Copyright ©JmeZ

All rights Reserved

Nerve Cells (Neurons) Ovum (Ovarian Follicle- Oocyte)
 Nucleus: Vesicular Basophilic Nucleus (fish-eye)  Nucleus: Vesiculated Acidophilic Nucleus (Germinal Vesicle)
 Nucleolus: Acidophilic Nucleolus  Nucleolus: Acidophilic Nucleolus
 Cytoplasm: Basophilic Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm: Reticulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm
 Shape: Stellate Shape  Neighboring Cells: Granulosa Cells (Blue)
 Function: Conduct impulses to/from the sensory organs.  Function of Granulosa Cells: production of sex steroids and growth factors
Slide # 11 - Spinal Cord (Gray Matter)
Slide # 56 – Adult Ovary

Liver Cells (Hepatocytes)

 Nucleus: Granulated Basophilic Nucleus Granulosa Lutein Cell (Follicular Cells Surrounding the Ovarian Follicle)
 Nucleolus: Basophilic Nucleolus (has more than 1 nucleoli)  Nucleolus: Basophilic Nucleolus
 Cytoplasm: Granulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm  Nucleus: Acidophilic Vesicular Nucleus
 Shape: Polyhedral due to pressure from neighboring cells.  Cytoplasm : Granulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm
 Arrangement: Irregular Radiating Columns and Plates  Arrangement: Scattered Individually
 Function: To filter the blood.  Function: To secrete Estrogen and Progesterone
 Structure: The plate structure of the liver and high permeability of the sinusoids allows each
hepatocyte to be in close contact with the blood. The hepatic plates are arranged into functional
units called liver lobules (Cord). In the middle of each lobule is a central vein.

Slide #42 – Pig Liver Cells Slide #41 – Human Liver Cells Slide #57 – Ovary (Corpus Luteum)
Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium (Plain/Ciliated)
 Nucleus: One Elongated Nucleus (Centrally Located)  Nucleus: Ovoid Nucleus near Basal Lamina
 Shape: Irregularly shape hexagons  Shape of Cell: Tall and Slender with striated borders
 Characteristic: Fine Serrated Borders stained black by AgNO3  Arrangement: Appear as a row of rectangular cells
 Function of Epithelium: Protection and Filtration  Neighboring Structures: Pale staining in between cells – Goblet cells
 Function of Bowman’s capsule: Ultrafiltration of the blood  Cilia – to move the environment
 Occurrence: Pulmonary Alveoli & Endothelium of the blood and lymph vessels  Occurrence (Plain) - lines the digestive tract from the cardia of the stomach to the anus
Slide #1 – Mesentery Slide #44 – Kidney (Bowman’s capsule)  Occurrence (Ciliated) – Pulmonary Bronchi and Lining of the Uterus and Oviduct
Slide #35 – Ileum (Plain) Slide #37 – Large Intestine (Plain)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Slide #43 – Gall Bladder (Plain) Slide #58 - Oviduct (Ciliated)
 Nucleus: Round Basophilic Nucleus
 Cell Shape: Polygonal with Striated Borders
 Function of Epithelium: Secretion and Absorption
 Neighboring Structures: Pale staining in between cells – Goblet cells
 Function of Goblet Cells: To secrete Mucin
 Colloid – acidophilic(?) and homogenous; stores thyroid hormones
 Occurrence: surface of the ovary & follicles of the thyroid gland

Slide #44 - Kidney (Uriniferous tubules) Slide #69 - Thyroid Gland (Thyroid Follicle)

