Biology
Biology
Biology
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TOPICS HIGHLIGHTED
7. Respiration………………………………………………………………………………..34
9. Ecology…………………………………………………………………………………..45
12. Genetics…………………………………………………………………………………68
13. Evolution…………………………………………………………………………………75
1. Classification I &II
1. Name two classes of phylum arthropoda with cephalothorax.
2. List any three distinguishing features of class mammalia.
3. Give two characteristics that distinguish scientific names of organisms from the ordinary
names
4. (a) In which kingdom do bacteria belong?
(b) Give any two benefits of bacteria to man
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5. Name the phylum whose members possess notochord
6. The diagram below represents a bread mould:-
Sporangum
Developing Stolon
sporangium
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(ii) Identify the genus and species names
14. List three features that distinguish arthropods from other organisms
If the student counted 20 cells across the diameter of this field of view, calculate the size of one
cell in micrometers.
4. State the functions of the following cell organelles: (a) Nucleolus.
(b) Plasma membrane
5. What is the of nucleus of a cell made up of?
6. (a) In a laboratory exercise a student observing a drop of pond water under a microscope saw
and drew a spirogyra. If the magnification of the eye-piece was x5 and that of the objective
lens was x100, what was the magnification of the spirogyra?
(b) If the spirogyra has a length of 5cm at the above magnification, calculate the actual length
in micrometers
7. (a) Identify the organelle shown below:-
(b) How is the organelle you have identified in (a) above suited to its function
8. Identify the structures of the cells that perform the following functions:-
(a) Synthesize ribosomes
(c)Regulate exchange of substances in and out of the nucleus
9. (a) State the roles of enzyme catalase in living cells
(b) Which factor inactivates enzyme?
10. The figure below represents a certain cell organelle:-
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A
18. State two characteristics of the kingdom monera which are prokaryotes
19. The diagram below represents a cell
32. The figure below represents an electron micrograph of an organelle that is found in many
cells;
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(a) Identify the organelle
(b) State the function of the organelle
(c) What is the importance of infoldings in the inner membrane.
(d) Give two examples of tissues where you would expect many such organelles in animal body.
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reweighed.
a) Account for the shape of the cell at the end of the experiment.
b) Draw a diagram to illustrate how a plant cell would appear if subjected to the same treatment
7. The diagram below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are placed in different
solution:
Solution X
Solution Y
(a) What name is given to the process that occurs when the cell is placed in solution Y?
(b) Describe the process that would occur in a plant cell when placed in a similar solution as that
of solution X
8. The figure below shows the results obtained when red blood cells are put in different solutions:-
Placed in Placed in
solution solution
B A
(a) What is the name given to the process that occurs when the cell is put into solution B?
(b) Compare the results obtained when the cell is put in solution B to the results that would be
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obtained if a plant cell was put in the same solution
9. Briefly state two adaptation for each of the following cells to their functions
(i) Spermatozoon
(ii) Palisade mesophlly cell
10. The diagram below represents a cell at a certain stage in meiotic cell division
14. The diagram below illustrates the behaviour of red blood cells when placed into two different
solutions X and Y.
Placed in Placed in
solution solution
X Y
Process A Process B
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15. Name two plant processes in which diffusion plays an important role
16. Two fresh potato cylinders of equal length were placed one in distilled water and the other in
concentrated sucrose solution:
(a) Account for the change in length of the cylinder in:
(i) Distilled water
(ii) Sucrose solution
(b) (i) What would be the result in terms of length if a boiled potato was used?
(ii) Explain your answer in(b)(i) Above
(c) State two uses of the physiological process being demonstrated in the experiment
17. The two cells shown below are obtained from two different potato cylinders which were
immersed in tow different solutions P and Q.
Leafy Shoot
Oil
Beaker
Water
(a) What process was being investigated?
(b) Give the role of the oil layer in this experiment
(c) (i) What observation did the students make after leaving the set-up in bright sunlight for
two hours?
(ii) Explain the observation in (c)(i) above
(d) What effect will the following have on the observation made?:-
(i) Fanning the shoot
(ii) Removing all the leaves from the shoot
(iii) Placing the set-up in the dark
(e) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment
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19. Study the following food web and answer questions that follow:
PLANTS
Caterpillars
Aphids slugs
mice
Insectivorous
birds Beetles
frogs
Snakes
Hawks
(a) (i) Name the organisms that occupy the second trophic level
(ii) What is the other name for the second trophic level
(b) Write down two food chains from the food web that:
(i) End with hawks as tertiary consumer
(ii) End with hawks as quaternary consumer
(c) Giving reasons state;
(i) the organism with largest biomass
(ii) the organism with least biomass
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6. The diagram below shows chemical reactions A and B which are controlled by enzymes x and y
respectively. Glucose + Fructose
Reaction A in presence
Reaction B in of enzyme x
presence of enzyme y
Sucrose + Water
(b) Briefly state how the movement of food boles from position 1 to position 2 is achieved
(c) Name one component of a persons diet that assists in the movement of food described in
(b) above
13. State two adaptations of herbivores which enable them to digest cellulose
14. State two factors that affect the rate of osmosis
15. A certain organ K was surgically removed from a rat, later drastic increase in glucose level in the
blood was reported but when substance Q was injected into the animal the whole process was
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reversed.
Identify: (i) Organ K
(ii) Substance Q
16. a) Name the component of a persons diet that is essential for peristalisis
b) Give two groups of food which are reabsorbed along the mammalion digestive system
without undergoing digestion
17. State three roles of light in photosynthesis
18. State two ways in which the guard cells differ their adjacent epidermal cells
19. One of the components of bile is a chemical left over from destruction of red blood cells
i) Identify the chemical substance
ii) What is the role of bile in digestion
20. (a) What is peristalsis?
(b) Explain how the process above is brought about.
21. The following reaction may occur in a forward and backward direction.
Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide Glucose + Oxygen + Energy
(a) Name the organelle where the reaction occurs in:
(i) Forward direction
(ii) Backward direction
(b) Give one difference and one similarity for the two organelles named in (a) above
22. A solution of sugar cane was boiled with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate was
added to the solution, which was then boiled with benedicts solution. An orange precipitate was
formed.
(a) Why was the solution boiled with hydrochloric acid and then sodium hydrogen carbonate
added in it
(b) To which class of carbohydrates does sugar cane belong?
(c) State the form in which carbohydrates are:
(i) Transported in animals
(ii) Transported in plants
23. The diagram below is of a certain type of neurons
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i) Name the part labeled Y
ii) State the function of the part labeled X
25. a) State the role of emulsification in the digestion of fats in the alimentary canal
b) What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the alimentary canal
26. Briefly explain the effect of poisoning the roots hair on the uptake of nitrate by plants
27. Briefly explain the symbiotic relationship in the root nodule of a leguminous plant
28. Explain how saliva is important in digestion
29. What is the fate of excess glucose in plants?
30. State two ways in which guard cells differ from other epidermal cells
31. Briefly explain the fate of the following products from the light stage of the process of
Photosynthesis: (a) Oxygen
(b) Hydrogen
(c) ATP
32. In an experiment to investigate on aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set-up as
shown in the diagram below;
The test tubes were left in the bath for 30minutes.The content of each test tube was then tested for
starch using iodine solution:-
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?
(b) What results were expected in test-tube A and B
(c) Account of the results you have given in (b) above in test tube A and B
33. Below is a process that takes place along the mammalian digestive system:
A
(a) Name the processes represented by A and B
(b) Name part of the alimentary
Lipids canal where the process B takes
Fatty acids place
+ glycerol
34. The diagram below represents a cell organelle
B
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(i) Name the part labeled y
(ii) State the function of the part labeled X
The test tubes were left in the water bath for 30 minutes. The content of each tube was then tested
for starch using iodine solution.
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?
(b) Explain the expected in the tube.
39. (a) Name the specific part of the chloroplast where the following processes occur.
(i) Carbon IV oxide fixation
(ii) Photolysis
(b) State one way in which the dark reactions of photosynthesis depends on light reaction.
40. The concentration of carbon IV oxide in a tropical forest was measured during the course of 24
hour period from mid-night. The graph below shows the results obtained.
concentration
oxide
Carbon (IV)
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Account for the results obtained at: (i) Midnight.
(ii) At 12.00 noon.
41. State three ways by which the rate of enzyme controlled reactions can be increased.
42. Study the dental formula given below:
I 0; C 0 ; PM 3; M 2
4 0 3 3
(a) Identify with reasons the mode of feeding of the animals whose dental formula is
given above
(b) Calculate the total number of teeth in the mouth of the above animal
43. Explain why small mammals such as moles feed more frequently than larger ones such
as elephants
44. State three ways by which plants compensate for lack of the ability to move from one place
to another
45. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
Leaf
Aluminium foil
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Rate of reaction
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B C
A
X
C
(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, and C
(b) What is the intermediate host of Taenia Solium?
54. The diagram below represents a longitudinal section through the ileum wall
F G
E
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D
Concentration of CO2
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(a) Account for the rate of photosynthesis between D-E
(b) Account for the rate of photosynthesis between F-G
(c) Briefly describe the reactions during the light stage of photosynthesis
56. The diagram below shows the effect of varying light intensity on the exchange of carbon IV
oxide between the leaves of a green plant and the atmosphere.
Co2 Consumed
by plant
Light Intensity
Co2 released
by plant
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(a) Give two ways in which leaves are adapted to absorb light
(b) Name the gases labelled X and Y
(c) Name the tissue that transports water into the leaf and sugars out of the leaf
(d) Explain why it’s an advantage for the plant to store carbohydrates as starch rather than as
sugars
58. (a) What is meant by digestion?
(b) Describe how mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function
59. Form one students from Inungo school arranged their apparatus as shown below, to investigate a
certain phenomenon. The set up was placed in light.
62. Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function.
63. A healthy plant was kept in the dark for 24hours following which two of its leaves were enclosed
in glass flasks as shown below. The set up was the exposed to sunlight for a number of hours.
(a) Why was it necessary to keep the plant in the dark for 24 hours?
(b) Give the function of each of the following in the experiment
(i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) Sodium hydrogen corbonate
(c) Explain the expected results in leaf.
(i) M when tested for starch
(ii) N when tested for starch?
(d) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment
64. The diagram below shows an experiment that was carried out to measure how fast a were
plant such as Elodea photosynthesizes
The shoot was exposed to different light intensities and the rate of photosynthesis estimated
by counting the number of bubbles of gas leaving the shoot in a given time. the results are
given below;
Number of bubbles per minute 7 14 20 24 26 27 27 27
Light intensity (Arbitrary units) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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a) Plot these data on apiece of graph paper provided
b) At what light intensity did the shoot produce ;
i) 18 bubbles per minute
ii) 25 bubbles per minute
c) Give two better ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis than counting bubbles
d) What is the role of light intensity in photosynthesis
e) Account for the expected results of doing this experience at the following temperature;
i) 4ºC
ii) 34ºC
iii) 60ºC
f) Other than light intensity and temperature, name other factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis
65. In an experiment, a leaf from a plant which had been kept in the dark overnight was boiled in
water for a minute. It was then boiled in alcohol and washed in warm water. Iodine solution was
then added onto the leaf:
(a) Why was the loaf boiled in;- (i) Water
(ii) alcohol
(b) (i) What observation was made on the leaf after adding iodine solution
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) above
(c) What was the aim of the experiment
(d) Why was it necessary to wash the leaf in warm water
(e) What is a variegated leaf?
(f) Write a word equation for the process of photosynthesis
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(a) Name the part of the skeleton from which the bone has been taken.
(b) Label the parts B and C.
(c) State the functions of part A.
9. What is the destination of materials translocated in plants.
10. A person whose blood group is AB requires a blood transfusion, name the blood groups of the
donors.
11. Explain why capillaries are: (i) Thin walled
(ii) Branched
12. An experiment was set-up as shown below to investigate a certain plant process:
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Urea 1.2%
a) From the analysis above, which disease is the patient suffering from
b) Name two symptoms of the disease in 3(a) above
23. The diagrams below show two conducting elements of the xylem tissue
A
Ileum
C
(a) Identify the blood vessels labeled A and B
(b) Explain why it is important to transport food substances to organ C before being released
for circulation to the rest of the body
28. Name four methods plants employ to remove excretory waste products
29. a) State the form in which oxygen is transported in the mammalian blood
b) Why is it dangerous to sleep in an enclosed room with a burning jiko
c) Why do plants not take in oxygen during the day although they need it for respiration
30. Name a disease of blood characterized by excessive – production of white blood cells
31. The table below is a representation of a chromosomal mutation
Before mutation L M N O P Q
After mutation L O N M P Q
(a) Name the type of chromosomal mutation represented above
(b) Name one mutagenic agent
32. The diagram shows a section through a plant organ.
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33.
34.
35.
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(a) (i) Name the class of the plant from which the section was obtained belong.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i) above
(b) How is the part labelled C adapted to its functions?
State two roles of transpiration to a plant
Uptake of water by plants is not affected by metabolic poisons. Explain.
Food
Nucleus A
(a) Name the part labeled A.
(b) Name the process illustrated in the diagram above.
(d) Name the type of cell in human beings that exhibit this process.
39. (a) Why are xylem vessels more efficient in the transport of water than tracheids?
(b) What is the significance of xylem vessels being dead?
40. Distinguish between guttation and transpiration
41. Other than transport, state one other function of xylem tissue in plants
42. State two functions of aerenchyma tissue in plants
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43. (a) What is sickle-cell anaemia?
(b) Identify the part of the heart that initiates the heart beat
44. (a) Give a reason why the left ventricle muscles are thicker than the right ventricles muscles
(b) State the forms in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in the blood
45. Explain how the following adaptation reduce transpiration in xerophytes
(a) Sunken stomata
(b) Thick waxy cuticle
46. Name the: (a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue
(b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed
47. The diagram below shows the traverse section of a young stem.
B
C
D
E
(a) What are the functions of the structures labeled A, B and C
(b) What type of cells are fonjd in the parts labeleld D
(c) Name the tissue labeled E
48. Name the components of blood that do not enter the renal tubule in mammals
49 Outline the route taken by a molecule of glucose from the ileum up to the kidney.
50. The flow chart below shows a blood transfusion pathway
A
O AB
B
(a) What three conclusions can you draw from the flow chart?
(b) State two precautions that must be observed during blood transfusion
(c) Explain how blood clot is formed once a blood vessels is injured
51. The figure below represents a diagram of a photometer;
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(c) Explain what you will expect if set up was placed under the following environmental
conditions;
(i) Dark room
(ii) Leafy shoot enclosed in polythene bag
(iii) In a current of air created by a fan
52. The amount of blood flow through various parts of the body of a mammal was measured in
cm3 per minute at rest and during different physical activities. Results are shown below.
Blood flow in cm3/min
At rest During light Exercise During strenuous Exercise
Heart muscles 200 300 1050
Gut 1300 1000 400
Skeletal muscles 1100 5050 23000
Kidneys 900 650 250
Skin 400 1300 600
a) Calculate the percentage change in blood flow through the skeletal muscles and gut when the
mammal was exposed to strenuous exercise.
i) Skeletal muscles
ii) Gut
b) Account for the differences in amount of blood flow through the gut and skeletal muscles;
i) At rest
ii) During streneous exercise
c) Account for the result obtained for the skin during light exercise
d) Name two substances which are removed from the body by the kidney
53. The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem.
16. Most carbon (IV) oxide is transported form tissues to the lungs within the red blood cells and
not in the blood plasma. Give two advantages of this mode of transport
17. Give a reason why halophytes have pneumatophores
18. Give two characteristics of respiratory surfaces in animals
19. Give a reason for each of the following on mammalian Red blood cells
(a) Absence of the nucleus
(b) Biconcave shape
20. State two ways in which bodies of people living in high altitude areas respond to low oxygen
concentration.
21. Explain what would happen to a mammalian Red blood cell 30 minutes alter being placed in
distilled water.
22. (a) State two ways in which the surface area of the fish filaments is increased for efficient gaseous
exchange.
(b) What is the importance of counter flow system in the filaments of a fish.
23. The apparatus below illustrates breathing in mammal.
Capillary
Rubber Rubber Plunger
tube Syringe
balloon plug case
Describe what happens if the rubber plug is pulled in the direction shown by the arrow.
24. Describe the path taken by oxygen gas from atmosphere to the tissues of an insect.
25. Why should respiratory surfaces be: (i) Moist
(ii) Thin
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26. The set up below represents an experiment to investigate the process of photosynthesis.
The set up placed in sunlight for six hours.
(a) Why was sodium hydrogen carbonate added to water in this experiment?
(b) Explain why the number of bubbles reduced by evening
(c) Explain why the water was used in this experiment
(d) Explain why the water was used in this experiment
27. (a) State two adaptations of red blood cell to its functions
(b) Name two ways in which carbon (IV) Oxide is transported in mammalian blood
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28. The diagram below represents an organ from a bony fish. Study the diagram and answer the
questions that follow:
A
B
DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PULSES PER 72 78 89 92 92 90 86 80 77 74 72 72
MINUTE
a)
Other than pulse rate, name one other process which was affected by change of altitude
b) Account for the change in pulse rate from:- i) Day 1 to day 7
ii) Day 8 to day 12
c) Explain the advantage this athlete has over the one who trains in a lower altitude area
d) The equation below represents a reaction which takes place during rapid muscular movements
in humans.
Glucose Lactic acid + 150KJ
i) State two effects of this reaction to an individual
ii) How is lactic acid finally eliminated from the muscle tissues of the human after the muscle
33. a) State any two structures used for gaseous exchange in plants.
b) Name any two sites where gaseous exchange takes place in a leaf of a terrestrial plant.
c) State any two types of leaves and their respective functions.
d) Briefly describe how stoma opens.
34. The diagram below represents a section of the human respiratory system:
(a) One can inhale through path A, or B. Giving reasons, state the more appropriate path.
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(b) How is the part labbelled C adapted for its function?
(c) Explain the effect of regular tobacco smoking to the functioning on the organ labelled D
35. (a) How is the structure of mammalian gaseous exchange system adapted to its functions
(b) Describe the mechanism of opening and closing of the stomata using the photosynthetic
theory
36. (a) Describe the mechanism of inhalation in man.
(b) Using photosynthetic theory explain the mechanism of opening of stomata.
