PHILOSOPHICAL ST.

AUGUSTINE (NUMIDIA, substance of either the soul or the

PHILOSOPHY ROMAN PROVINCE OF body.
- “LOVE FOR WISDOM” AFRICA) -“empty” mind, a tabula rasa
-discussion of the self is a basic -that everything is better if we
search for meaning and purpose devote ourselves to God. DAVID HUME (SCOTT)
in life. -Augustine believed one could not -he espoused three (3) notable
achieve inner peace without contention in philosophy;
SOCRATES (GREEK) finding God's love. empiricism, skepticism and
- We only know Socrates because -The physical body is bound to die naturalism.
his illustrious students on earth while the soul is to -He promoted empiricism by
- state of our soul, or our inner anticipate living eternally in basing his knowledge and
being, which determines the communion with God. philosophy on evidences, knowing
quality of our life. -credited with the invention of the and proving are two different
- to obtain knowledge of what is idea of “original sin.” things. And in life, it is not what
good and what is evil. -man is that we are originally you know, but rather what you
- what we think will bring us sinful. can prove.
happiness as ‘good’, and those -the church being the city of god. -One can only know through
things we think will bring us That a city governed by the senses and experience.
suffering and pain as ‘evil’. church is a city governed by god.
- Virtue is defined as moral -EMPIRICISM asserts that
excellence, and an individual is RENE DESCARTES (FRENCH) knowledge is only attained
considered virtuous if their -“COGITO ERGO SUM”, or “I through the senses.
character is made up of the moral THINK THEREFORE, I AM”. -was a known atheist and as such,
qualities that are accepted as he believed in the natural cycle of
virtues. -DUALISM is the concept that life.
- “GNOTHI SEUTON”= “KNOW reality or existence is divided into -Everything is governed by reason,
THYSELF.” two parts. the mind is separate by rationality and as such, there is
- “SOCRACTIC METHOD” or the art from the empirically studied, a natural order of things.
of questioning. physical attributes of the body. -There is no permanent “self”
- Possession of knowledge is a -He proposed the idea of
virtue and that ignorance is a vice substance, essence of substance, IMMANUEL KANT
and modes of substance. (GERMAN)
PLATO (GREEK) ▪ The mind is the substance -Became critical of Hume’s ideas.
- He is the acknowledged author ▪ The essence of this -there is a connection between
of the groundbreaking book “The substance is thought reason and experience. That in
Republic” ▪ A mind can be seen as order to have solid rationality, one
something that is defined must have a variety of experience
- Theory of Human Nature – by thought. and exposure.
The Tripartite Structure of the ▪ The modes of the mind,
Soul. then, are the various -METAPHYSICS, that which is
ways of thinking beyond matter, he also subscribes
APPETITE SOUL - needs and wants to the idea that pure reason is one
that are to be satisfied (physical -the “SELF”; a THINKING THING of the prime source of morality.
urges) -Man innately knows basic logical That what is right, that what is
SPIRITED SOUL (will) - courageous propositions. moral, is best explained via reason
part of the person; one who wants and rationality.
to do something or right the JOHN LOCKE (ENGLISH) -RATIONALISM is the theory that
wrongs -FATHER OF LIBERALISM reason, rather than experience, is
RATIONAL SOUL (reason)- “the -Was against Augustinian and the foundation of all knowledge.
conscious mind”; decides, plans, Cartesian view of man -INNER SELF is comprised of our
and thinks. -personal identity (or the self) to psychological state and our
be founded on consciousness rational intellect.
(memory), and not on the
-OUTER SELF includes our sense common sense understanding of -UNITARY – it is the center of all
and the physical world. the mind is false and that most of experiences and thoughts that run
-APPERCEPTION is how we the mental states that people through a person
mentally assimilate new ideas into subscribe to, in turn, do not
old ones. Occurring through actually exist. -PRIVATE – sorts out information,
rational reasoning, it’s how we -The world could be wrong; most feelings, emotions, thoughts and
make sense of new things. people could be wrong and even processes within the self that are
-REPRESENTATIONS are the the mind could also be wrong. In never accessible to anyone but the
immediate objects of our short, everyone and everything self.
awareness. could be fallible. There is no such -Isolated from the external world.
thing as infallibility.
SIGMUND FREUD MARCEL MAUSS
(AUSTRIAN) -every self has two faces:
-FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY PERSONNE AND MOI.
-Unconscious, preconscious, (FRENCH)
conscious -EXISTENTIALISM is predicated on -MOI refers to a person’s sense of
the premise that man gives who he is, his body, and his basic
- ID - pleasure principle meaning to his own life. identity.
-EGO - reality principle Happiness and sadness are
-SUPEREGO - morality principle dependent on the individual and -PERSONNE is composed of social
his perception of his on reality. concepts of what it means to be
-PSYCHOANALYSIS is about Consciousness and perception are who he is and how he behave
studying man via his unconscious related to one another. given the expectations and
mind and his unconscious mind is influences from others.
principally predicated on sex as a -Phenomenology of Perception:
form of aggression. -The Body GEORGE HERBERT MEAD:
-The Perceived World THEORY OF SOCIAL
GILBERT RYLE (BRITISH) -People in the World BEHAVIORISM
-British philosopher – self is taken -FATHER OF AMERICAN
as a whole, with BODY AND MIND SOCIOLOGY PRAGMATISM
COMBINATION. -the study of how human society is -He rejected the notion of the
-The self is an integrated whole established biological determination of the
made up of different parts and -people’s interactions with each self.
systems. other and the effects they have to -people develop self-images
-GHOST IN THE MACHINE means one another. through interactions with other
the consciousness or mind carried people.
in a physical entity. CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF -the Self, which is the part of a
-He believed that human -SEPARATE - it is distinct from person’s personality consisting of
consciousness and mind are very other selves, it is always unique self-awareness and self-image, is
dependent on the human brain and has in its own identity. A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL
EXPERIENCE.
PAUL CHURCHLAND -SELF-CONTAINED &
(CANADIAN) INDEPENDENT – it is distinctive -THE SELF DEVELOPS SOLELY
-Folk Psychology will eventually be with its own thoughts, THROUGH SOCIAL EXPERIENCE.
discredited by scientific inquiry. characteristics and volition and Mead rejected Freud’s notion that
Indigenous notions, theories, does not require any other self to personality is determined partly
concepts and ideas will be exist. by biological drives.
supplanted by scientific method.
-The “self” is defined by the -CONSISTENT – has enduring -SOCIAL EXPERIENCE CONSISTS
movements of the brain. personality OF THE EXCHANGE OF SYMBOLS.
Mead emphasized the particularly
-ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM human use of language and other
contention is that people’s symbols to convey meaning.
-KNOWING OTHERS’ INTENTIONS CHARLES COOLEY: THEORY -a change in behavior or belief as
REQUIRES IMAGINING THE OF THE LOOKING-GLASS the result of real or imagined
SITUATION FROM THEIR SELF group pressure.
PERSPECTIVES. Mead believed -SOCIOLOGIST
that social experience depends on -believed that we form our self- OBEDIENCE
our seeing ourselves as others do, images through interaction with -acting in accord with a direct
or, as he coined it, “taking the role other people. order or command.
of the other.” -He was particularly interested in
how significant others shape us COMPLIANCE
STAGES OF SELF- as individuals -conformity that involves publicly
DEVELOPMENT acting in accord with an implied or
STAGE 1 PREPARATORY STAGE -SIGNIFICANT OTHER is someone explicit request while privately
(BIRTH – 2 YEARS OLD) whose opinions matter to us and disagreeing.
-imitates the actions and who is in a position to influence
behaviors of other people our thinking, especially about ACCEPTANCE
ourselves. -conformity that involves both
STAGE 2 PLAY STAGE (2-6 YEARS acting and believing in accord with
OLD) -children begins to interact -The LOOKING-GLASS SELF refers social pressure.
with others to a self-image that is based on
-This also where they practice real how we think others see us. NORMATIVE INFLUENCE
life situations through pretend - conformity based on a person’s
play and is the on-set of self- ANTHROPOLOGY desire to fulfill others’
consciousness. - human biological and cultural expectations, often to gain
diversity. acceptance.