Copyright ©JmeZ
All rights Reserved
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Stereocilia/Ciliated/Plain) Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 Nucleus – Found at different Levels  Shape: Flattened cells at the superficial layer, Polyhedral in the middle and Columnar in the basal
 Function of Epithelium: Protection, Secretion of Mucus and to move mucus by cilia layer.
 Function of Cilia: to move the environment  Characteristics: They have a superficial layer of flattened cells and there are nipple-like projections
 Function of Stereocilia – for absorption (non-motile) called papillae.
 Occurrence (Ciliated) - Lines the trachea and primary bronchi of the respiratory tract  Function: Protection (prevent damage)
 Occurrence (Stereocilia) – ductus deferens, epididymis and inner ear  Occurrence: Epidermis of Skin and Vagina
 Occurrence (Plain) - urethra of the male and excretory duct of the parotid gland
Slide #28 – Tongue (Keratinized)
Slide #50 – Ductus Epididymis (Stereocilia) Slide #25 – Trachea (Ciliated)

Transitional Epithelium
Shape: Dome-Shaped cells at the superficial layer, Polyhedral in the middle and Cuboidal in the basal
layer.
Slide #52 – Lower Part of the Spermatic Cord (Plain) Slide #58 – Oviduct (Ciliated)
Function: To accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ or tube, such as the urinary
bladder, and protect against the caustic effects of urine.
Occurrence: Around the Urinary Bladder and gland ducts of the prostate.

Slide #45 – Urinary Bladder

Copyright ©JmeZ
All rights Reserved
Serous Glandular Epithelium (Albuminous Glandular Epithelium) Mesenchymal Connective Tissue ( Mesenchyme)
 Structure: Darkly stained cells grouped together in clusters called acini (Latin for berries)  Preponderant Cells : Mesenchymal Cells
surrounded by a small amount of ConnectiveTissue.  Preponderant Fiber : Collagen
 Appearance: Granulated and Basophilic cytoplasm with small lumen.  Neighboring Structures : blood vessels, blood islands, notochord and neural tube.
 Function: Secrets a watery fluid used to lubricate surfaces.  Function of Mesenchymal Connective Tissue: serves as packing substance for the embryo
 Occurrence: Parotid Gland and Lacrimal Gland  Function of Mesenchymal Cells: Undifferentiated rapidly dividing cells capable of developing into
connective tissue, bone, cartilage, lymphatic system or circulatory system.
Slide #38 – Parotid Gland  Function of Notochord :serves as the main axial support of the body, it develops into the vertebral
column
 Function of Neural Tube :Develops into the Central Nervous System

Slide #2 – Pig Embryo

Mucous Glandular Epithelium (Goblet Cells)

 Structure: Pale cells grouped together in clusters called acini (Latin for berries) surrounded by a
small amount of Connective Tissue.
 Appearance: Reticulated acidophilic cytoplasm
 Function: Secretes a sticky clear fluid (Mucin) used as a defense barrier for the body. (Also for
Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)
lubrication)
 Preponderant Cells: Fibroblasts
 Occurrence: submaxillary gland and sublingual gland
 Preponderant Fibers: Collagen Fibers
 Neighboring Structures: umbilical blood vessels and thin layer of cells called amnion.
Slide #39 – Submaxillary and Sublingual Glands
 Function of Mucous Connective Tissue: fibrogelatinous support.
 Function of the amnion: protection of the embryo during development.
 Function of Fibroblasts: synthesis of extracellular matrix and collagen.
Slide #64 – Umbilical Cord (Early)

Copyright ©JmeZ
All rights Reserved
 Copyright ©JmeZ
Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue) Adipose Connective Tissue All rights Reserved

 Most widespread Connective Tissue  Preponderant Cells: Adipocytes

 Preponderant Cells: Fibroblasts  Preponderant Fibers: Collagen Fibers
 Preponderant Fibers: Collagen Fibers  Appearance: Has large empty vacuole, flattened peripheral nucleus.
 Function of Areolar Connective Tissue: serves as packing material, lamina propria of stratified  Function: insulation, shock absorber and energy storage.
squamous epithelium and mechanical support of body defense. It also serves as a reservoir of  Occurrence: Skin and Tongue
water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their
wastes into areolar connective tissue. Slide #15 – Skin (thin)
 Occurrence: The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the
epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.( tongue, skin, epiglottis,
esophagus, vagina)