37. In an experiment to investigate a certain processes in a given plant species, the rate of carbon (IV)
oxide consumed and released were measured over a period of time of the day. The results of the
investigation are shown in the table below:
Time of the day (hours) 6 8 10 1 1 16 18 20 2 24
2 4 2
Carbon (IV) oxide 1 4 69 9 9 50 18 0 0 0
3
consumed in mm /min 0 3 1 1
Carbon (IV) oxide 3 2 10 3 3 6 31 48 4 48
3
released in mm /min 8 2 8
b) Name the biochemical processes represented by;
(i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption
(ii) carbon (IV)oxide release
(c) Account for the shape of the curve for carbon (IV) oxide consumption between;
(i) 6-16 hours
(ii) 20-24 hours
(d) Account for carbon (IV) oxide released between 12-16 hours
(e) (i) What is compensation point?
(ii) From the graph state the time of the day when the plant attains compensation point
(f) Explain how high temperature above optimum affects the rate of carbon (IV) oxide
consumption in the plant.
7. Respiration
1. (a) Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration
(b) Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants
2. (a) State two phases of aerobic respiration
(b) With a reason, state the phase that yields more energy
3. A process that occurs implants is represented by the equation below:-
C6H16O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
(Glucose) (Ethanol) (Carbon (IV) Oxide)
(a) Name the process
(b) State the economic importance of the process named in (a) above
4. Give a reason why it is difficult to calculate respiratory quotient (RQ) in plants
5. a) Explain what is meant by the term oxygen debt in human beings
b) What are the end products of anaerobic respiration in animals
6. The apparatus below was set up by a student to find out the changes in gases during
germination
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a) After 48 hours the level of water in the U-tube at A and B was as shown. Explain the
observation
b) Calculate the respiration quotient (RQ) from the equation below:-
2C51H98O6+145O2 102 CO2 + 98H2O + Energy
c) Identify the substrate being respired in the above equation
7. One molecule of lipid gives more energy than one molecule of glucose when respired aerobically
but it is NOT always used as a respiratory substrate
a) Give two reasons for this
b) Name two disaccharides which are reducing sugar
8. (a) (i) Where in a cell does glycolysis take place?
(ii) Name the product of the above process
(b) Briefly explain Kreb’s cycle in a plant cell during anaerobic respiration
9. How is the mammalian skin adapted to its protective function?
10. The oxidation state of a certain food is represented below by a chemical equation:-
2 C3H2O2N + 6O2 (NH)2CO2 + 5CO2 +5H2O
a) Calculate the respiratory quotients (RQ) of the food substrate
b) Identify the food substrate
11. Whooping cough is a disease of the respiratory system name the causative agents and give two
symptoms
12. How does the sunkness of stomata help in minimizing the rate of transpiration in plants
13. State two roles of adrenaline in man
14. Explain why a rat, though small eats more frequently than an elephant
15. Active yeast cells were added to dilute sugar solution in a container. The mixture was kept in a
warm room. After a few hours bubbles of a gas were observed escaping from the mixture
(a) Write an equation to represent the chemical reaction above
(b) State two economic importance of this type of chemical reaction in industry?
16. (a) Give two reasons why fats are not the main respiratory substrates in the body of a mammal
and yet they give a lot of energy when oxidized.
17. The equation below summarizes a metabolic process in plants.
Glucose Ethanol + carbon (IV) oxide+ Energy
State two industrial applications of the above equation.
18. (a) Differentiate between respiration and respiratory surface.
(b) Why is an effective respiratory system often associated with a circulatory system.
19. State two reasons why lipids are rarely used as a respiratory substrate compound to
carbohydrates.
20. The equation below shows respiration for a certain food substrate. Study it and answer questions
that follow:
2C51H98O6 + 145O2 102CO2 + 98H2O
(a) Calculate the respiratory Quotient, RQ
(b) Suggest with reasons the possible food substrate
21. The apparatus below was used to investigate anaerobic respiration:-
Oil film
Yeast + 10%
glucose
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Yeast + 10%
glucose solution
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(a) How would you remove dissolved oxygen from the glucose before the experiment
commencing?
(b) State what happens to the lime water as the experiment proceeds to the end
(c) Describe the reactions in the experiment
(d) Explain what would happen if the temperature of glucose solution and yeast was raised
beyond 45oC?
C
Deficiency
Release of hormone A
D Further deficiency
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18. A patient was complaining of thirst most of the times. A sample of the patient’s urine was found
not to contain a lot of sugar but was dilute:-
(a) Name the hormone the person’s body was deficient of
(b) Which gland produces the above hormone
(c) Name the disease that the patient was most likely suffering from
19. State two features in the nephron that facilitate ultra filtration
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20. The table below shows a description of size of glomeruli and renal tubules of two animals
which are adapted to living in different environment:-
Animal A Animal B
Glomeruli large and few small and many
Renal tubules short long
a) Name the likely environment in which animal A lives
b) Suggest the main nitrogenous waste produced by animal B
c) Name the organelle of osmoregulation in each of the following animal: i) Paramecium
ii) Insects
21. What role is played by the liver in excretion?
22. The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in the mammalian liver:
Amino acids Enzymes organic compound + urea
a) Name the process
(b) What is the importance of the process to the mammals?
23. A person was found to pass out large volume of dilute urine frequently. Name the:-
(a) disease the person was suffering from?
(b) hormone that was deficient
24. Explain the effects of the following on the quantity and composition of urine
(a) Drinking large amount of clean water
(b) Drinking very salty soup
(c) Removal of pancreas
25. (a) Distinguish between excretion and egestion
(b) State the importance of excretion in the bodies of living organisms.
26. The diagram below shows simplified structures of kidneys from two different animals.
Animal N Animal M
C
B
(a) Name the parts labeled A, B and D
(b) Name a major substance in glomerular filtrate whose concentration remains the same
between A and C
31. Name the parts of the flower that are responsible for the production of gametes
32. The equation below represents a metabolic process that occurs in a certain organ in the m
mammalian body:-
Ammonia enzymes Organic compound Q + water
Carbon (IV) oxide
a) Name the process represented in the equation.
b) Name the organ in which the process occurs.
c) Why is the process important to the mammal?
d) Identify the organic compound Q.
e) Explain the source of ammonia in the organ named in (b) above.
f) What happens to organic compound Q?
33. Kosgei and Onyancha collided during a football match and each got bruised. Kosgei’s bruise
stopped bleeding after ten minutes while Onyancha’s bruise continued bleeding and he had
to be taken to hospital for treatment.
(a) Explain the process which brought about stoppage of Kosgei’s bleeding
(b) Distinguish between blood clotting and haemagglutination.
(c) Name the disease, that Onyancha could be suffering from.
34. The table below shows the percentage of some substances in the glomerular filtrate and urine
of a certain mammal:-
Substances Contents in glomerular filtrate Contents in
urine
Water 90 90
Sodium ions 0.3 0.35
Chloride ions 0.37 0.60
Glucose 0.1 0.0
Urea 0.03 2.0
Proteins 0.0 0.0
(a) From the above table, account for ; (i) The absence of glucose in urine
(ii) The absence of protein in both glomerular filtrate and urine
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(b) Explain the significance of the flow system in the nephron where the glomerular filtrate
flows in opposite direction to that of blood in the surrounding capillaries
(c) Name the hormone that controls the percentage of water in urine and that which control the
amount of salts
Percentage of water
Amount of salts
(d) List any two diseases /disorders of the kidney
35. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
(a) Draw a graph of blood sugar levels of persons A and B against time on the same axis
(b) Explain each of the following observations;-
(i) Blood sugar level increased in person A between 0 and 1 hour
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(ii) The blood sugar level dropped in person A between 1 and 4 hours
(c) From the graph, what is the normal blood glucose sugar level for human beings
(d) Suggest a reason for the high sugar level in person B
(e) How can the high blood sugar level in person B controlled?
(f) What is the biological significance of maintaining a relatively constant sugar level in a human
being
(g) Account for the decrease in the blood glucose level of person B after 4 hours
37. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of drinking on excess amount of water on
the flow of urine. A person drinks one litre of water and urine was collected at intervals of
15minutes.
The results were as shown below:
Time in 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
minutes
Urine output 1.6 1.6 1.6 5.4 9.0 9.0 7.6 3.0 0.8 0.8
ml/min
(a) Plot a suitable graph to represent urine output with time.
(b) Explain the rate of flow of urine between the following times;
(i) 15 and 60minutes.
(ii) 60 and 75minutes.
(iii) 75 and 135 minutes.
(c) Name two hormones responsible for regulation of relative amount of salts and water in man.
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40.
PROCESS H IN TISSUES
a) Identify substance X
(c) Give the end products of the process labelled H
(d) Give three other functions of the liver
41. The flow diagram below represents blood clotting process
Ca2+
Z X
Fibrinogen Y
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43. The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron
9. Ecology
1. A student wanted to estimate the number of grasshoppers in 5km2 grass field near the school
compound.
Using a sweep net he captured 36 grasshoppers. He used a red felt pen to mark the thorax of each
insect before releasing back into the field. Three days later he made another catch of
grasshoppers. He collected 45 grasshoppers of which only 4 had been marked with red mark.
a) Name the above method used in the population estimation
b) Calculate the population of grasshoppers using the above data
2. What is the significance of the following in the ecosystem?
a) Decomposers
b) Predators
3. Birds feed on grasshoppers that feed on grass.
a) Draw a possible food chain from the above information
b) Explain why the biomass of organisms decreases at each preceding trophic level.
4. Define the following terms:-
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(i) Autecology ;
(ii) Biomass;
5. State two most important factors that favour exponential growth of a population of gazelle
in a park
6. (a) Distinguish between habitat and niche.
(b) Explain why Biomass of producers is greater than that of primary consumers in a balanced
ecosystem.
(c) State two advantages of a biological control method over the chemical control method of
pests and parasites
7. Explain how oil as a pollutant may affect aquatic plants and animals?
8. The diagram below shows part of a food relationship in an ecosystem:-
Fox Dog Lion
Rabbits
Green plants
Microscopic
plant
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12. An investigation was carried out on a terrestrial ecosystem. The population sizes and species
biomass were determined and recorded as shown in the table
SPECIES POPULATION SIZE SPECIES BIOMASS
A 1x103 1x103
B 1x103 1x10-1
5
C 1x10 1x10
D 1x10 1x104
a) If these organisms had a feeding relationship, construct a simple food chain involving all the
organisms
b) Construct pyramid of numbers using the data provided above
c) State one disadvantage of using pyramid of number in expressing feeding relationships in
ecological ecosystem
13. The figure represents a feeding relationship in an ecosystem
Grasshopper
Nitrogen in Air
Nitrogen fixation
Lighting Y
X
Plants
Egestion
Nitrogen fixing Excretion
bacteria in root
Death
nodules
Nitrates in soil
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Hawks 10
(a) Draw three food chains
(b) Draw a pyramid of numbers for a food chain with four trophic levels and indicate the trophic
levels at which each member feeds
(c) State the effect of removing the hunting dogs
(d) Why is it advisable to feed 100kg of grain to man instead of using it to fatten steers then
supply beef to human population?
34. Study the following food web and answer questions that follow:
PLANTS
Caterpillars
Aphids slugs
mice
Insectivorous
birds Beetles
frogs
Hawks Snakes
(a) (i) Name the organisms that occupy the second trophic level
(ii) What is the other name for the second trophic level
(b) Write down two food chains from the food web that:
(i) End with hawks as tertiary consumer
(ii) End with hawks as quaternary consumer
(c) Giving reasons state; (i) the organism with largest biomass
(ii) the organism with least biomass
35. (a) Explain how food as a factor regulates the population of animals in an ecosystem
(b) Describe the flow of energy from the sun through the different trophic levels in an ecosystem
36. (a) Describe how a population of grasshoppers in a given area can be estimated
(b) Describe how the belt transect can be used in estimating the population of a shrub in
a grassland
37. The flow chart below represents a feeding relationship in an ecosystem
Hawk
Water snake
Phyto planktons
(a) Name; (i) The producers in the ecosystem
(ii) Two organisms which are both secondary and tertiary consumers
(b) State two short term effects of immigration of insects in the ecosystem.
(c) Which organism has the least Biomass in the food web. Explain.
(d) State three disadvantages of using synthetic pesticides over Biological control.
(e) State the role of each of the following in an ecosystem;
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(i) Saprophytes
(ii) Leguminous plants
(iii) Explain the role of producers in an ecosystem
(f) Name one method that would be used to estimate the population of small fish in the
ecosystem
38. How are leaves of mesophytes adapted to their functions?
Hook
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B
22.
23.
24.
25.
Magereza
a) Name the parts labeled A, B and D
D
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(i) Name the stage of cell division
(ii) Give a reason for your answer
(b) Name two structures in plants where male and female gametes are produced
36. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects
37. List four differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
38. Give a reason why two species in an ecosystem cannot occupy the same niche
39. State the functions of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle :
(i) oestrogen
(ii) luteinizing hormone (L.H)
(iii) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
40. The diagrams below represent two gynoecia A and B obtained from two different plants.
A
B
(a) Name the stage of all division shown in the diagram above.
(b) Give reasons for your answer.
44. Name the hormone that:
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(a) Stimulate the contraction of uterus during birth.
(b) Stimulate the disintegration of corpus luteum when fertilization fails to take place.
45. State three ways in which seed dormancy benefits a plant
46. (i) State two major structural differences between fruit and a seed
(ii) Why is it advisable to use biological control of pests?
47. State the functions of the following parts in the male reproductive system
(a) Somniferous tubules
(b) Sertoli cells
48. (a) Name the parts of a flower responsible for gamete formation
(b) State one feature of pollen grains from a wind pollinated flower
49. Name the mechanisms that hinder self-fertilization in flowering plants
50. The eggs of birds are relatively much larger than those of mammals. Explain
51. Distinguish between the following terms:
Pollination and fertilization
52. a) Describe the various mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal.
b) Describe the varying events that follow a flower after fertilization.
53. Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their mode of dispersal
54. The diagram below represents some hormones, their sources and functions in a mammal:
Master gland
(II)
(IV) (IV)
Stimulates Spermatogenesis Stimulates development of Stimulates development
secondary sexual characteristics of uterine
Male
Female
(a) Identify the master gland described above
(b) Name hormones (ii), (iii), (v) and (iv)
(c) Explain the consequences of deficiencies of hormone (ii) in man
(d) Other than stimulating the development of uterine wall, suggest one other function
of hormone (vi)
55. Pituitary
The diagram below represents of gland
some hormones, their sources and functions in mammals.
Intestial cell II
stimulating I B
A
hormone
Stimulating
Stimulating growth development of corpus
Stimulating of follicles in ovary
testis luteum
IV
III Oestrogen
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Stimulate development of
secondary sexual
56.
57.
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a) Name the hormones I, II and III
b) Name hormones IV and state its function
c) Name the control labelled A & B
d) Name one secondary sexual characteristic common to both males and females
(a) State the role of spleen in human defense mechanism
(b) State two ways by which the HIV spread may be controlled through patients in hospitals
(c) What do you understand by the word Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
(d) Why is immunization against diseases encouraged by the government
(e) State how natural active acquired immunity is attained by an individual
Explain how seeds and fruits are adapted to the various methods of dispersal
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58. The diagram below represents female reproductive system;
P
B O
O
R
O
(a) Name the part labelled S
(b) (i) Name the blood vessels labelled A and B
(ii) State the difference in composition of blood found in vessels A and B
(c) Name two features that enable the structure labelled P carry out its function
(d) State the role of the part labelled R
60. An experiment was carried out to investigate the rate of growth of pollen tube against time.
The results are shown in the table below:
Time in minutes Growth of pollen tube in millimeters
0 0
30 4.0
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60 9.8
90 15.2
120 20.0
150 21.6
180 22.4
(a) (i) On the grid provided draw a graph of the pollen tube growth against time.
(b) (i) At what intervals was the growth of the pollen tube measured?
(ii) What was the length of pollen tube at; 130 minutes
(iii) At what time was the length of the pollen tube 18mm?
(iv) With reasons, describe the growth pattern of the pollen tube between:
0 to 120minutes
Reason
120 to 180 minutes
Reason
(v) State the importance of the growth of pollen tube to the plant
(c) State the changes that take place in a flower after fertilization
Time (days)
(a) Name the type of growth pattern represented on the graph.
(b)Identify the process represented by X.
(c) Which hormone is responsible for process at X in 15 (b) above?
5. Distinguish between natural and acquired immunity.
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6. The cells shown below were obtained from different parts of a young root tip:
Give the name of the zone from which each cell was obtained A, B and C
7. Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations
8. An experiment was set-up as shown in the diagram below:-
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(a) (i) Name the type of germination illustrated in the diagram
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above.
(b) Give two functions of the part labelled X
19. In an experiment young potted seedlings were placed in a dark box with unilateral light source
as shown below:
Light rays
Dark box
Potted
seedling
Mass in
(g)
W x
Time in days
(a) Name the type of growth pattern shown on the graph.
(b) Identify the process represents by x.
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25. The experiment set – up below was designed to investigate an aspect of germination.
Pin
Germinating
bean
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(a) Name the piece of apparatus illustrated
(b) (i) State the observation made on the shape of the radicle after seven days
(ii) Explain the observation in (b) (i) above
(c) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment
(d) Give any four importance of tropism in plants
28. An experiment was carried out to determine the growth rates of variety of bamboo and a variety
of maize in two adjacent plots. The average height and average dry weight of plants from the two
populations were determined over a period of twenty weeks. The data is as shown below:-
a) On the same axes, plot a graph to show the changes in average weight of the bamboo and maize
plants over time
(b) (i) Which of the two plants had a higher productivity by the end of the experiment?
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b)(i) above
(c) Explain the following:
(i) Between weeks 14 and 18 the average height of maize plants remained constant while the
average dry weight increased
(ii) Dry weight was used instead of fresh weight in this experiment
(iii) Describe how the average height and average dry weight of plants were determined in
this experiment;
(d) Why was it appropriate in this experiment to use both weight and height?
(e) Give a reason why secondary thickening does not occur in bamboo and maize plants
29. (a) What is meant by the term fertilization ?
(b) (i) Name the type of cell division that produces gametes
(ii) Where does the type of cell division mentioned above occur in mammals?
(c) What happens to the wall of the uterus;
(i) before the release of an egg ?
(ii) if no fertilization occurs?
(b) How is the placenta adapted to its functions?
