Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
1. Matrix Acidization
2. Hydraulic Fracturing
3. Fracture Acidizing
Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or
hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured
by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection
of 'fracking fluid' (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants
suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create
cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas,
petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure
is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants
(either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open.
Hydraulic fracturing fluids:-
Fracturing fluids are pumped into the well to create conductive fractures
and bypass near-wellbore damage in hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The
net result is an expansion in the productive surface-area of the reservoir,
compared to the unfractured formation. A series of chemical additives
are selected to impart a predictable set of properties of the fluid,
including viscosity, friction, formation-compatiblity, and fluid-loss
control.
The ideal fracturing fluid should: