Michael Vince oA MACMILLAN. 1 Contents Maclin Becton or Betwse Tons Road Oxind O34 3°? ‘sion of Mca Pubs ined Grammart Present tie 1 Compares and eps thnghoat te wos : os m # Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous oer Suate verbs ind event action or dynamic) verbs Ente Site verb orally without a continuous orm Diference of meaning nstative and active verbs Teat © Micha Vince 209 Other ser f present continnous Design ad lasaton © Maciln Posters Limited 2009 Other se of esent simple Grammar? Future time ? ne asic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous: This edition pubished 2009 Pane Butute pert Al ih servd no part of hs pabtion may be ™ reproduce, sored ina retieval este, rabeted in any ‘Other ways of refering tothe future form orby ay memseletonis mechani photon Other ftue references tending or teri tat he por ten perms Grammar3 Past time “ ofthe pba Baal conv: pas simple and past continuous Pest erst simple and comtnueus Designed by Maem pee ‘Layout and composition by Xen. ‘Unfulfilied past events: Petite forms ase by Paul Daviz pp 3, 16, 43, 80, 117, 135, 176, 210, 2605 Contrast with present perfect ver forms Julian Mosedale pp 10, 12, 24,27, 56, 89, 110, 122, 124, 147, 153, 191, 195, 217, 220, 235, 236. ‘Grammar 4 Present perfect 2t Present erect imple “he uo woul eo hank the many schoasand aches who Present pert continuous tave commented on thee mati Alo etl ate Const preset perfect imple and present perfect eter Sundeiand who reve he previous etion ceutinaous Time espeeisions with pretent perfect verb frm ‘The publi would eo hank Hen Fores for er eer support Consolidation Units 1-4 28 Grammars Passive 2 Using and sot mentioning the agent Srammaré Passive 2 Printed in China amis 2014 2013 2012 nm 987 6 5 Hiave and get something done, need doing Passive get Reporting verbs Verbs with arepostions ‘Comson contents for the passiveGrammar? Grammar 8 Consolidation 2 Geommars Grammar 10 Conditionals ‘Basic usage: trths, real stuations, hypothetical situations (present and past) ‘Variations: fFony,wrles, and other alternatives to if past events with results inthe present, should, were to, happen 10, if t were not for, iit had boon for Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing, otherwise, but jr, ifs, ifnot,collogual rassion af if and adjectives, meaning although Unreat time and subjunctives 1 time, i igh time ‘Wishes Ta rather and i sooner, I prefer Asif as though Suppose and smagine Formal sebjunctives Formulae subjunctive unite 5-8 -Modals: present and future Dorit have to and must not absence of obligation, obligation not to da something Should: expectation, recommendation, crticism of an action, ‘uncertainty with ves of thinking, with Be and adjectives scribing chance After in case to emphasize unlikelIbood Could: postoilty or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to ‘express possibilty or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Gan: exticism, capability Must and cans certainty, present time reference only ‘May and might: although clauses, mayY might aswel, posiblicy| lor uncertainty with iry ‘Shall: certainty what the speaker wants to happen ‘Will assumption, intention to refuse or insist, ‘Would: annoying habits, cetainty ‘Need: need to nota modal, need partly a modal ‘Related non-mocial expressions had beter be bot to ‘Modis: past ‘Had to and must have: past obligation, past certainty ‘Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism of an action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and es describing chance, polit expressions (Could have: past possibilty oe uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, unvilingness - Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have ‘May have and car's have: certainy, with surely sa 60 n Grammar tt ‘Grammar 12 Consolidation 3 Grammar 13 Grammar 14) Grammar 15: Grammar 16 QUReR> Would net: unwillingness ‘Would hve: evens in the past which did not happen, sssumptions [Necdnt hove and dich need to: unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs end modals: wel, easily, obviously, really, jst Inversion cy Inversion Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion after so/such with that Inverted conditional sentences without Emphasis 85 ‘Changing word order to change focus ‘Adding words for emphasis ‘Other means Units 9-12 2 Reported speech 7 Problems reported speech with mosials, with conditional, don’ tink Reporting verbs Functions verbs that describe function, verbs that describe actions Changes af viewpoint Articles 104 Definite etic (he), indefinite article (a/an), ero article ‘Translation problems Relative and non-finite causes mt Definingand non-defining causes Which ape har Who, whom, and whose When and where ‘Omising the relative pronown Omitting which/who + be (Clauses beginning with what and whatever Non-fnite causes containing an Ing form Verbs + infinitive or -ing . 8 ‘Verbs fllowed by either -ing or infinitive with to ‘Verbs with an objec, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to ‘Verbs normally followed by infinitive with o ‘Vetbs normally allowed by -ing ‘Verbs fllowed by infinitive without to ‘Verbs followed by an object and foCONTENTS: Consolidation Units 13-16 Grammar 17 Grammar 18 Grammar 19 Grammar 20 Grammar 24 Consolidation S Grammar 22 Grammar 23 Consolidation § Grammar 24 Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary 0 2 2 ~ mht teem vs Vocabulary 4 Woes ne vines propoone as Vocabulary 15. Thinking an feting 2 Merb flowed nor of wk rm on agin bond Vocabulary 16 Tecnology a aut Vocabulay 17 Quay an quantity 250 Preposons Vocablary 18 Eauation 2 Eigse bt ith ta to. fom eg eee oS Express ning het an god yo of dr ei ena 2 oe BI 1 Exprestons wih come esesion ih noms sed on hand wood and eel pei verbsof movement 25 Phrasal verbs 2 150 2 Expressions with get, colour idioms, expressions with see, Give away to put up with ful, common expressions, expressions with out Preaalverbs3 156 3Expreon with om eprensons wih one, expesons with Rp oto workout Ire sors, words with moe tan one meaning words eae 1 connected nh emery mp 4+ Formally xeon ith no, expesos with hed, words Lnking words and phrases 197 conneced kh people, expecon with me conpound “Tet onan adding pon, eoping a pol, contra conde espang eons, making oneraltins, ging new 5 Sass headline language, expressions wih one, body information imovenents exons wih at a Punctuation and soeing in 6 Expressions with et, places, words wth more than one Common ror meanig sealing, cxpresions with within dete Probe words ssfi-ng 0 Word wih sar apeing bt ferent easing 7 Expres why, hms with pars ofthe ody Punctuation: commas apoophes, clone and eros adjective sun callcatonsexresons wth hve verbs _ oftecsg expresions with do. Dries 223 a € — Collocations of nouns linked with of, size, expressions with fertner peice 12 tring eng peti wel, expresions wih rom 9 Advts epresions wih ti expresions wth ge, Leisure activities 188 ‘modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but ‘vel and movement 192 10 Expreson with pt expresion ih um, etx under ews ove 196 samen expressions wth all verbs ih up Places 200 Media and sdetsing 204 Index 2s Tha ata wor 208 Vocabular wort 27 work a Grammar newer 33 Busines and money ns Vocabulary ansners a People and reatonsips 29 lord andres ania 0 Social proba 23 Entertaiment 27 Goverment and society 2 Health andthe body 2sIntroduction ‘This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Cambridge ESOL Proficiency and CAE or Common. urapean Framework levels C1 and C2, ‘This vise edton updates the material in accordance with changes ‘to Cambridge Proficiency and CAE, but also provides a range of practice formals for this lve. “The grammar section includes addtional revision an more ‘advanced points. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and linking evice are also included. There ae also sections on spelling and. ppunetsation, ‘The grammatical information provided can be used for reference ‘when needed or worked through systematically ‘The vocabulary section includes topic-based vocabulary, collocations and idiomatic phrases, as well as word formation and multiple ‘meaning It also recycles work on prepositions and phrasal verbs ‘The book can be used as aseléstudy reference grammar and practice Book or as supplementary material in clstes preparing for the CAB and Proficiency exams. IFused for classwark, activities ca be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups. ‘There are regular consolidation units which include forms of testing, commonly used in both exams and the material coves a range of ifculty appropriate to both exams, GRAMMAR Present time Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous © Present simple generally refers to: Facts that are always true Water Boils at 100 ogres Celsius. Habits British people drink aot of ea States don’ tk gangster fs. © Present continous (progressive) generally refers to actions which ae In progress at the ‘moment, These can be temporary ‘Tm staying in: hotel anil find o fla ‘They can be actually in progress. ‘The dog is seeping on our bed! (Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening atthe moment To learting to drive, (State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs describe a cominuing state, s0 do not usually have a continvous form. ‘Typical examples ae below, Belong, consist contain, doubr, ft, have, knows lke, love, mater, mean, need, own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, wart, wish © Some verbs have a stative meaning and a diferent active meaning, Typical examples be, depend, fee, have, measure, se, tate, think weigh Compare these uses State Event Tack is noisy. Fills Being nos: Deirdre has Porsche Were having ar interesting conversation! think Like you! Dovid thinking abous getting @ new job. Thisfsk tastes afl Tim ust tasting the soup {feel that you are wrovg. Fin fecting terrible, This bag weighs a ton! Woe weighing the baby 1 depends wnat you mean, Bill, Tm depending on you twin this contract for us ‘The differences here apply to al tense forms, not just to present tense formsADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Other uses of present continuous (© Temporary sirations Are you enjoying your stay hove? Repeated actions ‘My car has broken down, 50 Tam walking to work these days © Complaints about annoying babits You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking! ‘ther posible adverbs are: constantly, continual, forever, © with verbs describing change and development ‘The weather ts getting worse! More and more people are giving up smoking Other uses of present simple (© Making declarations ‘Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend tobe sate verbs, Thope you'll come to my party bet you dort know the answer! hereby declare this hospital open! © Headlines ‘These are written in ‘elegram syle, and references to the past are usually simplified to present simple, ‘Ship sinks i minigh collision © Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of in imperative forms. Th Fist you rll out the pasty [Rineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements (On day three we visi Siaford-upon-Avon, syle is more personal © Summaries of events Plots of stores, lms etc, and summaries of historical events use present (and present perfect) verb forms May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end. {A the end ofthe play both families realize that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers ‘© "Historic present’ in narrative and fanny stories In inforral speech, its possible to use what we cll the historic presen’ to describe past events, especially to make the naration seem more immediate and dramatic ‘So then the second man asks the frst one why he has a banana in his ear an the LPrstone says GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT TIME 11 Underine the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 1 Thavent decided yet asout whether to buy a new ear or a second-hand one. But ‘think about 7m tinzing about i Allright, you try to fis the television! But J hopelnt hoping you know what you're doing Every year I vis isting Britain to improve my English Ws time we tarned on the central heating. I gest getting colder every dy. Of course, youre Mary ares you! recognize/I am recognizing You n0W/ ‘The film of ‘War and Peace is very long, I last/I i lasting over four hours can see fom what yeu say that your mornings ae very busy! Bu what do you doy fare you doing in the afernoons? ‘Tm going to buy a nev swimming costume. My old one does ft iting any 9 That must be the end ofthe first part ofthe performance, What happens/is happening now? 10 Whats the matter? Why do you look/are you looking at me like that? 2 Underline the correct ward or phrase In each sentence, 1. work inthis office al this year the time 2 Harry Potter is curreniyfor long top ofthe bestsellers list. 3. Fam not making imuck money these days/so far this yar. 4. The food tates even worse now presenty. You've put too much salt in. 5 Normally/Previously we get in touch with customers by post, {6 Pete was ll but he is geting over his illness sono 8 ° 0 1m feeling eather ran down latly/at preser Lalivays stay on duty sice/unt six otlock, {im oftenfforever tidying up the messin your room! Fortunately the baby now/tecenly sleeps all night.3. Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of ‘the verbs in brackets. 1 heer oon that you have been promoted, Congratslatons! Brith peop (drink). vw tore and more wine, apparel hope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend) sn Om er ee quiet, Dave. You (foreverlinerrupt) Hey. you! What (yow/thinl) . ‘youre doing? Could you come here, please? I (WN!) wna 8 tl 0 YOR HOW: Jane is away on holiday so Linda (handle). so het Work, ‘Tobe honest, I (dou). whether fim will be here next week, 9 You've only just started the job, havenlt you! How (you/get on} aha, He (juslbe) sarcastic. 