Slide #6 - Epiglottis

Elastic Fibers
 Preponderant Cells: Fibrobasts
 Preponderant Fibers: Elastic Fiber
 Appearance of Elastic Fibers: wavy, homogenous, pale bands.
Lymphoid Connective Tissue (Adenoid Connective Tissue)
 Neighboring Structures: Acidophilic Smooth Muscle
 Also called Reticular Connective Tissue because they form a network
 Function: Elasticity
 Preponderant Cells: Lymphocytes
 Occurrence: Arteries and Veins
 Appearance: dark-staining violet nucleus, scanty cytoplasm
 Preponderant Fibers: Type III Collagen Fibers
Slide#21 – Artery and Vein
 Function of Gerninal Center of Flemming – for the production of lymphocytes.
 Occurrence: Lymph Nodes and Palatine Tonsils

Slide #16 – Lymph Node Slide #17 – Palatine Tonsils

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue (Fibrous Connective Tissue)
 Preponderant Cells: Fibrobasts
 Preponderant Fibers: Elastic Fiber
 Appearance in Longitudinal: slender homogenous parallel bands.
 Appearance in Cross: small, rounded, polyhedral homogenous bodies.
 Function: Mechanical Support and Flexibility.
 Occurrence: Large Arteries and True Vocal Cords

Longitudinal

Cross

Copyright ©JmeZ
All rights Reserved
Adult Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage
 Preponderant Cell – Chondrocytes with lacunae  Preponderant Cell – Chondrocytes with lacunae
 Preponderant Fiber – Collagen Fiber  Preponderant Fiber – Abundant and visible dense network of collagen fiber bundles similar to
 Arrangement – Cell families herring bone. That is why the section of fibrocartilage is acidophilic compared to hyaline.
 Matrix – basophilic due to glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate)  Arrangement – Cell families are rare, often aligned in rows
 Matrix appears homogeneous because collagen fibers are masked because the fibers will have the  Matrix – scanty
same refractile index with the matrix. It is Avascular.  Absent perichondrium because the tissue is a transition between other connective tissues
 Perichondrium (where the blood vessels are located) – Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue  Occurrence - Intervertebral disk, Symphysis pubis and Ligamentum teres femoris
 Occurrence - Costal cartilage, Nose
Slide #5 – Intervertebral Disk (LPO) (HPO)
Slide #24 – Larynx (LPO) (HPO)

Compact Bone – Osteon / Haversian system

Elastic Cartilage  Preponderant Cell – Osteocytes with lacunae
 Preponderant Cells – Chondrocytes with lacunae  Structures
 Preponderant fibers – Abundant elastic fibers which branch & anastomose o Haversian lamellae – concentric lamellae within the osteon
 Arrangement – Fewer Cell families o Circumferential lamellae – outermost lamellae of the osteon
 Matrix – Acidophilic Matrix o Interstitial lamellae – lamellae which do not belong to any Haversian System
 Larger lacunae & cells o Cementing Line – marks the boundary between osteons
 May undergo Fatty Degeneration o Bone Canaliculi – connect the lacunae to the lamellae, where blood vessels are found.
 Neighboring Structures – Perichondrium, Adipose tissue o Volkman’s Canal – Carries the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
 Occurrence: Epiglottis and Pinnae of the ear.
 Stain – Unstained, ground by hand to its thickness.
Slide #6 – Epiglottis (LPO) (HPO)

Slide #7 – Compact Bone (Osteon) (Volkman’s Canal)

Developing Long Bone Spinal Ganglion/Dorsal Root Ganglion
 Zone of Resting Cartilage - There is no definite arrangement of the chondrocytes.  Afferent Neurons – pseudo-unipolar type
 Zone of Proliferating Cartilage - The cells are arranged in rows.  Function – relay impulses from the skin, muscles and visceral organs to the central nervous system.
 Zone of Maturation & Hypertrophy - Enlargement or hypertrophy of the cartilage cells  Capsule/Satellite/Amphicyte cells – a type of glial cell
 Zone of Calcification - When bone deposition starts, the chondrocytes die. It will degenerate & the
 Function of Satellite cells - supply nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some
matrix will open like a letter C.
structural function. Satellite cells also act as protective, cushioning cells.
 Zone of Developing Trabeculae - There is now deposition of calcium to form trabeculae.
 Zone of Resorption - Osteoclasts are present.  Surrounding Epithelium – Areolar Connective Tissue
 Osteocytes – maintain bone metabolism, found within the trabeculae.
 Osteoblast – responsible for bone formation. Slide #12 – Spinal Ganglion
 Osteoclast – responsible for bone resorption, found between trabeculae.