30. The relationship between seed fresh mass in the lupin lupinus and percentage seed germination,
percentage seedling survival and seedling fresh mass is shown in the table;
Seed fresh Percentage Percentage of seedlings Mean seedling fresh mass 5
-1
Mass mg germination surviving 2 leaf stage weeks after germination/mg
Below 16 41.9 84.6 24.3
17-25 90.2 96.8 44.2
26-35 95.6 98.8 60.7
36-45 97.5 100.0 86.4
Above 45 100.0 100.0 106.4
a) How was percentage germination in column two of the table calculated?
b) Why was seed fresh mass preferred to seed dry mass to take measurements of the seed weight
in the experiment
c) i) Explain why the measurements of mean seedling fresh mass (5) weeks after germinated
may not have been an accurate measurement of growth that had occurred
ii) How could more meaningful and accurate measurement been obtained in c(i) above?
d) With reference to the figures in the taste indicate the relationship between seed fresh mass
and percentage seed germination, percentage seedling survival and seedling fresh mass
e) Suggest an explanation why seedling produced from large seeds grow more rapidly than the
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seedling produced from small seeds
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31. The diagram below illustrate enzyme controlled reaction
REACTION RATE
REACTION RATE
REACTION RATE
U
X
R S
V
a) State the relationship between rate of reaction and enzyme concentration
b) Account T
for the rate of reactions between; i) Q and R W
Q
SUBTRATE CONCENTRATION ii) R and S oC
TEMPERATURE ENZYME CONCENTRATION
iii) U and V
c) Name one other factor that affects enzyme action, not illustrated above
32. Carefully study the figure below and answer the questions that follow:-
The seedling with straight radicle and plumule was attached to a machine horizontally as shown
above. The machine rotates making one revolution in 15minutes.
(a) Draw how the seedling would look like after one week
(b) Explain your drawing in (a) above
(c) Name the machine used in the experiment above
(d) What would happen if the seedling was put horizontally outside the machine
(e) Name the stimuli investigated and type(s) of response expected in the experiment
33. (a) Give the form in which each of the following substances ate transport in mammalian blood:
(i) Carbon (IV) oxide
(ii) Oxygen
(b) Give two functions of pleural membrane
(c) Explain why formation of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood of a mammal results in death
(d) Other than stomata, name two other gaseous exchange surfaces in plants
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34. In an experiment the radicle of a seedling was marked equidistant using Indian ink as shown
in the diagram below:
Radicle
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ink marks 7
8
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?
(b) On the diagram below mark on the radicle to show the appearance of the marks after 3days
(c ) State three characteristics of cells found just behind the root cap of a radicle
(d) Give two factors inside a seed that causes seed dormancy
12. Genetics
1. A woman with blood group A gave birth to twins both having blood group AB.
Determine the genotype of:
a) Father
b) Mother
2. 50 black mice and 50 white mice were released into an area inhabited by a pair of owls. After four
months, the mice in the area were recaptured and only 38 of the black mice and 9 of the white
mice were remaining.
a) How would this observation be explained ?
b) Name the theory of evolution that supports the results in (a) above.
3. State three mechanisms that prevent self pollination in a flower that has both male and female
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Parts.
4. (a) Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance
(b) State two sources of variation
5. Part of one strand of a DNA molecule was found to have the following base sequence.
G – T– C – A– G – T
(a) What is the sequence on m-RNA strand copied from this DNA portion?
(b) State two roles of DNA molecule.
6. State three ways by which plants compensate for lack of ability to move from one place to
another.
7. A student mixed a sample of urine from a person with Benedict’s solution and heated, the colour
changed to orange.
(a) What was present in the urine sample?
(b) What did the student conclude on the health status of the person?
(c) Which organ in the person may not be functioning properly?
8. Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variations
9. Members of the same species of organism tend to differ due to variation. State three causes of
variation in organisms
10. Identify the type of gene mutations represented by the following pairs of words:-
(i) Shirt instead of skirt
(ii) Hopping instead of shopping
(iii) Eat instead of tea
11. A DNA stand has the following base sequence: GCCTAGATCAC
What is the sequence of the : (i) Complementary DNA strand?
(ii) M-RNA strand coped form this DNA strand
12. The figure below represents the distribution of height of pupils in a school
Number of
individuals
Height
(a) Name the type of variation represented by the curve
(b) Outline two possible causes of variation in height of individuals in man
13. a) Wekesa and Wanjiku who are siblings are both normal as their parents but have a hemophilic
brother. Give the Genotype of their parents.
b) i)What are linked genes?
ii) What do you understand by the phase a test cross?
14. There are at least 205 known sex – linked recessive disorder
a) Name any two of them.
b) State a reason why sex – linked recessive why traits tend to effect the male child.
c) State why if a mother has the trait all her sons will have it
15. The table below is a representation of a chromatide with genes along its length. It undergoes
mutation to appear as shown below:
Before mutation L M N O P Q
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After mutation L O N M P Q
a) Name the type of chromosomal mutation represented
b) Name one mutagenic agent
16. The figure below is a structural diagram of a portion from a nucleic acid strand
a) Giving a reason, name the nucleic acid to which the portion belongs
b) Write down the sequence of bases of a complementary DNA strand
17. In an experiment, plants with red flowers was crossed with plants with white flowers.
All the plants in the F1 generation had pink flowers.
a) Give a reason for the appearance of pink flowers in the F1 generation
b) If plants in F1 were selfed, state the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation
c) Explain; i) Why women should drink extra milk during pregnancy
ii) A pregnant women might want to urinate more often in late pregnancy
18. State the meaning of the following terms giving an example in each case:
(a) Sex-linked genes
(b) Multiple alleles
19. In a certain breeding experiment, a plant species with red flowers was selfed. It produced 119
red flowered and 41 white flowered offsprings.
(a) Using letter R to represent allele for the red flowers, state the genotype of the red flowered
parent plant
(b) Determine the phenotypic ratio of red and white flowered plants. Show your working
20. Give an example of a sex-linked trait in human on:
(i) Y – Chromosome
(ii) X – Chromosome
21. Explain why growth of long hair on the pinnae of the ears in human occurs in males only
22. Explain why prophase 1 of meiosis contributes towards genetic variation in living
organisms.
23. A pure Red flowered plant was crossed with a pure white flowered plant. All the F1 generation
plants had pink flowers.
(a) Give an explanation for the absence of Red and white flowered plants in the F1 generation.
(b) If the F1 generation pea plants were selfed, state the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation
plants.
24. (a) Name a genetic disorder due to gene mutation that affects the malpighian layer of the
skin in man.
(b) Give two functions of the fluid produced by sebaceous glands.
25. (a) Define the term “Gene mutation.”
(b) Name the genetic disorders that result from gene mutation in human beings.
26. (i) What are mutations
(ii) Name two mutagens
27. A section of a DNA strand contains the following sequence CGGATAC
(a) Write the; (i) Complementary DNA strand
(ii) MRNA strand
(b) Name the site for protein synthesis in a cell
28. In a certain bird species, red flight feathers is controlled by gene R while white flight feathers is
controlled by gene r. The heterozygous condition Rr results into pink flight feathers. The two
genes are also sex linked and transmitted on x-chromosome.
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a) By use of fusion lines, find the genotypes of across between a male with pink flight
feathers and a female with white flight feathers
b) Which type of dominance is illustrated here?
c) i)Identify the nucleic acid whose base sequence is shown below:
G-A-C-U-A-G-A-C-G
ii) Give a reason for your answer in c (i) above
iii) If the nucleic acid was involved in protein synthesis, how many amino acids would be
present in the protein synthesized? Give a reason
29. Study the genetic chart below showing the inheritance of the gene responsible for haemophilia
in a family.
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(ii) Work out the genotypes of the offspring
31. A cross between a red-flowered and a white flowered plant produced only pink –flowered
F1 plants
(a) There was neither a red nor white –flowered F1 plants. Explain
(b) The F1 offspring were selfed to get F2 generation. Using appropriate letter symbols, work
out the genotypes of F2 generation
(c) Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of F2 generation
(d) Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes
32. A true-breeding purple maize variety was cross-pollinated with a true-breeding yellow
maize variety.
The offspring produced all purple fruits.
The plants grown from these F1 grains were interbred among each other.
A typical cob of F2 generation is shown below:
The yellow fruits are shaded while the purple ones are un-shaded.
(a) (i) In terms of flowers only, state why it is easier to work out genetic crossings using maize
(ii) Count separately the yellow and purple grains and therefore find the rations of purple
grains to yellow grains
(b) Using appropriate symbol, work out a genetic cross for F2 generation
(c) From the above information, give the dominant gene
(d) State two practical applications of genetics in identity determination
33. The figure below is a pedigree chart showing incidence of albinism which is transmitted through a
recessive gene-a. Study and answer questions that follow;
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
KEY
Normal Female
Albino Female
Normal male 19 20 21
Albino male
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(a) Write down the genotype of persons 1 and 2. Give a reason for your answer
(b) Giving your reason state the most likely genotype of person 3
(c) The cross between person 15 and 16 represents mating between first cousins. Comment
why it is not advisable for close relatives to marry
(d) Apart from albinism name two other effects of gene mutation
34. The table below shows results of test to determine blood groups of persons Y and Z.A tick (√)
39. (a) Distinguish between Homologous structures and analogous structures. Give an example
in each case.
Homologous structures
Example
Analogous structures
Example
(b) Explain why parasites develop resistance to certain drugs after a long time of exposure.
(c) (i) What is non— disjunction?
(ii) Give one example of a genetic disorder associated with non-disjunction .
13. Evolution
1. a) Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures in evolution.
b) Name one vestigial structure in mammals.
2. a) Give two examples of adaptive radiation in animals.
b) State two disadvantages of using fossils as evidence of evolution
3. Distinguish between camouflage and mimicry.
4. State the role of light in photosynthesis
5. (a) Name the region of the gut where digestion of cellulose takes place.
(b) State role of cardiac sphincter in the stomach.
6. (a) Give two limitations of fossil records as evidence of evolution
(b) State any two similarities in structure between Homo erectus and Homo Sapiens
7. (a) (i) What is meant by vestigial structures?
(ii) Give an example of a vestigial structure in human
8. Distinguish between the struggle for existence and survival for the fittest as used in the theory of
natural selection
9. Give two factors that determine water reabsorption in the distal convulated tubule
10. Distinguish divergent and convergent evolution
11. (a) What are the advantages of natural selection
(b) All insects are believed to have arisen from a common ancestor. However, modern insects
differ widely in a variety of ways such as in the adaptation of their mouthparts for different
modes of feeding. What kind of evolution is this?
12. Explain why Lamacks theory of evolution is not accepted by Biologists today.
13. a) i) What is meant by vestigal structures
ii) Give an example of vestigal structure in human
b) Explain why certain drugs become ineffective in curing a disease after many years of use
14. (a) What is organic evolution?
(b) Briefly explain the term “survival for the fittest” as used in Darwin’s theory of natural
selection
15. Explain why insecticides become ineffective against insects if used for several years in succession
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16. State three limitations of fossils records as an evidence of organic evolution
17. State three pieces of evidence that support the theory of organic evolution
18. What is meant by natural selection?
19. (a) Explain why Lamarcks theory of evolution is not accepted today
(b) State two limitations of fossils records as evidence of organic evolution
20. In a breeding experiment, plants with red flowers were crossed. They produced 123 plants with
red flowers and 41 with white flowers:
(a) Identify the recessive trait
(b) Give a reason for your answer
(c) If white flowered plants were selfed, what would be the genotype of their offspring?
Show your working using appropriate symbols (R, r)
(d) What is a test cross?
21. a) What is organic evolution?
b) Describe the various evidences which support the theory of organic evolution.
22. (a) What is meant by the term natural selection
(b) Describe how natural selection brings about the adaptations of a species to its environment
(c) Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution
(d) Discuss four evidences to show that evolution has taken place
23. Explain the various evidence for organic evolution
24. (a) What is organic evolution
(b) Explain why resistance to antibiotics is considered as an example of evolution
(c) List and explain various evidences of organic evolution
25. Pure breed red flowered plants were cross pollinated with pure breed white flowered plants.
The resulting Fl offspring’s had pink flowers.
(a) Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour and letter W to represent gene for white
colour of flowers. Work out the genotype of the F1 generation
(b) If seeds from the Fl generation plants were planted and allowed to self pollinate. Work out
the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation
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5. The diagram below represents a type of neurone.
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(a) State the defect
(b) On the diagram illustrate how the defect can be corrected
(c) State one advantage of having two eyes in human beings
13. Briefly explain the role of the following part of skin
a) Cornified layer
b) Malpighian layer
14. State the functions of the following structures of the mammalian ear
a) Eustachian tube
b) Essicles
15. a) Distinguish between conditioned and simple reflexes
b) State how the nerve cell structure is suited to its function of impulse transmission
16. (a) Name the part of the mammalian eye that:
(i) Transmits impulses to the brain
(ii) Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
(b) State the changes that occur in the part of the eye named in (a) (ii) above when one moved
from bright light to dim light conditions
16. Name the type of response exhibited by the following:
(a) A pollen tube growing towards the embryo sac
(b) Maggots moving from lit side of a box to the dark side
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(a) Give reasons for the development of lateral branches after the removal of the apical bud
(b) Suggest one application of this practice?
20. In an accident a victim suffered brain injury. Consequently he had loss of memory which
part of the brain was damaged?
21. A person was able to read a book clearly at arm’s length but not at normal reading distance
(a) State the eye defect the person suffered from
(b) Why was he unable to read the book clearly at normal distance?
(c) How can the defect be corrected?
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22. The diagram below represents a simple reflex arc;
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a) Identify the bone with a reason
b) State the function of the part labeled D
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3. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone
15. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammalian skeleton:
A
B
(a) Identify the bone
(b) Name the:
(i) Bone it articulates with at point A
(ii) Type of joint that forms at point B in articulation with other bones
16. The diagram below represents a bone obtained form a mammal
17. (a) Name the vertebra in a mammalian body that is characterised by presence of odontoid
process.
(b) State the function of the odontoid process
18. a) Name three supporting tissues in plants
b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follow:
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ii) Describe how muscles x and y cause straightening of the joint z
c) Name the joint z
19. (a) What is the importance of locomotion in animals?
(b) Explain how a bony fish is adapted for movement in its habitat
. B
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SECTION I & II MARKING SCHEME
1. Classification I &II
1. arachnida; crustacean;
5. Chordata;
6. a) Fungi;
b) Sporulation;
8. Zoology;
- Mushrooms used as food;
9. - penicilium are used to make antibiotic;
- Yeast is used in brewing and bread baking;
11. arachnida;
13. (a) taxonomy is the classification of living organisms on their similarities and difference observed
(b) (i) Rottus norvegicus (1mk) (Genus name MUST begin with capital letter and be underlined
separately)
(ii) Genus – Rattus;
Species – norvegicus;
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2. The cell – structure & functions of organelles
1. a) Lysosomes;
b) Contractile vacuoles;
4. a)Manufacture of ribosomes;
b) encloses cell contents; regulate movement of materials in and out of the cell;
5. Protein:
Nucleic acid (DNA – RNA);
7. a) mitochondria;
b ) -has cristae/inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area; for respiration.
-Has matrix medium for respiratory activities; (reject (b) if (a) is wrong.)
-Has matrix medium for respiratory activities; (reject (b) if (a) is wrong.)
8. a) nucleolus;
b) Centrioles;
c) nuclear membrane/pore;
9. a) catalyses the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide; to harmless water and oxygen in
active tissues;
b) Low temperature;
10. a) i) Nucleus.
ii) Formation of RNA / ribonucleic acid;
Formation of ribosomes;
b) i) Contractile vacuole;
ii) Lysosomes;
11. Sensitive to change in temp; sensitive to changes in PH; has both negative and positive
charges;
12. a) Cellulose;
b) Store sugars, salt and food; carry out osmoregulation by inducing osmotic gradient that
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bring about water movement; maintain the shape of the cell;
c) Cell wall; and chloroplast;
13. Study of internal and external parts of the body of an organism; Study of the living organisms and
their chemical composition;
29. a) Stores hydrolytic enzymes for destruction of worn out organelles/ cells/ tissues/ digestion
of bacteria/ pathogens; Acc digestion of food/ accept autolysis
b) Processing/ packaging synthesized and transporting of packaged cell materials; production
of lysosomes/ secretions of packaged material;
32. a) Mitochondria
b) early production/ respiration;
c) Increases surface area; for attachment of respiratory enzymes;
d) Nerve cells; skeletal muscles; cardiac muscles
4. Diffusion;
Osmosis ;
Active transport ;
6. (a) red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution and as a result lost water to the surrounding
thorough osmosis hence shrunk/crenated ;
(b) Appearance of that cell if subjected to the same condition
7. a) Haemolysis
b) Plant cell will lose water the cell sap to the outside solution by osmosis; the cell
becomes plamolysed/ flaccid; but it will retain its shape due to rigid cell wall;
8. a) Haemolysis ;
b) The plant cell will draw in water molecules by osmosis; it will swell and become turgid; but it
will not burst because of the presence of cellulose cell wall;
9. i) Spermatozoon
- Tail – For swimming in vagina tract
- Numerous mitochondria – for provision of energy for swimming
- Streamlined – to reduce friction during movement
- Haploid nucleus – for fertilization of haploid ovum
Palisade mesophyll cell
- Numerous chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- Narrow and cylindrical – packed in small space
- Large sap vacuole for storage of manufactured food;
10. a) Prophase I Reject prophase alone
b) Homologous Chromosomes side by side or Bivalency
c_)
Mitosis Meiosis
One phase Two phases
Diploid daughter cells Haploid daughter
No chiasmata formation Chiasmata formation; Any two correct
11. A-no change in; number because 0.9% sodium chlorine solution is isotonic to RBC/blood;
B-fewer in number because 0.3% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic to RBC/blood
therefore some water was drawn in to RDC by osmosis ;leading to haemolysis/boosting of
RBCs
b)i)number will not change;
ii)RBC will appear small in size/wrinkled/crenated/shriveled/shrink; 1mk
Rej. Flaccid/flabby/plasmolysed
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13. (a) X – hypotonic solution;
Y – hypertonic solution;
(b) A – haemolysis; .
B – crenation /laking;
(c) The cell will maintain/retain its normal shape.
14. Absorption of mineral salts by root hairs from the soil; Translocation of food from
leaves to other parts of the plant; movement of salts from one cell to the next;
15. (a) (i) Increased in length, absorbed water through osmosis, ( since cylinder cells were
hypertonic/ at higher concentration) and become turgid.
(ii) Reduced in length, cylinder host water to the hypertonic sucrose solution/become flaccid.
(b) (i) No change in length
(ii) Cells are dead and cannot carry out osmosis.
(c) - opening and closing of stomata
- Support in plants
- Movement of water from cell to cell
- Feeding in insectivorous plants
- Absorption of water by root hairs
- Absorption of water in the intestines
- Reabsorption of water in kidney nephron.
