International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)

Volume 80 – No 11, October 2013

Privacy and Security in Mobile Cloud Computing:

Review

Sapna Malik MM Chaturvedi

GGSIPU University Ansal University
Delhi,India Gurgaon,India

ABSTRACT output interface. Wireless communication channel has

Mobile cloud computing is computing of Mobile application different radio access technologies such as GPRS, 3G, WLAN
through cloud. As we know market of mobile phones is and WiMax with variable network conditions in terms of
growing rapidly. According to IDC, the premier global market limited and unstable bandwidth. Cloud Computing is facing
intelligence firm, the worldwide Smartphone market grew various security and privacy challenges. Security and privacy
42.5% year over year in the first quarter of 2012.With the issues in mobile cloud computing are inherited from cloud
growing demand of Smartphone the demand for fast computing and mobile computing. Because of resource
computation is also growing. Inspite of comparatively more constraints, heavy security algorithm can’t be run on mobile
processing power and storage capability of Smartphone’s, device. We need to do efficient task portioning between cloud
they still lag behind Personal Computers in meeting and mobile to resolve the security and privacy issues in
processing and storage demands of high end applications like Mobile Cloud Computing. The rest of paper is organized as
speech recognition, security software, gaming, health services follows. In Section 2, we present the Service Model and
etc. Mobile cloud computing is an answer to intensive Deployment Model of Cloud Computing. Mobile Cloud
processing and storage demand of real-time and high end Architecture, Mobile Cloud Models, Features of Mobile
applications. Being in nascent stage, Mobile Cloud Cloud Computing and application is in Section 3. Privacy and
Computing has privacy and security issues which deter the Security Issues in Mobile Cloud Computing and its Literature
users from adopting this technology. This review paper Review is in Sections 4. Open Issues in Mobile Cloud
throws light on privacy and security issues of Mobile Cloud Computing and Conclusion is in Section 5 and Section 6
Computing. respectively.

General Terms 2. CLOUD COMPUTING

Privacy and Security. 2.1 Service Model
In cloud computing there are mainly three service models:
Keywords
Cloud computing ,Mobile Cloud 2.1.1 Software as a Service(SaaS)
Computing,Privacy,Security,M-Commerce. In SaaS, Users access the cloud application through interface
like web Brower as per requirement and pay for use. In SaaS,
1. INTRODUCTION it’s the responsibility of cloud provider to maintain the
Cloud Computing refers to computing services provided over hardware, operating system and application maintenance.
network. A more formal definition of cloud computing from a Cloud provider provides the security to client as per service
business perspective as well as from a technological level agreement. Multiple Clients can access the application at
perspective given by Sean Marston et al. [2] in their research the same time with their respective subscription. Examples of
paper is as follows: “It is an information technology service SaaS are SalesForce, Customer Relationship Services, Google
model where computing services (both hardware and Apps, Gmail, and Google Docs.
software) are delivered on demand to customers over a
network in a self-service fashion, independent of device and 2.1.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
location. The resources required to provide the requisite PaaS provide operating system and other tools for software
quality-of service levels are shared, dynamically scalable, development and allow client to deploy its application on the
rapidly provisioned, virtualized and released with minimal cloud. Client need not maintain the cloud infrastructure like
service provider interaction. Users pay for the service as an storage, servers, operating system, programming tool kit,
operating expense without incurring any significant initial network and software licence. Client only maintains its
capital expenditure, with the cloud services employing a software or application and its environment configuration
metering system that divides the computing resource in deployed on cloud. Examples of PaaS are Microsoft Windows
appropriate blocks.” Azure, Google App Engine, Amazon Web Services, and
Elastic Beanstalk.
A venture which needs storage and processing resources can
be kicked off with its pay and go feature in no time without 2.1.3 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
any botheration of resources. As Combination of cloud In IaaS client has direct access to CPU processing, servers,
computing and mobile computing, Mobile Cloud Computing network, and storage devices. Client can install and use
is a new research topic since 2009. Mobile Cloud Computing operating system, software’s of their choice on their virtual
has three components, mobile device, wireless communication machines accessed through IP address. Cloud provider
channel and cloud. Mobile devices have resource constraint in maintains the underlying infrastructure and provides
terms of battery power, memory, processing power and have virtualized IP address to the clients for direct access to
different types of hardware, operating system, and input -

