COMPLEX ANALYSIS 153

Chapter 5

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
5.1 Basic Review of Complex Numbers

Various representation of Complex number :

A complex number (z) is represented as z  x  iy , where x is the real part and y is imaginary part.
The conjugate of complex number z is represented by z  x  iy

1  y 
The modulus of complex number z  z  r  x 2  y 2 and argument of z  Argz    tan  
x
The complex number (z) in polar form  r,  can also be written as Y
i
z  x  iy  r e  r  cos  i sin  
where x  r cos P(x,y)
r
y  r sin   X
2 O
 x2  y 2  r 2  z

This implies that z  r represents a circle centred at the origin and having radius r.

Properties of modulus of z:
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then
(i) z1  z2  z1  z2 (ii) z1  z2  z1  z2

z1 z1
(iii) z1 z2  z1 z2 (iv) z  z
2 2

Properties of argument of z:

(i) Arg  z1.z2 .z3.....zn   Arg .  z1   Arg .  z2   Arg.  z3   ........  Arg  zn 

z 
(ii) Arg  1   Arg  z1   Arg  z2 
 z2 
Some important Relations:
(i) ei= cos + i sin , (ii) cos= (ei + e–i)/2 , (iii) sin= (ei – e–i)/2i
(e  e  ) (e  e  )
(iv) cos h= , (v) sin h=
2 2
 154 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
De-Moiver’s theorem:
(cos + i sin)n = cos n + i sin n
Complex cube roots of unity:

1  i 3 2 1  i 3
x3  1  x  1,   ,  such that 1    2  0 and 3  1
2 2
Example 1: Multiplying a complex number z by 1 + i rotates the radius vector of z by an angle of
(a) 90º clockwise (b) 45º anticlockwise
(c) 45º clockwise (d) 90º anticlockwise

2 ei /4 r ei  2 r e 
i   /4 
Soln: z  r e  1  i  z 
i
 
Multiplying (1 + i) with z rotates the radius vector anticlockwise by 45º and increases the modulus by a factor
of 2 .

Correct option is (a)

Example 2: If z     3  i 5   2 (  is a real parameter and i  1 ), then the locus of z will be

(a) circle (b) ellipse (c) parabola (d) hyperbola

2
Soln: z     3  i 5    real part x    3 and imaginary part y = 5   2
2 2
 y 2  5   2  5   x  3   x  3  y 2  5 (Equation of circle)
Correct option is (a)

5.2 Function of A complex Variable

Basic Representation:

f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y 

2
Example: f  z   z 2   x  iy   (2
x - y 2
)2  i
2 xy

u  x , y  is real part v x , y  is imaginary part

Existance of lim f  z  :
z  z0

The limit will exists only if the limiting value is independent of the path along which z approaches z0
z
Example 3: Find whether the limit lim
z 0 z exist or not.

Soln: z  0 means x  0 & y  0

For z = 0, we have to choose a path passing through a origin.
Therefore, we have choosen a straight line passing through the origin i.e. y = mx
z x  iy x  imx 1  im
lim  lim  lim 
z 0 z z 0 x2  y 2 x 0
x2  m2 x 2 1  m2
y 0
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 155
Therefore, the limit depends on m i.e. slope of the straight line. Thus, the limiting values is dependent on the
path and the limit does not exists.

iz 3  iz  1
Example 4: Calculate the value zlim

 2 z  3i  z  i 2

 i 1 
3 z3  i  2  3 
iz  iz  1  z z  i
Soln: lim  lim =
z   2 z  3i  z  i 2 z 
 3i   1 
z  2   z 2 1  
2 2
 z   z

Differentiability of complex function:

f '  z   Lt
 f ( z   z )  f ( z )
 z0 z
The function will be differentiable if limit exists i.e the limiting value will be independent of path along with
 z  0.
Example: f (z) = (4x + y) + i(4y – x)  u = (4x + y) and v = (4y – x)
 f(z + z) = 4(x + x) + (y + y) + i [4(y + y) – (x + x)]
 f(z + z) – f(z) = 4x + y + i(4y – x)
f ( z   z)  f (z) 4 x   y  i(4 y   x)  f 4 x   y  i x  4i y
 =  =
z z z  x  i y

f
Along real axis : x = z, y = 0,  =4–i
z
f
Along imaginary axis : iy =z, x = 0,  =4–i
z

 f 5 x  3i x 5  3i
Along a line : y = x , y = x, z = (1 + i) x,  = = =4-i
 z (1  i) x 1 i
Therefore, f (z) = (4x + y) + i(4y – x) will be differentiable.