17. a) transpiration
b) prevent evaporation of water from the surface
c) the level of water dropper
d) i) faster drop in water level ii) no change in water level;
iii) slower/very slow drop in water level;
e) another set up using a leafless twig;
1. a) Condensation;
b) water;
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therefore photosynthesis did not take place;
(b) Respiration; Excretion/ transpitation;
4. (a)
Etiolated plant Normal plant
- Yellow leaves/stems - green leaves/stems;
- small leaves - large leaves;
- long inter-nodes and thin stems - short internodes and thick stem;
- weak stem/feeble stem - strong /firm stem;
6. They have thick inner membrane and thin outer membrane to allow them to bulge
outwards when turgid to open stomata; Have numerous chloroplasts, to carryout photosynthesis,
forming sugars to control opening and closing of stomata;
7. Reaction A – condensation;
Enzyme Y – Sucrose;
8. - To emulsify fats;
- To provide an alkaline condition for enzyme activities;
- To provide an alkaline condition for enzyme activities;
11. a) Goiter;
b) Scurvy;
13. a) Peristalsis;
b) Circular and longitudinal muscles on the wall of oesophagus and intestines contract
alternately;
c) Roughage;
14. Long gut / many chambers to provide large surface area for digestion; bacteria in rumen has
enzyme cellulase which digest cellulose (to glucose/ sugars).
17. a) Roughage;
b) Water, vitamins, mineral salts;
19.
Guard cells Other epidermal cells
- Have chloroplasts/photosynthesize - No chloroplasts/do not photosynthesize
- Have thick inner walls/thin outer walls - Walls uniformly thickened
Bean shaped block shaped (any correct pair )
22 . a) i) Chloroplast;
ii) Mitochondrion;
b) Similarity — Both have a double membrane;
Difference Chloroplast Mitochondrion;
- Grana Cristae;
- Stroma Matrix;
27. Poison acts as competitive inhibitor for active site of respiratory enzymes; energy production
for active transport of nitrates is impaired;
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28. Rhizobium bacteria benefits by getting Shelter & carbohydrates;
- Leguminous plant obtains nitrates fixed by the bacteria;
30. They are converted to starch; then stored in organs and tissues;
33. a) to investigate the effect of boiled saliva on starch/to show the effect boiled/denature
enzyme amylase has on starch;
b) A-brown colour/colour of iodine persists;
B- blue black/blue/dark colouration;
c) A-starch has been digested/starch has been broken down/amylase hydrolyses starch hence
no colour changes;
B-enzymes/amylase denatured hence no starch digested;
34. a)A-condensation;
B-hydrolysis;
b)Duodenum; (any correct Rj .wrong spelling)
-ileum;
35 i)stroma
ii)side of light reaction of photosynthesis /site of water photosynthesis and adenosine
triphosphare production (ATP)
41. Midnight – There was no photosynthesis at night; and carbon IV oxide was not used hence the
high concentration;
Noon - Carbon IV oxide was used in photosynthesis and therefore CO2 concentration dropped.
44. Small mammals have large surface area to volume ratio; hence lose heat quickly to environment;
to replace the heat , lost, their metabolism is high making them to feed more frequently
46. a) A- Rhizome
B- Adventitious roots
(b) The liverwort body form is thalloid while the fern has 3body parts, roots, stem and leaves
48. (a)
Monosaccharide Polysaccharides
- Are soluble in water - Are insoluble in water
- Form sweet tasting solution - Do not have a sweet taste
- Reduce Copper(II) ions in benedicts solution to - They do not reduce
Copper (I) ions when heated together
- Are crystalizable - Are not crystallizable
(b) Peptide
50. Absorption of water; accept absorption of salts/ calcium/ iron; secretion of mucus;
52. a) As the temperature increases, the rate of the reaction also increases; this happens because
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an increase in temperature increases molecular movement, thus increasing the chances of
collision between the enzyme and substrate molecules;
53. Nitrogen;
Magnesium;
Iron;
54. a) A- Hook;
B – Sucker;
C – Youngest proglottid;
b) Intermediate host – pig;
55. a) A – Villus
B- Lacteal
b) A __ Increases surface area for maximum digestion and absorption;
B – Absorption of fatty acid and glycerol;
c) - Final digestion of undigested foods;
- Absorption of soluble end products of digestion;
d) Produces bile juice which contains bile salts that emulcify fat;
e) Produces insulin and glucagons hormones;
Reject if only one hormone is mentioned
56. (a) Rapid increase (in water of photosynthesis) due to increase in concentration of CO2
(b) Constant rate/no increase rate and no decrease, other factors /light/temperature water
become limiting/inadequate.
(c) chlorophyll traps energy.
Light energy react water into hydrogen ions and oxygen/photolysis.
Hydrogen is picked by hydrogen.
Acceptor/NAD/NADP (and becomes reduce, * ACCEPT NADPH,NADPH
ATP adenosine triphosysbate formed.
(d) - Optimum
- Optimum PH
- Absence of inhibitors.
- Presence of co-factors or co-enzymes.
- Low substrate concentration.
(e) - To minimize temperature changes.
61. a) A- Rhizome
B- Adventitious roots
(b) The liverwort body form is thalloid while the fern has 3body parts, roots, stem and leaves
63. (a)
Monosaccharide Polysaccharides
- Are soluble in water - Are insoluble in water
- Form sweet tasting solution - Do not have a sweet taste
- Reduce Copper(II) ions in benedicts solution to - They do not reduce
Copper (I) ions when heated together
- Are crystalizable - Are not crystallizable
(b) Peptide
65. Absorption of water; accept absorption of salts/ calcium/ iron; secretion of mucus;
66. a) To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis;
b) Only the uncovered areas turned blue- black with iodine; the part covered with aluminum
foil did not receive light and thus could not carry out photosynthesis;
67. a) As the temperature increases, the rate of the reaction also increases; this happens because
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an increase in temperature increases molecular movement, thus increasing the chances of
collision between the enzyme and substrate molecules;
b) X – is the optimum temperature/ It is the temperature at which the reaction proceeds
68. Nitrogen;
Magnesium;
Iron;
69. a) A- Hook;
B – Sucker;
C – Youngest proglottid;
b) Intermediate host – pig;
70. a) A – Villus
B- Lacteal
b) A __ Increases surface area for maximum digestion and absorption;
B – Absorption of fatty acid and glycerol;
c) - Final digestion of undigested foods;
- Absorption of soluble end products of digestion;
d) Produces bile juice which contains bile salts that emulcify fat;
e) Produces insulin and glucagons hormones; Reject if only one hormone is mentioned
71. (a) Rapid increase (in water of photosynthesis) due to increase in concentration of CO2
(b) Constant rate/no increase rate and no decrease, other factors /light/temperature water
become limiting/inadequate.
(c) chlorophyll traps energy.
Light energy react water into hydrogen ions and oxygen/photolysis.
Hydrogen is picked by hydrogen.
Acceptor/NAD/NADP (and becomes reduce, * Accept NADPH, NADPH
ATP adenosine triphosysbate formed.
72. (a) Compensation point
(b) (i) There is no net uptake or release of Carbon (VI) oxide by the plant;
(ii) The rate of respiration and photosynthesis in the plants are equal; therefore all the
Carbon (VI) Oxide released during respiration is used in photosynthesis;
(c) At light intensity beyond/above X, the rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of
respiration; and this requires a net uptake of Carbon (IV) Oxide (to sustain the increasing
rate of photosynthesis);
(d) Growth would cease because all the products of photosynthesis would be utilized in
respiration;
(e) The plant will take up oxygen from the surrounding air since the rate of respiration is
higher than the rate of photosynthesis;
(e) - Optimum
- Optimum PH
- Absence of inhibitors.
- Presence of co-factors or co-enzymes.
76. (a) The bacteria ad exhausted the available food materials and they died;
(b) They multiply very fast as they feed on the substances; release toxic waste on food then die
there causing food spoilage
(c) fungi;
(d) – Speed up recycling of matter in the ecosystem;
- Breaks down /decompose dead complex organic matter
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title -1mk
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labelled axes) –
plotting –)
curve – (free hand) ( Continuous not dotted - Rej. curve if joined with a ruler
(b) As carbon dioxide concentration increase rate of photosynthesis also increases up to a limit
beyond which there is no increase even of CO2 concentration is increased.
- Increase in light intensity increased also rate of photosynthesis up to a limit
(c) - Have a darker colour/ light sensitive chlorophyll which to maximumly absorb any light
rays penetrating water
- They either float next to water surface to be exposed /closer to light or floats on water surface.
- Have thin or no cuticle to allow easier diffusion of dissolved CO2
(d) – Carbon (IV)- Oxide concentration;
- Light intensity ;
78.
- Is relatively long/ cooled/ folded to allow food (enough) time/ increase surface area for
absorption of digested food and for digestion
- Lumen has projection called villi; villi has projections called microvilli; to increase surface
area for absorption
- Walls have glands which secret enzymes for digestion; e.g. maltase/ sucrose/ lactase/
enterokinase/ peptidases
- Some glands/ goblet cells produce mucus; which protects the intestinal wall from being
digested and also reduce friction
- Have openings of ducts which allow bile/ pancreatic juice into the lumen
- The intestines have circular and longitudinal muscles; whose contraction and relaxation/
peristalsis leads to mixing of food with enzymes/ juices; facilitating rapid digestion; and helps
push food along the gut
- Intestines are well supplied with blood vessels/ highly vascullarized; to supply oxygen/
remove digested food
- Lacteal vessels; transport fats/ lipids
- They have thin epithelia; to facilitate fast/ rapid absorption/ diffusion
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NUMBER OF BUBBLES PER MINUTE
LIGHT INTENSITY
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2. - Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;
- Have no nucleus to increase room for the package of red blood cells;
- Numerous in number to increase surface area for the transportation of oxygen
- Have haemoglobin which has a high affinity of oxygen;
. - Cytoplasmic filaments/strands along which food streams;
- Companion cells have mitochondria that provide energy for translocation;
- Sieve plates with sieve pores thorugh which cytoplasmic filaments pass.
- Photoplasmic material pushed on the sides to create lumen space for translocation;
4. (a) Chitin;
(b) Lignin:
- Root pressure;
- Cohesion – adhesion forces
5. Transpiration pull;
9. - Growing regions (e.g meristems); storage organs for storage (e.g stems, roots, fruits)
- secretory organs (e.g. flower nectarines);
11. (i) Efficient diffusion of substances e.g. food, gases and waste products;
(ii) Efficient transport of food/gases/waste products to and from cells;
13. Aerenchyma tissues have large and numerous air spaces; hence facilitation buoyancy;
14. a)
Arteries Veins
- Thick muscular - Thin muscular walls
- No valves (except pulmonary artery - valves present;
and aorta
at the base - Wide lumen (large) lumen;
- Narrow (small) lumen
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b) Arteriosclerosis; reject Artheroma
17. a) Tissue fluid is a fluid / liquid found surrounding cells/ between cells formed as a result of
ultra filtration from blood while lymph is inter cellular fluid which nutrients and oxygen have
been taken and is rich in waste materials (mark as a whole)
b) Vitamin K is needed for formation of prothrombin which is activated to thrombin which
helps in clotting of blood.
20. a) Oxyhaemoglobin;
b) Use oxygen released from photosynthesis process;
24. There is high concentration of water vapour around the leaf/less space for water vapour form the
leaf to occupy low saturation deficit /low diffusion gradient / the diffusion between the
concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere and the air spaces is greatly reduced.
25. a) Transports water and dissolved mineral salts; provides mechanical support due to
lignification of cells
b) Narrow lumen of vessels and tracheids – enhances capillarity forces;
Presence of pits on lignified walls follows for lateral movement of water;
They are hollow to allow uninterrupted/ continuous flow of water from roots to leaves;
31. a) inversion;
b) mustard gas/ gamma rays/ x-rays/ beta rays/colchicines;
34. Water absorption does not involve active transport that requires energy from respiration
facilitated enzymes ; hence no metabolic inhibition involved;
36. - Antigen B;
- Rhesus antigen / Rhesus factor /rhesus protein;
37. After the first transfusion the patient would produce rhesus antibodies; second transfusion
rhesus antigen would react with rhesus antibodies; causing agglutination;
39. (a) Xylem vessels are hollow (lack cross walls) , hence more efficient in transporting water
than tracheids which have trapped ends with perforation;
(b) Xylem vessels are dead due to heavy lignification on their walls hence provision of support
to the plant as well preventing collapse ;
40. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour, while gutation is loss or exudation of liquid water
through hydathodes
41. Support
44. a) To generate high pressure to pump blood; to all parts of the body/ to furthest distance;
b) Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3)
Carbonic acid;
45. a) Sunken stomata form pits; in which water vapour accumulates reducing rate of
transpiration
b) Water proof to reduce the rate of transpiration;
46. a) Lignin;
b) Phloem;
Systole
Lungs Pulmonary Systole Inferior
artery Right Right vena cava
ventricle auricle
(b) (i) At rest, the gut is more active than skeletal muscles as this is the time when digestion is
taking place; more blood goes to gut to transport the absorbed food;
(ii) During strenuous exercise, skeletal muscles are more active; and a lot of blood is diverted
to help it contract and relax while very little blood flow through the gut which becomes
less active;
(c) During light exercise, the skin becomes more active; thus give the highest blood flow
compared to other times to release excess heat, sweat and wastes.
(d) – Excess water;
- urea, ammonia, uric acid; (OWTTE)
53. a) A- Epidermis
B- Pith
b) C- Transports manufactured food/ products of photosynthesis/ translocates food
E- Transports water and mineral salts
c)
1. a) Alveoli
b) Thin walled/ epithelium highly vascularised, has large surfaces area; moist;
2. It does not easily dissociate; thereby reducing the capacity of haemoglobin to transport *KKE*
oxygen;
3. Smoking; Diet with lots of fats and carbohydrates/cholesterol fat; (2mks) *KKE*
5. (a) The ratio of the amount/volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide produced to that of oxygen consumed
during respiration;
6. Gill filaments are thin/one cell thick to facilitate faster/rapid diffusion of respiratory
gases; the surfaces of the gill filaments are moist to facilitate dissolution of respiratory gases ; The
gill filaments are numerous to prove a large surface area for gaseous exchange; the gills have
numerous rakers that filter food/solid particles that may damage the gill filaments; The gill has a
gill bar which is long and curved to provide a large surface area for attachment of gill filaments;
the gill is highly vascularised to ensure efficient transport of respiratory gases;
12. a) i) Cytoplasm
ii) Pyruvic acid
b) Pyruvic acid is broken down; into ethanol and CO2
14. a) Process of movement of food substances from site of manufacture to other storage
organs
b) - Capillarity
- Root pressure
- Transpiration pull
17. - Moist;
- Thin epithelium; Mark 1st two
- Highly vascularised:
- Large surface area;
19. -Increase in Red blood cell count/Total number of red blood cells;
- Increase in haemoglobin content of RBC
20. Distilled water is hypotonic to RBC (OWTTE); hence water is absorbed by osmosis; the RBC
bursts haemolysis (due to absence of cell wall)
23. - Air containing oxygen from the atmosphere gets to trachea; through spiracles; on to the
tracheoles from where it diffuses; to the tissue;
27. a) A – Ciil rackers act as a screen preventing entry of food and other particles that
might damage the delicate gill lamella;
B – Gill bar for attachment of gill rakers and gill filament
C – Gill filaments – the surface on which gaseous exchange take place
b) Filaments are supplied wit a dense network of blood capillaries for the efficient transport
of gases;
28. .- Ventilated through spiracles on either side of the insects body;
- Trachea branches too numerous tracheoles increasing the surface area for gaseous exchange;
- Tracheoles are moist to allow gases to diffuse in solution form;
- Tracheoles membrane is very thin to provide a short distance for diffusion
- Trachea has circular rings of chitin to prevent collapsing. This keeps the air passages always open;
- Spiracles have valves to enhance movement of gases into the trachea, and also to prevent drying
of the trachea;
29. - Active immunity is immunity that is produced when an animal’s body reacts to an antigen
by producing antibodies;
- Passive immunity is immunity that is produced when antibodies are transferred from
one individual to another;
30. - Lenticels;
- Cuticles
- Mesophyll cells/ spongy mesophyll/ palisade mesophyll/ stomata/ substomatal chambers;
31. a) Ventilation
b) i) lower concentration of oxygen in high altitude areas; raises the demand of oxygen by
body cells
ii) Number of red blood cells has increased; hence enough oxygen is reaching all body
cells adequately
c) Has a higher capacity of transporting enough oxygen to body cells; due to higher number of
red blood cells; in the body (has lower oxygen demand)
d) i) Muscle crumps; Muscle fatigue
ii) It is completely oxidized by oxygen to form water, carbon IV oxide and energy;
32. a) Red Blood Cells
- Lacks nucleus to provide greater space for packing more haemoglobin;
oxyhaemoglobin;
- Thinner membrane for faster diffusion of gases through a shorter distance
- Biconacave to increase the surface area for maximum transport of gases
- Shorter life cycle for increasing more efficiency in gass transport;
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- Numerous to increase the surface area for maximum transport of gases;
White blood cells - Have a lobbed nucleus to carry out engulfing and digestion process of
pathogens more effectively
Platelets - Has thromboplastic enzyme which catalyses the activation of prothrombin to thrombin
during blood clotting process;
FibrinogenIt is highly sensitive to thrombin whose presence changes it into insoluble fibrin;
Plasma - Has water with a high specific heat capacity which enables it to maintain the
temperature of the body within a narrow range
- Water also dissolves and act as a medium of transport of dissolved substances;
33. (a) Stomata; cuticle; lenticels; any two
(b) Spongy mesophyll layer; Palisade mesophyll; sub-stomatal air spaces/chambers;
(c) Foliage leaf – photosynthesis;
scale leaf v - protection;
floral leaf – attraction of agent of pollination/photosynthesis;
cotyledon leaf – storage of food / photosynthesis
(d) Guard cells photosynthesize food, accumulate monosaccharide and become osmotically
active; they absorb water from neighbouring epidermal cells and stoma opens as they
expand/swell;
34. (a) Path A (Nose) has mucous lining which trap foreign particles in air; has sensitive
cells to smell in nose limit inhalation of poisonous gases; air is warmed in the nose before
reading the lungs; hair in the nose filter solid particles in the air;
(b) Has a lumen/tubular for air passage; has mucous membrane to trap foreign particles and filter
dust; Has cartilage to prevent collapsing / to keep it open; Has elastic muscles to allow
compression and flexibility;
(c) Soot/smoke particles block the passage (bronchi/alveoli) of the gases; may cause cancer
/stimulate the epithelium membrane/lining to secrete a lot of mucus which may block the
passage;
35. (a) Adaptations of the air ways (trachea and bronchi)
- The walls of the trachea and bronchi are lined by rings of cartilage; which prevent them from
collapsing and keep them open for air passage;
- The inner passage of air ways is lined with mucous membrane; which contain ciliated cells;
whose movements to and from the pharynx cause a sweeping action that collects mucus
containing dust towards the pharynx hence preventing their entry into the air ways;
- The mucous membrane contains mucus secreting cells; which produce mucus that trap dust
and pathogenic particles which would find their ways into the air ways;
- The mucous membrane has a rich supply of blood; which helps to keep the incoming air
warm and moist for easy diffusion into the lungs;
- The epiglottis and other structures on top of the trachea prevent food, drinks and other soil
particles from gong into the trachea during swallowing;
36. a) External intercostals muscles contract; internal intercostals muscle relax; Rib cage
move outwards; and upwards; Diaphragm muscles contract; diaphragm flatten; Volume
in thoracic cavity increases; pressure reduces;
Atmospheric air enters the lungs; lungs inflate;
b) Guard cells have chloroplast; which photosynthesis in the presence of light, to form sugar;
the osmotic pressure of guard cell increases; water move from neighboring cells into guard
cells; by osmosis. Guard cells become turgid; inner walls of guard cells being thicker than
outer walls. Causes the outer wall to stretch more resulting in guard cells budging outwards,
stoma opens
c)
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i) Photosynthesis;
ii) Respiration
i) Rapid increase in amount of carbon (iv) Oxide consumed; As time increase amount of
light increases’, thus increasing rate of photosynthesis
ii) No carbon (iv) Oxide consumed, No light hence no photosynthesis
d) Low amount of carbon (iv) oxide released, carbon (iv) Oxide consumed for
photosynthesis; respiration rate very low
e) i) Point when rate of photosynthesis equals rate of respiration
ii) At 18 hrs
f) It denatures enzymes/ stops photosynthesis; hence consumption of carbon (iv) Oxide
1. (a) Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases across a respiratory surface; while
respiration is the biochemical breakdown of food molecules to produce energy (and carbon
IV oxide);
(b) Ethanol/Alcohol;
Carbon (IV) oxide; and energy; (any two )
2. (a) Glycosis;
Krebs cycle;
(b) Krebs cycle; became oxygen is used to oxidize acid to water, Carbon (IV) Oxide and energy;
3. a) anaerobic respiration/fermentation;
b) -baking of bread
-brewing industry
5. a) Amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic acid that accumulates in the body tissues when
oxygen available is lower than the demand
b) Energy/A.T.P/ Lactic acid
6. (a) Germinating seeds respired using oxygen in the conical flask and produced CO2, which was
absorbed by the sodium hydroxide solution. A partial vacuum was created in the conical flask.
