48 Consider a two-port network, and let Z:!!, 22), Z\!!, 22 be the input impedance seen when port 2 is short-circuited, when port 1 is short-circuited, when port 2 is open-circuited, and when port 1 is ‘open-circuited, respectively. Show that the impedance matrix elements are given by ( 49. A two-port network is driven at both ports such that the port voltages and currents have the following values (Zo = 50.2): Zn = 2. ah ze ¥; = 2020 1, = 04.90) Ve= 42-90" fy = 0.0820" Determine the input impedance seen at each port, and find the incident and reflected voltages at each port, 410 Derive the scattering matrix for each of the lossless transmission lines shown below, relative to a system impedance of Zi. Verify that each matrix is unitary. —————= —— —— —— —— es Port Port Port Port 1 6 21 ps 2 ———_, —S— AL Consider two two-port networks with individual scattering matrices, (S*) and (S). Show that the overall 52, parameter of the cascade of these networks is given by 4.12 Consider a lossless two-port network. (a) If the network is reciprocal, show that |S=)|? = 1 — |Si)/° (b) If the network is nonreciprocal, show that it is impossible to have unidirectional transmission, where S\; =O and S$, #0. 4.13 Show that itis impossible to construct a three-port network that is lossless, reciprocal, and matched at all ports. Is it possible to construct a nonreciprocal three-port network that is lossless and matched at all ports? 414 Prove the following decoupling theorem: For any lossless reciprocal three-port network, one port (say port 3) can be terminated in a reactance so that the other two ports (say ports 1 and 2) are decoupled {no pawer flow from port I to port 2, of from port 2 to port 1). 4.15 A certain three-port network is lossless and reciprocal, and has $\s = Ss and S,) = Ses. Show that ‘if port 2 is terminated with a matched load, then port 1 can be matched by placing an appropriate reactance at port 3, AIGA four-port network has the scattering matrix shown below. (a) Is this network lossless? (b) Is this network reciprocal? (c) What is the return loss at port | when all other ports are terminated with matched loads? (d) What is the insertion Joss and phase delay between ports 2 and 4, when all other ports are terminated with matched loads?Chapter 4: Microwave Network Analysis (©) What is the reflection coefficient seen at port 1 if a short circuit is placed at the terminal port 3, and all other ports are terminated with matched loads? 0.190" 0.8/=45' 0.3.-45 084s 0 03-45 0 0 0.445 062-45" I= 4.17 A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown below. If ports 3 and 4 are c lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length of 60°, find the resulting and phase delay between ports | and 2. 03 0 0 080 wna] 7M oa—as 0 - 0 0.72=45° 0,72=30 0 oso 0 0 0.3230 4.18 Consider’ two-port network consisting of a junction of two transmission lines with e impedances 2, and Zax, as shown below. Find the generalized scattering parameters of this ‘Tenninal plane fr both ports 4.19. The scattering parameters of a certain two-port network were meastred to be Sy =03+/07, Si=Sy= 06, — S2=03-j0.. Find the equivalent impedance parameters for this network, if the characteristic impedance is 4.20 When normalized to a single characteristic impedance Zy, a certain two-port network has seat Parameters 5. Find the generalized scattering parameters, 5;,. when the characteristic imped at ports 1 and 2 are changed to Zo and Zn, respectively. 