10 Payno tention 29 ‘Complete the text with the present simple or pracent continuous form of the ‘verbs in brackets. | orkin a lage oe with abot ir otter pepe, wast an (1) an BAB wn ute uel. Ye 2) += {Spend} mos ofthe day together so we have al become end ofa ost of my colleagues ae sorting, tht | (3 canenennnsne in) OF wi Beck abut tent (4) (take Hees Watson, or example Helen 6 ~ (rn the Accousdepartmer, the erent she {6} ‘ith Keth Bane ce ofthe ales epesetatves, andthe (7) (seen very happy eget Bu everone — exe Helen aocaert~ (8) (bn hat | eth ; o (fancy Susan Porter But (10) sneer APE) a rat S05 (11) nnnenenennn (i) Ke cant stand peop wh ave (12) (stop) epaging al te tie che tal me. in bess, kn {decsve) goer Hee. He (14). vu (56) Betty Wis rm the Overseas depart A ply of other teresting ngs (98) nacnennnnn Crm on. For instane, ery + i week we (16) (expevence] nore amore pretems wih thet -pereonal bsongings ad even money ave toe stl When ou (17 (ee offs a tht (8) (op tocatth whose iste that someae in your YOU at et BUF (18) nen (EG) | re he ple et you who (suspect). il no yet anya GRAMMAR 1 Pi RESENT TIME: 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the fst sentence, using one ofthe words in bold Do not chenge the word In bold. 4. Charles and hie finer ore exactly alike in appearance Fookstlooking (at SS sone RARE es the, Take al your possessions and walk slowly tothe ext ‘befongs/betonging ‘Take everything sone 296 walk slowly ta the exit 3 Tim finding it really enjoyable to work here. enjosfenjoying fee sn BEE 4. Take workchome regularly because of my new responsibility at work. -means/meaning ‘My new responsiblity a work, regula 3 Iemy cycling group theres George, Tom, Harty and me. conslte/consisting My nnn sonunsnem Georges Tom, Harry and me. {6 In your opinion, who’ going to win the Cup? ‘think/thinking Who do. 7 Tim seeing how wide the doot is. work home in the Cap? ‘messure/measuring Venn erent Soor) 8 Neil always forgetshis wif bicthday. remembers/remenbering NED ne vn bis We’ bitsy. 9 Is ability to catch Ssh is the key tothe polar bears survival depends depending ‘The polar bear's : 10 What’ on your mind atthe moment? think/thinking What. sot catch fish ee - tthe moment?‘ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Correct any errors in these sentences. Some sentences are cotrect. 1 Him depending on you, so dont sake any mistakes! i. 2 Isthis total incloding the new students? BESS his tr ld 3 Excuse me, but do you wat for somebody? 4. These potatoes ae tasting abit anny. 5 How ace you feling today 6 ‘Took forward to hearing fom you. 7 Thave afeling that something goes wrong, 8 Whats that youre eating? ‘9 Are you hearing anything from Wendy these days? 10 think youite being rather mean about this, 7 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. coming ‘making tering asking. talking Iistening ‘aking shooting DP BAEEA sf Concentete 2 Areyou. off now, or can we tlk 3 Goon,tin 4 think were at ross purposes, 5 Youre for rout 6 its along nice, 7 You don't seem to be mach interest 8 You're a fass about nothing ‘Which expression means one ofthe following? Ace you in hurry toleave? B_ Were talking about diferent things without relizing © Ifyou say or do this you wil get ino dificulis 2 a GRAMMAR | Future time Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous © Willis normally known asthe predictive future, and describes known fats, or what we suppose is true. 1 be late home this evening The company will make a profit next year ‘This can also take the form of an assumption. ‘That be im atthe doer. (This means that I suppose itis fm.) © Willis also used to express an immediate decision, PU take this one © Going to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plaas have already been made, Tm going to wait kere enti Carol gets back Going 0s also used to detcribe an event whose cause is present or evident. “Look at that tre! 1° going to fal Compare the following withthe vill examples above Pm going to be late this evening. ve go lots of paperwork to finish off ‘The Fgures are good. Ica see the company I going to make a prof this year Decisions expressed with going to refer to/a more distant point in the future. ‘© Present continuous describes fxed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. Note the strong similarity to the going to Fatuee, Jame having a party next week and Iam going to have a party next ‘weak are communicating the same message. Future continuous (© This describes an event which will be happening a a future point. ‘Come round in the morning. be painting in the kitchen. 1 Tt.cam also describe events hich aze going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make kappen. wont bother to fsa time w see you, because I be calling inte the office anymay several times next week © In some contexts future coatinuous also sounds more polite than will. ‘Will you be going tothe shops later? Ifyou go, cou you get me some mi? © I can also be used to refer fined arrangements and plans The band will be peeforsing live in Paris this stemmerFuture perfect ‘@ This has both simp! From a farure point, In two years time lt have finished the boot. By the end ofthe month, have been working for this frm fora yea. leand continaoas forms, and refers to tne which we Took back at © Iecan also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker, ‘Yu won't have heard the news, ofcowrse. (1 assume you have not heard the news.) Other ways of referring to the future © siare to be This is used to desere formal rangement. All students are to assemble i the hall at 9.00, See also Grammar 9 and 10 for uses expressing obligation, (© Be about to, be on the point of, be de to, justjust about to ‘Be abou ro and be onthe point of bot refer to the next moment. think the play is about start now. Be du to refers to scheduled times. ‘Aa fig i de to arrive at 6.20, (or is due at 6.20) Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening Hurry up! The tai i just leavingjust about to leave ‘© Present simple and present perfect resent simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses, When we get there, wel have dimmer Present perfect cam also be used insted of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasized, When we've had a res, well o out «Present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker Toye rete in sree years ‘Similarly, calendar references use the present simp, (Christmas ison a Tuesday next year Other future references Hope ‘This can be followed by either present or future verb forms. Thope it doesnt rain. Thope tt won't ran, (9 Other verbs fllowed by will _Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is Future reference, These include: think, believe, expect, doubt expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win, © Shall “The ase of shal for frst person in future reference fs decining in use in everyday informal speech. Se Grammar 9 and 10 for other uses of shall end wall, 9 Ey {SRANIRTAK 2 FUTURE TIME 1 Complete each sentence using the cues in brackets, In twenty-four hour’ time I (celax) Wil Beelaring om my yacht, 2 “Theres someone athe door! "That (be). the postman’ 3. Bythe time you getback Harry Leave) wn 4s only a short tip (be) wn ack in an hous, 5 What (yonida). this Saturday evening? Would you lke ro go out? 6 By the end ofthe week we (decide) wou ‘what to do 7 Ie(notibe) - Jong before Doctor Smith here. 8 Well goto the park when you (finish). your tea, 9 Ws very hot in here. shink (faint) 2 30 What (youlgive) An for her birthday? Have you decided yet? 2 Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence. In Joly Gordon (1) wile awe been at his company for 30 years and (2) hes Finaly ‘tingle aly retro hie Gch Birthday, We've decided to have along holiday and | (8) mete gong to takelvel take the opportunity to vale some old friends in Hungary, nd then travel around in that region (4) Welaave/Well be aaving towards the end of ‘August, and our aim is te vist ae many countrics as we can. (5) Wee fying Ay to ‘Budapest on the 25h ard then (8) we stop over/uellbe stopping over with ourfriends | = they've got a house on -ske Balaton. (7) WEIN have spont/Well probably pend a couple | ‘of woeke in Hungary and sravel around, Aftar chat (B) vce thlaingrne think of going | ‘vo Romania, but we havent planned anything definite. (2) WeMknow/Wellkave krowna biemore thio weekend when (10) wel esearch/vell be researching the whale ting on ‘he intemet. Weld ike toga on from there to Bulgaria or Ukraine, but | doubt whether (91) welt have/we'e having time. Money could be a problem too | hope the whole trip (12) won’ tetwon have been 220 expensive. From now om (13) we are relly having tol ell realy have to save asmmuch 20 we can. Were really looking forward tote ~lean barely wail Just think, injust ovr ewo months! time (1-4) wel be teaeling/vell ave teweled around Europe ike a couple of old hippiast When we come back, (18) you aren recognising ustyou won’ recognize ustADVAN LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Read each sentence and decide which ending (A; 8 or C) bast fis each space. 1 Paul fight is bound tobe late although .B, Aitarrivesst 600. Bitsduest 00, Cit arriving at six 2. According to the latest forecast, the tunnel Avil be finished next year. will have been finished next year. Cis finishing next year 3 Itsn0 use phoning Bob atthe office, he Avwilbeleaving — Bisleaving, Ci have lft 4 Breryone says that this year City AaregoingtowintheCup Bate winning the Cup. Cwin the Cup 5 I dont fe! ike wsting my relatives this year #0. Alwonlt go. Bmnot going. CI dost go 6 You can borrow this calculator, Ix Aamnot going toneedit, B wosit havebeen needing it. Camnot needing it. 7 Tm sorry dinner isn ready yet, but it. Als going to bezeady in aminute, Bill hve been ready ina minute, ‘C willbe ready in 2 minute 8 Can you send me the results as soon as you Ahear anything? Barehecting anything? Cwill hve heard anything? 9 You can try asking Martin for belp but Aitwonlt do yon any good. Bits not daing you any good. Citwontbe doing you any good, 10 Desit worry about the mistake you made, nobody Alsnoticing —Brvillnotice. _C willbe noticing. LL = (GRAMMAR 2 FUTURE TIME 4 Complete the second sentence so that It has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. De not change the werd given, 1 dont suppose you have heard the news, You . et haveneer the news 2 The Prime Minister expects an easy victory for his party inthe election believes ‘The Prime Minister the election easly. 3 Tvebeen in this company for almost chee years. wil By the end ofthe mont ln this company for three years 4 Thisbook will take me nwo years to write have In wo years this book, 5. Scientists ae on the point of making a vial breskthrough, ‘about Sclentsts are a vital breakthrough, (6. Maria i pregnant again, have arias baby 7 Tiibebome late until 1 late 8 Noone knows what theresul of who No orie knows the match, 9 Dont worry; David wost beat, hese atch is going tobe. Dorit worry; David time, 10 Mary and Alenis wedding is next weekend, getting ‘Maryand Alan ext weekend,5 Look at the three options (A, Band C) for each question. Decide which two are 1 Weverun out of fuel. AWhat will we da non? B What do we do now? ‘CWhat are we going to do now? You can’ leave ely, Avverehavinga mecting Buc going to haves mesting. (Crwe wil bave a meeting 3 Oh dear, Pve broken the vase ‘A What will your mother say? B What is your mother going to say? ‘C’What is your mother saying? 4 According to the weather forecast Altlirain tomoreow. Bits raining tomorrow, Cite going wo rain tomorreve 5 Tle to call round and see you. Awl we done by the morning? B What you be doing in the morning? C What are you doing in the morning? 66 Te got nothing todo tomorraw so Alllgetuplate, Blamto getuplate, CT going to get up late Ws my eighteenth birthday next month so will you Alimon the point ofhaving party. BY mhevinga (Cri behavinga pars 8 Why dort you come with us? Alflbea greattrip. Bitsgoing tobe a great rip, Cita great tip, 9 When you get othe airport, A someone Is going to be wating for you. B someone is due to wait for you. Csomeane willbe wating for you, 10. Shut up wil you! Alm geting really angry. BT going to get rally angey in a minute (Cm geting rally angry in @ minute. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. Ve back ajtero fav minutes o enw minutes » sure tht everything wil be allright atthe end the end Please call me the moment/exacty you heat any news, I should be back by ‘he tme/a the tine the flm begins Tim sure Fiona wil te here Before longlafter a while cart leave on Tuesday. I wort be ready uitl then by then By twenty four hour This time tomorrows Yl be in Bangkok. Diana willbe retiring soon/alread. ‘There wil be no official announcements forthwith/from now on. Bye for now: I ae you i two weeks tn/tioweoks later 1 7 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. see come have TT wha Lean do, 210 look and get back to you. 3 ru it some thought. su you know by tomorrow 5 Pitjust and gett. 6m halves with you 7m toit 8 Th eceaennw bach in a minute om bout Five minutes, 10 Th vans and SOOM YOU ‘Which expression means ore ofthe following? a Tl try and do this fer you. b Til shareit wth you © Ti Beitlarrange it > seEALso Consolidetion 1: Units 1-4 Grammar 7:Condltionals Grammar 9 and 10: Modslsi | | GRAMMAR ! Past time Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous © Pest simple generally refers to: Completed actions 1 g06 up, switched off the radia and gat down again. Habits Every day wont tothe park, States Ji those days, f did like reading Past continuous (progressive) generally refers to ‘Actions in progress (often interrupted by events) Twas drinking my coffee atthe time While Twas opening the leer, the phone rang. ‘Background description in narrative entered the ace and looked around. Most people were working at ther desks, but Jane was staring ou ofthe window and pretending to write something othe seme (Changing states The ct was geting worse ol the ie. One ofthe headlights mae gradually falling ft and te engine was making mare and more funny noises, Repeated actions ~ criticism ith fequency adver, this uses similar tothe use of present continuous o express When lave was a schoo, se was aay lasing things, ® Past continuous isnot used to describe general habitual ations, without the sense of ‘ccm mentioned above, Past simple it uted for this meaning Wher I ived ix London, walked though the park every day. Past perfect simple and continuous © We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past, and we want to 0 back to an earlier past time (st in the pas!) By the time I got to the sation the ran had lef. Compare this with: The train lft five msnutes before Igo to the station ‘en we talk about a seguence of past events in the order that they happened, we ‘more commonly use the past simple, especialy with quick, short action Past perfect continuous (progressive) ‘The sume contrasts between past simple and pest continuous (see previous section) 1 GRAMMAR 3 PAST TIME can be made in past petit vec forms for events further back nthe past. ‘had been living in a bedsttr up to then. White Thad been talking onthe phone, amy had escape, The whole place was dserted, fut twas obvious tha suman had been ving there They been cooking ithe kitchen fora start, and they had bothered fo layup the mess. {© Past perfect i also common in raparted speech, See Grammar 13, © Past perfect isnot used simply to describe an event inthe distant pat, Used to and would © Used t0 ‘This often contrasts with the present. The cont '8 no present tense form ‘we to ‘used to go sinning lt (but f dont now). ‘The negative form i either Idd use to or J use not to (rare for some speakers). ‘The form I cdr’ used 10 may also be found, "This is usually considered incorrect, ules we consider used fas an unchanging semi-modal form, © Would ‘This describes repeated aesions, not states. It describes habitual activity which was ‘ypical ofa person ora tine period. Every week held buy hie mother a bunch of flowers. (habital activity) 1 used to tke cowboy fins, ‘Where we use would to describe a habitual activity, used tis also posible Every weok he used to buy his mother a bunch of lowers Would is more common fs write language and ofien accurs in reminiscences. Untui {© These describe evens intended to tae place, but which id not happen, 1 was going to phone ye bt forgo 1 was thinking of going Ray th year but Ihave’ desided ‘as about te do tT rtd doing somethings Jack was to have taken part, ute elit « may be stated or understood. These led past events © The contrasting past events often understood, but not stated. How are you? F was go to phone yr. (bat eign, Polite forms These are common with wonder. 1 was wondering you wanted to come tthe cinema. ‘See Grammar and 10 forcomment on this. Contrasts with present perfect vere forms See Grammar 4 for contrats between past simple and present perfect verb forms. Past vetb forms are also used to express unseal time. See Grammar 7 and 8,GRAMMAR 3 PAST TU 1 Uncierline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 3 Decide ifthe verb form underlined Is correct, write a tick 1 When you passed the town hall loc, di wou nosize/vere sow noticing what time it (aif not, correct wast see 2 Lest night my neighbours were shouting/wowld shoe for hours ana I couldet get to sleep. The train (2) round to e halt at a small won, and 3 When you lived in London, di you use ro fravelwere you travelling by bus? (2)bacame apparent that it (3) had iraken down, Everyone (4) was asting their 4 Everyone was having a good time, although not many people danced were dancing. ‘eases dawn from the luggage rocks, and we (5) were walting on the plform in the 5 ill was really hungry because she did eat/hads' eater al day. | freezing wind for hours unt the nex train (6) was hina up. We decided to go tothe cinema, bat before that we went/had gone fora pizza, fe — eee 7 tetook:@ while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone steed was staring at me, What had J done wrong? 8 Nobody bothered to tell me thatthe school des holiday on Fri. 9 Livas tryng/tried to get in touch with you all day yesterday, Where Were you? 10 A: Excuse me, but this seats mine, Bi Tim sorry, dit eaicewoultt relic that you were sitting here. ua decided to havea speciat 2 4 6 sor's diseppearance, he (2) was reoving a letter ‘rom Jean Oawson, the Frofessor's wife. In the letter, Jean (3) accused her husband | 9 plotting to murder her Gorse (4) considered his next step when the phone rang. It | was Sergeant Adems from the Thames Valley police fore, A Fsharman (5) discovers 2 body in the ver, and it (6) fited the description of the Professor. - 3 5 2 4 4 Complete the tert witha suitable past tense form ofthe verbs in brackets. “Tse ost year (1) ns ie. fle) i te m akg a county ing olay in Normand. her of tend fine We (2) 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence, a 4. Qnce/ajtermards Ya ead the instructions, found i easy to assemble the bookcase 2. Rewas mare then a month bofoe/unti I eaized what had happened. {rom cur treat Shon an ve} $Lmanaged total to Carol just ashi she was leaving, Fewest wil upto 1983 that Nigel could afford to take holidays sbroad George always let me know fy the rimevvhcncver he was going tobe late {vas having bath a he tmethat tne, so 1 didnt hea the doorbell, 7. Webought oar tickets and five minutes oftrater the tran arrived 8 According to Grendpe, peop used to dress formally those dain hs day 9 Everyone was talking bt stopped at tha ie/the mint Me Smith arrived 10 The eter sill adn’ arnved Byun the end ofthe week basis No ah deco, (8) uly in ava org) one te} down a steep il, my be SS en aADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the First sentence, using the word given, Do not change the word given. {intended to call you yesterday, but I forgot going 1 BROCE gall you yesterday, but Horgot 2 Sylvia asked ift wanted more pudding, bu I sald I coulda eat any more had eo 3 Owing tones, Sally wae arable to sing the solo as arranged have Sally was bar she fl “4 Carol was always as rude as that be C220 en - rude, 5 Weve changed our minds about going to Rome, es originally intended. intending We nnn ‘we've changed our mids 6 When lvedin London, pling to work was part af my dl routine sed When! lived in Londoa, I s 7 Tight possibly goto the teste tonight. wondering 1 = -- Going co the theatre tonight. 8 Thad to go past your house tof decided to drop in. passing 9 About 100 people were wating for the late bus - ay. 0 I decided to drop in arzived By. sesso about 100 people waiting 10 What wereyoudoingat the moment of the explosion? occurred When. oon ‘what were you doing? at a GRAMMAR 3 PAST TIME & In each sentence decide whether ane, or both, ofthe sltamative vero forms given are appropriate Wr te O far one or 8 fr both. In those day, aay seo ge up/go up eal ia the morning. 2: When’ goto the cinema Jack had been wating/was wit for me. ‘We would always have/vere aways having breskfst in bed on Sundays. Mary as always falingevays ell bafore important examinations. My sister used fo own own a motorcycle and siece. Pay no atention to Dave's remarks. He wast meaning ran on {lt awl after Inneh.{atehad eaten 409 MUR. on Brenda etvhad left before Thad time to talk to hes ‘The explanation was simple. In 1781 HIMS Sovereign, on her way back from India, ad sightedsighted an empty boat drifting off the African coast 10 Pauline has changed a bt She didnt always use to lok ’wasit always looking ke that. ~ Compiete the text by writing one word in each space. F once (l) 28224. a year in France, studying Fronch at the University of Grenoble. Every Friday FQ). eat ab the Alpe caf T never 8) umn fo spend mach money, as I could not afford 1h, bu 1 (8) ouuen my local af and E enjoyed sitting there. Anyway, the story Im going to tell you is someting that really (9) mown One day when T (8) woman ng there Suddenly a beautiful gil () —.. 40 my table and said, T was (5) 4 you'd lke f take a walk with me in the park? I (9) never seen her before, so T was rather shocked. I (10) abou to follow her when noticed 4 tough-looking wan watching our every movement. Realizing thal T Yuen noticed him, she gif whispered to me, in English, Don’t worry About him! Park — five minuies!, and then disappeared. Weil, my bill 2) canaone ees t0 arrive, and by the line I 18) cauon 40 the park, there ‘was no sign of the girl ! asked an old lady who was sitting there if she had (14) un & goung girl waiting around. I described the girl to her The old lady said that the gil 15) had to-rush off Jo the railway shabion She had also teft me a note Ie said, 'T will explain everything. Meet me on platform 6, peat tS tnt agin pct ceeComplete each sentence with a suitable past tense form of the verbs in brackets. 1 realized that someone (steal) 1s. sting. my wallet when T (ee) f8 thes hand in my jacket pocket. 2 When {phone) son Helen lastnight sh ones Ah) ber hit 3 Peter (offer) vm me another drink but I decided I (had) : enough. 4 Nobody (watch) . ssn $0 the Bitle BOY (KE) nee BE packet of sweets from she shelf snd (put). _-it in his pocket. 5 I(potieatize) that eave). sy umbrell on the bus wat it stars} sO ain 6 ALSchool (dislike) sons the maths teacher because he (abways/pick) 7 Wherever Marion (find). Job, there was someone who (know) tat she (go) st ps0, 8 Several years late I (find out). vows that during al the time F (write) a ‘omy pen friend, xy mother (open) and reading the replies! 9 (otlunderstand) svesennnee Wht (G0) cerns Several people (SHOUE) nnsensnw a BE, and One passer-by (HVE) weer ‘newspaper i frost of my fice. 101 (ROW) wenn I (C0) sensnnennnnnn Well In my exams even before T (e458) theofficial revuls, 9 sesatso ‘Gramraae 4: Present perfect Consolidation Grammar: ‘Grammar 8 Unreal time ‘Grammar and 10: Modals ‘Grammar 13: Reported speach | of —- = CEE — GRAMMAR TO | Present perfect Present perfect simple © Present periat simple refit to: Recent event, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by fast Wo've missed the turns ve just sen a ghost! Indefinite evens, which happened at an unknown tine in the past. No definite time fs sven firm has had thre car acidents. (up 4 the present) Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present, ve nwisted my anki. (sats why Ta limping) With state verbs, a state waich lasts up to the present, ‘ve lived here forthe pss ten yeas, A habitul action ina perind of time up te the present, Pee been jogging every morning forthe lat mort © Contrast with past simple Past simple is used with tine expressions which refer co definite times, The time may be stated or understood, Compare: ve bought a ew car. indefinite time) Thought anew car last week. (definite time) ‘bought the car aftr al. (implied definite: the car we talked about) ‘Choice between past simpie and present perfect for recent events may depend on the altinude of the speaker. This in turn may depend om whether the speaker fels distant in time or place from the event. Ive left my wale in the car. Tm going back to get i “Hier the speaker may be about tp return, and feels thatthe event is connected with the Present 5 eft my watt inthe car Tm going back to get ‘The speaker may fee separated in time from the event, of be further away: Present perfect continuous © Present perfect continuous (progeessve} can refer toa range of meanings, depending fo the time expression used and the context. A state which lasts upto the present moment ve been waiting for yu for three hours! An incomplete activity Tre ben clearing the house but I still havent finished ‘To emphasize doration ve boon writing letter all morning. ‘A recently ished activity Tre boon rans, That why Fok hotADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Complete each sentence with 2 sutable perfect or past tense form ofthe vert in brackets, a aa GRAMMAR 4 PRESENT PERFECT Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the frst 1 Sofarwe (notnotice) AVENE noticed. anything unusual, very lose attention. 2 Ym sorry (noticome) todass lately ae Jate in the evenings forthe past fortnight, home yet? She (ears) 4 Lwonder if Mary (reach) : too late to catch the bus, 5 Here isthe news. The Home Office (anaounce) too prisoners Who (@SCape} nnn this morning (give themselves up) 6 (youlmeke up) your minds? What (jou/decide) vodot 7 srry (le from hic since, 8 Recent research (show) there five hundted years before him, 9 Think that people (become) {clevision programmes, though they (Improve) 30 (Gomething/happen} to the phone lines? (ry) to get through to Glasgow fo 11 Bill eger) rom Dartmoor prison eae home rather suddenly and we (notheat) that Columbus (aot scover) America, but thet Vikings (land) tired of the poor quality of, job, buthe (complain) sentence, using the word glven. Do not change the word given. 4 This has been my home for tiety years, lived Toon Ihave Lived ere/in th house 2 ‘Eating Korean food is sew to me. 1 3. Tony hast been to Pass before. first Ws 4 We havent been seimming for ages, Rs 5 Mary started learning French five years ago. has Mary = os 6 Tanton the tenth pageot ths letter Tam writing. en S0 fF Fo vs 7 Its over twenty years since they got married, for “They have 8 The last time [saw Dick was in 2007 for thirty yeas, before 10 Paris, swimming, five years ofthis eer, seven than twenty years. haven't - 2007. 