5.3 Complex Analytic Function

A function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z = z0 if it is single valued and has the derivative at every point
in some neighhourhood of z0. The function f(z) is said to be analytic in a domain D if it is single valued and is
differentiable at every point of domain D.

Cauchy Reamann Equations:

For a function f(z) = u + iv to be analytic at all points in some region R,
Necessary conditions:

u v u v
= and =
x y y x
 156 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

u u v v
Sufficient Condition: , , , are continuous functions of x and y.
x y x y

u v v u
Derivative of f (z): f (z) = i = i
x x y y

Example 5: Check whether f(z) = sinz is analytic or not.

Soln: f ( z )  sin z  sin  x  iy   sin x.cos  iy   cos x.sin  iy   sin x.cosh y  i cos x.sinh y
Therefore, u = sinx.coshy and v = cosx.sinhy
u u v v
cos x.cosh y; sin x.sinh y; sin x.sinh y; cos x.cosh y
x y x y
So, C-R equation is satisfied, given f(z) is analytic.

Example 6: Given an analytic function

f  x, y     x, y   i   x, y  where   x, y   x 2  4 x  y 2  2 y .
If C is a constant, then which of the following relations is true? [JEST 2015]

(a)   x, y   x 2 y  4 y  C (b)   x, y   2 xy  2 x  C

(c)   x, y   2 xy  4 y  2 x  C (d)   x, y   x 2 y  2 x  C
Soln: The condition of analytic function are
   
 
y x y x

We have,   x, y   x 2  4 x  y 2  2 y

 
Therefore,  2x  4 And  2 y  2
x y

 
  2x  4    2 y  2
y x

   2 xy  4 y  c  x     2 xy  2 x  c  y 

Therefore,   x, y   2 xy  4 y  2 x  c  x, y 
Correct option is (c)

 
Example 7: If f  x, y   1  x  y 1  x  y   a x 2  y 2  1  2iy 1  x  ax  is a complex analytic
function then find the value of a. [TIFR 2013]
u
2
2
Soln: u  x, y  = 1  x  y 1  x  y   a x  y  1  
x
 2 x  2  2ax

v
v  x, y   2 y 1  x  ax    2 1  x  ax 
y
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 157

u v
According to Cauchy Reamann equation,   4x  4ax  a  1
x y

Example 8: The harmonic conjugate function of u  x, y   2 x 1  y  corresponding to a complex ana-

lytic function   u  x, y   iv  x, y  is given v  x, y    x 2   y   y 2 (Taking the integration constant

to be zero). Which of the following statement is true ?
(a)      (b)       0 (c)      (d)   1
Soln: u  x, y   2 x 1  y 
u v
  2 1  y    v  2 y  y 2  f1  x 
x y
u v
  2 x    v  x 2  f 2  y 
y x
Therefore, the imaginary part of the complex function v  x 2  y 2  2 y
Comparing with the question,   1,   2,   1     
Correct answer is (a)

Cau ch y Ream an n equ at i on s i n Pol ar co-or di an t es:

u 1 v u v
 and  r
r r   r
f i f
Derivative of f (z): f(z) = (cos   i sin  ) =  (cos   i sin  )
r r 

Harmonic Function
Any function which satisfies the Laplace’s equation, is known as harmonic function.
If u + iv is an analytic function, then u, v are conjugate harmonic functions i.e.
 2u  2 u  2v  2v
 = 0 and 2  2 = 0
x 2 y 2 x y

Example 9: Find the values of m, n such that f  x, y  x 2  mxy  ny 2 is harmonic in nature.

2 2
Soln: Since,  f2   f2  0  2n2  0  n  1; ' m ' can take any value.
x dy

Method for finding conjugate Function:

Case 1: f(z) = u + iv, and u is known.

v v u u
dv = dx  dy =  dx  dy v =  u dx  u dy
x y y x  y  x
Case 2: f(z) = u + iv, and v is known
u u v v v v
du  dx  dy  dx  dy  u   dx   dy
x y y x y x
 158 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Example 10: Find the imaginary part of the complex analytic function whose real part is
u ( x, y )  x 3  3 xy 2  3 x 2  3 y 2  1 .

u v
Soln:  3x 2  3 y 2  6 x   v  3x 2 y  y 3  6 xy  f1 ( x)
x y
u v
 6 xy  6 y    v  3 x 2 y  6 xy  f 2 ( y )
y x
v( x, y )  3 x 2 y  y 3  6 xy  C

Milne-Thomson Method : (To find Analytic function if either ‘u’ or ‘v’ is given)

Case 1: When ‘u’ is given,

u u
(1) Find  1 ( x, y ) and  2 ( x, y )
x y
(2) Replace x by z and y by 0 in 1(x, y) and 2(x, y) to get 1(z, 0) and 2(z, 0).