The atmospheric pressure being higher pushes the water down to A and upto B.
7. (a)
- Complete oxidation of lipids require a lot of oxygen;
- Lipids are insoluble in water hence difficult to transport in the body
- Complete oxidation of lipids take a longer time
(b) Maltose
Lactose
8. a) i) Cytoplasm
ii) Pyruvic acid
b) Pyruvic acid is broken down; into ethanol and CO2
9. a) RQ = CO2 produced
O2 consumed
=5 ; = 0.83;
6
b) Protein;
14. A rat has a large surface area to volume ratio thus loses a lot of energy on form of heat
therefore eats a lot to replace the lost energy;
19. - Not every soluble/not readily soluble therefore not easily transported to the site of respiration;
- A lot of oxygen is required to oxidize one gram of fat/liquid than one gram of glucose;
2. (a) – Excretion;
- Osmo-regulation;
(b) – Glucose
- Amino acids;
(c) – Nephritis;
- kidney stones /Gall stones;
- Hepatitis A and B;
3. (a) Extra long loop of henle; Have fewer and smaller glomeruli;
(b) Salty food increased the salt concentration in blood; Blood becomes hypertonic to kidney
tubules; more water is reabsorbed from kidney tubules; hypertonic urine is thus produced;
4. (a) Glucose;
(b) The person was a sufferer of diabetes mellitus;
(c) Pancrease;
5. a) i)insulin;
ii) Diabetes mellitus;
b) Diuresis is a condition which is characterised by production of large volumes of dilute urine;
6. i) urea;
ii) Triethylamine;
iii) Ammonia;
8. a) Ultra filtration;
b) Selective reabsorption;
c) Proteins have large molecular weights hence not ultrafiltrated;
9. Produces sebum to keep hair and epidermis supple and water proof; and protect skin against
bacteria (through antiseptic substances);
14 .i) urea;
ii) Triethylamine;
iii) Ammonia;
16. a) Ultrafiltration;
b) Selective reabsorption;
c) Proteins have large molecular weights hence not ultrafiltrated
17. Produces sebum to keep hair and epidermis supple and water proof; and protect skin against
bacteria (through antiseptic substances);
22. a) Enhances more reabsorption of water; leading production little but conc urine;
b) Reabsorption of water; Na+/CL- ions;
23. a) Aldosterone;
b) Loop of Henle;
c) Positive feed back;
25. a) A D H / Vasopression;
b) Pituitary gland;
c) Diabetes Inspidus;
26. a) - Afferent vessels are wider than effereal vessels;
- Presence of pores on capillary and Glomerula membrane;
- Highly coiled narrow capillaries to reduce speed of flow of blood and increase ;
pressure
27. a) Arid/ semi arid areas
b) Ammonia
c)i) Contractile vacuole
Malpigian tubules
28. - Deamination
- Detoxification
- Breakdown of haemoglobin
29. a)Deamination;
b)-Removal of excess amino acids;
-Availing of energy in the body;
-Formation of glycogen /fats for storage; (award any one)
32. (a) Excretion — Separation and elimination of waste products of metabolism from
bodies of living organisms:
Egestion; Removal of undigested materials from food vacuoles/alimentary canals of animals:
(b) Removes waste products metabolism to create/pro’. idea suitable internal environment for
best working of cells
34. (a) – Organisms whose body temperature varies with the environmental temperature;
(b) – Reptilia - rej. Reptile;
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- amphibia - rej. Amphibians;
35. Glomerulus;
Adaptations of part R
- Coiled to increase the surface area for re-absorption of some glomerular filtrate
- Presence of numerous Mitochondria to promote active transport of glucose, amino acids
- covered by dense network of blood capillary for absorption of useful glomerular filtrate
36. Internal environment is the immediate surrounding of the body cells while external environment is
the immediate surrounding of the organism
37.
Radiation;
Conduction;
Convection;
Evaporation ;
40. a) Detoxification;
b) Liver;
c) Prevents ammonia from accumulating to toxic levels; which would affect body functions;
d) Urea;
e) Excess amino acids are broken down to form amino group; which is combined with
hydrogen atom to form ammonia;
f) It is transported to the kidney; through the renal artery where it is excreted
42. a)i)glucose is completely reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule back to blood stream;
ii) Protein has molecules hence not ultrafiltered (from glomerulus) to proximal
convoluted tubule);
b) Create a steep diffusion gradient; hence higher rate of reabsorption of useful
Substances-glucose/amino acids/sodium and chloride ions from the nephron tubules back to the
blood stream;
c) -antidiuretic hormone;
-Aldosterone;
d) nephritis; kidney stones
44. (b) (i) Blood sugar level increased as a result of the glucose being absorbed in the ileum; by
diffusion / or active transport;
(ii) – The blood sugar level dropped as a result of the conversion of glucose to glycogen;
(and fats) by influence of insulin;.
- There was also an increased rate of respiration reducing the blood sugar level;
(c) 90 mg/100ml of blood;
(d) Person B has a defect in the pancreas; He did not produce enough insulin to control the
blood sugar level;
(e) By administration of insulin;
(f) - A constant level of blood sugar ensures optimum levels of metabolism;
- High level will increase the osmotic pressure and that affect metabolism;
- Low levels reduce energy supply in the body tissues and affect metabolism;
(g) - Glucose is used for respiration;
- Glucose was lost in urine;
45. a) Axis
Scale
Plotting
c) ADH; Adosterone
Urine output ml/mcm
48. a) X- Thromboplastin
Y- Fibrin
Z-- Thrombin
b) Promotes wound healing; stops further loss of blood/ bleeding; prevents entry of
pathogens/ injection
c) Blood contain leparin/ anti clotting factor eight; that inhibits blood coagulation
9. Ecology
1. a) Capture –recapture method;
b) Calculate the population of grasshoppers using the above data
FM x SC = 36 x 45; = 405;
MR = 4
2. a) Help to breakdown dead organic matter hence reducing bulk; in the recycling of Nutrients;
b) Regulate the predator – prey population;
7. Reduce oxygen supply and hence suffocation and death of plants and animals, clog respiratory
surfaces (gills and stomata) leading to death;
10. a) Owl is nocturnal , white mice are easily seen and predated on, black mice camouflaged/ not
easily predated on;
b) (Theory of) Natural selection;
15. Population — all members of one species occupying a particular habitat at a given time;
Community — all organisms belonging to different species that interact in the same habitat;
16. - lay down two ropes parallel to each other a meter apart; count the number of shrubs between
the two ropes at marked points; and record the number; repeat the process several times;
Obtain average number; calculate area of the belt transect.
17. a) Population = FM X SC
Mr
P = 10 X 50 = 500;
4 4
= 125;
b) No entry or exit of fish;
Tags did not influence the general behavior of fish
21. Due to (stiff) competition for available resources which leads to elimination/exclusion;
24. i)crab pop= number marked in 1st catch x total no. in 2nd catch
Number marked(recaptured)in second catch.
= 400x360
90
=1600;
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ii) Capture mark release recapture/
Capture-recapture /capture release /recapture;
26. (a) Used for the collection of flying specimens such as butterflies;
(b) Used for sucking small insects from barks of trees and under stones;
(c) Used for trapping crawling insects such as termites;
27. 1. Competition;
2. Emigration;
3. Predation;
4. Parasitism;
32. Water- The availability of adequate amounts of water lead to plant growth which
provides food for animals. In aquatic environment, wateris a medium in which gametes are
released thus lead to continuity in procreation.
Temperature- Influences the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Therefore, it exerts an influence
on almost all activities of plants and animals such as respiration, photosynthesis, growth, transport
e.t.c.
Light-Is necessary in plants for photosynthesis as it influences flowering of a wide variety
of plants, affecting opening and closing of stomata, affect the rate of transpiration.
Salinity- Is the salt content of eater. It varies in aquatic habitat. Fresh water organisms suffer the
risk of loosing water.
Humidity – Determines the amount of water loss from a bodies animals and organs of plants;
high humidity means less evaporation; and low humidity means high rate of
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evaporation and transpirations;
pH – It determines if water habitat is acidic or alkaline; PH has a great influence on
physiological function of organisms affects enzyme concern reactions since
enzymes operate within a narrow pH ranges
Wind- Wind came physical damage to plants; increase rate of transpiration as air blows
away; causes migration of insects; wind having gases may acid rain in a region;
wind is an agent of pollination and dispersal;
33. (a)
Grasses Caterpillar Frogs Snakes Hawk
Grasses Squirrel Hunting dogs Hawk Vulture
Grasses Elephant Vultures
Grasses Caterpillar Snake Hawk
4th 10 Hawks
3rd 40 Lions
2nd 300
Gazelles
Or; 1000
1st Grasses
(ii)
Hawks – Loss of energy in form of heat; through process of respiratal/ defaecation/ excretion
35. a) A lot of food causes population increase due to high rate of reproduction and immigration
resulting in completion for food/ death/ emigration; reducing population; little food leads to
competition; leading to emigration/ death; reducing population
36. a) A- Ovary
B- Oviduct/ fallopian tube
C- Uterus/ uterine wall
D- Cervix
b) Produce ova
Produce femme hormones/ Estrogen and progesterone
c) - Highly vascularized to supply nutrients to foetus/ drain away excretory wastes
- Inner wall lined with Endometrium for implantation of fertilized egg/ zygote
- Muscular for peristalisis to expel menses during menstruation/ parturition
- Great capacity to expand during gestation to accommodate developing foetus
d) -copulation/ Achieve orgasm in Human male followed by ejaculation
- birth canal
37. a) use the capture -recapture method; capture the grass hoppers; count; and mark using
permanent ink; record; releases; and allow time(1-24hrs);recapture and count the marked and
unmarked;
Total population is equal to the number marked and unmarked grasshoppers in the second
sample X number of marked grasshoppers in the first sample ; divided by number of
grasshoppers marked in the second sample that were recaptured;
Acc P= FMxSC
MR
where FM-1st captured
SC-2nd capture(marked and unmarked
MR-marked recaptured
(rej. ½ mark i.e. 10/2=5) acc specified distance apart e.g. 3m apart
b. run two ropes parallel to each other a meter apart; counts of shrub are made between the
two ropes at marked points/whole belt (and recorded);report the process severally(at least 3
times);calculate shrub area of the belt transect; calculate shrub population for whole area;
Rej all shrubs counted
NB shrub pop=average shrubs per transect x total area of grassland
Average area of belt transect (max 3)
39. Broad/ wide lamina: to Provide a large surface area to trap maximum sunlight or
photosynthesis;
- Thin lamina; to reduce the distance covered b\ light and carbon (iv) oxide: to reach the
photosynthetic cells/ palisade cells;
- Cuticle; is transparent to allow light reach photosynthetic cells:
- Waterproof climatic cuticle: to reduce water loss/Transpiration:
- Numerous stomata: efficient gaseous exchange: palisade (mesophyll) cells: have numerous
chloroplasts: for maximum photosynthesis: spongy mesophyll cells: are irregular in shape
creating large air spaces between: for efficient /free circulating air; Lear veins; have x 1cm 1r
transport of water and mineral salts: and phloem for transport of manufactured food;
- Leaf mosaic: to maximum trapping of sunlight for photosynthesis:
- Guard cells: to control opening and closing stomata: Guard cells have chloroplasts for
photosynthesis:
11. – Protandry
- Protogyny;
- Self sterility/incompatibility
13. (a) Fusion of one male nucleus with an egg cell to form a diploid zygote; and fusion
of the other male nucleus with two polar nuclei to form tripoid endosperm;
(b) – Are brightly coloured to attract insects
- Have seed coat that is resistant to digestive enzymes
- Have hooks for attachment to passing animals
- Are freshly/succulent to attract insects
14. a) Oxytocin;
b) Progesterones;
on different individual plants;
-some plants are self –sterile in their pollen grains transferred to stigmas in the same plant
fail to germinate;
-in some plants stamens and carpel on the same plant mature at different times;
-in many plants the stigmas are located higher than the anthers;
15. -some plants are dioecious which means that staminate and distillate flowers are borne
16. a) A – Has umbilical vein and artery to supply foetus with nutrients and removal of waste
products; √
B – Protects embryo from shock/regulate temp. of developing embryo/ suspends and supports
embryo;
b) Foetus head is turned towards the cervix; √
c) To supplement iron synthesized by the mother since it (iron) is needed for haemoglobin
formation in the foetus; √
17. i) Marginal; √
ii) Free central; √
20. a) It brings about useful variations which make the off springs better adapted for survival
b) i) 33;
ii) 11;
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21. a) A – Antipodal cells; B - Embryo sac; D- Synergid ;
b) Double fertilization
22. They cannot freely interbreed to produce a viable /fertile offspring OR- do not have hereditary
distinction to interbreed to produce a fertile viable offspring;
24. (a) (i) Epigynous –a condition where other floral parts arise/positioned above the ovary
/inferior ovary
(ii) Staminate flower – Male flower (accept – has stamen only / male parts only );
(b) Meninges;
26. – Through breast feeding if mother’s nipple and baby’s mouth have rushes/wounds
- During delivery;
- During pregnancy;
29. a) Stamens hanging outside the flower; large anthers loosely attached to flexible filaments;
Large amounts of small; light and powdery pollen grains to be easily blown by the coid;
b) Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers bone on separate plants;
30. a) Inability of seeds to germinate despite all the conditions necessary for germination are
provided;
b) Scarification;
Increase the concentration of hormones which stimulate germination/ increase auxin conc;
Allow the embryo to mature before planting seeds;
Remove germination inhibitors;
35 . a) i) prophase I
ii) Chiasmata Formation / cross over
b) _Ovary
- Anthers
39. i) healing and repair of the uterine wall following menstruation stimulates the pituitary
Gland to secrete L.H; (award any one)
ii)-cause ovulation
-changes the remnants of graafian follicle to corpus uteum;
-initiates secretion of progesterone; (award any one.
iii)-accelerates growth and maturity of graafian follicle;
-stimulate the graafian follicle to secrete oestrogen; (award any one.)
40. (a) A - Syncarpous: B- Apocarpous; Rj: Wrong spellings
(b) A fused ovaries B — separate ovaries:
(c) Hinder self pollination? fertilization:
41.
Sperm Ovum
- Spear shaped. - Spherical shaped
- Posses a tail. - No tail
- Has acrosome . - No acrosome
No vitelline membrane. - Has vitelline membrane.
42. (a) anthers; (b) – tube nucleus;
- Generative nucleus;
43. (a) – Metaphase 1; rej. Metaphase.
(b) - Homologous chromosome arranged on the equator;.
- Spindle fibres formed and attached at the centromere of the chromosome;
44. Progesterone;
45. - Seed dormancy allows the plant to escape harsh conditions of the environment
- It also allows time for the seed to disperse;
- Seed dormancy allow time for the seed to fully mature (after ripening period);
46. (i) - A fruit has two scars while a seed has a single scar
- Fruits are covered by epicarp while seeds have seed coats/testa
(ii) Biological control helps to prevent pollution f the environment
47. (a) Site for sperm formation (b) For nourishment of sperm cells /support
50. In birds the embryo develops externally. It is totally dependent on food stored in the egg for
its nourishment; In mammals the embryo receives nourishment from the mother through the placenta
58. a) A- Ovary
B- Oviduct/ fallopian tube
C- Uterus/ uterine wall
D- Cervix
b) Produce ova
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Produce femme hormones/ Estrogen and progesterone
c) - Highly vascularized to supply nutrients to foetus/ drain away excretory wastes
- Inner wall lined with Endometrium for implantation of fertilized egg/ zygote
- Muscular for peristalisis to expel menses during menstruation/ parturition
- Great capacity to expand during gestation to accommodate developing foetus
d) -copulation/ Achieve orgasm in Human male followed by ejaculation
- birth canal
60. (a)
Growth pollen tube (MM)
Time in minutes
Magereza
iv) 0 + 120minutes
growth fast/growth rapid /rate of growth rapid/growth rate pattern rapid;
Rej. Exponential growth
reason: pollen tube young/has enough nutrients in culture;
to 180 minutes- grows slowly /rate of growth decline /decrease/growth rate pattern
decrease;
reason: pollen tube mature/old/has exhausted nutrients;
v) directs role gametes/nuclei/nucleus to ovules; Rej. Ovary/pollen grains for male gametes.
c) integument develop/changes to-seed coat/testa;
zygote-embryo;
triploid nucleus-endosperm;
ovary wall- pericarp;
ovary- fruits;
ovules-seeds;
corolla/petals/style/stamens/filament-dry out /fall off /wither(losing a scar);
calyx may persist(dry up &fall off) Rej. die/disappear.