9 There isa definite improvement in your work, has : Lately cos Improved. 10 This is my second vistto Hungary. visited Thisis the : Hungary5 Underline the correct phrase in each sentence. 1 Thepprice of petrol hae rsan/has bean rising by 15% over the past year. 2 Nowonder you sre overweight! You have eoten/iave beer eating chocolates ll dy long! 3. Fe rend/Tve been reacting a really good book this morning 4. Doestt this room look better? Ie putiTve boen putting some posters up on the walls 5. Dorit disappoint met 7ve counted/Tve been counting on you {Dorit forget your pil. Have you taken i2/Rave you been takg i? 7 Who has wor/has been wearing my sear 8 I think there's something wrong with your motorbike. I made/Its been making some very funny noises 9 Jack has askedhas eon asking for a pay tise hase times this year 10 Te been phoning/Tve phoned Ann all evening, but theres no reply 6 Complete the text withthe past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous form of the verbs in brackets, eee ‘Three weeks ago | (1) ...#¥4.... (move) to London, full of enthusiasm, to start a new job, but ever since 12) (arrive) inthe capital, @ (owondes) whether this was the right decision. Before coming here, 114) hear) a lot of great things about ife In London, but since ariving | can't really say thatthe elty (5) (make) a {favourable impression on me. It's so crowded and the people are so unfriendly, and (6) (pend) hours every day on the underground going to and from work. You see, 1 (7) (grow up) in small town in Wales and | (8) (not be) away from home before, Of course, 1 o (always/want) to see the world, so when my company cto) (offer) me a post in the London office, (47) Gump) at the chance. The problem is that now 1 (12) ‘actually’ start ving here, 1 can see that there are lots of reacons for being back in Wales! In fact, according to a piece # (13) (come across) in the paper the other day, a fot of large companies (14) (choose) to ‘move away from the centre of London recently. feel so miserable that | 8) (secrety/hope) my company might decide to move too, and that Illbe able to go back to Wales, 1 mg time snce/vhen Last saw you. 2. Sve seen Bill quite often latelyfrom time tote 3 Have you spoken tothe dicector buforehndalready? 4 Tvellved in the same house or yearsfor evr. 5 Tveread the paper nowt ‘ 7 8 9 Jan has bought a commuter two years ago/snce then "Nothing much has been happening by noms far. Tve finished reading her new book at last/this evening, ‘Sue bought CD player last week and she’ been listening to mesic ever sincelfor a while, 410 Sorcy, but I havent gc that work finished aveady/yet, '@ Match the expressions (1-10) with the explanations of when they might be said ey, 21 Have you heard the oneabout..?.2.. a Saying you dont follow what someone is saying. 2 Thevenit seen you forages! b Having doubts about a big, decision, 3 Tvehad enough of thst Sorry, you've lost me! Teehad a brainwave! © Having a briliant idea, Introducing joke © Declining moze food. Rsbeen one of those Jays! £ Spreading gossip. eehad enough, thanks 8 Thaverit had a chance yet, b Seeing an old face from the past. Having frustrating time, when everything is going wrong, 9 ve been having second thoughts 41 Wanting to stop doing something because its annoying yo. 20 Oh, havent you heard. J Apologizing for not doing something you sid yout do. “2 SEEALSO Grammar 3: Past time Consolidation 1: Units 1-4CONSOLIDATION 9 with suitable form of che verbs in brackets Reporter Philip Taggart visits a farm where the sheep are super fi Farmers, as you may (1) BISH e kMOM), 2) (ave) 2 hard time of it in Britain lately, and (2) ‘to new ways of earning income from thei land. This (4) Atavolve) not on | making money, the most unusual of which has got tobe sheep racing. Yes, you © : {hear me correctiy! A farmerin the west of England | | TOW {6} (hole) sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year aver 100,000 people (7). (Guin uph to watch the proceedings." (@) (ass) te farm on my way tothe sea fora holiday.’ one punter told me, ‘and |) sen think) fave a look. (10). -(noMbeleve it was serious, to tell you the truth. Accorcing toa regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting “At proper horse races everyone (aheady/study) the form of the horses in advance, and there are clear favourites. But nobody (42) about these sheep! Most people (13) one from another in any case. I (14) | races, and t must admit that | (15) .. | (eas) anything -» find tfc to tel - (tay) to watch te (Gnd) quite exciting. in f w (4c) downbil over (wait for them at a typical race, half 2 dazen sheep (16) 2 course of about half a mile. Food (17). the other end of the tack, | ought to add The sheep (18) (rant surpaisingly fest. although presurnably they (18) note eat fora whi some motivation. At any rate, the crowd around me (20) (obviously/enjoy) their day out at the ing by theit happy faces and the sense of excitement, just to give th 4. et CONSOLIDATION 5 2 Complete the second sentence se that thas simllor sartence, using the wore given, D9 ast chen: weaning to the frst the werd § This materis nane completed 3° When Ssthe ruin dveto ari supposed What 4 Tray is Lizand Job Here iding anniversary ‘On this coe “To gette work op time, have to get pot 6.6, Getting to work oa tine - n4 608, 6 Whose wa Thave 38 on - Wednestay © This willbe shetes ine ‘his wil be the Hist cin thech 10 The nom sd sore people people who atended the fir exceeded as rary books,3 Inmosines ofthis toxt thor is one extra word. Write the extra word, of puta, Complete each sentence with a suitable form ofthe verb in brackets ticki the line is correct. 1 This is my new boat, What (you/think) ......22Y% Sie. of it? | Our reporter, Sarah Hardie, goes to Otley Hall to experience a spooky weekend. y 2 A: Whoare you? | Merve ben gt of penal atte Oty Havas ies 1 What you mein? iv) here | ever the tas 200 years time. if tales of headless huntsmen and waling nuns 2 3 Teas find the hey. Wht 90/0) with them? | don't spook you out, do get tht fora ghosty tale: a young Vitorian man in 3 4 “Sorry Thaventt fixed the plug I (mean) to get round to || asiner gown emesges himself from the garden, walks through the front door, 4 it, but I just haven't Sound the time. | steberorst wi thapsens to be open, and walls pars wth ante, 5 5 What (jou/de) on Saturdays? tele vaiing in the lary floral ake Rito be beleved he does 6 6 dont know what tne Wel ea 1 (e924) nn when ‘this without fail at midnight on 6 September every year, this is being the date 7 ‘Helen gets here. ‘te ute eat of one George Capes te gardener ofthe hl, 8 7 supported yous he ime because I (ie!) ene tat oH ‘who met doom inthe brary, had burned By own inten, Oey Hill 9 woe vg Sands 3 mies north ofthe town of Rugby, Eng an thai reputed the 10 8 Peter couldnt undesand what had been decd because too many people (alk) os aut house in England, acim whch fw who have never vsted 811 ot seen A ONE, woul diet Even te approach othe Has pt much ajourey tobe 12 9 Jean, Tin so glad youve got here at at (expect) you undertaken by the faint-hearted; at one point an executioner emerges: a all day. from he ees, was brandshing ane, altbough trust be sad that his 14 Den eee ee ° ‘hundreds of people what they tae are Plan to do ona certain dy n August net yar, othe year atte a ther) {68 ont one rep | luton ora evergutbe Sow of touts, cameras ben atthe, 17 eet ert wb Rear raat aman en nro « o (belong) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rack nepanable, But twas af having great fon, andthe ghostly maze on 19, and Ral (5) (ie) over hice decades ago, his fans te ral day wes tei, even never id at to see Cong Carpenter, est every yar Se then outside his home in Memphis Tenesee,t show espe fr he dng tey ove so mach Fars ke Jean Thomas, ron Catto in South East London Jean 6) 4 Complete each sentence with a suitable word, (st) Graces, the Hou whee this) ote is ata eat 1 BE... since Has ad a good Chinese mel ttc, tc in te past fe yours. Te fest ine 110) Coro the 2 Fanny enough [sa Bob quite athe sports i sone fom my Mu, 2541) (rotor hen ut wo years ago 3 Tveloved you ever. the frst day I set eyes on you! a2) 1 get mated and since then | (13) (oe) 4 Howlong vooos wast that you lived in Inverness? inmmy husband Chess garage. Chis and! (14) (go) together lst yea, 5 Wve to ee anyone who can dance as well as Mari snd we (5) {thine of spending tno or tse months inthe USA next 6 Could you phone me te you arrive at the hotel so I dant worry? pa ee era ere 7 promise to get everything ready ~eght clock atthe latest, wn perform. Uke Las Vega for example Jan sys tht Es 8 told Suet ---- already Qnished my esay, 4 8) sn be} her obsession ever since she (19). 9 Uimsorry youve been waiting so long, batt wil be some time Brian rea ee ees aetebac, ped nba 10 ustsithere, would you? The doctor will be with youADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 7 Complete each sentence with a suitable form ofthe verb in brackets, F Sara nnd rtstived__ (noreceive) the parcel the last time I (speak) to him. _- (consider) buying a house but now I 2 {cbange) my mind 3 When you (fee) hungry, room serv (boring) you whatever you want. 41 - (Gind) it dificult to convince the ticket inspector that (lose) my ticket, but he believed mein the end. 5 Ever since] (be) ayoung child, 1 (dis) to meet you. 6 Assoon ast (have) a look at the designs (end) them to you, You'l get ther by Friday 7 Whatever happen), (meet) you here in a week’ time, 8 Bythe time you (fotsh) geting ready. we ons) the tain! 9 Sallyt vo {notiexpect to ee you here! What (youd) in New York? & Decide whether each underlined phrase is correct or not, Iitis correct, wie a tick. Hfnot, correct it. 1 Willyou be secing Rob Jones tomorrow? | wonder you could give him a message ‘from Sally Gordon? not 2 Thoda ret ie inthe Gretk nhs. We wuld rent al ost ard go ishing very. 5 ule i Fue heen hoping 1 se you. ve go some good ews! 4 Wehada tersible ime lookingatter yur dog. Iwas canstamly chasing the cats next dot. : 5. Wehad lovely timein Madrid Every day we mere caplorng the ci an in the evening we mere going to exciting bars, 7 6 ‘The steam engine is usually thought ofas a relatively modes Greeks ad built a kind f team engine in ancient times 7 lt rather worred was growing darker and colder and there wae sll no sign ofthe rescue helicoy 8 Dorit worry! All we have to dois wait invention, bat the 9 This meats relly tasting awful! Are you quite sure i was fresh? GRAMMAR Passive 1 Basic uses of the passive (© Agent and instrument ‘The person who performs anaction ina passive sentence is called the ‘agent, Introduced by by. The agent may or may not be mentioned ‘My purse was found by one of the cleaners. A new road has been bri, AAn object which causes something to happen is called an instrument, introduced by with He was hit onthe head wih @ hammer, © Verbs with two objects ‘Verbs whieh have two objects can be made passive in two ways, Tivas handed a note. note was handed to me. ‘Other common verbs ofthis ype are ring, give end, pass, pay: promise, sel, (© Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have a nous or adjective which describe their object. ‘We elected fm class representative. reryone considered kim afailure. ‘When these are made pasive the complement goes directly after the verb. Tin was elected elas reprenntative, He was considered a faite. {© Verbs which cannot be passive ‘Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive, eg, drive is transitive because one can drive something (act). However a few transitive verbs may not be used inthe passive. These include become, {ite the right siz), get, hav, lack, let, lik, resemble, suit Verbs with no object (intranstive) cannot be pasiv, eg slop is intransitive; you cannot ‘ep something. ‘Therefore it is not possible tosay ‘The baby was slept’ Instead the sentence must be acive: The baby sept.Using and not mentioning the agent © Change of focus “The passive can change the emphasis of sentence Jack won: te prize. (focus on Jack) ‘The prize was won by Jack. (focus on the prize) © Unknown agent The agent is ot mentioned ifunknown, ‘io windows have beer broken, In this cas, there is no poim in adding an agent: ‘by somebody © Generalized agent If the subject is people in genes or ‘yous the agent isnot mentioned, Bicycles are widely used inthe city instand of public transport © Obvious agent the agent is obvious or has already been referred to it snot mentioned, Linda has been arrested! (we ase by the palice) The company agred to ow reguest and a new car park was opened © Usimportant agent Ifthe agent is not important fo the meaning of the sentence it s not mentioned. Twas advised to obtain a visa in advance © Impersonality ‘Using de passive is 2 way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is sesponsible for an action. Ithas been decided to reduce all salaries by 10, Jn descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than. ‘on the people who perform ther, Then the bases are packed int cates. GHANIAN 5 PASSIVE T 1 Correct any verb fornns which are Impossible or inappropriate. 1 Allotof homes in thearea have been being broken into by burglars ype Been broan ante 2" As T drove south, I cold see thatthe old road was rebuilding. 2 "Tauppone the etter wl have Ben dived by no. 44 Theres nothing more annoying than been interrupted when you are speaking 5 Tim-was been given the sack from his new job, 6 Somchow without ap noticig my wallet had been diseppeared, 7 Thenew shopping contre was opened by the locel MP. 8 Alotof meesings hav: been held, but nothing has being decided yet, 2 Complete the second sentence so that It has. simitar meaning to the first sentence. 