(3) Find f(z) =  {1 ( z , 0)  i2 ( z , 0)}dz  c

Case 2: When ‘v’ is given,

v v
(1) Find   2  x, y  and   1 ( x, y )
x y

(2) Replace x by z and y by 0 in  1 ( x, y ) and  2 ( x , y ) to get  1 ( z ,0) and 1 (z, 0) .

(3) Find f(z) =  { 1 ( z , 0)  i 2 ( z , 0)}dz  c

Example 11: Find the analytical function whose imaginary part is v  x, y   e x ( x cos y  y sin y )

v v
Soln:  e x  x cos y  y sin y   e x cos y   2 ( x , y )    e x x sin y  e x  sin y  y cos y    1 ( x , y )
x y
 1 ( z , 0)  0 and  1 ( z , 0)  e z z  e z  f ( z )   0  i  e z z  e z  dz  ize z  C

Example 12: If the real part of a complex analytic function f(z) is given as, u  x, y   e 2 xy sin  x 2  y 2  ,
then f(z) can be written as
2 2 2 2
(a) ieiz  C (b) ieiz  C (c) ie iz  C (d) ie iz  C

Soln: u  x, y   e
2 xy

sin x 2  y 2 
u

x
   
 e2 xy  2 y  sin x 2  y 2  e 2 xy cos x 2  y 2 2 x = 1  x, y 

u
 y  e
2 xy
   
 2 x  sin x2  y 2  e2 xy cos x2  y 2  2 y   2  x, y 

 1  z , 0   cos z 2 .2 z , 2  z , 0   sin z 2  2 z 
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 159

    
f  z    cos z 2 .2 z  i sin z 2 .  2 z  dz  c  2 cos z 2  i sin z 2 .zdz  c
2 2
 2  eiz .zdz  c  i eiz  c
Correct option is (b)
5.4 Power Series Expansion of Complex Function

Every analytic function which is analytic at z = z0 can be expanded into power series about z = z0.

n 2
f  z    an  z  z0   a0  a1  z  z0   a2  z  z0   ......
n 0

where, z0 is the centre of power series.

For every power series there are three possibilities regarding the region of convergence of power series.
(i) The series converges within a disc

Example :  z n  1  z  z 2  .......
n 0

tn 1 z n 1
Here t   z ; so for z  1 the series will converge i.e. it will converge within the circle centered
n zn
at the origin and of radius 1 unit.
(ii) The power series converges in the whole complex plane.

zn z 2 z3
Example :   1  z    .......
n 0 n ! 2! 3!

tn 1 z n 1 n ! z
Here,  n
  0 as n   for all values of z i.e. the series will converge in the entire
tn  n  1! z n  1
complex plane.
(iii) The power series converges for a particular values of z.

Example:  n! z n  1  z  2 z 2  6 z 3  ...........
n 0

tn 1  n  1! z n 1
Here,    n  1 z   as n   for all values of z except z = 0 i.e. the series will
tn n! z n
converge only for z = 0.

Radius of convergence of power series:

Consider a circle centered at z = z0 and radius r i.e. z  z0  R , such that the power series is convergent

for all points of the region z  z0  R (i.e. within the circle) and divergent for all points of the region

z  z0  R (outside the circle). Therefore, R is said to be the radius of convergence of power series and
defined as
 160 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

an
R  lim
n  an1
Example 13: Calculate the radius of convergence and region of convergence for the following power
series

 2n  3
  2n  5  n  5  z n
n 0

 3  7  6 
 2   2   1  
Soln: R  lim
2n  3  2  n  1  5  n  1  5  lim  n  n  n   1
n   2n  5  n  5  2  n  1  3 n  5  5  5
 2   1   2  
 n  n  n

Region of convergence z  1
This series is convergent within a circle of radius 1 and centre (0, 0).

Example 14: Prove that the series

a.b a  a  1 b  b  1 2
1 z z  .....
1.c 1.2.c  c  1
has unit radius of convergence.
Soln: Neglecting the first term,
a  a  1 ..  a  n  1 b  b  1 ...  b  n  1
an 
1.2...n.c  c  1 ....  c  n  1

a  a  1 ...  a  n  1 a  n  b  1 ....  b  n  1 b  n 

an 1 
1.2...n  n  1 c  c  1 ....  c  n  1 c  n 

 a  b 
1 1 
an 1  n  a  n  b   n   n
Dividing,  
an  n  1 c  n  1  1  c 
1
  
 n  n 

1 a
 lim n1 
1  0 1  0   1 or R  1
R n an 1  0 1  0 

Example 15: Find the radius of convergence of the series

z 1.3 2 1.3.5 3
 z  z  ......
2 2.5 2.5.8
Soln: The coefficient of zn of the given power series is given by
1.3.5...  2n  1
an 
2.5.8...  3n  1
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 161