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Volume 80 – No 11, October 2013

hardware resources. Examples of IaaS are Amazon EC2, IBM

Computing on Demand, GoGrid and Rackspace Cloud.
3.2 Mobile Cloud Model
2.2 Deployment Models There are three Mobile Cloud Models [5]:
In Cloud Computing there are four deployment models: 3.2.1 Client Model: In this model, mobile device act as
2.2.1 Private Clouds: Private Clouds are dedicated to client and mobile user access service is offered by cloud by
one organisation who owns it. The organization has full thin layer of interface web browser. Cloud charges for
control on data, servers, networking, security and quality of services till the duration client is connected. Client model
services. Private clouds are for enterprise critical application depicts Software as a Service model of Cloud computing.
and operations. 3.2.2 Client /Cloud model: In client /cloud model, the
2.2.2 Public Clouds: Public clouds are accessed by concept of task partitioning comes in which mobile users give
everyone who is subscribed for it all over the world. Public a part of task to cloud for processing.
clouds are owned and maintained by the cloud provider who 3.2.3 Cloud Model: In cloud model, mobile device itself
rents parts of services to different users. Examples are is the part of cloud. One or more mobile devices create the
Amazon, Google etc. structure of cloud.
2.2.3 Community Cloud: Community clouds are cloud 3.3 Features of Mobile Cloud Computing
owned by the group of organizations with similar service
requirements. Community clouds are able to provide security  Network latency and limited bandwidth
features like those of private cloud and are economical like  Different radio access network
public clouds. Example, media cloud set up by Siemens.
 Energy and resource constraint mobile device
2.2.4 Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid clouds are combination of
two or more clouds. For example, an organization owner of  Different Mobile device operating systems and hardware
private cloud can use service of public cloud for non critical  Input - output interface of mobile device
operations.
3. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING  Fluctuating network condition

3.1 Mobile Cloud Architecture 3.4 Application of Mobile Cloud

There are two types of Architecture in Mobile Cloud Computing
Computing Because of more demand of processing and storage capability
 Cloudlet Architecture for mobile devices, Mobile Cloud Computing is gaining
popularity. Some Mobile Cloud Computing applications are
 Non Cloudlet Architecture discussed below.
In Non Cloudlet Architecture there are three components
Mobile client, Transmission channel and Cloud. Mobile client
requests desired service from cloud and cloud provides the 3.4.1 Mobile Commerce: Mobile commerce has made
service. Cloud is owned by an organization or cloud provider the market available in customer’s hand-anywhere anytime.
and services thousands of users at time. In this architecture, According to Bangalore based management consulting firm
main disadvantage is communication latency for getting Zinnov, e-commerce is expected to increase from US$6.3
service from distant cloud. The solution to this problem is billion in 2011 to US$23 billion by 2016 [6].The buzz is
cloudlet architecture in which a local cloudlet contains cached growing around mobile transactions. M-commerce is creating
copy of data. It is installed between client and cloud. The cost ripples in the business world by providing instant access to
of installation is less as compared to cloud as it is only a data customers. The sales have grown phenomenally because of
centre at business premises. A cloudlet services only a few the introduction of m-commerce in business which is evident
users and has less communication latency as compared to in business companies like e-bay, snapdeal, mantra.com and
cloud. Cloudlet is owned by local business [3]. many more.

3.4.2 Mobile Learning: Traditional education system

has certain limitations like in remote areas quality education is
not easily accessible, however mobile learning can bridge this
gap. For example, Indian top educational Institutes IIT
Kanpur [7] [8] and NIIT have launched their own cloud to
facilitate research and educational activities.
Fig. 1 Non Cloudlet Architecture [4] 3.4.3 Mobile Healthcare: Better health services can be
provided with mobile healthcare by having ubiquitous access
to patients, clinical data and clinical knowledge. A patient can
be kept under observation without specialized doctor being
physically present with the help of Mobile Healthcare. Even,
authenticity of the drugs can be checked by accessing cloud
database of the company through mobile [8] [9].

