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Notes of Computer Network

The data link layer is responsible for delivering packets between nodes on a network by encapsulating packets into frames and providing services like framing, flow control, error control, and congestion control. There are two types of links: point-to-point and broadcast. The data link layer can be divided into the data link control and media access control sublayers. Addressing at the data link layer uses physical addresses also known as MAC addresses, which can be unicast, multicast, or broadcast. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses when a node needs to communicate with another node on the local network.

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63 views

Notes of Computer Network

The data link layer is responsible for delivering packets between nodes on a network by encapsulating packets into frames and providing services like framing, flow control, error control, and congestion control. There are two types of links: point-to-point and broadcast. The data link layer can be divided into the data link control and media access control sublayers. Addressing at the data link layer uses physical addresses also known as MAC addresses, which can be unicast, multicast, or broadcast. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses when a node needs to communicate with another node on the local network.

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het shah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Data Link Layer:

Chapter 9:
 It is customary to refer to the two end hosts and the routers as nodes and the networks in between
as links.

 When a packet is travelling in the Internet, the data-link layer of a node (host or router) is responsible
for delivering a datagram to the next node in the path.
 Services provided by Data link layer:
i. Framing: The data-link layer at each node needs to encapsulate the datagram (packet received from
the network layer) in a frame before sending it to the next node. A packet at the data-link layer is
normally called a frame.
ii. Flow Control: The sending data-link layer at the end of a link is a producer of frames; the receiving
data-link layer at the other end of a link is a consumer. If the rate of produced frames is higher than
the rate of consumed frames, frames at the receiving end need to be buffered while waiting to be
consumed (processed).
iii. Error Control: At the sending node, a frame in a data-link layer needs to be changed to bits,
transformed to electromagnetic signals, and transmitted through the transmission media. At the
receiving node, electromagnetic signals are received, transformed to bits, and put together to create
a frame. Since electromagnetic signals are susceptible to error, a frame is susceptible to error. The
error needs first to be detected. After detection, it needs to be either corrected at the receiver node
or discarded and retransmitted by the sending node.
iv. Congestion Control: Although a link may be congested with frames, which may result in frame
loss, most data-link-layer protocols do not directly use a congestion control to alleviate congestion,
although some wide-area networks do.

 Two Categories of links:


In other words, we can have a point-to-point link or a broadcast link. In a point-to-point link, the link
is dedicated to the two devices; in a broadcast link, the link is shared between several pairs of devices.

 To better understand the functionality of and the services provided by the link layer, we can divide
the data-link layer into two sublayers: data link control (DLC) and media access control (MAC).
 A link-layer address is sometimes called a link address, sometimes a physical address, and
sometimes a MAC address.

 Three Types of addresses


Some link-layer protocols define three types of addresses: unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
a. Unicast Address
Each host or each interface of a router is assigned a unicast address. Unicasting means
one-to- one communication. A frame with a unicast address destination is destined only
for one entity in the link.48 bits (six bytes) that are presented as 12 hexadecimal digits
separated by colons.
b. Multicast Address
Some link-layer protocols define multicast addresses. Multicasting means one-to-many
communication. However, the jurisdiction is local (inside the link).48 bits (six bytes) that
are presented as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The second digit, however,
needs to be an even number in hexadecimal
c. Broadcast Address
Some link-layer protocols define a broadcast address. Broadcasting means one-to-all
communication. A frame with a destination broadcast address is sent to all entities in the
link.48 bits, all 1s, that are presented as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.

 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)


The ARP protocol is one of the auxiliary protocols defined in the network layer. It belongs to the
network layer, but we discuss it in this chapter because it maps an IP address to a logical-link
address. ARP accepts an IP address from the IP protocol, maps the address to the corresponding
link-layer address, and passes it to the data-link layer.

Anytime a host or a router needs to find the link-layer address of another host or router in its
network, it sends an ARP request packet. The packet includes the link-layer and IP addresses of
the sender and the IP address of the receiver. Because the sender does not know the link-layer
address of the receiver, the query is broadcast over the link using the link-layer broadcast address.

Every host or router on the network receives and processes the ARP request
packet, but only the intended recipient recognizes its IP address and sends back an ARP
response packet. The response packet contains the recipient’s IP and link-layer
addresses. The packet is unicast directly to the node that sent the request packet.
Chapter 10:
 Types of Errors
 Whenever bits flow from one point to another, they are subject to unpredictable changes because of
interference. This interference can change the shape of the signal. The term single-bit error means
that only 1 bit of a given data unit (such as a byte, character, or packet) is changed from 1 to 0 or
from 0 to 1. The term burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed from 1 to
0 or from 0 to 1.

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