1.3.5...  2n  1 2n  1
an 1 
25.8...  3n  1 3n  2 

 1 
 1 
an 1 2n  1 2  2n 
  .
So, an 3n  2 3  2
1  
 3n 

1 a 2 1  0  2 3
Therefore,  lim n1  . 
R n an 3 1  0  3  R  2

Taylor Series Expansion

If a function f(z) is analytic at all points inside and on a circle C, having center at z  a and radius r, then at
each point z inside C, the function f(z) can be expanded as

f '(a) f (a) f n ( a)
f ( z )  f (a)  ( z  a)  ( z  a)2  ....  ( z  a) n  ....
1! 2! n!
R=r

f n  z0  n C
 f  z    z  z0  a
n 0 n!


Example 16: Expand the function f(x) = sinx about the point x  .
6
2
       1     
Soln: f  x   f     x   f '     x   f "    ......
 6  6  6  2!  6 6

2
 
 x 
    6  
 sin   x   cos     sin   ........
6  6 6 2!  6

2 3
1    3 1   1 1  3
 x   x   x   ......
2  6  2 2 6  2 6 6 2

2 3
1 3   1  1  
f  x    x  x    x    ....
2 2  6  4 6 4 3 6

1
Example 17: Expand the following function f  z   about z = 2.
 z  1 z  4 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Soln:    
 z  1 z  4  3 z  4 3 z  1 3  z  2  2 3  z  2  1
 162 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
1
1 1 1 1 1  z  2 1 1
    1   
1   z  2  

3  2   z  2  3 1   z  2  6 2  3
1  2 

2 3
1  z  2  z  2  z  2  1 2 3
  1    .......  1   z  2    z  2    z  2   .....
6

2 4 8  3  

1 1 3 2
    z  2    z  2   ........
2 4 8

Laurent Series expansion:

Laurent’s Theorem:
If f  z  is analytic inside and on the boundary of the ring-shaped region R bounded by two concentric circles
C1 and C2 with centre at z = a and respective radii r1 and r2  r2  r1  , then for all z in the region R the Laurent
series expansion of f  z  about z = a will be
 
n bn
f  z    an  z  a   n c2
n 0 n 1  z  a c1
r2
1 f  z
where, an  

2 i C1  z  a n 1
dz r1
a

1 f z
bn  

2 i 2  z  a   n 1
C
dz

Note: (i) The Laurrent series converges in the region R.

(ii) The point at which Laurrent series expansion has to be calculated, will be the centre of
concentric circles.

1
Example 18: f  z   about z  i
1 z2
y
1 1 1 1 1 
Soln: f z      z=i
1 z 2
 z  i  z  i  2i  z  i z  i 
x
1 1 1 
   
2i  z  i  z  i   2i  z = –i

 
    z  i   z  i 2 
1 1 1 1   1  z  i  1  1
  z  i  1   .....
2i 2i    z  i    2i 4i 2  2i 4i 2 
 2i 1  
  2i  
n
1 1 1  n z  i
  z  i     1 n
2i
Converges for z  i  0
4 n 0  2 i 
Converges for z  i  2

So, the function will be convergent for 0  z  i  2

COMPLEX ANALYSIS 163

1
Example 19: Exapand the function f  z   in the annulus z =1 and z = 2.
 z 1 z  2 
1 1 1 1 z
Soln: f  z    when 1  z  2 , then  1 & 1
 z  1 z  2     
z  2 z  1 z 2
1 1
1 1 1 z 1 1
f  z      1    1  
 z  1  2 2 z z
2  1   z 1  
 2  z 
2
1 z z  1  1  1 2  
zn 
1
  1      ....  1      .....   n1   n 1
2  2  2   z  z  z   n 0 2 n 0 z

1
Example 20: Find the Laurent series of the function f  z   2
about z=0
z 1  z 
1 1 1 1 1 1
Soln: f  z  2
 2 1  z   2 1  z  z 2  .....  2   1  z  z 2  ........
z 1  z  z z z z

1
Example 21: Expand 2 for (i) 0  z  1 (ii) 1 z  2 (iii) z  2 .
z  3z  2
1 1 1 1
Soln: z 2  3z  2   z  1 z  2    z  2    z  1

1 n
11 1 z 1 1   z  
n
(i) 0  z  1: f  z   1

11  z 
  1    1  z 
2 2
    z

2 n 0  2  n 0
 z
2 1  
 2

1 z
(ii) 1  z  2 : then  1 and  1
z 2
1 1
1 z 1 1 1 z z2  1 1 1 
 f  z    1    1      1    .....    1   2  ..... 
2 2 z z 2 2 4  z z z 

2 1
1
(iii) z  2 : then  1 and z
z
1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 4  1 1 1 
 f  z   1    1    1   2  .........   1   2  .......... 
z z z z z z z  z z z 
164 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
5.5 Singularity of Complex Function
Singular points of a function:
The points at which the function ceases to be analytic, are said to be the singular points of the function.