Slide #8 – Developing Long Bone

Terminal Ganglion
Cerebellum  It is a mass of nerve cells found in or in the vicinity of the organ it supplies.
 Folds – Folia (plural) Folium (singular)  Supportive Tissue – Areolar connective tissue
 Gray matter – located peripherally, has molecular layer, granular layer (granule cells) and purkinje  Neighboriong Tissue – Smooth muscle
cells for the third layer  Function – it relays impulses from the central nerve system to the smooth muscles and/or glands
 White matter – located centrally and is thus motor in function.
 “Ganglion” have nerve cell bodies whereas “Nerves” do not have nerve cell bodies
Slide #10 - Cerebellum
Slide #35 - Ileum
Nerve Cross Section Spinal Cord
 It is a bundle of nerve fibers found in the peripheral nervous system.
 Arrangement – in bundles called fascicles.  Dura, Arachnoid and Pia mater are collectively known as meninges.
 Function of Myelin Sheath - increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated  There are no lymphatic vessels in the CNS but fine strands from the pia mater extending onto the
fiber. nervous tissue contain blood vessels.
 Vasa nervorum - are small arteries that provide blood supply to peripheral nerves.  White matter – fibrillar background is loose | Gray matter - fibrillar background is tight.
 Neurilemma – it is the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.  Oligodendrocytes – analogous to the Schwann cells in the PNS, function is to insulate the axons.
 Epineurium - outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve.  A group of nerve cell bodies ( or nucleus) having the same function are grouped together to form a
 Perineurium – the protective sheath that covers each fascicle. “fiber tract”.
 Endoneurium - Thin connective tissue covering individual fibers.

Slide #21 – Artery and Vein (HPO) Slide #14 – Sciatic Nerve (LPO) White Matter (Outside the “H”)

Space where myelin Dura Mater (Outermost)

sheath was.
Axis Cylinder/Myelinated
Arachnoid Mater (Between)
Axon Pia Mater (Innermost)

Gray Matter (The “H”)

Non-myelinated
axon
Schwann Cell
Nucleus

Central Canal
Vater-Pacinian Corpuscule
 Appearance – Onion-Like Cell: Ependymal Cells
 Lamellae – composed of of fibrous connective tissue and fibroblasts, separated by gelatinous Structure: Ependyma
material. The lamellae are very thin, flat, modified Schwann cells.
 Inner core – specialized ground substance
 Function – Deep Pressure sensor

Slide #15 – Skin (thick)

O = Oligodendrocytes (glial cells around the neuron)

A = Astrocytes (glial cells in between neurons)