3. (a) – Excretion;
- Osmo-regulation;
(b) – Glucose
- Amino acids;
(c) – Nephritis;
- kidney stones /Gall stones;
- Hepatitis A and B; (mark first 2 pts (2mks)
6. A – Cell elongation/expansion ;
B – Cell division/multiplication ;
C – Cell différentiation/maturation ;
10. Growth – Increase in size of an organism or its parts due to synthesis of protoplasm
Development – Differentiation and formation of various tissues to perform specialized
functions;
13. Primary growth results form the activity of primary/embryonic tissues/apical meristems and
lead to increase in height, while secondary growth result from activities of secondary
meristems; /cambium and leads to increase of girth/diameter /circumference;
27. a)klinostat/clinostat;
b)i)the radicle remains /grow horizontally;
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ii)rotation of klinostal causes uniform distribution of auxins/ indoleacetic acid; hence
uniform growth/clongations (no curvature formed);
c)the experiment repeated but with stationary klinostat;
d)-(tropism)enable plants to get water-hydrotropism;
-chemotropism aids plants in fertilization and nutrients absorption;
-thigmotropism enable weak plants to obtain support
-phototropism enable plants to obtain light for photosynthesis;
-geotropism enables the roots grow down the soil towards the centre of the earth thus
providing support to the plant
28. a)graph
-axes have to be labelled- ½ mk@-1mk No axes marking stops there.
-scale-should be appropriate and workable- ½ mk @-1mk
-plotting correctly-1mk@*RCH*∗wrong scale stop marking.
C Bamboo
C Maize
P
P
Time in weeks
b) i)bamboo;
ii)(bamboo)have higher average weigh
c) i)average height of maize plant between weeks 14 and 18 constant (at 2.1m); maximum
height attained; average weight increased; because there was slight increased in the girth;
ii) dry weight represents the actual dry matter/fresh weight includes weight of water;
iii)-average height was determined by measuring the length; of the plants at various intervals;
-average dry weight was determined by heating the plants to exclude all the water; and then
taking their dry weights;
d) both height and weight are used to show rates of growth;
e) lacks cambium(tissue)hence no secondary thickening;
29. a) Fusion of an egg cell nucleus with sperm cell nucleus; to form a zygote
b) i) Meiosis
ii) In the testis/ testes/ ovary/ ovary
c) i) There is increased blood supply causing thickening of the uterine walls;
ii) Capillaries break up/ endometrium is lost with some blood/ menstruation occurs
d)
- Large number/ numerous blood vessels to increase surface area for exchange of
materials
- Thin membrane for faster diffusion across it
- Has villi to increase surface area for diffusion
- Special cells to produce hormones
- Membrane selectively allows materials across it
31. a)
b) the rotation of the machines/ klinostat ensured equal distribution of Auxins in the
seedling (upper & inner) side;
c) Klinostat;
d) radicle grow dominants; plumule grow upwards;
e)
STIMULI RESPONSE (name)
light Phototropism;
gravity Geotropism;
12. Genetics
1. a) BB;
b) AA;
2. a) Black mice are better adapted camouflage with the environment hence less are eaten by the
owls compared to the white mice which are easily seen;
b) Theory of natural selection;
4. (a) Complete dominance is when an alliele completely surprises another intermediate fruits;
Incomplete dominance is when heterozygous organisms show an intermediate trait;
(b) Genetic recombination’s of alleles reading to variations; Independent assortment of
chromosomes;
Random fusion of gametes; mutations;
Environment (may either enhance or suppress expression of a gene);
5. (a) C-A – G – U – C _ A ;
(b) – Stones genetic information (in a coded form);
- enables transfer of genetic information unchanged to daughter cells through replication);
- Translates genetic information into characteristic of an organism 9thorugh protein synthesis);
6. Ability to pollinate; response to stimuli (tactic) nastic or tropics); Ability to exploit localized
nutrients an ability to photosynthesize; Ability to disperse seeds/fruits, propagation;
7. (a) Glucose;
(b) The person was a sufferer of diabetes mellitus;
(c) Pancrease;
9. -mutation;
-intermixing of genes already in the population through sexual reproduction recombination;
-crossing over during prophase of meosis I
-interdependent assortment of chromosomes, during metaphase of meosis I
10. i) Substitution;
ii) Deletion;
iii) Inversion;
12. a) Continuous ;
b) Nutrition/ environment; genes;
G C A G
/ GCAG
- S – P- S- P – S – P - S – P
18. a) Genes which are located on the sex- chromosomes and therefore are transmitted along with
them
Example Haemophilia; colour blindness;
b) Where more than two genes control a particular characteristic/ trait;
Example ABO blood group system;
21. The Gene that determine the growth of long hair on pinna is sex linked and an Y-chromosomes; V
hence can only be inherited by males as a single gene and it expresses itself out phenotypically
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22. Due to crossing over: that results in exchange of genetic materials between homologous
chromosomes;
26. (i) Sudden and spontaneous change in structure of chromosome and DNA which is inherited
(ii) Chemical ionizing radiations, Uv light, extreme temperature or some virus
rr r
Fusion Rr R
XX XY;
F1 genotypes XX XY
b) incomplete;
c) i) Ribonucleic acid;
ii) has uracil base;
ii) – 3;
- There are three codons;
29. A – XhY;
B – XHY;
F – XHXh;
XH Xh; X Xh;Y;
(b)
XH Xh XH Y
31. a) the two genes that control flower colour ,that is the gene for red flowers and the
one for white are codominate;
b) F₁ phenotype pink flowers pink flowers
F₁ genotype RW X RW ;
Gameter R W R W;
Fussion
F₂ genotypes RR RW RW WW ;
F₂ phenotypes red
32. (a) (i) Male and female flowers are separate hence cross pollination is made possible.
+
(ii) 1 Yellow : 3 Purple
Rej.: 15 yellow : 45 Purple
T T t t
Parental gametes
gametes R W R W ;
RR RW WR WW;
red pink white
b) phenotypic ratio 1Red:2Pink:1White;
genotypic ratio: 1RR:2RW:1WW;
c) 2 x 480;=240
4
38.
Parental genotype; B B B b
Gametes ; B B b b
o B Bb
+
b Bb Bb
b Bb Bb
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Fl generation Award for punnet Square and genotypes
(b) (i) IBB : 2Bb: lbb
(1 mark for ratio, 1 mark Par genotype)
13. Evolution
1. a) Homologous structures have a common embryonic origin but are modified to
Perform different functions; while analogous structures have different embryonic origin but are
modified to perform similar functions;
b) Nictitating membrane; post anal tail; body hair;
vv vv
rr v rv v
Magereza
(c) A cross between unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive/double recessive genotype
(d) - Low mental capability
- Short/stubby fingers
- Slit eyes
21. (a) Emergence of new life forms//species//organisms; from pre-existing forms gradually
over a long period of time;
(b) Fossil records//Palaeontology;
These are remains of organisms preserved in some naturally occurring materials e.g. sedimentary
rocks for many years; They give direct evidence of the type of organisms that existed at a certain
geological time//show a gradual increase in complexity/morphological changes of organisms over
a long period of time e.g. skull of man
Geographical distribution;
present continents are thought to have been a large land mass joined together; continental drift led
to isolation that lead to different patterns of evolution; e.g. camels of Africa resemble the Ilamas
of S. America// tiger of Asia resemble jaguars of S. America // unique Marsupials of Australia;
(accept any valid example)
Comparative Embryology;
Vertebrate embryos show morphological similarities in their early development; suggesting these
organisms have a common origin; Accept – embryos of mammals /reptiles/ amphibians compared
to show the similarities;
Cell Biology// Cytology;
Occurrence of cell organelles e.g. Mitochondria
Cytoplasm nucleus// Accept any correct organelle; point towards a common ancestor;
Comparative serology;
Analysis of blood proteins and antigens / Rh factor/ blood group /haemoglobin reveal
phylogenetic blood group/haemoglobin reveal phylogenetic relationships; Those species that are
more close phylogenetically related contain more similar blood protein;// Antigen-antibody
reactions/serological tests/experiments with serum reveal some phylogenetic relationship
depending on the level of precipitation.
Comparative anatomy/taxonomy;
- Members of a phylum show similarities indicating common ancestry; These organisms have
similar functions e.g. presence of digestive, urinary, nervous systems e.t.c;
- Homologous structures like pentadactyl limbs in different animals like monkey and rats have
similar borne arrangement hence same origin but modified to perform different functions//
adaptive radiation//divergent evolution; vestigial organs//coccyx Appendix;
- Analogous structures like wings of birds and wings of insects with different embryonic origin
but perform same function//convergent evolution; (maximum 18mks)
The structure tied to function wrong function cancel the mark of the structure. Correct structure
minus function do not qualify for a mark
22. (a) Nature or the environment selects those individuals that are sufficiently adapted; and rejects
those that are not adapted;
(b) Adaptation by natural selection.
- Individuals of the same species show variations.
- The variations are caused by genes that can be passed on from parents to the off springs
(inherited);
- Some of these variation become more suitable or favorable or advantageous in the prevailing
environmental conditions;
- Because organisms usually produce more off springs than the environment can support;
competition for resources sets in;
- This leads to struggle for existence;
- Individuals with more favorable characteristics/ adaptations/ gene mutation have better chance
of survival in the struggle;
- Hence they reach reproductive age, reproduce and pass on favorable characteristics to the off
spring;
- Those with less favorable characteristics or adaptations fail to reach sexual maturity; they die
young;
- Examples of natural selection include- malarial parasite/plasmodium which has developed
strains that are resistant to anti-malarial drugs;
- Sickle cell trait; the homozygous die young and the heterozygous are resistant to malaria.
(c) – Convergent evolution.
- This is a phenomenon where structures from different embryonic origins are modified
to perform the same function. E.g. wings of birds and those of insects, eyes of human
beings and those of octopuses;
- Divergent evolution.
- This is a phenomenon where one basic structural form is modified to give rise to various
different forms which perform different functions. E.g. pentadactyl limbs of vertebrates,
shapes of beaks in birds;
(d) Evidences to show that evolution has taken place. (Any 4)
i) Fossil records.√
ii) Comparative anatomy. .√
iii) Comparative embryology. .√
iv) Geographical distribution (continental drift).√
v) Vestigial organs.√
vi) Cell biology. √
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(i) Fossils records;
Fossils are remains of dead organisms preserved naturally. They indicate that organisms
have evolved from simple life forms to most complex forms. Fossils of human beings
indicate that the modern human being has a highly developed brain and uses speech for
communication unlike the early human being. Of horses show that the modern horse is 1.5
m high, lives in dry grassland, teeth are adapted for chewing and it stands on one digit
whose distal end is converted into hoof.
(ii) Comparative Anatomy;
This involves comparing the form and structure of different organisms.Some groups
organisms show basic structural similarities suggesting common or related ancestry
showing divergent evolution.
Other groups of organisms show morphological similarities but are found to have different
ancestry showing convergent evolution;
(iii) Vestigial Organs;
Some structures have ceased to be functional and have reduced in size; such structures are
called vestigial structures. Examples include the appendix and the tail in human beings;
reduced wings in flightless birds, nictitating membranes in mammalian eyes and lack of
visible limbs in pythons.
(iv) Geographical distribution;
- Its believed that long ago the land was one mass which later drifted apart to form the
current continents. This is called the continental drift.
- Regions with similar climatic conditions and lie in the same latitude have flora and fauna
that are not identical. This indicates that they have evolved differently; e.g. Amazon forest
of South America has long tailed monkeys, panthers and jaguars while similar African
forests have short tailed monkeys, leopards and
cheetahs.
(v) Comparative embryology;
Studies show that embryos of fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals are
morphologically similar during the early stages of development but with time they develop
and change to look like their parents;
(vi) Cell biology;
- Cells of higher organisms show basic similarities in their structure and function; e.g. the
presence of cell membranes and organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomses and golgi
bodies.
- Higher plant cells have cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts and starch showing evolution
from a common ancestry.
- The blood pigment, haemoglobin is common in vertebrates and invertebrates.
23. a) organic evolution is the process by which changes in the genetic composition occur in
response to environmental changes *RCH*
b) within the population some individual posses the gene for resistance to the antibiotic or it
develops the genes by mutation ; such genes lead to production of enzyme which neutralize
the antibiotic; the resistance forms survive the antibiotic hence transmit their advantages
genes to their offspring; thus a new population of resistance strains is established(e
mergence of new species(speciation)
c) fossil records;
-remains of ancestral forms that were accidentally preserved in some naturally
occurring
materials
-they give direct evidence of the type of animals and plants that existed at a certain
geological agp
-the fossils records also show gradual increases in complexity of organism over time
e.g. evolution of man
-by comparing fossils of different organism its possible to tell the phylogenic
relationship between the organism
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24. RR X WW
R R W W
;
RW RW RW RW
b)
RW X RW
R W R W
RR RW RW RW ;
Red Pink Pink White ;
1 : 2 :
c) Gene for red colour and white colour in flowers are co dominant/ equal dominance/ none
is dominant/ recessive
Arteries Veins
- Thick muscular - Thin muscular walls
- No valves (except pulmonary artery and aorta at the base - valves present;
- Narrow (small) lumen - Wide lumen (large) lumen;
11. a) Retina;
b) Cones and rods;
1
c) Stereoscopic vision/ binocular vision/ improved visual acuity; gives a wider angle of vision; if
one is damaged man is not blinded;
13. Water proof – Prevent water from reaching the inner cells
Has Karatin – For protection against mechanical injury
14. i) Equalizes the pressure between the outer ear and the middle ear;
ii) Transmits and amplifies vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window;
15. a) – Conditioned reflex requires repeated stimulus to bring about response while simple
reflex requires single stimulus to bring about response;
- Conditioned reflex requires behaviour modification hence experience while simple
reflex involves direct action and is independent of experience;
b) It has a long axon to transmit nerve impulse myelin sheath and rod of ranvier for faster
impulse transmission;
16. a) i) Iris;
ii) Optic name;
b) Circular muscles of the iris;
Radial muscles contract;
The size of the pupil enlarge to allow more light to enter;
17. Chemotropism; Reject chemotrophism
Negative photo taxis; Reject photo taxis alone
18. i) Thigmotropism / 1-laptotropism
ii) High concentration of auxin on side away from contact surface; promotes faster growth of this
side; causing tendril to curl round the object.
19. Thigmotropism / haptotropism;
20. a)Hormone/growth substance /IAA; which inhibits the development/growth of lateral
shoots/buds/causes apical dominance; /removal of the terminal buds cause the
growth/development and sprouting of lateral buds ; 2mks
b)The pruning of coffee /tea/ledge; etc Rej. Pruning alone/trimming ;
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21. cerebrum/cerebral hemisphere/cerebral cortex;
22. a)long sightedness/hyper netropia;
b)the eye ball too short/eye lenses are unable to focus because they are flat//thin/weak;
hence unable to focus the image on the retina OR the eye are unable to commodate/change
their focal length; 2
c)by wearing convex/biconvex lens/converging lenses; 1mk
23. a)A-relay/intermediate /associates;
B-motor neurone/efferent neurone;
b) Impulse initiates release of acetyl choline /transmitter substance (at the end of the
sensory neurone);acetyl choline which diffuses across the gap; generate an impulse
in the next neurone; (Rj. Message for impulse)
24. (a) -Hearing;
-Body balance (and posture);
(b) Coiled to accommodate many sensory cells:
- Filled with endolymph to transmit (sound) vibrations.
- Has sensory hairs/cells to generate nerve impulses when stimulated:
25. Used in the transmission of nerve impulse.
- For respiration;
26. - Proper functioning of the nervous system and alimentary canal;
27. (a) Enables the organism to escape from injurious stimuli/seek favourable habitats;
(b) Cerebrum
28. The conified layer of the epidermis consist of dead cells which form a tough outer coat;
that protects the skin against mechanical damage/bacterial infection/ water loss;
Sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion sebum which give hair its water repelling property;
that keeps the epidermis sapple and prevents it from dyring/sebum too prevents bacterial attack
due to its antiseptic property;
Has blood vessels; that dilate and contract;
In hot conditions, they dilate; increasing blood flow near the skin surface enhancing blood flow
near the skin surface; minimizing heat loss;
Has hairs; stand during cold weather thus trapping a layer of air which prevents heat loss; In hot
weather they i.e close to the skin surface; to enhance heat loss to the atmosphere.
Hair follicle; has many sensory neurons which respond to movements of the hair; increasing
sensitivity of the skins. Has subcutenous layer; contains fat whihch acts as a heat-insulating layer
and a fuel storage;
Has malpighian layer; consists of actively dividing cells tht contain fine granules of melanin; that
prevents the skin against ultraviolet light rays from the sun;
29. a) i) Myopia/ short sightedness
ii) Long eyeball/ too long eye ball
b) Use of concave/ diverging lens; to diverge the rays from image to focus onto retina
c) For colour reception/ vision
For vision in bright light/ day
d) Retina has many rods; to perceive / enable organism see in dim light/ darkness
30. Water proof – Prevent water from reaching the inner cells
Has Karatin – For protection against mechanical injury
31. i) Equalizes the pressure between the outer ear and the middle ear;
ii) Transmits and amplifies vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window;
32. a) – Conditioned reflex requires repeated stimulus to bring about response while simple
reflex requires single stimulus to bring about response;
- Conditioned reflex requires behaviour modification hence experience while simple
reflex involves direct action and is independent of experience;
b) It has a long axon to transmit nerve impulse myelin sheath and rod of ranvier for faster
impulse transmission;
33. a) i) Iris; ii) Optic name;
b) Circular muscles of the iris; Radial muscles contract;
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The size of the pupil enlarge to allow more light to enter;
34. Chemotropism; Reject chemotrophism
Negative photo taxis; Reject photo taxis alone
35. i) Thigmotropism / 1-laptotropism
ii) High concentration of auxin on side away from contact surface; promotes faster growth of this
side; causing tendril to curl round the object.