1
Example: f  z   has a singularity at z = 2.
 z  2
The singularity will be of the following types:
Isolated singularity:

A point z  z 0 is said to be isolated singularity of f (z) if

(a) f (z) is not analytic at z  z 0
(b) f (z) is analytic in the neighbourhood of z  z 0 i.e. there exists a neighbourhood of z  z 0 , containing no
other singularity.
Example:
1
(i) Function f  z   is analytic everywhere except at z = 0, therefore z = 0 is an isolated singularity..
z
z2
(ii) The function f  z   has three isolated singularities at z = 1, 2 and 3.
 z 1 z  2 z  3

Non-isolated singularity:

A point z  z 0 is said to be non-isolated singularity of f (z) if

(a) f (z) is not analytic at z  z 0
(b) there exists a neighbourhood of z  z 0 , containing other singularities of f (z).

1
Example: f(z) =
 
sin z 

  1
Condition of singularity: sin  0   n  z   n  0,1, 2,..... 
z z n
The point z = 0 corresponding to n   , will be surrounded by infinite many singular points of f (z). Thus,
z = 0 is an non-isolated singularity of f (z).

Types of isolated singularity

If f (z) is an isolated singular point at z = a, then we can expand f (z) about z = a into Laurent series as:
 
b 2
 b b2 
f  z   an ( z  a )   ( z na )n  a0  a1  z  a   a2  z  a 
n
 .....   1 
   z  a   z  a 2
 ..... 
n0 n 1
  
principal part
of the expansion

Therefore, three types of singulatiry are as follows:

COMPLEX ANALYSIS 165
(1) Removable singularity:
If the principal part of the Laurrent series expansion of f (z) about z = a contains no term i.e.
bn  0 for all ' n ' , then f (z) has a removable singularity at z = a.

n
In this case, Laurent series expansion is f  z    an  z  a 
n 0

sin z 1  z3 z5  z2 z 4
Example: f  z   z  z  z  3!  5!  ..........   1  3!  5!  .....
 
Since, there is no negative term in the laurent series expansion of f (z) about z = 0, hence z = 0 is a removable
singularity of f (z).

(2) Non-essential singularity or Pole:

If the principal part of the Laurrent series expansion of f (z) about z = a contains finite number of terms, say m,
i.e. b n  0 for all n  m , then f (z) has a non-essential singularity or a pole of order m at z = a . A pole of
order one is also known as simple pole.
Thus if z = a is pole of order m of function f (z), then f (z) will have the Laurent series expansion of the form
 m
n n
f  z    an  z  z0    bn  z  z0 
n 0 n 1

z
Example: f ( z )  has a simple pole at z = 1 and a pole of order 2 at z = -2.
( z -1)( z  2) 2

(3) Essential singularity:

If the principal part of the Laurrent series expansion of f (z) about z = a, contains infinite number of terms i.e.
b n  0 for infinitely many values of n, then f (z) has an essential singularity at z = a.
1 1 1
Example: f  z   e  1   2  ......
z

z z 2!
Therefore, f (z) has an essential singularity at z = 0.
 1   1 
Example 22: Examine the nature of singularity of the functions: (a) sin   , (b)  z  3 sin  .
 1 z   z2
1  1 1 1
Soln: (a) sin    3
 5
 ............
 1  z  1  z 1  z  .3! 1  z  .5!
so, z = 1 is an isolated essential singular point.
 1   1 1 1 
(b)  z  3 sin     z  3   3
 5
 .........
 z 2  z  2 ( z  2) .3! ( z  2) .5! 
so, z = -2 is an isolated essential singular point.
 166 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
5.6 Residue of a Complex Function

Residue at a pole:
Let, z = a be a pole of order ‘m’ of f (z) and C1 is a circle of radius ‘r’ with center at z = a which does not
contain singularities except z = a, then f(z) is analytic within the annular region r < | z – a | < R can be expanded
into Laurrent series within the annulur region as:

R
r
 
a
c1
f  z   an ( z  a )n   bn ( z  a ) n
n 0 n 1

1
2 i C1
Co-efficient b1 is known as residue of f (z) at z = a i.e. Res. f(z = a) = b1 = f ( z )dz

Methods of finding residues:

CASE 1: Residue at simple pole:

(a) Method 1: Res. f(z = a) = Lt (z  a)f (z)
z a

(z) (a)
(b) Method 2: If f(z) = where (a) = 0 but (a)  0, then Res. f(z = a) =
(z) (a)

CASE 2: Residue at a pole of order ‘n’:

1  d n1 n 
(a) Method 1: Res. f (z = a) =  n1 ( z  a) f ( z) 
(n  1)!  dz z  a
(b) Method 2: First put z + a = t and expand it into series, then Res. f (z = a) = co-efficient of 1/t.