4.21. Find the impedance parameters ofa section of transmission line with length £, characteristic impes Zs, aad propagation constant A. 4.22, The ABCD parameters of the first entry in Table 4.1 were derived in Example 4.6. Verify the parameters for the second, third, and fourth entties. 4.23 Derive expressions that give the impedance parameters in terms of the ABCD parameters. 424 Use ABCD matrices to find the voltage Vi, across the load resistor in the circuit shown below, son 1:2 +992 —+ a 4.25 Find the ABCD matrix for the following circuit by direct calculation using the definition of the A matrix, and compare with the ABCD matrix of the appropriate cascade of canonical circuits Table 4.1Answers to Selected Problems 1.4 (a) n = 236 Q, (b) vp = 1.88 x 108 m/sec, (€) Ap = 114° 1.10 (b) r= 0.017 mm 1.11 (a) P, = 46.0 Wim?, P, = 0.595 W/m?, (b) 45.6 W/m? 2.4 GHz, (b) 2 = 0.0782 m, (c) ¢, = 2.55, @) I = 1.2¢-80.3z 2.6 a = 0.38 dB/m 28 Zq = 203, - j522 66.7 2.0r 150.02 147 cm, € = 3.324 em 19.0 = j20.6 2, Ty = 0.62/83° 1W .250 W, Pyy = 0.010 W, Progs = 0.240 W 24.5 + j20.3 &, loin = 0.325 2, bray = 0.075 2 99 — j46.2 2.30 P, = 0.600 W, Poss = 0.0631 W, P, = 0.1706 W 34 oy; 6.71 dBén 10.3 cm 3.8 fe = 5.06 GHz 3.13 f.(TE\,) = 7.245 GHz, f:( TE) = 15.080 GHz 3.15 ka = 3.12 327 vp =2.37 x 108 m/sec, vg = 1.83 x 10% m/sec 49 Vit = 14.1245", Vj = 14.12—45", 2 = 50/—90° 4.16 (d) IL = 8.0 dB, delay = 60°, (e) F = 0.19290° 4.17 IL =6.7 dB, delay = 105° 4.19 Zy = Zh =2.24-+ j52.2Q, Zio = Za = j44.82 424 Vy, = 12-90" 4.31 A = 0.082. cm 5.1 (a) b = 0.107, x = 1.78 or b = -0.747, x = -1.78 5.3 d =0.2276X, ¢ = 0.37762 or d = 0.40592, £ = 0.12244 5.6 d =0.2917A, £ = 0.3642 ord = 0.45834, 5.9 €; = 0.0862, £2 = 0.198%, or € = 0.6.100) can be redone | dv, (6.08 n the conjugate ‘pression or (6.102) c presents the toll 1 for the unpertural (6.108) oF decreas, ind or decreases the Wf A RECTANGULAR CAVITY , ter of the top wall OE node ure 6.24. Tt tties press in reson ten as the top wall REFERENCESiy 2 BI 1 {5} @ (8) (91 10} ty 12) 3) (14) 115) (16) 07) mM Problems 365 For a coupler with infinite directivity this reduces to the desired result of (P|. Otherwise a ‘measurement uncertainty of approximately +1/D is introduced. Good accuracy thus requires a coupler with high directivity, preferably greater than 40 dB. . Foundations for Microwave Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, NY., 1992. FE. Gardiol, Introduction to Microwaves, Astech House, Dedham, Mass,, 1984. E. Wilkinson, “An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider," IRE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-S, pp. 116-118, January 1960. J. Reed and G. J. Wheeler, “A Method of Analysis of Symmetrical Four-Port Networks,” JRE Trans. ‘on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-4, pp. 246-252, October 1956, C.G, Montgomery, R.H. Dicke, and E. M. Purcell, Principles of Microwave Circuits, MIT Radiation ‘Laboratory Series, vol. 8, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1948. H. Howe, Stripline Circuit Design, Artech House, Dedham, Mass., 1974. K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, and I. J. Bahl, Microstrip Lines and Slot Lines, Artech House, Dedham, Mass., 1979. 