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2.2 Control Sturcture

The document discusses the three main control structures used in algorithms: sequence, selection, and repetition. It explains that pseudocode is used to describe algorithms before programming. Pseudocode examples are provided to illustrate each control structure, including sequencing steps, conditional branching with if/else, and repeating loops with while. The last example provides pseudocode to add numbers from 1 to n and check if the sum is greater than 10.

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Mohd Khalil
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43 views14 pages

2.2 Control Sturcture

The document discusses the three main control structures used in algorithms: sequence, selection, and repetition. It explains that pseudocode is used to describe algorithms before programming. Pseudocode examples are provided to illustrate each control structure, including sequencing steps, conditional branching with if/else, and repeating loops with while. The last example provides pseudocode to add numbers from 1 to n and check if the sum is greater than 10.

Uploaded by

Mohd Khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem Solving

Control Structures and Pseudocode


Learning Outcome
• At the end of this session, the student is expected to:
o Acknowledge the three control structures used to design algorithms:
• Sequence Structure
• Selection Structure
• Repetition Structure
o Apply the three control structures in pseudocode to describe an algorithm

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Control Structures
• An algorithm is a step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
• Control structures control the flow of execution in a program or
function.
• In 1966, two researchers, C. Bohm and G. Jacopini, demonstrated
that all program can be written using 3 control structures: sequence,
selection and repetition.

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes
• A pseudocode is an informal language that is used to develop an
algorithm before programming (implementation in SDM).
• It is convenient, user friendly but not an actual programming
language.
• There is no correct one way of writing a pseudocode, as long as it is
clear.
• You may use the word “begin” and “end” to mark beginning and
end of pseudocode
• Criteria of a good pseudocode:
o Easy to understand, precise and clear
o Proper indentations

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The sequence control structure
• A series of steps or statements that are executed in the order they are written in
an algorithm.
• Example (printing user’s age):
Begin
Read the year of birth from the user
Calculate difference between year of birth with this year
Print the user age.
End

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The selection control structure
• Defines TWO courses of action depending on the outcome of a condition. A
condition is an expression that is, when computed, evaluated to either true or
false.

• The keywords used are if and else.

• Format:
if (condition) Example:
then-part
if (total_mark is greater than 50)
else print “Pass”
else
else-part
print “Fail!”
end_if end_if

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The selection control structure

• Sometimes in certain situation, we may omit the else-part.


if (number is odd number)
print “This is an odd number”
end_if

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The selection control structure

• Nested selection structure: basic selection structure that contains


other if/else structure in its then-part or else-part.
if (number is equal to 1)
print “One”
else if (number is equal to 2)
print “Two”
else if (number is equal to 3)
print “Three”
else
print “Other”
end_if

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The repetition control structure

• Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly


executed as long as a condition is satisfied.
• The keyword used is while.
• Format:
while (condition)
loop-body
end_while

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The repetition control structure
• Example: Finding odd value

while (value can be divided by 2 without remainder)


read new value
end_while
print the odd value

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The repetition control structure
• Example: Summing up 1 to 10

set cumulative_sum to 0
set current_number to 1
while (current_number is less or equal to 10)
add the cumulative_sum to current_number
add 1 to current_number
end_while
print the value of cumulative sum

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Pseudocodes: The repetition control structure
• Alternatively, we can write the previous pseudocodes with something like this.
• Example: Summing up 10 numbers
cumulative_sum = 0
current_number = 1
while (current_number ≤ 10)
cumulative_sum = cumulative_sum + current_number
current_number = current_number + 1
end_while

print the value of cumulative_sum

• Note that in this algorithm, we are using both the sequence and repetition
control structure

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Example - Pseudocode
• Design an algorithm of a program that adds number 1 to n, where n is provided by the user.
After adding, the program will print a message state if the sum is larger than 10 or not. Use
pseudocode.

Control Structures & Pseudocode


Conclusions
• 3 basic control structures : sequence, selection and repetition
structures
• Pseudocode is an informal language that is used to develop an
algorithm before programming

Control Structures & Pseudocode

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