mirror: real image is in front of the mirror
(since light rays are reflected)
Lens: real image is behind lens
(since light rays pass through a lens)
M, Upright
|M| <1 Smaller
MIRROR and LENS
CONVERGING If object is between f and mirror/lens: VUL
Virtual, Upright, Larger
If object is on f: No Image
If object is behind f: Real Image
DIVERGING Always VUS
(Virtual, Upright, Smaller)