Basis Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Shape of Muscle Fiber Smallest: 20-500µ in Largest: 10-30µ in Intermediate: no Slide #35 – Ileum
length; 2-20µ in length; 0.1-0.5µ in accurate measurement Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)
greatest diameter. diameter available
Shape of Muscle Fiber Spindle-Shaped Solitary Band: the ends Short, branching,
appear rounded or arranged end to end
notched forming a network
Number and shape of Single: more slender Multiple; Oval Generally one or two;
nucleus and elongated Oval
Location of Nucleus in Middle of Muscle Fiber Peripheral: Middle of Muscle Fiber
the Muscle Fiber immediately beneath
the sarcolemma
Relative size of nucleus Largest of the three Smallest of the three Intermediate
in comparison to the types types
diameter of fiber
Cross Striations of Non-striated Prominently Striated Striated but not as
myofibrils prominent as skeletal
Cardiac Muscle
Variations in size of Wide variation Uniform in size Moderate Variation
Slide #9 – Heart
the muscle fibers in
cross section Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)
Sarcoplasmic Not well developed Well developed Less developed than
Reticulum skeletal
T-tubule Absent Smaller: occurs at A-I Larger: occurs at the Z
junction line
Sarcoplasmic Triad Absent Present: two in one Absent
sarcomere
Sarcoplasm Small amount Small amount Large amount
Nervous Control Involuntary – Voluntary – Involuntary –
Autonomic Nervous Cerebrospinal Nerves Autonomic Nervous
System System
Blood and Lymphatic Fair: capilliaries lie in Rich: capilliaries lie on Twice as rich as
Supply the thicker connective muscle fiber with the skeletal muscle.
tissue between muscle endomysium; Capilliaries and
bundles or layers lymphatics occur in the lymphatics lie on the
thicker parts of the muscle fiber with
perimysium only endomysium Skeletal Muscle
Slide #
Cardiac Muscle (Left) Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)
Purkinje Fibers (Right) – found in the subendocardial layer
 Artery Vein Small Artery Small vein
Thickest coat Tunica media Tunica Adventitia
Lumen Smaller Larger
Thickness of wall Thicker, better demarcated and Thinner, Tunica media is poorly
distinguishable. developed and blends with
Tunica intima
Shape of lumen Regular Irregular
Internal Elastic Lamellae Present and easily seen even in Present only in bigger veins and
arterioles. never prominent.
Tissue More smooth muscle and elastic More fibrous (collagenous) Medium Artery Medium Vein
fibers. tissue.
During Agonal Contraction The artery is emptied of blood. May contain some accumulated
blood.
Valves Never possess valves Present
Vasa vasorum Fewer, extend only to the outer More, extend through the tunica
parts of the tunica media. media into the tunica intima.
Blood Flow Rapid, high pressure Slow, low pressure
Nourishment The inner layers are nourished The cells in the wall are
by diffusion from the blood and nourished by the vasa vasorum
from the vasa vasorum in the through diffusion.
periphery.

Additional notes: Artery Heart

 Tunica adventitia is thinner than the tunica media except in medium sized arteries where they are  Purkinje fiber – function is to conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to
equal or almost equal. contract in a coordinated fashion.
 Characteristic – has 40 or more layers of smooth muscle  Chondroid tissue – fibrous tissue that has the same consistency and some characteristics of
 Large Artery - Elastic Artery - Maintain arterial blood pressure and continuity of circulation during cartilage.
diastole.  The Subendothelial layer is lined by Simple Sqamous epithelium.
 Medium and Small Artery – Muscular Arteries – draw and distribute blood from an elastic artery  The Subendocardial layer contains Purkinje fibers.
and branch into including small arteries and arterioles.
Slide #9 – Heart (LPO)

Slide #20 – Aorta (Large Artery)

Subendothelial Layer
Endocardium
Subendocardial Layer

Myocardium

Epicardium
Lymph Node Spleen
Slide #16 Slide #18

Red Pulp

Medullary Cord

White Pulp
Trabeculae
Central Artery

Germinal Center

Capsule

Sub capsular Sinus (the empty space) Red Pulp

Capsule Sheathed Artery

Billroth’s Cord/Splenic Cord

Trabeculae

Trabeculae
Cortical Sinus (the empty space)

Medullary Sinus (the empty space)

Medullary Cord
Thymus Palatine/Faucial tonsil
Slide #19 Slide #17

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Salivary Corpuscule
Tonsillar Crypt

Septa

Lymph Nodule

Mucous Glandular Epithelium

Trabeculae

Hassall’s corpuscule Lymphocytes

Peyer’s Patch
Slide #35

Smooth Muscle Vermiform Appendix

Lymph Nodule Slide #36

Intestinal Glands Lumen

Lymphatic Nodule

Goblet Cell

Smooth Muscle Germinal Center

IntestinalGlands