CASE 3: Residue at z =  :

Res. f  z     Lt   zf ( z )
z 

Example 23: Find the singular points of the following function and the corresponding residues:

1  2z z2
(a) f ( z )  (b) f ( z )  2 (c) f ( z )  z 2 e1/ z
z  z  1 z  2  z  a2

Soln: (a) f  z   1  2z
 Poles : z  0, z  1, z  2
z  z  1  z  2 
1  2z 1
Res. f  z  0   Lt  z  0  f  z   Lt 
z 0 z0  z  1 z  2  2
1  2z
Res. f  z  1  Lt  z  1 f  z   Lt 1
z 1 z 1 z  z  2 
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 167

1  2z 3
Res. f  z  2   Lt  z  2  f  z   Lt 
z 2 z 2 z  z  1 2

z2
(b) f  z    Poles : z  ia, z  ia
z 2  a2
 z2  1  z2  1
Res. f  z  ia      ia; Res. f  z  ia       ia
 2 z  z ia 2  2 z  z ia 2

2 1/ z 2  1 1 1 
(c) f  z   z e  z 1   2  3  .......  Poles : z  0
 z z .2! z .3! 
1 1 1
Res. f  z  0   Coefficient of  
z 3! 6

Cauchy’s Residue Theorem:

If f (z) in single-valued and analytic in a simple closed curve ‘C, except at a finite number of singular points
within C, then

 f (z)dz  2i  sum of the residues at poles within 'C '

C

4  3z 3
Example 24: Evaluate the integral:  z  z  1 z  3 dz where z  2
C

4  3z
Soln: f  z    Poles : z  0, z  1, z  3
z  z  1 z  3
But, the given contour is circle centered at the origin and radius 3/2 units.
Therefore, only z = 0 and z = 1 within the contour.
 4 1  5 i
I  2 i  Re s. f  z  0   Re s. f  z  1   2 i    
3 2 3

e2 z  z 2
Example 25: Evaluate the integral:   z  1
C
5
dz where z  2

2z 2
Soln: f  z   e  z5  Poles : z  1 (order 5)
 z  1
1 d 4 2z 2 2e 2 4 ie2
I  2 i  Re s. f  z  1  2 i   e  z   2 i  
4! dz 4  z 1 3 3
Sin z
Example 26: The value of the integral  z6
dz , where C is the circle with centre z = 0 and radius
1 unit C [TIFR 2016]
i i i
(a) i (b) (c) (d) 
120 60 6
 168 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

sin z 1  z3 z 5 z 7 
Soln:   z     ..................
z6 z6  3! 5! 7! 

1 1 11 z 
 5  3    ...........
z z 3! 5! z 7! 

1 1
The residue at the pole z = 0 is coefficient of i.e.
z 5!

Since, the pole at z = 0 lies with in C.

sin z i
  6
dz  2 i  sum of residues  
C
z 60

Correct option is (c)

sin z
Example 27:The value of integral , I   c dz
2z  

with c a is circle z  2, is [JEST 2014]

(a) 0 (b) 2 i (c)  i (d)  i

 
cos  z  
sin z sin z  2  cos t
   
Soln: 2 z       2t (Let z  t)
2 z   2 z   2
 2  2

1  t2 t4 t6  11 t t3 t5
 1     ........    
2t  2! 4! 6!  2 t 2  2! 2  4! 2  6!

1 1
The residue at t = 0 is the coefficient of i.e.
z 2

  1
Therefore, the pole z  lies within the contour c and the residue at z  is
2 2 2

sin z 1
  2 z   dz  2 i sum of residue  2 i  2   i
C

Correct option is (c)

COMPLEX ANALYSIS 169

Definite integrals of trigonometric functions of cosθ and sinθ :

Method:
(i) Consider the contour to be a circle centered at the origin and having radius one unit i.e. |z|=1
dz
(ii) Assume, z  ei  dz  iei d  d 
iz
i  i i  i
(iii) Therefore, cos   e  e  1  z  1  and sin   e  e  1  z  1  .
2 2 z 2i 2i  z
Replacements regarding cos  and sin  is to be done only in the denominator of the given integral.
(iv) The limit will be changed from 0  2 to 
C

(v) Find the singular points and find residues at only those singular points which lies inside the unit circle.
(vi) Finally use the Cauchy residue theorem.

