Electrical and Electronic Troubleshooting For Industrial Engines
Electrical and Electronic Troubleshooting For Industrial Engines
Electrical and Electronic Troubleshooting For Industrial Engines
Troubleshooting for Industrial
Engines
Beyond the Troubleshooting Guide
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• Required tooling, a “good” quality Digital
Multi‐Meter (DMM)
• Should read AC and DC Volts to the millivolt
level
• Should be able to read frequency
• Should be able to read digital signals, like
PWM/duty cycle
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• The Fluke 87 is pretty much the standard, but
not the only meter with the needed features
Basics, The “Power Survey”
Notes
1, engine off powered up in STOP
2, engine cranking
3, engine running
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• Measure DC Volts, why 3 readings????
• Measuring between POS to GND and NEG to GND helps
identify possible ground loops or grounding/bonding issues
• Measure AC Volts, why?
• AC noise or ripple can affect operation of electronics, ideally
less than 125 mV of AC should be present, stopped or running
• Measure AC Frequency, why?
• Helps determine the source of the AC voltage on the DC
power lines
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• Verify battery power for electric start
machines
• Ideally on 24VDC systems, battery voltage to the starter
should not drop more than 2 VDC, and power to the controls
should not drop more than 6 VDC.
• Verify battery power for air start machines
• No starter draw to worry about, but solenoids for fuel gas,
prelube air and start air can have high inrush currents, and
problems can affect controls during start.
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• Why recheck when running?
• Ignition systems can be a source of noise, and on systems with
marginal power supplies, may draw too much current when
fully loaded.
• Drivers for actuators may also induce noise on electrical
system, and mis‐operating components can affect the DC
power
• If equipped with an alternator, may induce ripple or noise on
the DC power system.
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• What is the difference between “ripple” and
“noise”
• The most common meaning of ripple in electrical science is
the small unwanted residual periodic variation of the direct
current (DC) output of a power supply which has been derived
from an alternating current (AC) source. This ripple is due to
incomplete suppression of the alternating waveform within
the power supply.
Basics, The “Power Survey”
Electrical Noise has random patterns, varying
and overlaid frequencies, and varying
magnitudes
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• Causes of RIPPLE
• Ripple is usually the result of rectifying an AC power source to
provide DC, battery chargers, alternators and power supplies
are the most common culprits
• Causes of NOISE
• Noise is usually reflected or “induced” onto the DC power
system, by either “inductive” or “capacitive” coupling. On our
engines the ignition systems are the biggest noise generators,
but some other components in a failure mode, like a pressure
or timing sensor can also generate noise.
Basics, The “Power Survey”
• A proper power survey hardly ever gets done,
even at commissioning, but you will find it can
help determine the root cause or recurring or
intermittent problems
• Especially important to do if there have been
multiple repairs and multiple components
affected
• Questions?????
Beyond the BOOK
• Sometimes the troubleshooting guide just
doesn’t get you there, so before you start
throwing parts at it,
• Define the problem, what is the failure mode?
• Does the frequency of the failure get shorter as time goes on?
• It the failure frequency affected by ambient or load
conditions?
• When did the problem start, after a service, repair, rainstorm,
etc?
Beyond the BOOK
• Connections‐connections problems account
for most problems in electrical and electronic
control systems
• Deutsch and Amphenol connectors, conditions of pins and
sockets, strain reliefs, general condition
• Screw type terminal blocks, on engine are ferrules used?
• Cage clamp type terminal blocks, are they matched to the
correct size and type of wire?
• Wire support and routing, are connections being pulled or
moved in service?
Beyond the BOOK
• Some tools the book doesn’t tell you to use,
• A “test” load, I use a 24vdc 100watt lamp, it will pull about 4
amps, there is no wiring on any of our engines that should be
able to supply 4 amps without a measurable voltage drop.
• A “megger”, I know we are NOT talking generators here, but a
megger is an insulation resistance test meter, and allows you
to stress test the wiring, especially in harnesses to see if
shorts or grounds exist.
• A DMM with MIN/MAX record function, sometimes you can’t
see it while you standing there, a good DMM with MIN/MAX
recording can capture signals you might miss.
Beyond the BOOK
• When to drag out an O‐Scope
• This is a tool that when properly used can really save a lot of
time.
• Especially needed if you are dealing with digital signals, like
PWM or a hall effect speed sensor.
• Will capture noise and/or ripple that your DMM may not.
• A 2 channel scope is best for most situations, more complex
troubleshooting a 4 channel scope may be better.
• Use with the software to record and document your testing.
Beyond the BOOK
• What is the difference between “digital” and
“analog”?
Beyond the BOOK
• What is the difference between “digital” and
“analog”?
• DIGITAL, basically, turns ON and OFF, when
viewed on a scope has a square wave pattern
• ANALOG, a variable signal, usually infinitely
variable or may be a stepped signal, usually
proportional but can be algorithmic as well
Beyond the BOOK
Example of a PWM signal at
three different duty cycles
Beyond the BOOK
• Analog signals that an O‐Scope can help
troubleshoot
• Detonation sensors, best to use a 2 channel scope and trigger
off the cylinder firing signal.
• Critical pressure sensors like air/fuel pressure modules.
• Speed pickups, 2 wire MPU’s (Magnetic PickUps)
• Remote signals like desired speed or BTU setting when using
4‐20mA type signals
• Ignition coils, the current signature of a coil on the primary
side can help determine coil function
Beyond the BOOK
• Digital Signals that an O‐Scope can help
troubleshoot
• Hall effect speed sensors
• PWM signals, from both sensors and control input signals
• Speed timing sensors
• Communication signals, like CANBUS (J1939) CAT, Data Link
and Modbus
Beyond the BOOK
• Communications Troubleshooting
• OK, you have a fault code for bad comms, you have followed
the troubleshooting guide and the time used and the bill is
high. Where do you go from here?
• Handout was prepared by the machine guys, no literature
number, some folks at CAT not happy about telling techs to
use a scope.
• A lot of good CANBUS literature on the web, still not easy to
figure out.
Beyond the BOOK
Beyond the BOOK
• What it means to you,
• An experienced technician can read a CAN message with a
scope if he has the right documentation
• We need to focus on the physical layer of the message.
• Are the waveforms sharp and clean?
• Does the High and Low voltage magnitudes match?
• Do the differential voltage magnitudes change over time?
• Is there noise on the signal?
• Are the leading and trailing edges of the signals sharp and
well defined?
Beyond the BOOK
• Some additional resources for CANBUS
• http://www.esd‐electronics‐usa.com/CAN‐Bus‐
Troubleshooting‐Guide.html
• http://e38.org/bussystem.pdf
• http://support.fluke.com/find‐
sales/download/asset/2392165_6003_eng_a_w.pdf
• http://canbusacademy.com/can‐bus‐troubleshooting‐pdf‐
sheet/
• https://www.fwmurphy.com/uploaded/canbus‐wiring.pdf
(this is a quick summary of testing a CANBUS loop with a DMM, great resource)
Questions or Comments?
• Thank you for your time and participation!