1 The crowd was slosely filling the huge stadium, ‘The hoge stadiom Wis. sia Using Elie... bythe cowed, 2 The imentor ofthe computer simplified the work of accountants, Since the COMPUREE emt vane Sempified. 2 Someone has sugested hat he shop should cose i vavrenmane thatthe shop should close 4 Tatake out some travel insurance fT were you, Me Sith Me Siith. 2 ‘ake out some travel insurance, 5 The waitress will bring your drinks ina moment. YOOE AME en ina moment 6 Someone sed a kf to open the window. This Window oso se 8 ie 7 You will hear from us when we have finished dealing with your complaint, After your complaint svn YOU WHE hear From Us 8 An announcement oftheir engagement appeared inthe local paper, ‘Their engagement 9 Nobody evr heard anything of Ded again. the work of accountants nthe local paper, NOtHING eee enn DOVE agen, 10 ‘They paid Sheila £1,000 as special bonus. £1,000 sna snnnnnsnennennnnn Shella 2 a special Bons,ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2 Rewrite each sentence in the passive, omitting the words underlined, 1 Someone left he phone off the hook li night The phone wns left off te hook a mie 2. The government has announced that petro prices will rise tomorrow 3. Abular broke into our house last week: 4 People asked me the way three times. ‘5 ‘The rultpickes pick the apples early inthe morning, 66 Ws time the authorities did something about this problem, 7 Lots of people hac parked sr arson the pavement 8 The government agreed with the report and so they changed the law. ‘9 You have to fil in an application form 10 ‘They doit know what happened tothe ship. 11. Nobody has seen the groups leader since bis artest last month, 4 Complete each sentence with a passive form of the verb in brackets, 1 The boxes (notipack) ..hivenot been packed... yt, 2 Your food (stl/prepare) 3 Thenew ship (anh) wen se nest week, Luckily by the time we got there the painting (nots). 5 Wehad to goon holiday because our house (decorate) 6 Tmafraid that ext weeks meeting (ANCE) oneness 7 ifwe dont hurry all the tickets sell) there. Allain courses (serve) least that is what ie wristen on the mens, 9 The second goal (sc026) 10 The cathedral (build) 11. There a ot ofnoise outside because the road (repair) 12 Iwas promised thatthe parcel (deliver stilhasat arrived. by the time we get _- with vegetables or salad, At bby Hughes in the ater minute in the fourteenth century by 10.00, butt T 4 anneal GRAMMAR 5 PASSIVE 1 '5 Rewrite each sentence in a more formal style se that contains a passive form of the word given in CAPITALS. 1 Sorry, but wee lost your letter. ISLAY orfortunately your letter bas been isla, ‘The police are gelling Haeey down atthe station, QUESTION “They've found theremin of en olf Roman vl neaty Youll get sein slay afer sx months RAISE ‘They stopped plain he match fr haf an hous ‘ABANDON. ‘They topped ef re sng te cee : BAN “They tok Christo cou: for dangerous diving PROSECUTE, ‘You etal tis Kind of sh wit white sauce SERVE {dont ne your ame INTRODUCE © Complete each sentence with a passive form of the verb in brackets, Nothing (se) of Pauline since her cat (Bnd) : abandoned near Newbury last week. As our new furniture (liver) = fon Monday morning Filave to stay at home to check that it (not/damage) during transit “The new Alhambra natehbaek, which in this country (el) under the name ‘Challenge’ fit) asstandard. For the past few day I ork) own office (redecorate) Je (announee) - nov/build) - A major nev deposit ofall (discover) ith electric windows in Jacks ofie, as ny thatthe proposed new office block (n0%! Because f the current economic situation, in the Arctic. 1 (think) ‘be nearly twice the size ofthe Largest existing fel. Pictures of the surface of che planet Mars (receive) yesterday from the space prube ‘Rover 3 which laonch) last year Alarge sum (ease) for the Fund by recent charity concert but the target of £250,000 (sil/notlreach) No decision (make) about any future appointment until all stable candidate (interview) »7 Underline any uses ofthe agent which ere unnecessary. ; >My jewellery has beea stolen bya thie? Ti has been decked by the authorities that Wednesday will bea school holiday Hirry was poshed over by someone standing nex: to him in the queue, ‘The goods are transpored by rll to our warehouse in the Midlands 4 was told by someone that you havea vacancy fora compiler operstor Sue has been picked by the selectors forthe national event, ‘Tae lester ws sent by poston the 21st of ast month. ‘The larger portrait was painted by alitle-known Flemish artis, ‘ehas been agreed by everyone that no smoking should be allowed. ‘As Lsmived at the enference a note was handed to me by one ofthe delegas s © Complete the text with 2 sultable active or pessive form of the verbs in brackets, Dears ees, Wescedrightat inform (elec) fora ree oly * Aeconsing to our inorsation ou (2 ese atlaphone sey ast oo Cente) in he ay ara (ehovee} your a month ge eeutofwicn your hae (S} (nen - (sitet spanda week in 2 Europe deetinatlon choo hole Now a compe yeu andy fam hn Tis otf te} (rake) onthe canton that you strand spec {promotions doy wlth other uchy Zain h your eplon wa (7) (eter) Fs aimtensest Yo (2) - (ast) to etcend on any Saturday aot marth sr he Raya eset Manchester fy (8) stern} ia wren ad ‘ating up tis oer ple (10), os danach the pba and ratara tous ae som as passe 1 Complete the texts by w smocnce sume call destroy discover splay print offer sake verite Tea ‘on an island in the North Sea. The 150 lion year , ole fossil, type of pliosaur, (3) "Big Boy’ by scientists, as itis i k I ans of one of he largest ever sea | over 18 metres long. The remains (4) to the Natural History Museum in Osio, where, after conservation work, they (5) ina | section of th Teas ‘A bookseller fas found a previously unknown poem by the English post Sh nearly 200 years after It (6) 1 antewar poor (7) Jn a pamphlet fist published in 1817 in Oxford when the poet was 20. it @ .~. unl the recent Giscovery that all copies of the poem and ecperts are predicting great interest when the poem 80) ra {or sele in a book auction at the end of next month Well consult afi members of sta through their line ma 4 and well cok feecback Well collect and analyse comments fore wie make 2 decison 7 artowhet well adopt the system permanenty er aot, 5 Ws ako possible that we may evtend the tral pei for a further month 1 system wl requre al ipyess to arve between the hows af £.00 and ions of eight hous 2 Ths 50,00, ane to leave after they he ted thee contractual ab 10.We hope that ths rangement meets with your approval aso” 6 GRAMMAR Passive 2 Have and get something done, need doing 1 Hoveiget something done This typically describes a service performed for ws by someone ese ‘oe just had/got my car serviced. 1 have/get it dane every winter. I ean also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone We hadgot our car broken into lat month Gets more likely to be used than have when 1) theres 2 feeling that something must be done Trealy mus getfhave my hait eu ) there isa feling of eventually managing to do something eventually gotihad the car fised a the Fast Service garage i) in orders and imperatives, Get your haircut! Note that ger should not be used inthe present perfect passive, where it would be confused with have got. {ve ust had my hair ent. (possible) ‘Tre jus got my hai eu. {not possible) (© The need to have a service done can be described with need doing Yow hair needs cutting Passive get Get can be used instead of be to form the passive in spoken language, ‘Martin got arrested ata football match. Reporting verbs ‘© Present reference With verbs such as belive, know, say, think, which report people’ opinions, passive construction is often used to avoid a weak subjac, and to give a generalized opinion, ‘With present reference, the pasive is followed by the present infinitive The crisinal is thought fo bein hiding in the London area Vitam Cis known to be good for treating colds, © Past reference With past reference, the pasve is fllawe by the past infinitive ‘Smith is believed to have left England last week ve all GRAMMAR 6 PASSIVE 2 (© Post reporting verb 1 the reporting verb isin the past, the past infinitive tends to follow, though not always f the verb be suse People thought Sue had paid too ch. ‘Sue was thought to have paid too much. The police thoughe tha ‘he thief was ell iv the house. ‘The tif was thought toil be in the house. Past reference with two obgects In this case there ae two way’ of making a passive sentence, Everyone now the porait was painted by a lela, The portrait is known te have been painted by a tain, © Continuous infinitive Past and present continuotsinfinitves are also used. Mary is though tobe Hiring in Scotland The driver is thought tohave been doing a Verbs with prepositions (© Ending a sentence with a reposition lis possible to end a sentence with a preposition in a sentence where a prepositional verb is made passive, Somebody broke into ox house Our hows was broken ito © By and with ‘With is used after participles such as fled, packed, crowded, crammed. ‘The rain was packed with commuters. ‘The dtference between by and with may involve the presence of person: ‘Dave was hit by a branch, (an accident) ‘Dave was hit with a branch. (a person hit hia with one) (© Mate is followed by to when used inthe passive -My bass made me work ard. Tas made to work iard by my bos. Cover and verbs which involve similar ideas, uch as surround, decorate, can use with (or by. Cover can aso be falowed by in, ‘The furniture was covered in dust ‘The living room had been decorated with flow ty wallpaper. © Common contexts forthe passive ‘The passive is common in ‘echnical and snd writen contexts whee entific writing, and generally in spoken es less use of personal reference since the audience ‘may be unknown, oF the speaker wants to remain impersonal1 Decide whether the sentences in each pair have the same maar ‘those which are different. just been tothe hairdresser’, What da you think? {just cut my hale atthe airdzeser’, What do you think? vest ad sl Someone is painting our house atthe moment. ‘We are painting our house att The dentists going to take out two of may teeth tomorrow Tim heving 600 teeth taken ost tomorrow ‘The teacher made ws al iy wp, ‘We were made to tidy up bythe teacher, ‘The cars thought to have been stolen by jay-riders, Joy-riders are thought to have stolen the car i Just «minute. ask someone to wrap this for you, Justa minvte, TI have to p this up for you ‘The car hasnt been serviced for e longtime. : ‘We haven't had the ear serviced for along time ‘They're coming to put in a new water heater ext week, ‘Were putting ina new watercheater next week. Would you consider having plastic surgery to alter your nose? ‘Would you consider having your nose akered by plastic surgery? 2 Underline the correct word in each sentence, ee ‘The busy shopping street was thronged by/sith people, ‘The emergency exk was concealed Eyifrom a red curtain. ‘The price of excursions is included with the cost of the holiday. Allthrough Janos were covered by/from snow. The room was crammed Ey/withfarnivore of ll descriptions Two of the climbers were injred by/with falling rocks. “The island is inhabited by/fiom people of mainly Chinese origin 3 bank was quickly surrounded from/ with exmed police he windows had been smashed fromwith a hammer taken from the shed, The stadium was packed from /with cheering fans. — 3 Complate the second sentence so that it has.a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1. We think the treasure dates from the thirteenth century. think Henan Hageahi in de from he thiteenth century 2. Yourkair needs curing eet You. cut 5 Jills parents are mabing her sty hard made a. soe Bee pare 4 Apparently the ship did not sustain any damage. ‘The ship any damage. 5. isthought thatthe two injured men were repairing overbead cable. have ‘The two injured men overhead cables. 6 ‘Thereisa rumour that the escaped prisoner i living in Spain es : ‘The escaped prisoner 7 Webave will has. 8 We decided to try agin ster. would Thwas Living in Spain, greed to meet again ina fore meet again ina fortnight, ry again later 9 Theres confirmation of Mr Jackson’ intended resignation. that is vec 8 10 Most of the commie thought t was nota viebe solution, not Tewas thought by most ofthe comamiteeADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the word underlined. 