2 d
Example 28: Evaluate the integral:  ; a b0
0 a  b cos 

2
2 d 2 dz / iz 2 dz
Soln:      i (bz 2
0 a  b cos  0  z2  1  0  2 az  b )
a  b 
 2z 
a  a 2  b 2 a  a 2  b 2
The singular points are at  z    & z 
b b
The singular point z   will lie outside the unit circle as a>b>0 while the singular point z   will lie inside the
unit circle which is a simple pole.
2
Res. f  z     lim  z    f  z   lim
 z    2 2
 
b

1
z  ib  z    z    ib     ib 2 a  b
2 2
z 
i a  b2
2

Therefore, by cauchy Residue theorem.

1 2
I  2 i  Residue=2 i  
2 2
i a b a 2  b2
2 d
Example 29: Evaluate the integral 0
5  4 cos 
2 d 1 dz 1 dz dz
5  4 cos  
Soln: 0  .   

C
1 1  iz i C 5 z  2 z  2
5  4.  z  
2
 C  
2 z  1 z  2 
2 2
1 1
f  z   poles are at z   ,  2 (Only z = –½ is within the circle)
 2z  1 z  2 2

 1 1 1 1
Res. f(z = –½) =  z   .  
 2   2 z  1 z  2  z  1 2  z  2  z  1 3
2 2

2i
Hence, the integral =
3
 170 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
2
d
 1  2m cos   m2 ,  m 
2
Example 30: Evaluate the integral 1 [TIFR 2015]
0

2 dz / iz dz
d
Soln:  2 
, m2  1 =   1  1

  2 
0 1  2m cos   m C 1  2m 
 z    m 2 C iz  z  m  z  1   m 2 z 
2 z  
  z  

dz 1 dz 1 dz
     
C 
i z  mz 2  m  m 2 z  C 
i z  m   mz  z  m  i C  z  m 1  mz 

1 1
f  z  has poles of order one at z = m,
 z  m 1  mz  m
Since, m < 1 so z = m will be within the circle z  1

1 1 1 
So, I   2 i  res. f  z  m     2 i  lim  z  m  
i i zm  z  m 1  mz  
1 1 2
  2 i  2

i 1 m 1  m2

2
Example 31: Evaluate the integral 0 ecos  cos  sin   n  d
2  cos  2  cos  i sin  n 
Soln: 0 e cos  sin   n  d = Real part of 0 e e d

dz
 e .z
2 z n
e
cos  isin    in
= Real part of 0 e d = Real part of iz
C
z
1 e
= Real part of i  n 1 dz
C z

ez 1 dn  n 1 e z  1
f z   poles are at z  0 of order n  Res. f  z  0   .  z . n 1  
z n 1 n! dz n  z  z 0 n!

1 1  2
Hence the given integral = real part of  .2i.  
i n!  n!

Evaluation of improper integrals between the limit – to  :

Theorem 1:
If AB is an arc       of a circle z  R and lim z f  z   k  constant  . Then,
z 

lim
R   f  z  dz  i      k
AB
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 171

Theorem 2:
If f(z) is a function of complex variable z which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) f(z) is analytic in the upper half plane except at a finite number of poles.
(ii) f(z) has no poles on the real axis.
y
(iii) z f  z   0 uniformly as z  
CR
So that lim f  z  dz  0
R  C R
x
–R O +R

Theorem 3:
Jordan’s Lemma: If f(z) is a function of complex variable z which satisfies the following conditions.
(i) f(z) is analytic in the upper half plane except at a finite number of poles.
y
(ii) f  z   0 uniformly as z   for 0  arg z   , then
CR
lim  eimz f  z  dz  0
R  CR

where m is a +ve number and CR is the semicircle of radius R. x

–R O +R

Theorem 4:
If AB is an arc 1     2  of a circle z  a  r and zLt
a
 z  a  f  z   k , then
lim
r 0  f  z  dz  i 
AB
2  1  k

Short Method
Case 1:

