SELECTION OF TEST PARAMETERS
ASHLEY JOLLEY
Ideal Test Conditions
SINGLE WAVE MODE GENERATED
NO DISPERSION
SINGLE TEST DIRECTION
General Dispersion Curves – Phase Velocity (Vp)
Phase Velocity dispersion curves can be easily recognised as at their frequency cut off the (Vp) tends toward infinity. This graph
displays the variation of phase velocity (Vp) over frequency (f). Phase velocity (Vp) is the apparent speed of any point of constant
phase inside the pulse
12” – 9.53mm WT
General Dispersion Curves – Group Velocity (Vg)
Group Velocity dispersion curves can be easily recognised as at their frequency cut off the (Vg) tends toward zero. This
graph displays the variation of group velocity (Vg) over frequency (f). Group velocity (Vg) is the apparent speed of the pulse
12” – 9.53mm WT
Effect of Diameter
Lower frequency limit for L(0,2)
50
45
3 inch OD
40
Cut off frequency, kHz 35
30
20 inch OD
25
20
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pipe Diameter, inches
Effect of thickness
Upper frequency limit for L(0,2)
Upper cut-off frequency for L(0,2) Testing
180
160
140
120
Frequency, kHz
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Pipe thickness, mm
Upper cut of frequency for T(0,1)
Upper cut off frequency for T(0,1) mode
180.0
160.0
140.0
Frequency kHz 120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Thickness mm
Effect of frequency and ring spacing on L(0,2) output
- 3 Ring, 46mm
30mm
Frequency Selections: Frequency Regime:
Peak PO = 40
61 kHz 51 kHz (Peak –
31
10 kHz)
3dB)
-3dB points = 31
47 & 48
74 kHz 61 kHz (L(0,1))
33 (Peak PO)
L(0,1) cancellation = 33
65 kHz 65 kHz (Peak
40 (L(0,1))
PO) 71 kHz (Peak + 10 kHz)
48 kHz (Peak + 3dB)
Effect of frequency and ring spacing on L(0,2) output
- 3 Ring, 46mm
Frequency Selections: Frequency Regime:
Peak PO = 40 kHz 31 kHz (Peak – 3dB)
-3dB points = 31 & 48 kHz 33 kHz (L(0,1))
L(0,1) cancellation = 33 kHz 40 kHz (Peak PO)
48 kHz (Peak + 3dB)
Effect of frequency and ring spacing on L(0,2) output –
Both Ring Spacings
Effect of frequency and ring spacing on T(0,1) output
2 Ring, 45mm
-3 30mm
Frequency Selections: Frequency Regime:
36 72
27 & 48
Peak PO = 24 81 kHz 36 kHz
20 & 72(Lowest
kHz (Peak PO)
Usable)
-3dB points = 28,
19, 44,
14, 29, 64
43&&95
41,68 81 kHz
54kHz 28
24 & 48
27 64 – 3dB)
81 kHz (Peak PO)
44 & 81(Peak
71 kHz
43 -– 3dB)
kHz (Peak + 3dB)
10 kHz)
37 & 54
29 91 kHz (Peak + 10 kHz)
3dB)
Output conditions on pulse shape
1. In the process of
‘controlling’ the
direction of mode
propagation and
selecting a single
mode, the actual signal
is distorted at sub-
optimum frequencies
2. The middle ring is the
inverted sum of the outer
two rings – under some
circumstances this adds up
to not a lot
Effect of thickness on L(0,1) suppression
120
Frequency, kHz 100 30mm spacing
80
60 46mm
spacing
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pipe thickness, mm
Combined effects on L(0,2) test conditions selection
120
100 30mm spacing
Frequency, kHz
80
46mm spacing
60
Upper cut off frequency
40
Upper Optimum Frequency
20
Lower Optimum Frequency
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pipe thickness, mm
Selection criteria for L(0,2) testing
Example - 1
We are inspecting a 12” pipe with a wall thickness of 14.27mm. What would you consider the most
appropriate ring spacing for this pipe when using the Longitudinal wave mode?
30mm
46mm
Example - 2
We are inspecting a 6” pipe with a wall thickness of 7.11mm. What would you consider the most
appropriate ring spacing for this pipe when using the Longitudinal wave mode?
30mm
46mm
Example - 3
We are inspecting a 8” pipe with a wall thickness of 8.18mm. What would you consider the most
appropriate ring spacing for this pipe when using the Longitudinal wave mode?
30mm
46mm