Fig. 2 Cloudlet Architecture [4]

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3.4.4 Image processing: We can give more features to 4.2 Literature Review
Smartphone in gesture recognition, like image process Security and privacy issues of MCC have been discussed by
applications through Mobile Cloud Computing by processing many researchers. J. Oberheide et al. [10] proposed Cloud AV
their data through cloud. platform, malware detection system. In this architecture,
mobile agent first analyses the malicious file. If its signature
3.4.5 Speech recognition and synthesis: Speech is not matched with the cached database, it is sent to the
Recognition application like language translator can help network service for analysis with the help of multiple
mobile user to feel comfortable in a country where language is detection engines running parallel on host machines with the
not known or understood by the mobile user. help of virtualization technique. These techniques have the
advantage of better detection of malicious software, reduced
3.4.6 Mobile Banking: Now a day’s mobile banking is
on device software complexity and power consumption but
gaining more popularity than e-banking because of more
suffer from limitations of disconnected operation and
mobile users than internet users
accidental privacy hazard.
3.4.7 Social Networking: Social networking like face S Zhang et al. [11] presents security framework which adapts
book, what’s up help in staying connected with people with mobile device with changing workloads, performance goals
Mobile Cloud Computing. and network latency by migrating processing weblets between
cloud and mobile device. They enhance this model by
3.4.8 Mobile Gaming: As we know games demand trustworthy weblets container, Authentication and secure
more processing and graphic hardware, with Mobile Cloud
session management, Authorization and access control of
Computing it is possible to use high end gaming application
weblets, Logging and auditing behaviour of weblets to make
on mobile phone.
more secure framework. Although security during weblets
3.4.9 Mobile Security: Mobile cloud computing can migration can be improved by other security techniques and
provide more security to the mobile device by proving cloud environment can be made more trustworthy.
security through cloud. Xiao and Gong [12]proposed lightweight algorithm for
ensuring authorization in mobile cloud environment by
4. SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN generating automatic dynamic credential information with
MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING mutual coordination of mobile device and cloud so frequently
that it is difficult for hackers to hack credential information of
4.1 Security and privacy risk in Mobile users. However frequent updation of secret information of
Cloud Computing user increases processing burden and energy consumption on
As Mobile Cloud Computing is combination of mobile mobile device and communication overhead between mobile
computing and cloud computing, security risk in mobile and cloud.
computing is inherited from cloud computing. Mobile Cloud
Computing suffers from following risk. Wang and Wang [13]have proposed framework that uses
cloud for providing number of live users in region based on
 In mobile cloud computing, user does not know where historical data saved in cloud which helped in minimization of
his data is stored, so user has little or no control over the processing and communication overhead in cloud but doing
location of data. spatial cloaking based on historical data can lead to privacy
loss. The cloaking in mobile device increased processing
 Because of physical damage of cloud server, loss of overhead and energy consumption.
encoding key or due to malicious insider, risk of data loss
may arise. Huang et al. [14]presents framework – MobiCloud in which
the secure computation is done with three domains (a) cloud
 A customer with ill intent may plant virus of phishing mobile and sensing domain (b) cloud trusted domain and (c)
attack in to cloud server which may compromise data of cloud public service and storage domain. Security to critical
other customers and cloud provider may not be able to data is provided by isolating public cloud and trusted cloud. In
track it because of privacy policy of the company. this scheme client uses the services of two cloud service
providers so it increases the communication cost and network
 A gap in security of application interface of cloud latency.
services can lead to attacks like bypass attack of API
attack. G. Portokalidis et al. [15] proposed scheme for threat
detection in a smart phone based on CloudAV research by
 When cloud provider services a number of users, flaw in Oberheide et al. [9]. In cloud we have multiple replica of
encryption algorithm can lead to unauthorized access to Smartphone which can detect different types of attacks in
one’s data. parallel. The proposed scheme reduced the transmission
 As per regulatory compliance cloud provider has to overhead below 2.5KiBps and reduced energy consumption
maintain required security level 30%. In this technique cloud is considered fully trusted which
needs to be given second thought.
 In IaaS security risk may arise due to lack of isolation in
virtualization when number of virtual machines are H.Zhang and X Mingjun [16] proposed distributed spatial
hosted on a single server. cloaking in which distributed anonymity having location
information for cloaking. Distributed anonymity can handle
 Mobile user stores and transfers critical personal and frequent requests from users without being bottlenecked.
corporate information while using mobile applications
P.Zou et al. [17] proposes Phosphor in which interaction
like online payment, social networking etc, that can be an
between Sim card and Digital Rights Management Agent has
attacker’s new target.
been protected by the License Status Word protocol.