STAGE 3 GAME STAGE (6-9 YEARS - studies the human species and  Salient when we are in
OLD) it’s immediate ancestors. public.
- They start to understand the 
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE
the “generalized other” or society -study of human society and - conformity occurring when
as a whole. culture people accept evidence about
 Ethnography (based on reality provided by other people.
-The “me” is the social self and field work)
the “I” is the response to the  Ethnology (based on SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
“me”. cross-cultural comparison -belief that others are paying
more attention to one’s
-“I” – is the response of an ARCHEOLOGICAL appearance and behavior
individual to the attitudes of ANTHROPOLOGY
others. This is our individual -reconstructs, describes, and ILLUSION OF TRANSPARENCY
identity. interprets human behavior and -our concealed emotion are “leak
cultural patterns through material out” and can be easily read
-“ME” - is how we believe the remains.
generalized other sees us. DEV’T. OF THE SOCIAL SELF
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1. THE ROLES WE PLAY
-The “I” is the knower, the “me” -focuses on these special interests: -our sense of role affects the way
is the known human evolution as revealed by we see our self.
fossil, human genetics, human
-SOCIALIZATION IS A LIFETIME growth and development, 2. SOCIAL COMPARISONS
ENDEAVOR, and the people one -evaluating one’s abilities and
interacts with will change LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY opinions by comparing oneself
throughout a person’s and such - its social and cultural context with others.
interactions will concretize the across space and over time.
identity and sense of self. 3. SUCCESS & FAILURE
CONFORMITY
-our daily experiences of success social engagement– or denied and not allowed into the
and failure gives us a sense of feeling close, friendly, & self-concept;
social self. respectful. (Kitayama & (2) those that are distorted are
Markus, 2000) reshaped to fit it into an existing
self-concept.
4. OTHER PEOPLE’S JUDGMENTS Psychological (3) those that are consistent with
-what people think well of us, it ABSTRACTIONS OF THE SELF the self-concept and thus are
helps us think well of ourselves. -The SELF is the sense of personal accurately symbolized and freely
 LOOKING-GLASS SELF identity and who we are as admitted to the self-structure.
-tendency to use others as individuals (Jhangiani & Tarry,
a mirror for perceiving our 2014). Perceived Self-Control
selves. -SELF-EFFICACY
-Distinction between “I” and “Me” – A sense that one is competent &
5. THE CULTURE (James, 1890) effective.
-in cultural psych, self and culture  “I” = the thinking, acting, -How competent we feel on the
are seen as mutually constitutive. and feeling self task.
-culture and self construct each  ”Me” = physical --Given challenging tasks, people
other. characteristics as well as who imagine themselves as
-culture transforms us and then psychological capabilities hardworking and successful
we transform the culture. that makes who you are outperform those who imagine
themselves as failures (Ruvolo &
Self & Culture -Distinction between “I” and “Me” Markus, 1992).
INDIVIDUALISM (Rogers, 1959)
- the concept of giving priority to  “I” = the one acts and LOCUS OF CONTROL
one’s own goals over group goals decides - The extent to which people
-can result to independent self  ”Me” = what you think perceive outcomes as internally
(identity as unique individual). about yourself as an controllable by their own efforts
object or as externally controlled by
COLLECTIVISM -Related to constructs such as chance or outside forces.
-giving priority to the goals of identity and self-concept
one’s group INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
-can result to interdependent self Multiplicity of the self -You probably believe you control
(identity in relation to others). -The self has two subsystems your own destiny.
(Rogers): -“I failed because I didn't study.”
GROWING INDIVIDUALISM (1) the self-concept- which
-“the me generation” includes all those aspects of one's EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
identity that are perceived in -You probably feel chance or
CULTURE & COGNITION awareness outside forces determine your
-Asian thinking (more collectivist) (2) the ideal self- our view of our fate.
vs. western thinking (more self as we would like it to be or -“I failed because my teacher
individualist). what we would aspire to be. didn’t like me by chance.”
