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Computer Orgabmnization

The document discusses the basic components and organization of a computer system. It is divided into sections on hardware, software, internal hardware, external hardware, system software, application software, storage, primary storage, secondary storage, the central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit. The key components that make up a computer system are hardware, software, various internal and external parts, different types of storage, and the central processing and control units that process instructions.

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Dominic Bautista
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40 views

Computer Orgabmnization

The document discusses the basic components and organization of a computer system. It is divided into sections on hardware, software, internal hardware, external hardware, system software, application software, storage, primary storage, secondary storage, the central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit. The key components that make up a computer system are hardware, software, various internal and external parts, different types of storage, and the central processing and control units that process instructions.

Uploaded by

Dominic Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

COMP 212 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING


COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

 Hardware
 Software
HARDWARE

It refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices.

 Internal Hardware
 External Hardware
INTERNAL HARDWARE

The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as


components.

Examples: Motherboards, hard drives, RAM, and ROM


INTERNAL HARDWARE
EXTERNAL HARDWARE

The external hardware devices are usually called peripherals.

Examples: Monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners


SOFTWARE

It is commonly known as programs or apps which consists all the


instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task.

These instructions came from a software developer in the form


that will be accepted by the platform (operating system + CPU)
that they are based on.
MAJOR CLASSES OF SOFTWARE

 System Software
 Application Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself.

System software includes operating systems, device drivers,


diagnostic tools and more.

System software is almost always pre-installed on your computer.


APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks.

It includes word processing, web browsing and almost any other


task for which you might install software.
SOFTWARE

Software is generally created (written) in a high-level programming


language, one that is (more or less) readable by people. These
high-level instructions are converted into "machine language"
instructions, represented in binary code, before the hardware can
"run the code".
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM

The following five units (also called “the functional units”)


correspond to the five basic operations performed by all computer
systems.
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM

 Input Unit
 Output Unit
 Storage Unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
INPUT UNIT

It accepts (or reads) the list of instructions and data from the
outside world.

It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable


format.

It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer


system for further processing.
INPUT UNIT DEVICES
OUTPUT UNIT

It accepts the results produced by the computer which are in


coded form and hence cannot be easily understood by us.

It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable)


form.

It supplies the converted results to the outside world.


OUTPUT UNIT DEVICES
STORAGE UNIT

It is used for storing data during, before, and after processing.

The capacity of storage is expressed in terms of bytes.

 Primary Storage
 Secondary Storage
PRIMARY STORAGE

It is commonly referred to as “primary memory” which is volatile


in nature.

Primary storage refers to internal storage devices that provide fast


and efficient access to data or information.

However, it stores data or applications for a short period of time


while the computer is running.
PRIMARY STORAGE

 RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)


RAM is a type of volatile memory. Data in RAM is not permanently
written. When you power off your computer the data stored in
RAM is deleted.

A RAM chip is used in the normal operations of a computer once


the operating system is loaded.
PRIMARY STORAGE

 READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)


ROM is a type of non- volatile memory. Data in ROM is
permanently written and is not erased when you power off your
computer.

A ROM chip is used primarily in the startup process of a computer.


SECONDARY STORAGE

It is used to store data or information on the long term basis, more


like permanently.

They are non-volatile memory or commonly referred to as external


memory that are not directly accessed by the central processing
unit.
SECONDARY STORAGE

Because they are not directly accessed by the I/O channels, they
are relatively slower than primary storage devices when it comes
to data access.

Examples: Hard disk drives (HDD), CDs, DVDs, and USB flash drives
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The main chip in a computer is the microprocessor chip, which is


also known as the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

The CPU is mounted on a printed circuit board called the main


board or mother board.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

This chip is considered to be the controlling chip of a computer


system since it controls the activities of other chips as well as
outside devices connected to the computer.

In addition, it can also perform logical and computational tasks.


Microprocessors work on a parallel system.
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT

It is the place where the actual execution of the instructions take


place during the processing operations.

All calculations are performed and all comparisons (decisions) are


made in the ALU. The data and instructions, stored in the primary
storage prior to processing are transferred as and when needed to
the ALU where processing takes place.
CONTROL UNIT

By selecting, interpreting, and seeing to the execution of the


program instructions, the control unit is able to maintain order and
directs the operation of the entire system.

It manages and coordinates the entire computer system.

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