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R.Chow et al. [18] present authentication platform in which Niroshinie Fernando et al. [4] proposed generic architecture
behavioural authentication is used based on client personal for implementing a mobile cloud with locally available mobile
data. The cloud authentication platform responds to the client devices. This architecture has components: 1) Resource
access request based on decision obtained by processing Handler 2) Cost manager 3) Job handler 4) Privacy and
behavioural data of the authenticated client, however, passing Security Manager 5) Context Manager. Resource manager
the personal information of the client to cloud can affect the manages resources like searching and connecting other mobile
user privacy. devices. Cost manager takes the decision of offloading
according to user’s priorities like battery conservation, fast
Itani et al. [19] proposed a cloud based energy efficient execution, monetary gain etc. Job handler partitions the job
framework to ensure integrity of mobile users. In this for offloading and maintains job pool. Privacy and security
approach there are three main components (a) mobile client manager maintain the security while interfacing with other
(b) cloud service provider (c) trusted third party. Cloud devices. Context manager helps job handler in resource
service provider provides storage resources. The security is monitoring and to manage mobility inside the cloud.
provided by trusted third party. The framework shows 90%
saving in processing and energy but suffers from limitation of Saman Zonouz et. al. [27] proposed Secloud; a cloud based
data security in public cloud and less scalability of trusted comprehensive and lightweight security for smartphones.
third party. Secloud runs the emulators of Smartphones in cloud which
provide security to mobile device by security analysis of data
Jia et al. [20] presents framework for secure data service with in mobile device. In this architecture cloud assumes to be
proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme and identity based fully trusted which needs to be reconsidered .The personal
encryption (IDE) scheme . In this scheme, privacy of user is data of users accessed to the cloud can affect the privacy
secured as the cryptography of data is done by user but it issues.
increases the energy and processing requirement of mobile
device. Table 1 summarizes the features of the various approaches
described above.
Huangs et al. [21] proposed framework for authentication on
MobiCloud, to achieve secure data processing. 5. OPEN ISSUES IN MOBILE CLOUD
.Hsueh et al [22] proposed authentication mechanism in which COMPUTING
mobile device encrypts the credential information file and  To develop efficient cloudlet design with minimum
stores it on cloud but infected cloud server can steal the user cloudlet installation cost and more computing power and
credential information by decrypting user’s files. less network latency.[3]
Yang et al. [23] presents public provable data possession  To develop efficient security and privacy algorithm for
scheme for mobile cloud computing. Client’s mobile device ensuring confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and
embedded with trusted platform model (TPM) chip ensures privacy of user data [23].
authenticity of client and generates secret key for secure data
transmission between client and trusted third agent. The  To develop efficient task portioning algorithm for
secure data transfer between TPA and client is done with ensuring less communication cost and less energy
Diffie Hellman Key Exchange. TPA does all the heavy work requirement on mobile device [28][11].
of encryption, decryption and authentication on behalf of
 To provide software libraries with clearly defined API
mobile device. Proposed framework uses Bilinear mapping
support for mobile cloud application developer.[29]
and merble hash tree for integrity. This scheme ensures
privacy, confidentiality and integrity of user data stored on  To design platform independent security algorithm [30].
cloud but leads to degradation of performance with the
increase of users in TPA. Cost also increases due to two cloud  To reduce the cost of security framework by removing
service providers. trusted party agent between cloud and client [13][17].