10 n Another company has taken over our company “Da compan has teen taieen over, ‘We are dealing with your complaint ‘We have not accounted fr al the missing passengers ‘Someone had tampered with the lock ofthe front door ‘We dont know how they disposed ofthe bod, ‘mus insist cha you keep 10 the rules. ‘We are ooking into this allegation, ‘We wil frown upan any temps cheatin the exam. ‘he youngest student complained thst people were picking ‘You haven' paid for the second piza, I think they have made up the whole story '5 Complete each sentence with a sultable preposition. ‘The tee had been devorated Yi. coloured balls ‘The answers have been included. the Book, ‘After the rugby match, Jim’ shorts Were covered none FG ‘The victim was struck ftom behind a beavy object, ‘The house was bt money that David borrowed from the bat ‘The cat narrowly escaped being run over sear ‘When the accident happened, Sue was struck ying glass, ‘The turkey was stufed chestnuts, and was very tasty Noone knew that Peter had been involved. the investigation. ‘When {efi the casino, my pockets were crammed money. All the presents were wrapped sooonascnnn yells paper, ‘rumed out thet the bridge had been damaged. ‘on him, lorry 4 san eo GRAMMAR 6 PASSIVE 2 6 Complete the text by writing a verb from the box in each space. [waste Weak nog ag trebalevdtohave been Inknewnteherexpeinced int known tobe ___was packed 's thought to have been ‘A plane carrying 15 members of the government to a conference in Brussels} | (0) semen te have eperieneed a smal-scal re earlier ths morning. The plane @) about 20 minutes int its Journey when te fre ocurred inthe laggage area It (3) how the plane caught fe, but intial eye-witness accounts conim tht all | of smoke (4) coming from the under- carriage, The fire (5) rapidly under contro, but the pilot 6) make an emergency landing. Five people (7) treated for shock. The plane (8) with business people flying to | Belem, All 209 passengers) Stay behind for questioning after lanéing at a military airport in northern France, Police | 69) treating the incident as suspicious. L 7 Rewrite the text using the passive where possible, Make sure the words _undertined do not appeer. ‘Nobody knows exactly when somone invented gunpowder. Peaple know for fact that the Chinese made rockets and fireworks long before peaple used gunpowder in Barope, which occurred atabout the beginning ofthe thicteenth century. We generally believe that gunpowder brought to an end the ‘Age of Chivalry since anyone with 2 firearm could bring down mounted knight. In fact, peape did not develop efficient firearms wat the sinteenth century. They used gunpowder mainly in siege cannon when people fist introduced it Later they used it in engineering work and in mining, but they found thacit was extremely dangerous. Modern explosives have now replaced gunpowder, but we still use it for making fireworks, ust asthe Chinese dd, fet lena exactly4s | ~ — | nanan | Conditionals Sasicusage © What is always tue: present + present HET work late, 1 get tre. Ifthe water is hotling has boiled, it means the food is nearly ready. (© What was always true: past + past We went home cary if it was foggy. fit was suowing, we stayed at hone, © Real situations present + future “Here we think tht the utcome is really possible. ‘you kesp driving ike that, you're going to have an accident If you see Mark, tel hime FIL ing hin torsorow. © Hypothetical situations: past + would “These are unceal or imaginary situations, YT knew the answer, 2 tell you iF was having a party 1 wouldn't invite Marcia, ‘The verb be usually takes the form were forall persons in these sentences, though was is used in everyday speech. Note that in the frst person it is possible to use should instead of would left home, J think Fshoutd be onshy. (© Hypothetical pas situations: past perfect + would have “These refer to past events had known you were coming, Fwoald have met you atthe station, @ With modals Possibe situations inthe present ‘Ifyou got wet, you should change your dothes immediatly ‘Fou come ear, we can discuss the problem together, Hypothetical situations Thad the money, i could hep you Hypothetical past situations ‘you hadn't reminded me, I might have forgoten Varlations © sony ‘This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations, With past evens it adds «sense of| regret. The second part ofthe sentence is often lft out. only Thad enough time! only I hadi drunk to muck, thie woth have happened! ENAMMAR 7 CC (© Unless and other alternatives to if Uness means only if not. go ahead and get the tickets unless you call me this afernoon. (This means: Ifyou call me this afterncon, I worit get the tickets) If one situation depends o2 another, ifcan be replaced by asia long as provided or only f See Grammar 1 fr only i ldo what you say previded the palice are not informed. Bven if describes how someting will happen whatever the condition, Even if ain, wel sl go foro ple ‘© Past events with results in the present: past perfect + would {fim adit missed the plane, he would be here by now. © Should After if this makes the possibilty ofan event seem unlikely Ifyou should see Ann, could you ack er 0 call me? (This implies that Ido not expect you to see Ann.) © Were to ‘his also makes an event seem more hypothetical, If were to ask you to merry me, what would you sey? © Happen to “This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is often used with should ‘If you happen to see Hele, could you ask her to call me? you shouta hoppen to be passing, drop in fora cup of tea. © Iftt wore not forlf tacit been for “This describes how one event depends on another, {ik were’ for im, this company would bein a mee. ithads’t been for their goalkeeper, United would have lot, (© Will and would: politeness and emphasis ‘These can be used as polit forms. Ifyou wilthwould wait ere, Ise if Mrs Groen ifr, ‘Will an also be used for emphasis, meaning insist on doing. If you will stay out late, no wonder you are ved! (insist on staying out) Other ways of meking e condi ional sentence © Supposing otherwise Supposing or suppose can seplace if, mainly in everyday spasch, ‘Supposing you won the latory, what would you do? Otherwise means or if not 1 can go at the beginning or end of the sentence ‘fyou hadi given us dvections, we would have found the house, Thanks for your diretfans to the house, We would have found i otherwiseADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE © But for This can replace if not tis used in formal language, and must be followed by a noun you hai helped us, we would have been in sre But for your help, we would have been in rouble, 9 so, nor These can refer toa sentence ina previous sentence There isa possibilty that fck wil be lat. Ifso, Twill take his place {© Colloquia! omission of if ‘An imperative can be used instead of an if clause in everyéay speech. Sit down, and PH make usa cup of tea, if you st dwn ..) © Hand adjectives In expressions such a fit is necssary/possbl it is possible to omit the verb be interested, apply within Ifmecessary, tea taxi ( Formally ifcan mean ‘although, usually as if+ adjective The room was well furnished, ifa ite badly decorated. —L dl GRAMMAR 7 CONDITIONALS 1 Complete each sentence with a sultable form of the verb in brackets. 1. Now were lost Ifyou (write down) lead wetter down. anys Airections, this (novhapoen) os 2 Why dont we emigrate? Ifwe (lve) in Australia, at east the weather (be) better! 3 Tim afiaid that Smith is ahardened criminal, Ife (not/punish) him tis time, he ( ly/commit) 4. Thanks to Dr Jones, 'm sl alive! If it (note) for er.1 (be) dead for cota, 5 Yimsorry I cart end yo any money, You know that if (have) it,1 (end) ito you. 6 Dont be afraid, Ifyou (touch) the dog. it (notibite) In those days, iyou (have) ajob, you (80) ens : svc {8 tsalways the same! If idecie) to leave the office early, my boss (caL) : re after Ive left 9 What terrible thing to happen! Jost think, ifwe (aot’miss) - the plane, ve (kill) : inthe crash. 10 Did you enjoy your meal you (finish) ating, 1 (clear away) - the plates. Correct any ver forms which are impossible or inappropriate 1 fyou vent recived leer yet, you havent got theo, 20tile 2 fit for Devi, we a ising the bus 3 fst raining we go oh pub on the cornered 4 you did lend us the mney we would hae gone oe bank 5, fvou should happen to shang oor mind drop me ine ‘ 7 8 ° fit wasnt for the rain, we would have been home by now If you wil drive so fast, no wonder th police keep stopping you Lf] knew you were coming, I would have met you atthe airport. But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer 10 IfJack oins the team, Tim leaving,|3. Read each sentence and decide which ending (A, 8 or C) best fts each space. 1 tfyoull told me you were coming A T.can get some food in. made a lovely dish If youte too ill to come Filcome aver and see you I would have done allthis for you, 1 asked someone ese. Twouldait be very upset T would like to know wi. 3 IFT known you werent coming oer owroe | would have gone to so much trouble 4. fyou'e nat coming perhaps youl have the courtesy to tell me ‘weld never have met, youid be so lucky 10 be the happiest gel alive, Pa have had a lovely time, would look foreard to, 5 Wonly yout! come 6 Ifyou do decide to come the partys always a success I wont be coming either, letme know. 7 Ifyou realy doit want to come ihunderstand. Leanthe sure. tell me romerraw, oee owe oer aoe 4 Complete each sentence with a phrase containing a suitable form of the verb in brackets. A were (6) 82 $88.80 foved you, what would you do? 2 it (ain) would have gone out for a walk 3. fonly yould told me it was a surprise party, (say) Uncle Dave! anything to 4, Thanks for your help with the garden; (do) without you 5. only Mick had come ta the disco then we (have) great ime! 6 Ga) the phone bill oda, the phone will be et off 7 Gad) your tools, Twouldt ave been abl to fix the cas 18 Those wires look a bit dangerous; (touch) il were you 9 be) seven the goalkeeper’ heroic, we would have lost the match, Te have found us something to eat. 7 VERNA £ CURUITIUNALS 5 Rewrite each sentence three times so that it contains the word in CAPITALS. 1 We wormt go away ifthe weather is ba. 20.Reiay unlecs te weether’s bao, UNLESS ONLY soe stay 2 Ifyou hurry up, you wort be late - - DONT ~ ' : OR co WANT 3. Ithey offered you the eb, would you accept? E : WERE TO - SHOULD : HAPPENED 44 Without your help, I would have given up years ago HADN'T BEEN ~ ' BUT : HADN'T HELPED 5 Iilfend you the money on condition that you pay it hack next week. PROVIDED LONG ony Complete the text by writing one word in each space res, have decided aginst pison sentence injour ease You may wa fe om his court an 1) £28. hat os eporo Chesham pe tation every Fy ar theres mons, Soul you ft (2) a {aling to meet this obigaton you wl return otis cout fora harsher serience. (4) ou can present god reason why you were ural o reper! othe station you wl (5) ourself in seer trouble, you are (6) to attend because fess, please rte that a medi eeifcate mst be produced signed by your oc, roving your state of heal. Yu sha eae that (7) lor your previous oud conduc WEL {8} ene tad no statin in ipesing arson sentence. And | shall nt orget hat your rend fad (9) (9) seriously jred te defender. inecvened in theft, you might 5, yu wl be gen ane warsing: and i you persistADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1 didn't have the money so dat buy a new suit would TFT cl ithe money, eld have Bowl... a new si 2 you arein London by any chance, come and see me. happen you. come and see me 3 Ifyou insist on ding everything yourself course you'l fee ied! will you of course you! fel tired! 4 Please take a set andl nguite for you well you vn 1 inquite fr yo. 5. Ifyou dothe shopping il cok inch, and You — Th cook lunch. 6 IFPuulne hast been nieresed the project would have been abandoned. interest Bat. soos the project would have been abandoned. 7 The fire was brought under contro thanks tothe nightwatchman, for Withads. vo v= Got out of conte 8. Dickis in prison becausea detective recognized him, it Dick would os recognized him, 9° Tain not ll enough to esc the shel taller Wane a see 80ch the shelf 10 But for Helen actingso wonder, the play would bea flop, wonderful iit the play would bea flop. 11 Rwont make any ference City score frst; United will stil win, United City score fest. 12. Getting up ecy makes me fel hungry. set Toner makes me feel hungry. SiS i tc tad 1 tie GRAMMAR 7 CONDITIONALS 8 Complete each sentence using the cues in brackets. ‘That was a lucky escape! if (fall ...084.fatlem..., Fé have broken my leg, 1 2 Ifyou fnishwith my pea) alike itback please 3 Unless Pete (ty/harder) he woot win the competition 4 Ifyou took more time over your work, you (not make) somany sistas 5 But for Sally’ bravery J (drown). 6 Ifyou told me you sere coming, I (buy) more food. 7 itivmotbe) nn foe Mary, the deal woulda ave gone through, 8 If ibe) late, yould better stat without me, 9 If Ann ad known Tom wasnt coming, she (notigo) to sonmich trouble 10 (inishythe painting) _ by Friday, and well pay you extra, 9. Complete the text by writirg one word in each space. Dear Sir Madar, We would like to remind you fat your account two months overdue. We are prepared to allow you another ten days to settle your account, However, (1) uff. you fal to pay your outstanng bl within ten days, you leave us with no alternative but to take legal action, That, (2) we receive fu payment by 20th March, ‘we wil refer this matter to out legal department. f @) ‘we are prepared to make @ claim in the Small Claims cour for the money owed plus interest. @ you be experiencing financial dificult, pease contact our Finance Department. 