36. Thigmotropism / haptotropism;
37. a)Hormone/growth substance /IAA; which inhibits the development/growth of lateral
shoots/buds/causes apical dominance; /removal of the terminal buds cause the
growth/development and sprouting of lateral buds ; 2mks
b)The pruning of coffee /tea/ledge; etc Rej. Pruning alone/trimming ;
38. cerebrum/cerebral hemisphere/cerebral cortex;
39. a)long sightedness/hyper netropia;
b)the eye ball too short/eye lenses are unable to focus because they are flat//thin/weak;
hence unable to focus the image on the retina OR the eye are unable to commodate/change
their focal length; 2
c)by wearing convex/biconvex lens/converging lenses; 1mk
40. a)A-relay/intermediate /associates;
B-motor neurone/efferent neurone;
b) Impulse initiates release of acetyl choline /transmitter substance (at the end of the
sensory neurone);acetyl choline which diffuses across the gap; generate an impulse
in the next neurone; (Rj. Message for impulse)
41. (a) -Hearing;
-Body balance (and posture);
(b) Coiled to accommodate many sensory cells:
- Filled with endolymph to transmit (sound) vibrations.
- Has sensory hairs/cells to generate nerve impulses when stimulated:
42. Used in the transmission of nerve impulse.
43. - Proper functioning of the nervous system and alimentary canal;
- For respiration;
44. (a) Enables the organism to escape from injurious stimuli/seek favourable habitats;
(b) Cerebrum
45. (a) Positive phototropism; reject phototropism only
(b) Positive geotropism; reject geotropism only
(c) Thigmotropism
46. - comified layer made of dead cells to protect from mechanical damage, also protect *KKE*
from desiccation/dehydration.
- Granular with living cells to replace the worn out layer.
- Malphigian layer – cells divide to form new epidermis.
- Malphigian cells with melanin pigment which protect from c ultra violet rays from the sun.
- Blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients. Remove CO2 and nitrogenous wastes.
- Superficial blood vessels/arterioles dilate. When it is hotg. So that more blood flows near the skin
surface for more heat loss.
- Superficial blood vessels consmet/vasoconstriction. When it si cold. So that less blood flows near
the skin surface to reduce heat loss.
- Erector pili muscle contract when it is cold to raise hair/hair stands upright. To trap more a ir to
reduce heat loss/insulate.
- Erctor pili muscles relax when it is hot to make hair lie flat. On the skin to trap less air hence
reduce insulation/increase heat loss.
- Sweat glands excrete excess water, mineral salts traces of live and lactin acid.
- The water in sweat evaporates carrying away latent heat of vaporization to lower the body
temperature.
- Subcutaneous layer/dispose tissue insulation the bod y/ reduce heat loss.
- Sensory nerve ending which are sensitive to touch/pain/heat cold.
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47. Conjuctiva – protects eyeball from mechanical injury
Cornea – Allows light to pass through
Iris – Controls amount of light passing through
Retina – Where image is formed
Forea – Where image is formed
Sctera – Protect the eye ball; give it shape
Choroid – Absorbs stray lights
Provide nourishment to the eye
Aqueous/ vitreous humour – refract light into the eye towards retina maintain shape of eye ball
Ciliary body – Controls curvature of the lens
Rods – Perceive light of low intensity
Cones – Perceive light of high intensity
7. a) Ulna;
b) i) Humerus;
ii) Hinge
8. a) Exoskeleton;
b) Supports body tissue and organs, protects inner parts, reduces water loss/ evaporation, helps
in movement/ attachment of muscles;
9. a) Provide mechanical strength / support/ it is a strengthening tissue;
b) Xylem vessels and tracheids have lignified walls; to provide support;
one is damaged man is not blinded;
10. a) Tendons are structures which attach skeletal muscles to bone while ligaments are structures
that hold two bones together;
b) Use of turgor pressure / turgidity; use of tendrils and climbing stems; tissue distribution in
stems (parenchyma) sclerenchyma / collenchyma); use
of xylem (thickened tracheids & vessels) ; use of spines and thorns e.g roses.
11. a) i) Lignin;
ii) Phloem;
b) Growing areas of root, stem/ shoot, meristems ;
Storage organs – Fruits, seeds, stems, roots, leaves;
12. - Maintain shape of the body ;
- Protect delicate organs of the body e.g. heart, brain;
- Place/ area of attachment for other organs of the body;
13. Capitulum
14. (a) Scapula;
(b) (i) Humerous;
(ii) Ball and socket joint ;
For muscle attachment;
15. a) Femur; ;
b) Reloic girdle/ pubis of peloic girdle;
c) Hinge joint;
Rj. thoracic alone or vertebra alone
b)X-neutral spine;
W-centrum;
16. (a) Axis;
(b) Fits in the neural canal of atlas to permit for turning of the head:
17. a) - Sclerenchyma;
- Xylem;
- Collenchyma;
Accept Parenchyma
b) i) X – Biceps;
Y- Triceps;
Reject Flexor and Extensor
ii) X (Biceps) relaxes; as Y (Triceps) contracts;
c) Hinge joint;
18. a)locomotion enables animal to move from one place to another in search of food; mates;
to escape from predators; to disperse/avoid unfavourable environments;
b)-have streamline body which reduces fiction; the scales overlap backwards and he lies flat
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close to the body, thus enhancing he streamline shape;
-they have air-filled swim bladder tat helps them to maintain a density that is equal to that of
the surrounding water; helping the fish to float; (making forward movement easy)
-tail fin long/has large surface area to increase the amount of water displaced resulting in an
increase in forward thrust;
-they have strong tail muscles which enable the tail to move from side to side against
water;(pushing
the fish to move forward)
-the have paired pectral and pelvic fins; which are used for steering; for bringing about
downward or upward movement; as breaks//for braking; and for preventing pitching;
-they have unpaired fins, dorsal and anal fins; which increases the vertical surface area
preventing
fish from rolling or yawing;
-the fish has inflexible head which help, fish to maintain forward thrust;
-have fleshable backbone onto which myotomes are attached; the muscles contract and relax to
bring about undulation movement;
-fish also secretes mucus which covers body and reduces friction during movement;
1. a) Identify solutions V and W by carrying out the food tests as indicated in the table below
b) Which of the two solutions V and W would you recommend for a person who needs an
immediate source of energy? Give a reason for your answer.
a) In the table below, name the structures labeled P, Q, S and T. For each of the structures,
state one function
b) i) Identify the sex of the rabbit that was dissected
ii) Give two reasons for your answer in b(i) above
c) Name the instrument labeled x in the diagram above
S
A2
T
Remains of
style
A2
B1
B2
a) Using the number of flowers arising from the shoot of each plant, state the flowers
labelled A1 and B1
b) Name the class of the plant from which each of the flowers was obtained. Give a reason
for your answer in each case :
c) Name the parts labelled S and T
d) What type of ovary is shown in flower B1? Give a reason for your answer.
e) i) Name the agent responsible for the process represented by the arrow labelled
R in B2
ii) Give a reason for your answer in e (i) above
iii) List two other features (not shown in the photograph) expected of such flowers as B1
f) i) Name an agent that brings about a similar process as the one shown by the
arrow in B2 for A1
ii) Give a reason for your answer in f(i) above.
g) What is the likely agent of dispersal of the specimen labelled B2?
1. Study the diagrams M, N, O, P and Q below representing organisms in the environment and
use them to answer the following questions:-
M N
P
Q
(a) With the reasons, identify the phylum to which they belong:-
(b) Identify the classes of the following organisms:-
M ....................................................... N .......................................................
O .................................................. P ......................................................
Q ..................................................
(c) Give two reasons for identifying the classes of organisms M and P
(d) What is the economic importance of the class to which M belongs?
2. You are provided with specimen D1. Make a vertical (longitudinal section through it to obtain
two equal halves)
(a) (i) Draw and label one half of D1
(ii) Calculate the magnification of your drawing (show your working)
(iii) With reasons, identify the type of fruit D1
(b) Squeeze juice from D1, into a beaker. Label two test tubes A and B. In each test tube
put 1cm3 of DCPIP
(i) To test tube A add the juice drop by drop shaking well after each drop. Record the number
of drops required to decolourize DCPIP in the table below.
3. The diagram below represents a cross-section of a plant stem. Study it carefully and answer the
questions that follow:-
A
GG
B
H
C H
D I
(a) Identify letters that represent tissues responsible for support and name the tissues
(b) State two ways in which the tissues named in (a) above offer support
(c) (i) Identify the part labelled H ............................................................................................
(ii) What is the role of this part?
(d) (i) If the plant from which the section had been obtained was placed in water containing
eosin dye, which part would you expect to be stained with the dye?
(ii) Name three forces which help water containing this dye (eosin) to pass through the
dyed tissue
(e) (i) Name the tissues labelled I .................................................................................................
(ii) What is the name of the cell C seen adjacent to tissue I?
(iii) State the function of this cell C
MIGORI DISTRICT
Each candidate should be provided with the following:
o Irish potato (one large one each – N)
o 75 ml of conc. brine labelled L1.
o 75 ml of distilled water labelled L2.
o Potato borers.
o Six test tubes.
o Iodine.
o Benedict’s solution.
o Sodium hydroxide.
o 10% copper II sulphate.
o Means of heating.
o Means of timing.
o A ruler.
Q.1 Below are two sets of photomicrographs A and B showing various processes of cell divisions.
Examine them.
Q. (a) Using observable features only, identify the type of cell division represented by the
photomicrographs in set A and set B. Give a reason in each case.
Cell division in set A
Reason:
Cell division in set B.
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Reason:
(b) Name the division process represented by number 3 and 4 in photomicrographs of set A and
number 1 and 3 in photomicrographs in set B. Complete the table below.
(c) Name one region in higher pants where the cell division represented by photomicrographs
set A and B occurs.
(d) Describe the process that is taking place at photomicrographs set A number 3 and
photomicrograph set B number 2.
(e) State the importance of each of the cell division in A and B in the bodies of living
organisms.
2. You are provided with specimen N. You have also been provided with a cork borer bore out
three (3) pieces each measuring 5 cm. Take each piece and place into the test tubes labelled
A, B and C separately.
Fill test tube A with solution labelled L1.
Fill test tube B with solution labelled L2.
Leave test tube labelled C empty (Do not pour anything into it.)
(a) (i) Remove the pieces and dry each using blotting paper and measure its length. Record in the
table below.
(ii) Account for the observation made in the measurements of each piece after 30 minutes
above.
(b) (i) Crush the remaining tissue into a paste and carry out food tests on it using the reagents
provided.:
(ii) What would imbalances of such food substances cause in the diet?
Excess of the foods.
Deficiency of the foods.
NYAMIRA DISTRICT
REQUIREMENT
- 2 Boiling tubes
- 2 test tubes
- Test tube rack
- Means of heating
- 1% copper sulphate solution
- 2M sodium hydroxide solution
- Iodine solution
- Mortar and pestle
- Scalpel
- 20% Hydrogen peroxide solution
- Fresh potato
- Droppers
- 100ml beaker
Schools should also have ordinary laboratory apparatus in addition to those listed above
1. You have been provided with specimen Q which is a fresh potato, liquid R (Hydrogen peroxide
and reagents 1% copper sulphate, 2M sodium hydroxide and iodine solution. Use them to carry
out the tests below:
(a) Using a scalpel, cut two small cubes measuring 1cm x1cm from the fresh potato. Place one
of the cubes in boiling water for 10minutes,then remove the cube and let it cool. Place it in
a boiling tube and label it A.
Place the fresh piece of potato cube in another boiling tube labelled B and then add equal
amounts of hydrogen peroxide to each test tube at the same time. Write your observations.
Observations:
(a) (i) Boiling tube A
(ii) Boiling tube B
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(b) Explain your observations in (i) and (ii) above
(c) Crush a small piece of the remaining potato in a motar. Add a little amount of distilled water
to make a mixture. Use it to carry out food tests below:
3. You are provided with photographs of animals which belong to the same phylum. Study the
photographs and the dichotomous key below to enable you identify the taxonomic group to
which each animal belongs:-
(a) Using the key, identify organisms A to E giving the sequence of steps followed to arrive at the
identity of each organism
(b) (i) Using observable features only, state the phylum to which the organisms on the
photograph belong:
(ii) State one observable feature that enables you to arrive at the answer in (b) (i) above
1. egg albumen
Pineapple juice mixture (10ml) labelled Z
Iodine solution
Ethanol
Distilled water
DCPIP
Benedict’s solution
Source of heat (hot water bath)
Four (4) test-tubes
2. Bougainvillea leaf –P
Kikuyu grass leaf -Q
Hand lens
3. Hand lens
Freshly killed housefly
Safety pin/pair of forceps
1. (a) You are provided with the solution labelled Z. Using the apparatus and the reagents
provided, carry out the tests for the various food substances
Food Procedure Observation Conclusion
(b) State the organ(s) which produce(s) enzyme(s) which are required to digest the contents
of solution Z completely
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(c) Name the end products of digestion of solution Z
(d) Give two functions of the products named in (c) above in the human body
2. You are provided with the specimens P and Q:
(a) (i) What is the mode of nutrition for the organisms represented by the above specimens?
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above
(iii) Write an equation for the physiological process involved in the mode of feeding in (a)(i)
above
(b) Draw and label specimen P
(c) State three observable differences between specimens P and Q
(d) Name the trophic level of the organisms from which the specimens were obtained
in the ecosystem
(e) Explain the role played by the organisms in the ecosystem
(f) Which features adapt specimen Q to enabling the organism from which it was detached
to live in its habitat?
3. Using a hand lens, study the specimen provided and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Give the phylum and the class to which the specimen belongs
(b) State two characteristics which are unique to members of the class suggested in (a) above
(c) Using the observable features only, explain how the specimen is adapted to living in its
habitat.
o Onion bulb
o Iodine solution (5ml)
o Cover slip (1pc)
o Microscope slide (1pc)
o Means of labeling
o Hydrogen peroxide – 5ml per student
o Test tube (4)
o Distilled water
o Saturated sodium Chloride solution – Liquid H – 5ml per student
o Blotting paper (1pc)
o Means of timing
o Pestle and Mortar
o Piece of liver
o Wooden splint
o Benedicts solution – 5ml
o Scalpel blade
o Means of heating
o Boiling tube (1)
o Glass rod
o A pair of forceps
o Microscope (one for a group of five)
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N/B – Provide a medium power objective lens of x10 and eye piece lens of x10 or x15.
1. You are provided with a portion of an onion bulb. Remove one fleshy leaf from the onion bulb,
peel the epidermis from the inner surface of the leaf and place it on a drop of iodine solution on a
glass slide. Place a cover slip on the epidermis. Drain the excess iodine solution by use of a piece
of blotting paper from the edge of the cover slip then leave the set up for one minute.
Place a drop of liquid H at the edge of the cover slip. Leave the set up for 5 minutes then drain
excess liquid from the opposite of the slip using a blotting paper. Observe under medium power of
the light microscope provided.
(a) Draw and label two neghbouring cells
(b) Account for the results in (a) above
(c) Using a pestle and mortar, crush two fleshy leaves of the onion bulb, add 4mls of distilled
water and stir. Decant into a test tube and label the resultant filtrate as solution J1 and retain
the residue.
Using the reagents provided, carry out food tests on solution J1 and fill the table below:
FOOD
SUBSTANCE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
(d) Label one test tube as J2 and another as K . Add 2mls of Hydrogen peroxide to each of the
test tubes.
(i) Into the test tube labelled J2, place the entire residue obtained in (c) above and immediately
introduce a glowing splint. Record your observations in the table below. Into the test tube
labelled K, place the piece of liver provided then immediately introduce a glowing splint
into the mouth of test tube and record your observations in the table below.
(ii) Name the enzyme responsible for the reactions in the test tubes above
(iii) Explain the significance of the difference in the observations in part (i) above
2. Use the diagram provided to answer questions that follow:
DICHOTOMUS KEY
1. (a) Organisms with a flat body Go to 9
(b) Organisms without a flat body Go to 2
2. (a) Organisms having a body in a shell Mollusca
(b) Organisms without a shell Go to 3
3. (a) Organisms having a segmented body Go to 4
(b) Organisms with a body not segmented Nematoda
4. (a) Organisms having jointed appendages Go to 6
(b) Organisms without jointed appendages Go to 5
5.(a) Organisms with a long cylindrical body Annelida
(b) Organisms having a short stout body Trematoda
6. (a) Organisms with antennae Go to 7
(b) Organisms lacking antennae Go to 8
7. (a) Organisms with a pair of antennae Insecta
(b) Organisms with more than one pair of antennae crustacea
8. (a) Organisms with pincer-like mouth parts Arachnida
(b) Organisms with sucking mouth parts Acarina
9. (a) Organisms having a ribbon like body Cestoda
(b) Organisms with circular body Crinoidea
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(a) Using the dichotomous key, identify the taxonomic group of each of the five specimens
shown in the photographs. In each case show in sequence, the steps in the key that you
have followed to arrive at the identity of each specimen.
(b) Name a pathogen that attacks human beings and is associated with the organism labelled V
NDHIWA DISTRICT
1. You are provided with specimens labelled N, P, Q and R. Using the following characteristics and
in the order given only
Number of legs
Presence of wings
Number of wings
a) Construct a three –step dichotomous key. Use the given letters for identification
(Specific names not required)
b) i) Using observable features only, state the phylum to which specimen R belongs
ii) Give three reasons for your answer in (b) (i) above
c) i) Using observable features only, classify specimen N in its class
ii) Give four reasons for your answer in (c) (i)
b) You are provided with a specimen labelled K. Separate the roots and leaves from the remains
of the grain. Crush the roots, leaves and the remains of the grain separately. To each
crushed materials add 1ml of water. Put the extract from the materials into separate test tubes
and label them using the reagents provided. Test for the food substances in each of the
extracts. Record the procedure, observation and conclusions in the table below:-
MUMIAS DISTRICT
Requirements :-
Unripe pawpaw fruits (one pawpaw- ten students)
Beaker (4)
Razor /scalpel
Ruler
Solution G – distilled water
Solution H – salt solution of different concentration namely 10%, 20%, 60%
Labels
(a) Complete the steps 2(b) and 7(b) by filling in the key above
(b) Complete the table to identify the organisms:
(c) State the classes of specimens B, C, E and G
(a) Using observable features only, classify the animals, A, B and E into their respective classes.