Chen et al. [24] presents security framework for location 6. CONCLUSION

based grouped scheduling services using IMSI-based JOIN Mobile Cloud Computing is a new paradigm since 2009 and it
secure (IJS) algorithm that uses international mobile is still in nascent stage. The security and privacy issues in
subscriber identity (IMSI) as user identification integrated mobile cloud computing are inherited from cloud computing,
with encryption algorithms. However, if mobile device of the however, it is difficult to resolve these issues because of
client is stolen by some adversary, he can affect security in the resource constraint in mobile devices like energy, storage,
system. processing etc. To address the security and privacy issues, we
will have to develop efficient security and privacy framework
Ren et al. [25] proposed lightweight schemes with less
with the objective of lesser resource requirement in mobile
computational overhead for ensuring data security on
device and minimize the communication cost and network
distributed cloud .these schemes are encryption based, coding
latency while ensuring privacy, authenticity and integrity of
based and sharing based.
user’s data in cloud.
Zhou and Huang [26] proposed a privacy preserving
framework in which encryption and decryption on cloud
based on Cippher text Policy attribute which inherited the
security problem of Cippher text Policy.

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Table1. Comparisons between Researches in Privacy and Security Issues in Mobile Cloud Computing.

Researchers Year Approach Cloud Trust Security Trusted Advantages Disadvantages

Level Attribute Third
provided party

J. Oberheide 2008 CloudAV Fully trusted Antivirus, No Reduced On Device Disconnected

et al. [10] Security as a software complexity operation and
Service and power privacy loss
consumption
Zhang et al. 2009 Cloudlet Semi-trusted Task No Good tradeoffs Security of Weblet
[11] partitioning between processing can be improved
overhead and with other
communication cost techniques.

Xiao and 2010 Lightweight Semi trusted Authorization No Automatic Dynamic More processing
Gong [12] algorithm of user’s data updation of and energy burden
in cloud credential on mobile device
information
Wang and 2010 Top down Distrusted Privacy No Reduced More energy
Wang [13] spatial preserving communication cost consumption and
cloaking framework in by doing spatial processing burden
location based cloaking based on on mobile device
Scheme the historical data in
cloud.
Huang et al. 2010 MobiCloud distrusted Security in Yes Secured data while Increased cost due
[14] Storage as a using Public Cloud to two cloud
Service in providers
MANET
G. 2010 Threat Fully trusted Security as a No Reduced More Cloud usage
Portokalidis detection in Service transmission cost.
et al. [15] Smartphone overhead and
based on energy consumption
CloudAV
R.Chow et 2010 Policy based Fully trusted Authentication No Authentication Privacy threat
al. [18] cloud of user. based on
authenticatio behavioural data of
n platform user
Jia et al. 2011 Proxy re- Semi trusted Secure data No Reduced cost of More processing
[20] encryption Service updating of access and energy burden
(PRE) policy and on mobile device
scheme and communication cost for encrypting the
Identity based secret information
encryption saved on cloud.
(IDE) scheme
Yang et al. 2011 extended the Distrusted ensures Yes Reduced energy and Degradation of
[23] public privacy, processing performance with
provable data confidentiality requirement on the increase in no.
possession and integrity of mobile device of users in Trusted
scheme user data Party Agent (TPA).
stored on cloud Cost also increases
due to two cloud
service providers.

Saman 2013 Secloud for Trusted cloud based No Reduced energy and Cloud assumes to
Zonouz et smartphones comprehensive processing be fully trusted
al. [27] and lightweight requirement on which needs to be
security for mobile device for reconsidered .The
smart phones providing security personal data of
in mobile device users accessed to
the cloud can affect
the privacy issues.

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