6) that you settle your account within the specified time period, we will (6) happy to continue to do business with you. However, we o necessary, tae the regrettable stop of dosing your account. ‘We are sory that this situatlor has arisen, but if you had pa your bis over the last toro montis, we (8) not be in ths position now On the ther hand, you ° have settle you account inthe last two days. (10) s please | accept our apologies for ths ket. Yours faithfully Brian Eccles Customer Services ‘Wood View fice Supoies > seeaiso Grammar 8: Unveal ime Consolidation 2: Units 5-8 Grammar 11:InvorsionGRAMMAR Unreal time and subjunctives Itstime 1 time, i high tine ‘These are followed hy past sinple or continuous, though the time refered to is unreal See Grammar 7, 4S time we eh, Its igh ine meng was done about this! Wishes «© Presentfotore time Notice the pas er forms afer wish These are wishes wire you waa: to change a present/furure state wish Chad @ morte. (1 dost have one nov) 1 vish you werent leaving (Yon ae leaving.) ‘wish I was going on olay wit you next week. (Lam not going) 2 Would Would is used when the spaie: wants somebody or something else to change. wish ke would chang his ind avid marry fae wish t would stp ing ‘The use with would ioien used to describe an annoying habit T wish you woulda make sch a mes | | © Pastime ‘As with presen wishes, the verb form after wi is one stage Further back in the past ‘These ae wishes refering to «pas event, which cannot be changed ovis hada eaten so mach, ‘This use of wish i common air fon to express regrets. See Grammar 7 © Hope ‘Wishes about simple fae event ate expressed with hope, hope it does rain tomerrom hope yout) have a aes time in Portugl (on your holiday next week) a ratherfi prefer (followed by a clause) {© i rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way a8 wishes about the present. Te expresses preference shout ations Td rather you dia smoke here Soh if rather and [i soner are used with infinitive without to when comparing nouns or phrases, Ti rather bea ser tana slr. (present) rather have lived ix Acie Greace than Anctont Rome, (past) | | } { | | | | | 1 OMAMIMAK 8 UNKEAL LIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES: (prefer is used with it + past verb form to express preference abut actions 1 prefer tif you did't smoke, il prefers also used with you hiner ete + infinitive without toto show what we woud like a person to do, We can add rather than + infinitive without fo asa comparison, prefer you to sit in or seat (rather than ston the loo). i preercan aso be used to show which thing we would like to have. Ti prefer tea to coffe. Asif,as though © Real and unreal ‘The verb form here depends on whether the situation i tue or unreal You look as if you're having second thouglts. (True. You ate having second thoughts) He acts as if he were in charge (Unseal e init in charge) {feel asifan express tats had ht me, (It didi hit me) [Note however, thatthe more colloquial lite does not require this verb form change. ‘This isnot considered acceptable informal and/or written English. Compare: Yow look lik you've justseen «ghost. You look as if you'd just seen a ghost. Suppose and imagine «© Understood conditions The conditional part ofthese sentences s often understood but not stated. Suppose someone told yau that was a py! Imagine wel mever met! (We have met) Ifthe event refered to sa real possibility present verb form is posible Suppose it starts raining wha we da? Formal subjunctives © insisting, demanding, ete After verbs such as demand insist, suggest, require which imply obligation, the subjunctive may be used in formal style. This uses the infinitive; there is no third person or past form, ‘They demanded that he leave at once ‘The school Principal suggested that ke be awarded a scholarship. © Less formal usage Less formally, should can be used, and colloquially no verb form change is made, or an Infinitive construction is used They demanded that he should leave ‘They demanded that he bt. (informal) Formulaic subjunctives ‘These are fxed expressionsall using subjunctive. Typical expression are: Heaven helps! Be that as emay Come what may’ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Underline the correct word in each sentence, 1 Thope/wish Pl ee you again soon 2 Uhope/wish the weather improves soon. 1 hope/wish I knew the answet 4 5. [hopelwish youd stop shouting so much. 6 I heperwvish nothing goes wrong, [ hopelwish t would stp ran ews you can come tomy party T hopelwish you dont mind 10 Thopefwis we could meet nest week. 1 Lish you ..Wewl step. making so much noise late at ght! 2 Tideather the children on the television without permission. 3. Suppose half the money {owe you. Would that satisfy you? 4. hope set into trouble on my account. What do you think they'l say? 5 Thisisan afl hotel Lwish we tthe Grand instead 6 His absolutly you contact head office in advance. 1 hinkits high time we lock ould you rather lund 9 Tish I the windows a night ‘you ea red? 10 Ta preferyou smoke in her, ifyou dosit mind rani GRAMMAR 8 UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES 3 Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets. 1 Taratheryou (notwatdh) ide wath television while im reading, 2 Wsbigh time you (start 3 Iwish I pend) more time swimming last umn 4 Helen is bossy. She actsasifshe (wn) the place. 5. Lwish you (notrkeep) ‘coming late to cla © Sopposea complete stranger (eave) youalot of money in their wll 7 Iwish (go) to your party afer ll 8 Tdrather you (it) ext 1 Susan, please. 9 The government demarded thatthe ambassador (be) calle. 10 You are lucky going to lly. wish I (ge vith you. 4 Complete each sentence with one word, 1 its.. BEM... time you learned to look afer yoursel 2 Tish you trylistening to me, just for once! 31 rather notgo by trai, if posible. 4 that ast may, it does alter the seriousness of the situation, 5 wish Carol be hereto see you all, 6 We both wish yot nn staying 7 You asi you had played in the match instead of watching itt 8 they offerec you the job of managing director! 9 Ireally wish we matried. 10 you diduitmind my phoning so late, 5 Correct the error(s) each sentence, 1 3 4 6 T wish I bought that old how Lovish (had boa that old use Té rather you dori eat ell the Bread Itstime ro, Twish Town a motorbike wish we are not es zn the morning ‘Sue would rather readrg than watching television, ‘Come what comes, Tle on your se. [hope it would stop raining. Ta prefer ifyou dda wait T wish did listen to you beforeComplete the second sentence so that It has a similar meaning tothe frst sentence, using the word glven, De not change the word given. 1 Do you ever regret not going to university? wish Do you ever nich you nad gone to university? 2 [should really be going home now Be home now 3. Ya rather not go by plane. prefer 1H go by plane 4 Jack doesn't know all the answers, though he pretends ta, acts Jack, a : 5 TW love to be ble to go with you tothe opera. wish Ts 66 Luwish hadnt sod that old painting pity WS ee that old painting, 7 Va rather you dit stey Tong a the party better -allthe answers, vn G0 with you to the opera, 1 stay long at the party. '§ ‘The management said it was important for us to wear dark suits to the meeting. insisted ‘The management ark suits o the meeting. 9 Tehad enough of your constant complaining! wish I ‘complaining all the rime! 10 Talove tobe sitting ona beach in Turkey right now! swish 1 ‘ona beach in Turkey right now! SARMMIAN © UNREAL F1MIE AND SUBJUNCTIVES: 7 Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence. 1 Twsish you were a it tiie Trish You WOU one st Hour thins away, 2 Tish you were more interested in your school work. Veish you would 3 L wish I spoke more languages. I wish I could 4 Lowish Thad enough meney to buy car. I wish I could 5 Lwish they had more chess books inthe library wish the Beary woul. {6 Lwwish there was some soap in the bathroom, wish the cleaners would. 7 Ljust wish my partner was bit more romantic! T just wish my partner would ‘8 Complete the text by writng one word in each space. Contractions (don’t) count asone word. Dear Tom, Wet chs time next. week oul be comewherein Europe.tim our ay mn would worn Actually, youre very ey. £4 ov £0 (1) al often wa (2) the togooff aoa hve. tno he sou ey hap ou (2) yrs tow caw yeu eo 18 feral. Dec et apurmony 0 Addr you (nn open eao may gs ort sone. Yes ager egg son on (8) on——Inyoar tnona rope cap te sho (©) anv Sg gts 64907 ne a) alter 802A bith. Bu vr i WehDab ha) al ae wt prin buchos that dy Spee) oust seme nice aside plac In ne? Just 2 Chou, Anynayremenier you ge int any trou, ee anya phone cll any, and come what (10) wel sinaysbe therefor ou te, Mum i > SEE ALSO Grammar 7: Unvea time Consolidation 2: Unite 5-8 Grammar 11:taversion| consoupation 2 | Units 5-8 1 Complete the text with a suitable form of the verbs in brackets. Employees protesting at the planned closure of the Magnet electronics factory have begun a protest outside the factory in Brook Road. t (1) .was.reveate, | oven lst week that production atthe factory, where over 3,000 local people Q (employ), (3) Alransfen to the existing ‘Magnet plant in Luton next month. Only a few new jobs (4) (expect) to be created. Why (5) (wefnotsinform) about this | caer? We (6) sonnewe fonly/te) about this two days ago,’ said Marjory | Calder, representing the workforce. it's about time companies such as this | @ (start) thinking about how locat communities (8) | (affect) by thetr polices. Most of us here own our houses. How are we going to | keep paying the mortgage and find a job? | wish 1) (kn ov. Reg Reynolds, Director of Magnet was asked what was being done to helo ‘those who have (10) (make) redundant. ‘Every effort an (make) over the past month to offer early retirement to those who qualify,’ he told our reporter. When (12) (question) about why the workers (13) (not/tell) about the closure earlier, he revealed the company (14) (promise) a goverment loan to keep the factory open, but that at the last minute the government 18) (decide) not to provide the loan after al, ‘So don't blame the company, we've done our best "Trees SE eS TINS 2 Complete each sentence witha suitable word. 1. Youare the person who 88. things done around here! 2. The victim is thought to have Been non aba tthe time, 3 Acloycled along the lane Iwas hit an overhanging branch, 4 Ithe baby looked unhappy we her toy 0 play with 5. you had asked me earlier, I could have helped you. 6 ‘fT had got there i time, t wouldn't have made any difference. 7 Twouldrit be surprised if Patrick win 8 for the bad weether, ou holiday would have besn perfect. ot rther you dida’ sty any longer. 10 Told he surprised if fack to call round this evening. CONSOLIDATION 2 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the frst sentence, using the word civen. Do not change the ward given, 1 Tris thought that the escaped prisoner is back in custody been “The escaped prisoners an tMQObtte have bee eecapeured 2 The wind was bending te young te to the ground. bent The Young 8 ven tothe ground inthe wind. 43 Thepolce are interogaing jm in connection wih the breakin about Timi the break-in bythe police. 4 Lean histable on my own. won't Unless get to itch table 5 wort stayin this job ot even for double the salary. doubled Bren 7 -T wont sty inthis jo. 6 Isa pity you arent going to Ans party wish r to Anat par: 7 you found the missing money, what would you do? What Would yo dO if non gone missing? 8 They suspended jacksor forthe nex two matches. banned Jackson a lo thenext ovo matches. 9 Please come this way an Tl ef Mr Francis isin wi , 1 TU see if Me Francis iin, 10 New drugs are being discovered which are helping the fight against this disease discovery The fight against this disease : snow drugs4 Rewrite each sentence in the passive, omitting the words underlined. 1 Mashroom-gatherers usally work in the early morning. ltwahrpones are usually getherad envy in the reorming, 2 Wstime the government brought the economy under contro 3 Adie sole several cots from the cloakroom, 4 Themanagement has cde rece the workforce by 108, 5 The decorator only tk day o door howse 6 They no dea what case the aecidene 7 Muheve to make an application for vist in advance 8 Ticket collectors ork onthe tain on his ine 9 Lots of people had lft their haggage onthe platform. 10 A person directed Sally othe wrong address. 5 Complete each sentence with a sultable word, A BE that a it may itis till no excuse, 2 Graham, Ins car towed away'by the police. 3 Tam going o cal the police you leave at once 4 Tthink its igh time you. taking yourself seriously, 5 Ifyou sn think of moving, we could offer you a job 61 you can come to my bisthday party 7 Jost imagine! nnn they tld you tat you had won fst prize! 8 Wish Harry cnmnnnn Se the children nov! 9 Ifonly you just stop talking fora moment and try listening! 10 Rewas not necesary to call the fre brigade. {6 Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets 10 1 dont ike this restaurat, I wish we had (go) hed. “Tj Mahal: Ws time something (do). Mee ORE about ths problem. The late Prime Minister is said (be. ificult to work with, ‘That was lucky! IFT (catch). vn this bas, 1 (meet). - you Your order (dea) ‘with at che moment But for Pauline, I (novgass) the eam. All dishes (6212) ‘The house is thought to (sl) with French fries and a green sala. recently fora milion pounds only I (study) ‘more when I wasat school IT were (el) you where the treasures, what would you do? 7 Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets. 1 2 ‘The second film we saw (direct) .wes.diveste. by Tim Burton, TEL NOW) ses that you so-so (arrive) on that train, (60) nnn 10 ME YOU, wish you (neat) on allthe food! Tm hungry! ‘Be carefull Ifyou (teas) the eat t (scratch) ‘Thanks very much! Ifyou (not/help) me, we (notifinish) venmun the work 3 quickly. Hurry up o all the bes: seats (take). What shame that it (decide). to cancel the school ply! Carol now wishes she (marty) ina church, i (M0tIbe) so for you, I(stllbe) in prio, today! Unfortunately, tomorrows match (call of),ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE “« 8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the fist sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1 Figet someone to press your trousers sir, pressed TH aenve/ ae eer te ed immediately, sir 2. Everyone knows that taking exercise is good for your health. known “Taking exercise 00d for your health 3 Someone has suggested the resignation of the minster. that rs - 4 They've asked me if] would chai the meeting. 