1L, Young, “The Analytical Equivalence of the TEM-Mode Directional Couplers and Transmission- Line Stepped Impedance Filters," Proc. IEEE, vol. 110, pp. 275-281, February 1963, J. Lange, “Interdigitated Stripline Quadrature Hybrid,” /EEE Truns. Microwave Theory and Tech- niques, vol. MTT-17, pp. 1150-1151, December 1969. R. Waugh and D. LaCombe, “Unfolding the Lange Coupler.” EEE Trans, Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-20, pp. 777-779, November 1972. W. P. Ou, “Design Equations for an Interdigitated Directional Coupler,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-23, pp. 253-255, February 1973. D. Paolino, “Design More Accurate Interdigitated Couplers.” Microwaves, vol. 15, pp. 34-38, May 1976, J. Hughes and K. Wilson, “High Power Multiple IMPATT Amplifiers,” Proc. European Microwave Conference, pp. 118-122, 1974. R-H. DuHamel and M. E, Armstrong, “The Tapered-Line Magic-T." Abstracts of 15th Annual Sym- osium of the USAF Antenna Research and Development Program, Monticello, Il., October 12-14, 1965. T.N. Anderson, “Directional Coupler Design Nomograms,” Microwave Journal, vol, 2, pp. 34-38, May 1959. D. W. Kammler, “The Design of Discrete N-Section and Continuously Tapered Symmetrical Microwave TEM Directional Couplers,” EEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-17, pp. 577-590, August 1969, PROBLEMS ‘Consider the T-junction of three lines with characteristic impedances Z). Zs, and Z;, as shown below. Demonstrate that itis impossible for all three lines to be matched, when looking toward the junction,366 Chapter 7: Power Dividers and Directional Couplers 7.2 A directional coupler has the scattering matrix given below, Find the directivity, coupling, i ‘and return loss at the input port when the other ports are terminated in matched loads 0.960 0.1.90 0.05/90 0.05230 0.05/90 0.1.90 0,08:90 0.04230 0,960 0.0520 0.1290 0.96.0 0.05230. 73 Two identical 99° couplers with C = 8.34 dB are connected 1s shown below. Find the resulting and amplitudes at ports 2’ and 3', relative to port 1. ee ee & oOo ® 74 A2W power source is connected to the input of a directional coupler with C = 20 4B, D = ‘and an insertion loss of 0.7 dB. Find the output powers (in dBm) atthe through, coupled, and ports. Assume all ports to be matched. 7-5. Design a lossless T-junction divider with a 30 source impedance to give a 3:1 power split. ‘quarter-wave matching transformers to convert the impedances of the output lines to 30 2. the magnitude of the § parameters for this circuit, using a 30 8 characteristic impedance 7.6 Consider the T and 2 tesistive attenuator circuits shown below. If the input and output are to Zo, and the ratio of output voltage to input voltage is a, derive the design equations for Ry for each circuit. If Z = 50, compute Rj and Rp for 3 dB, 10 4B, and 20 dB attenuators: type. 7.7 Design a three-port resistive divider for an equal power split and a 100.2 system impedance. 3 is matched, calculate the change in output power at port 3 (in dB) when port is co ‘a matched load, and then to a load having a mismatch of = 0.3.Answers to Selected Problems 691. 5.14 error = 4% 5.17 Zy = 1.1067Zp, Z2 = 1.3554Zo 5.22 Zy = 1.095Zo, Z2 = 1.36320 5.25 RL <6.4dB 6.1 fo = 355.9 MHz, Q = 17.9. Q, = 12.4 65 9 =138 69 fio) = 4.802 GHz, Qjor = 7.251 6.14 a = 2.107 em, d = 2.479 cm, Q = 1,692 618. fo = 7.11 GHz 93.8 GHz, Q. = 92,500 = 6dB, I = 26dB 632mm -j0.707 A/Ay=UBV 66, C = 0.685, L = 1.822 ‘Ls =2.28 nH, Cp = Cy = 4.18 pF, Ls = 1.75 0 8.11 attenuation = 11dB 17 Be = Bls = 29.3°, Bl = Bly = 29.4", Bly = 43.7° 8.19 attenuation = 30 dB 823. N=3 9.12 (a) Hy = 2204 Oe, (b) Hy = 2857 Oe 9.15 B¢ = 180° 9.17 L=44.5cm 9.18 L=9.2em 10.1 F =5.0dB 10.5 DR; =75 4B 4B, (b) F = 1.76 dB, (¢) F =3dB 86.7 dB, DR, = 60.5 dB 10.15 ratio= 6 dB 10.16 P; = 20.8dBm 10.19 ON: IL = 0.044 dB, OFF: IL = 18.6 4B 111 (b) Ga =0.5, Gr = 0.444, G = 0.457 113 Cy = 2.56/28", Ry, = 1.37, K = 1.35 11.11 -0.47 dB < Gr —Gry <0.54B 1119 Nope = 6-33 123 Quin =3.8 124 L=9.4mH, Q = 20,000, 0.25% 12.10 (a) £=—181 dBe/Hz, (b) £ 153 dBe/Hz SS eT