SELF-CONCEPT – knowledge about
Culture & Self-esteem oneself ABSTRACTIONS OF THE SELF
SELF-ESTEEM– overall self- SELF-ESTEEM – general attitude -Theories generally see the self
evaluation or sense of self-worth. toward oneself, value of oneself and identity as mental constructs
• Americans tend to have SELF-SCHEMA – impressions about created and re-created in memory.
high self-esteem with oneself -current researches suggest that
disengaged emotions– the FRONTAL LOBE is the specific
feeling effective, superior Levels of Awareness area of the brain associated with
and proud. (Kitayama & (1) experiences that are processes concerning the self.
Markus, 2000) subceived; that is, experiences Symbolic interactionism (Mead,
• Asians tend to have high symbolized below the threshold of 1934)
self-esteem with positive awareness that are either ignored
Suggests that the self is created -It is more inclined to more -Detachment and desirelessness
and developed through human acquisition of material things. to reach nirvana, or state of
interaction (Hogg & Vaughan, -It is obsessed with being enlightenment.
2010). successful.
1. We do not create ourselves out -MAHAYANA or reciprocal
of nothing. Society helped in EASTERN relationship.
creating the foundations of who -The focus is on others and the -BUDDHISM or compassion to
we are. feeling of others called other humans for belief that we
2. We need others as reference collectivism. are part of the same ever changing
points of our identity. We need -The culture is tilted towards less universe.
others to reinforce our identity assets (a mantra that less is more).
(e.g., social media interactions). -More inclined towards long life, -Attachment of liberation in the
3. What we think as important to which is equated with wealth. identification of Atman (the
us may also have been influenced spiritual essence of all individuals).
by what is important in our social WESTERN -Brahman as the spiritual essence
or historical context (e.g., -Wealth and poverty is the result of the universe through the four
education) of enterprise and hard work. Yogas.
-The culture celebrates the youth -TAOISM is philosophical belief
DEINDIVIDUATION and being young. based on the idea that there
- Loss of self-awareness and -It subscribes the idea of is central or organizing principle of
evaluation apprehension; occurs evolution. the Universe, a natural order or a
in group situations that foster "way of heaven", Tao, that one
responsiveness to group norms, EASTERN can come to know by living in and
good or bad. -Wealth and poverty is the result is eternally nameless.
HIGH SOCIAL AROUSAL + of fortune and luck. -Concept of Kapwa, recognition of
DIFFUSED RESPONSIBILITY = -The culture values the wisdom of shared identity, an inner self
Deindividuation years and seniority. shared with others.
-It subscribes the idea of
GROUP SIZE reincarnation. -There are two levels or modes of
-Has the power to arouse and social interaction – ibang tao or
render individuals unidentifiable. WESTERN SELF “OUTSIDER”, and hindi ibang tao
-A social construction which is or “ONE OF US”.
PHYSICAL ANONYMITY symbolically and signally created
-Being anonymous makes one less between and among social beings. WESTERN (Individualism)
self-conscious, more group- -Self is multidimensional entity. -People are autonomous and
conscious, and more responsive to -Self takes form in independent from their in-groups.
cues present in the situation communication. -People give priority to their
-Self is intimately connected to personal goals of their in-groups.
DIMINISHED SELF-AWARENESS bodily experience both -People behave on their basis of
-Diminished self-consciousness ontogenically and here and now attitudes rather than norms.
tend to disconnect behavior from awareness.
attitudes. -Self is both phenomenal and non- EASTERN(Collectivism)
-Unself-conscious, deindividuated phenomenal. -Interdependent within their in-
people are less restrained, less -Self acquires substance according groups.
self-regulated, more likely to act to semantic, syntactic, and -In-groups primarily shape their
without thinking about their own pragmatic. behavior.
values, and more responsive to -Behave in a communal way.
the situation. EASTERN SELF -Concerned in maintaining
-A gentleman by following the relationship with others.
WESTERN moral way consisting of the virtues
-The focus is on oneself and of love, righteousness, wisdom,
personal needs known as egoism. propriety, and loyalty in order to
promote harmony in society.