1 : . Cie the mestng 5 We have managed to account for all the missing papers successfully All dhe missing papers oe for 6 ‘Since Sue lft for Glasgow, nobody has seen anything of her, of ‘Nothing bas ve 17 Térather you didnt sit atthe back ofthe room please. it Ti prefer. senna the front ofthe room, 8 A traffic warden showed me how to ge tothe museum, way Twas sosson tothe musetim by a traffie warden, 9 Joba’ school i making him sit his exams agai, made John vs a 10 I should really be starting my homework. time Ws ‘he minister should resign. she left for Glasgow. sit is exams agai, _-~ starting my homework, GRAMMAR Modals: present and future Don't have to and must not 1 Dorit have to refers to an absence of obligation You don’ have to werk toxorrow {© Must not refers to an obligation not to do something, You must not leave the roc before the end ofthe test. Should ‘Where “shoul! appears, eugh to can also be used ‘© Expectation This film “should be really good. ‘© Recommendation think you "should tak it over with your parents In writing, should can be used to express a strong obligation politely Guests should vacate ther rooms by day, ¢ Criticism of an action You “should eat so musi late a night, © Uncertainty ‘Should I leave these papers on your desk? © Should and verbs of thinking ‘Should is often used with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct. I should think that mode would el quite welt (© With be and adjectives describing chance ‘This group of adjectives includes ada, strange, funny (= odd) and the expression What coincidence es strange that you should be staying in the same hotel! 1 After in case to emphasize uslikelihood In case I should be out, ths is yy mobile number: See Grammar 7 for similar wes in conditional sentences Could © Could is used to express possibility or uncertainty This could be the house. * Could is used with comparative adjectives to express possibilty or impossibility The stuavion couldert be worse, Jt could be beter, ©© Coulis used to make suggestions. We could goto thar new restxrant opposite the cinema, © Couidis used to express unwillingness. Teoaldet possibly leave Ti hereon his own Con © Can with bes used to make criticisms, You can be realy annoying. you know! © Gans also used with be to sefer to capability. Wer here canbe realy cold ‘Must and can’t ‘These refer to present tine only. (See be bound to} In expressing certainty, they are oppasis ‘This must be our sap. (Pm suce iis) ‘This cans be our stop. (Um sure it isnt) May and might {© Mayan be used to expres although clauses, ‘She may be the bos, but that is no excuse for shouting lke that, See also Grammar 12 for emphasis, © Mayimigh as well This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic about, ‘abodes is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. (© May and might both express possiblity or uncertainty, May is often used in formal Ianguage ‘The peace conference may fd a solution to the problem. ‘© There isan idiomatic expression with ty, using may for present reference, and might fox past ceference Tyas might, I could not pass my driving tes. (Although Cried hard, I could not pass my driving tes) Shai © Shull an be used with all persons to emphasize something which the speaker feels is Certain to happen or wants to happen, I shall defietely give up smoking this yo ‘Weshall wn! (Shall i stressed in this sentence) © Simi, sl! s used informal rules and regulations {No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player i | | | | SPAIN 2 VU RLS: PRESENT ARU FUTURE wit ‘© Will can be used to express an assumption As The phone’ ringing B: That Be for me, ‘© Will/wor' cam be used emphatically to tll someone of the speaker’ intention, or to forbid an action, in response to & will expression A: Pl ake the money anyway, so there! 2B: You wont Ac will Similarly 7 won't can mean J vefuse, and Iwill ean mean I insist. ‘A: wont doit! B: Yes, you will Would Would is often used in situations where a conditional sense is understood but not stated. [Nobody would ugre with that idea, (i we asked thems) Life wouldn't be worth Iving without you (if you werent there) 1 think Jim would be the Best candidate. (it be was under consideration forthe job) ‘Sue wouldn't do that, sel! (f you think shes capable of doing that) Need and need to {© Noed to isa modal auxiliary, and bebave like @ normal verb Do you need to us the photocopier? ‘© Need isa modal auxiliary, but mainly in question and negative forras Need you make so much nose? See Grammar 6 for need deing. Dare {© Dare can be used in two ways. Itcan be an intranstive verb followed by infinitive with to : 4 dideit dare to say anytng. 6 Itcan also be a modal auxiliary, mainly in questions and negatives She dare not refuse. How dare you! Related non-modal expressions (© Hod better ‘This isa recommendation and refers on Youll better not howe bar again ‘ean be reported in the past without change of form, He told me weld better came back another day, iy to he present or future, © Be bound to This makes a future prediction of certainty, 15 bound to rie tomorowADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. dont think you couldstould tell anyone yet. 1 coulhshoukin possibly leave without paying. ‘That mastr'ean'be the hotel Jane told us abou. ‘There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy. ‘We are enjoying our olide, though the weather could mut be beter: ‘You couldn shoul really be siting hee. ou culd/maay be older than me, bt that doesnt mean you're ceveret, ‘You might/should ike to look over these papers if you have tims Tim afraid that nobody should/would help mein that kind of situation, ‘No member ofthe association must/shal remove official dacuments from these premises without writen permission 2 Complete the dialogue by writing one word in each space. Contractions (can't) count as one word, Bil: This (1) ..!48.. be the Rouse, I suppose number 16 Elland We: Jane: [pictured it as being much bigger, from the esate agent’ description. Bil: Well, weld 2) go inside. Jane: We (3) as wall Waita mingte (4) to just find my glasses. 1 3) see thing without ther, Bill: 1 dont shink much oft from the ousie, to be honest. Jane: Yes, (6) certainly do with coat of pant or two. Bill: Rather you than me! (7) like ro have to paint it al And the gutters (8) nnn replacing, Jane: 1(9) ‘think they havent been replaced since the house ras bul Bil: They(10) really be replaced every for years ideally, Jane: And I dont like that big vy plant growing up the side. ey ay jet in the bricivork and cause all sorts of damage. Bill: 1 wonder if there a lock on that big downstairs window? Irlooks very «easy to breakin to, Jane: There’ (12), tobe one surely Bil: Well, (3) we go inside? Jane: Do we (14) tof I think ve seen enough already. (25) possibly live here - 11. a GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE 3. Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. De not change the word given. 1 Teoulds'tbe happier st the moment, could Tmas haspy 9s could be tthe moment ‘Although I tried hard, ould if the suitcase might Try + Leouldi ifthe suitcase 3 Tim sae that Peter woritbe late, bound Peter ‘on time 4 Fancy you and Uhaving should Réodd the same surname! 5. Tthink you should ake sp jogging Ha oo a take up jogging 6 WS possible that this kind of snake is poisonous, could This snake . the poisonous kinds 7 You cart borrow my cat wor't L = Dorrow my ea! 8 Tim sue this int how you get to Norwich! east This... way to Norwich! 9 Temakes no difference to me if we call it off. may . We callit off 10 Although i summer, the temperature is more ike winter: is the temperatures more lke winter.4 Choose the sentence (Aor B) that s closest in meaning ta the sentence given. 1 is possible that wel know the answers tomorrow. «A. A. We may know the answers tomorrow, B Wieshouldhnow the answers tomorrow. 2 dont thnk you sould sing him now. I rather I A. You night notring him now. 1 rather late B You betersot sing him now I rather late 3. You neaist comeifyou doit want ‘A You wont come you dont want to, B You dost ae to comeifyou don't want io. 44 thinkits wrong for you to work so had. ‘A You dst ae to eork so hard B You shout ark so hard 5 Perhaps these are the kes. A. Thesemightbe the keys B Thesemastbe the keys. 6 It would be wrong fr us to lock the eatin the house fora week... ‘A Wei beteraotlock the cat i the house fora week. B Wecantlock be cat in the house for a week 7 Ws posse that the decision will be announced next week. [A The decison might be announced next week B The decison willbe announced next week, {Although ry hard, Ican never solve "The Times’ crossword, A Tryast may can never solve "The Times crossword B Tryas]can,1 may never solve “The Times’ crossword. 9 Thnove Why dst we go out eat instead? A ko: We mus go out 0 eat instead, B know Wecould go out to eat instead, 10 Using Puner Pans couldlt be ear. A You maya wel use Punter’ Paints, B You shoul ind Punters Pains easy to use. 11. Pater ofen eal annoys people. A Petercane really annoying. B Tryashe might, Peter annoys people. 12 Jane would aikabout people like chat, surely! A. Tanedidt vant o talk about people like that B Janelistthknd of person to talk about people like that, (OMAMMAR ¥ MOUALD: PRESENT AND FUTURE '5 Complete each sentence with a phrase from the box, | couldnttbe wouldnt be Tight rmustbe ——mustlike need to 1-The heating comes on automatically. You nue tu itn. 2 Of course It help let you do it on your own, 3. Isalovely hotel, And the staf. more help. 4 George smn it there fe has stayed there fr so long 3 You "ight, but 'm still not convinced 6 We 0 in this museum, There’ nothing else to do. 7 love these trees. Without them the garden. the same, 8 There’ the phone cal [was expecting. I nom George 9 Thanks. And now you just sign on the dotted line. 10 Try 86 sn soon simply couldet open the id. Complete the text by writing one word in each space. Contractions (mustn't) ‘count as one word, 11) #4iS. ap welladniit—Tore of those people who runs in marsthonsdreseed ek snot normaly something you(2) ane co admit to your ends, but ©) sesnnosmagine fe without unning in my Dold Duck costume, Yours probably thinking (4) nnn Bean ilo who st wanes ta show ofan well you (5). berighe, leupposel And you (6) aneononn thine that running 5 far was hand enough witheut te ily costume! (7), “eadmie that do ley ughter 2c rn past, but chats only portofit 18). look sity, bt callin good cause, 30 ran to rnce money for ildro'schatizs—peoplepotisa to give me money forunnigin the race 1(8). erful ru for hours in the rai because doing aomething vse Callme mad (10) oon yout ue far (11) un through the streets dressed asa (12) nanan stb athemeand watch the neon television. Some of the other rumers 3) bes Wemadeo-1(14) be the only duck tobe naromly besten in sce by thee go in bits. (15) ios charey marron for al the worl > seeAso ‘Grammar 6: Passive 2 ‘Grammar 7: Conditional Grammar 10: Modals: past ‘Gtammar 12: Emphasisa 10 = Grammar Modals: past Hadto Hai to isthe past form of must and refers toa past obligation. ‘Sorry Fm late, 1 had to post some fetes, “The negative form is di have fo and refers to an absence of obligation Should have and ought to have Where “should appears, ought ts also possible # Expectation ‘Should have refers to something wich was supposed to happen. ‘he parce [sent you “should have arrived by now, © Cuiticism of an action You "shouldi’t have eaten so much lat night © Should have and verbs of thinking ‘The past form knew inthe example is an unreal verb form, and the should have form is used according to ‘sequence of verb forms! See Grammar 8. [should have thought you knew (9 With be and adjectives describing chance it was stange that you should have been staying inthe same hotel last yeas ‘© Ase polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or & favour ‘Te done the wasking up fr you. ~ Oh, you really shouldn't have! Could have and couldn't have (© Could have refers to past possibilty oF uncertainty avid could have won the sac if he had tried. (possiblityabilty) It could have Been Sue I suppose. (uncertainty) {© Coulde’t have can be used with comparative adjectives We couldn't have been happier i those days (© Could have can also express unwillingness, ‘She could have gone to the party with her, Could ens (but she dit) (© Could refers to past permission or past ability When Iwas scien F could stay out ill 11.00. (was allowed to) Mary could swim when she was three, (she actually did) Compare: Mary could have swuum when she was tree but she dit) a. an GRAMMAR 10 MODALS: PAST May have and might have (© Might have refers to past possibilty which did not happen. You might have drowned! (© Might have and may have refer to uncertainty. {suppose I may have been rather critical f¢ Both can be used in the negative to express uncertainty. They might not have received ou letter yet. Might have is used to express annoyance at someone’ failure to de something. You might have told me my trousers were slit {© I might have known + would i an idiom by which the speaker expresses ironically Uhat an action was typical of someone ese might have known hate would be late ‘Must have and can’t have (© These refer to the speaker's certainty about a past action, Someone must have taken i, (Lar sure they did) You can’t have lost it (Lam sure you didnt) €¢ Both can also be used with surely in exclamations ‘Surely you can't have eaten all of it! Surely you must have noticed it) Would not (© This expresses an unwillingness in the past Everyone was angry because Sam wulda’ turn off the television Would have (© Would have can refer to events i the past which did not actully happen Twould have accepted this jb, but I did't want to move house ‘© Assumptions about the pas are also possible with would have, A: Someone called after you left but didi leave a message B: That would have been Cathy, probably Needn't have and didn’tneed to. Needn’t have done refers toan unnecessary action which was actualy done Yow needn't have paid cl at once. (you did pay) Didn't need to refers to-an unnecessary action wich was not dane. 1 didn’t ned to go to th dentist again, luckily. Adverbs and modals “Adverbs such as easily, just roaly, well are often used to emphasize modal expressions in both presemt and past time, You could easly have been hile. T might just take you up on thar, You coulda really have managed without me, might well decide to com