If f  x  contains only polynomial terms, then we will take f  z  same as given as f  x  . Then find the
singular points of f  z  and check which points lie in the upper half plane.
(A) If the singular points does not lie on the real axis, then
 

 f  z  dz   f  x  dx  2 i  Res. at all poles within C

 
  lim z f  z   i
 z  
y

CR

x
–R R
(B) If the singular point lie on the real axis, then
 

 f  z  dz   f  x  dx   i   Res. at all poles within C  lim z f  z   i

 
 z  
y

CR
Cr Cr
x
–R singular singular R
point point
 172 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Case 2:
If f  x  contains cosines and sine functions along with polynomial functions then f  x  can be treated as a
real or imaginary part of f  z  . Then find the singular points of f  z  and check which points lie in the
upper half plane.
(A) If the singular points does not lie on the real axis, then

f  z
 f  z  dz  2 i Res. at all poles within C if as z   , e  0 and

imz

 

 f  x  dx  Real part or imaginary part of  f  z  dz

 
y

CR

x
–R R

(B) If the singular points lie on the real axis, then


f z
 f  z  dz   i  Res. at all poles within C if as z  , e  0 and

imz

 

 f  x  dx  Real part or imaginary part of  f  z  dz

 

CR
Cr Cr
x
–R singular singular R
point point


dx
Example 32: Calculate the following integral  1 x

2

1
Soln: f  x 
1  x2
1
f  z  has poles at z   i (Poles are not on real axis)
1 z2
In this case we will take a contour ‘C’ consisting of
y
(i) A semicircle CR : z  R in the upper half of complex plane.
(ii) Real axis from –R to +R CR
z= i
 f  z  dz  2 i [ sum of residues at the poles] –R O +R
x

R z= –i
  f  z  dz   f  x  dx  2 i  residue at z  i 
CR R
... (i)
COMPLEX ANALYSIS 173

1 1
Residue of f  z  at z  i  lim  z  i 2

z  i 1 z 2i
Taking the limit R   in the equation (i), we get

1 1 1
 lim  2
dz   2
dx  2 i     ... (ii)
R 
CR
1 z 
1 x  2i 
z 1/z
CR is an arc 0     of a circle z  R and lim z f  z   lim 2
 lim 2 0
z  z  1 z z  1/z  1

Thus, Rlim
  f  z  dz  i   0  0   0
CR


1
Therefore, from equation (ii)  1 x 2
dx  


Short Method:
 
dx dz 1
 1  x2   1  z 2  2 i  Res. f  z  i   lim  zf  z   i  2 i    
z  
 2i 

 dx 
Example 33: Apply calculus of residues to show that  x 
0 2
 1 x  9  24
2

 dx 1  dx
Soln: I    
0
 x  1 x  9 2   x  1 x 2  9 
2 2 2

y
1
Let f  z   CR
z 2
 1 z  9 
2 z =3i
z=i
x
–R O +R
The singular points of f(z) are z = –i
z = –3i
z 2
 1 z 2  9   0  z  i, i,3i, 3i
The only poles lying within the contour (upper half plane) are at z   i and +3i
 
 f  z  dz   f  x  dx  2i  Res. at  z  i   Res. at  z  3i    lim  zf  z  i
  z 

z z
Here, lim zf  z   lim 2  lim 0
z 0
  2
z 0 z  1 z  9
 z 0 z 4 1  12  1  92 
 z  z 

dx   1 1    dx 
Therefore,  x 2  1 x 2  9  2 i 16i  48i   12   x 
 1 x  9  24
   0 2 2
 174 COMPLEX ANALYSIS

 cos xdx   a
Example 34: Prove  x
 2
 e
 a2  a
;a0

eiz
Soln: Let f  z   ; For singuarities, z 2  a 2  0  z  ia .
z a 
2 2

The only pole which lies in the upper half of the circle is at z = ia.

Therefore, Residue at z = ia= lim

 z  ia  eiz  ea
z ia  z  ia  z  ai  2ia
Now by cauchy residue theorem.
R
 f  z  dz   f  x  dx  2 i  sum of the residues at the poles  ... (1)
CR R

Now in the limit of R   , equation (2) becomes


Lim  f  z  dz   f  x  dx  2 i  sum of the residues at the poles  ... (2)
R  CR 

1
As z   , 
z  a2
2

eiz
Therefore, By Jordan’s lemma Rlim dz  0
 CR
 z2  a2 
Therefore, equation (2) gives
 e a  eix dx   a   cos x  i sin x    e a
  f  x  dx  2 i    x 2  a 2  a e  
 2ia 
x 2
 a2  a

 cos x  a
  x
0 2
a 2
dx 
2a
e

Evaluation of some improper integrals in which the pole lies on the real axis:

 sin m x 
Example 35: Prove  dx  ;m  0
 x 2
eimz
Soln: Let f  z   . The singularity is at z=0 which is at real axis. No pole will be inside the semicircle. Now
z
taking the integral counter clockwise and using the cauchy integral theorem, we get
Y

CR

Cr

–r +r X
–R +R

According to Cauchy Residue theorem, we get

r R
C f  z  dz   f  x  dx   f  z  dz   f  x  dx  0  Since there is no pole inside the contour 
R R Cr r

Taking the limit R   and r  0 , we get