Give a reason for your answer in each case
(b) State one morphological difference between C and E
(c) The dichotomous key constructed below can be used to identify some of the animals
viewed in the museum:-
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1. (a) Has jointed legs ................................................go to 2
(b) Lacks jointed legs ............................................go to 3
2. (a) Has five or less pairs of legs ............................ go to 4
(b) Has more than five pairs of legs ...................... go t o 5
3. (a) Has bilateral symmetry.......................................................EUNICE
(b) Has radial symmetry...........................................................LUDIA
4. (a) Has five pairs of legs ..............................................CANCER
(b) Has four pairs of legs ...........................................LACTRODECTUS
5. (a) Has I pair of legs per body segment .....................SCOLOPENDRA
(b) Has 2 pairs of legs per body segment ...................SIGMORIA
Use the dichotomous key above to identify animals labelled C, D and E. In each case show in
sequence the steps followed (e.g. 1b, 2b, 3a e.t.c.) to arrive at the identity of each animal
G
H
J Soil
Soil level
level
M
PHOTOGRAPH I PHOTOGRAPH II
(a) With a reason in each case, name the class to which the plants belong:
(i) Plant in photograph I ..................................................................................................
Reason.........................................................................................................................
(ii) Plant in photograph II .....................................................................................
Reason.........................................................................................................................
(b) Identify the parts labelled G, J and M
(c) State two functions of the part labelled H
(d) (i) Name the swellings that would be developed in the roots of the plant in photograph I
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later in its life
(ii) Which organism would be found in the swellings in (d)(i) above?
(e) (i) State the type of germination exhibited by the plant in photograph II
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e) (i) above
1. You are provided with liquids labeled L1, and L2 and a piece of visking tubing. Spare about
10ml of each of the liquids for part (a) of this question
Using a piece of thread, tightly tie one end using the visking tubing
Open the other end of the visking tubing and half fill it with liquid L1. Tightly tie this end.
Ensure there is no leakage at both ends. Immerse the tubing in a beaker containing liquid L2
a) Using the Iodine and the benedict’s solutions provided, test for the food substances in
liquid L1 and L2. Record your observations in the table below :-
After at least 30 minutes, remove the visking tubing from the beaker and wash the outside of
the tubing thoroughly to remove traces of liquid L2
b) Using the same reagents, test for food substances in liquid L1 in the visking tubing.
Record your observations in the table below:
c) Account for the results obtained after carrying out tests on liquid L1 before and after
immersion into liquid L2
2. Below is photograph S 1 4
5
6
2 3 Anus
a) i) Name the class to which the organism in the photograph belongs:
ii) Give three observable reasons for your answer in (a) (i) above
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b) State two functions of the part labeled 1
c) Name the fins on the specimen that:
i)Enable the specimen to balance, brake and change direction
ii) Prevent the fish from rolling and yawing
d) Measure in millimeters the length of the:
i) Photograph S from the tip of the mouth to the tip of the tail
Length…………………… mm
ii) Photograph S from anus to the tip of the tail.
Length………………………..… mm
iii) Using the measurements in d (i) and d (ii) above, calculate the tails power
iv) State the significance of tail power in specimen S
e) Other than structures in (c) above, state two observations of the animals in photograph S
to locomotion in water
RACHUONYO DISTRICT
Each school will need 20g of yeast powder for every to candidates picked and sealed in
polythene
papers and labeled substance K.
To schools - Substance K is to reach school on the morning of the examination packed
substance ‘K’ delivered to schools on the day of Biology examination
1. During a visit to a museum, students were shown ten specimens of invertebrates on display.
The teacher provided a dichotomous key to enable them classify each specimen on display.
Five of the specimens are shown in the photographs below:
(a) Use the dichotomous key to identify the taxonomic group of each of the five specimens in
the photographs. In each case, show the sequence of steps e.g. 1a, 2b, 7b e.t.c. in the key
that you followed to arrive at identity of each specimen
(b) State the phylum to which animal G belong
(c) Apart from jointed appendages, state 2 other distinguishing characteristics of the phylum
named in B above
2. The photomicrograph below represents parts of 2 adjacent cells as seen under an electron
microscope. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-
3. You are provided with 10% glucose solution and substance K. place equal amounts of the
glucose solution in test tubes labeled 1, 2 and 3. Divide the substance K into 3 equal portions.
To one portion, add 2ml of water and boil, cool it down. Pour this mixture into test tube 1
Add another portion of substance K to test-tube 2 and shake.
Put 2ml of distilled water in test tube 3. Close the 3 test-tubes tightly using well fitting
corks, and allow the set-ups to stand for at least 20 minutes
(a) Record your observation: (i) Test tube 1
(ii) Test tube 2
(iii) Rest tube 3
(b) (i) Name the process being investigated in the experiment
(ii) Write down an equation for this process
(iii) In which organelle does the process take place
(c) (i) Suggest the identity of substance K
(ii) Account for the results in test-tube 1
(d) Cut a small piece of liver 2cm by 2cm. drop it into the test tube containing dilute
hydrogen peroxide. Leave for 2 minutes
(i) State your observation
(ii) Account for your observations
R
T
V W
(a) State the mode of feeding of the organism from which each of the skulls was obtained.
Give two reasons in each case.
(b) Label canine on drawing W and carnassial teeth on drawing V
(c) State the function of each of the following labelled parts on the drawing R & S
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(d) Write down the dental formula of the organism from which skull W was obtained
(e) State four observable differences between the skulls V and W.
(f) (i) Name the part labelled T
(ii) Name the vertebra that articulates with the part labelled T.
1. You are provided with two pieces of plant material labelled specimen Q. Using a scalpel cut two
slits half way to obtain four flaps through the middle of each piece as shown in the diagram
below:-
Place one piece in the solution labelled M1 and the other in the solution M2 . Allow the set up to
stand for 30minutes
(a) After 30minutes remove the pieces and press them gently between the fingers
(i) Record your observations M1 M2
(ii) Account for the observations in A above
(b) Examine the pieces
(i) Record other observations besides those made in (a) (i) above
(ii) Account for the observations in (b)(i) above
2. You are provided with specimen labelled K
(a) (i) Name the class to which the specimen belongs
(ii) Give three reasons for your answer in a (i) above
(b) What term is used to describe the shape of the specimen?
(c) Name and draw the fins on the specimen that;
(i) Enable the specimen to balance, brake and change direction
(ii) Prevent the fish from rolling and yawing
Each candidate should be provided with the following material/apparatus for the practical:-
o Medium sized Irish potato (1 piece each) labeled Q.
o Mortar and pestle.
o Scalpel
o Distilled water
o Cotton thread (20 cm long).
o Visking tube 15 cm long.
o 100 ml beaker.
o Stirring rod.
o Iodine solution.
o Means of timing.
o Photomicrographs labeled M and N.
o Transparent ruler graduated in mm
o Specimen K – Medium sized orange (should be moderately ripe and juicy)
o Test tubes (3 per candidate) in a test tube rack.
o DCPIP solution.
o Iodine solution.
o Benedicts solution.
o Means of heating water bath.
o Test tube holder.
o 3 droppers.
o 10 ml measuring cylinder.
1. You are provided with a specimen labeled Q. Slice off about 2 cm thick disc from the
specimen. Peel it. Place the piece into a beaker and mash it into a paste using pestle and mortar.
Add 20 ml of distilled water and stir. Tie one end of the transparent visking tubing provided.
Decant the extract into the tubing and tie the other end tightly.
Ensure there is no leakage at both ends of tubing. Rinse the outside of tubing with water.
Immerse the tubing with its contents in a 100 ml beaker containing iodine solution. Allow to
stand for 20 minutes..
a) Record your observations in the table below.
(b) Account for the results obtained from (a) above.
(c) What is the significance of the process being investigated to plants?
2. Study the micrographs M and N show forms of a sexual reproduction in a certain group of
organisms. Study them and answer questions that follow.
(a) (i) State the kingdom to which the two specimens belong.
(ii) Give reason for your answer.
(b) (i) What types of asexual reproduction are represented by the two specimens?
(ii) State an example in each case of an organism that uses the type of reproduction named
above.
3. You are provided with the specimen labeled K. Make a transverse section of the
specimen
(a) Draw and label the transverse section of the specimen.
(b) Which type of fruit is specimen K?
(ii) How is the specimen adapted for dispersal by the agent named in c (i) above?
(d) Squeeze the juice from the specimen K into a small beaker. Using the reagent provided to
test for the food substances in the juice. Record the substances, procedures, observations and
conclusions in the table below.
1. (a) You are provided with specimen P and Q which were obtained from the same animal.
Examine them carefully and answer the questions that follow:
(b) Which organ system were the specimen P and Q obtained from
(c) State the functions of P and Q in the organ system named in (b) above
(d) State four adaptations in each one of specimen P and Q to their functions
(e) Using a scalpel cut and draw a well labelled transverse section of specimen P
3. You are provided with photographs of specimen K, L, M, N and P. using observable features
only, answer the questions that follow:
SOTIK DISTRICT
2. (a) Wash of the halves of specimen Q and place it in a mortar and grind it using the pestle to
obtain its juice. Then add clean water enough to fill a test tube and shake. Then decant the
juice into a clean test tube. Using the apparatus and the chemicals provided subject
(b) Explain how digestions of the components of the food sample are digested in the ileum
of a mammal
(c) What is the importance of specimen Q in the human diet?
Z Z
W`
`W
W
(a) Suggest the possible habitat of specimen W
(b) (i) Name the structure labeled Y in specimen W
(ii) State the function of the structure named in (b) (i) above
b) i) Female;
ii) – Has ovaries/ oviducts
- Has uterus
- has a vestibule
- has a clitoris
c) Dissecting pin;
3. a) A1 – solitary
B1 – Inflorescence
b)
Class Reason
A1 Dicotyledonae Has four petals
B1 Monocotyledonal Has three stamens
c) S – Petal
T- Sepal, Accept Calyx
d) Type – superior;
Reason – above receptacle;
e) i) Wind;
ii) Feathery stigma; (to increase surface area for trapping pollen grains from the air)
iii) Small, light pollen grains
- Flower not scented;
- Inconspicuous flower; Mark first 2
f) i) Insects
ii) Tubular/ bell shaped corolla
Accept large petals
g) Animal;
Mesocarp
endocarp
(ii) Magnification = length of drawing
Length of image
x ½ upto x 1½ ;
seed
(iii) Berry – many seeds Loculus
- Endocarp fleshy/juicy; (any one)
(b) (i)
A 40;
B Numerous
Not decolourite DCPIP;
3. (a) U – scelerenchyma
F- xylem tissues;
D – phloem tissues;
AT- parenchyma tissue J
(b) D – carry substances hence remain turgid; to offer supper
F- are strengthened with lignin;
T- remain turgid to outer supper (any two)_
U – provide rigidity of the (2mks) stem;
(ii) A- The solution (L1) is hypertonic to the cell sap of the potato tissue; water is drawn
out of them by osmosis; the cells become plasmolysed and flaccid and they shrink
/decreases in length;
B- The solution L2 is hypotonic to the cell sap of the potato tissue; they gain water by
osmosis; and become turgid. They cause the tissue to increase in length;
C - No change; control experiment
(b)
FOOD PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
SUBSTANCE
STARCH Add 3 drops iodine. Solution to Colour changes to blue- Starch present
food substance to be tested black (black)
REDUCING Add on equal amount of The colour changes from Reducing sugar
SUGAR Benedict’s solution to the food blue to green to yellow to present
substance and heat to boil orange and brown
precipitate formed
3
PROTEIN To about 2cm of food Purple or violet colour Proteins present
substance add 1cm3 of NaOH formed
solution . Add 1-2 drops of
copper sulphate
(b) Obesity;
Marasmus in children and muscle wasting in adults
2. (a) S – Style
T – Ovary
U – Anthens
V – Petal
(b) X – Mode- Insect
Reasons – Brightly coloured to attract insects.
Anthers inside the flower to be reached by pollinating agent.
Stigma is above the anthers to pick pollen from the incoming pollinating agent
Y- Mode –wind
Reasons:- Long anthers exposes outside the flower to be easily reached by the
flower for pollen grain to be easily blown by wind.
3. (a)
Organism Steps followed Identify
A 1a, 2b, 5a Arachnida
B 1a, 2a, 3a, 4b Hymenoptera
C 1a, 7b Echinodermata
D 1a, 2b, 5b, 6a Chilopoda
E 1a, 2a, 3b Anaplura
(b) (i) Arthropoda
(ii) Segmented body
P Q
i)has broad lamina -has narrow lamina
ii)has hairless lamina -has hairy lamina
iii)lamina has -lamina has parallel veins
network of veins OWTTE
Cell Wall
1. a) Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Sap vacuole
D–1½ P-1
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Mag: x100 or x150 L – 4/2 Cl – ½
Mag – ½
c)
FOOD
SUBSTANCE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
Starch - Place 2 ml of J1 in a Solution changes Starch present.
test-tube. from Brown to
- Add 2 – 3 drops of Blue-black
/Black
iodine solution.
- Shake and observe.
Reducing - Place 2 ml of J1 in a test- Solution changes Reducing sugar
Sugar tube. from blue, green, present.
- Add equal amountof yellow then brown.
Benedict solution.
- Heat to boil.
d) i)
TEST TUBE OBSERVATIONS
J2 - Glowing splint does not rekindle/ relight; or glowing splint
relights /rekindles slowly; √1
K - Glowing splint relights/rekindles faster; √1
(b) (i)Arthropoda
(ii) – Presence of exoskeleton
- Segmented body
- Jointed appendages/legs, limbs )
(c) Arachnida
- 8 legs /4 pairs of legs
- Two body parts
- Lack of wings
-No antenna
2. (i) Plants which normally grow n fresh water/plants which normally grow in very we places
(ii) Part 1 – leaf stalk
part 2 – leaves
(iii) - Low O2 concentration
- Low light intensity
- Low mineral salt concentration content
- A lot of water
- Waves and currents
(iv) – Some (emergent) have broad leaves with numerous stomata on the upper surface to
increase transpiration
- Highly dissected leaves to increase surface area for absorption of maximum light CO2
for photosynthesis and gaseous exchange
- - Flowers are raised above the water to allow pollination
- - Some (floating ) have log fibrous roots to absorb mineral salts
- - Long leaf stalk to expose the eaves above water for photosynthesis
(b)
Procedure Observation Conclusion
Roots Add one 2/3 drops of No color change/colour Starch absent
iodine (soln.) of iodine / brown
Accept add iodine or any /yellow colour
other measurements
To 1m of extract , add Blue to green Traces of reducing
1/2ml /equal amounts of sugars
MUMIAS DISTRICT
1. a) Observations
Strip in beaker Observation
1 Inside of the peeling curves outwards
2 Remained straight
3 Inside of the peeling inwards
4 Inside of the peeling curves inwards, more than in 3
b) Accounting for 1, 2 and 4
1: The cells of the inside of the peelings have cell sap which is hypertonic to solution
S; hence draws in water by osmosis; and (swells up to) become turgid; leading to
more increase in length of that side and curvatime on peeling sides
2: The cells of the inside of the peeling have cell sap which is atomic solution H; hence
no net osmosis
3: The cells of the inside of the peeling have cell sap which is hypotonic to solution H,
2. a) steps
2b – two
7b- cyndrical
b)
specimen steps Identify
A 1a, 2a Housefly
B 1b, 3b, 4a Spider
C 1a,2b Dragon fly
D 1b, 3b, 4b, 5a, 6a Waters/ ater
E 1b,3b, 4b, 5a, 6b Fresh water shrimp
F 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 7b Centipede
G 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 7a Millipede
H 1b, 3a Ant
c) Class
B Arachnida
C Insecta
E Crustacea
G Diploda
3. a) Legume stem;
Roots
Nodule
b) Rhizobium bacteria bacteria/ nitrogen fixing bacteria
c) Leguminous plants
d) i) symbiosis
ii) Rhizobium bacteria which lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants fix free
nitrogen in the soil into nitrates ; which are absorbed by plants to make plant
proteins; bacteria benefit from shelter and carbohydrates provided by the plants;
this relationship enables plants to thrive on nitrogen deficient soils
iii) Nitrate
iv) Pseudommonas denitrificans
Thiobacillus denitrificans
2. (a) (i) Chilopoda; Rj wrong spellings of classes but award marks for reasons
Reason – One pair of legs per body segment;
-Dorsoventrally flattened body; (consider first one only)
(ii) Insecta;
Reason- Body is divided into three parts/regions;
- Three pairs of legs;
- presence of wings;
(iii) Arachnida;
Reason:- Four pairs of limbs/legs;
C E
- 5pairs of legs 4Pairs of legs
- Has antennae Lacks antennae
- Lacks chelicerae /pedipalps Has chelicerae/pedipalps
- Has carapace Lacks carapace
(c)
ANIMAL STEPS FOLLOWED IDENTITY
C 1a, 2a, 4a; CANCER;
D 1, 2b, 5b; SIGMORIA;
E 1a, 2a, 4b; LACTRODECTUS;
1. a)
To 2 ml of L, in a test
Reducing tube add an equal No observable color Reducing sugar
sugar amount of Benedicts change absent
solution and heat/
immerse in a warm
water bath
L2 Starch To 2 ml of L in a test Color changes to blue- Starch present
tube add a few drops black
of iodine solution
Reducing To 2 ml of L add an Color turns from blue Reducing sugar
sugar equal amount of – green – yellow – present
Benedicts solution and orange/ red
heat/ immerse in a
water bath
b)
Food Procedure Observation Conclusion
substance
Starch To 2 ml of L, in a test tube add a No observable color Starch absent
few drops of iodine solution change
Reducing To 2 ml of L in a test tube add Color turns from blue – Reducing sugars
sugars/ an equal amount of Benedicts green – yellow to present
simple solution and heat/ immerse in a orange/ red
sugar warm water bath
For procedure and food substance mark once
d) i) 64 mm
ii) 29-30 mm
30
iii) Length from anus to tip of tail = /29 = 46.9% / 45.3%
Length from tip of mouth to tip of tail 64% must be there to score
iv) The high tail power creates enough force to enable the fish to push forward
3. a) A– Phloem
B. – Vascular cambium
C. – Xylem
D. – Cortex
F. – Collenchyma
G. – Epidermis
H. – Pith
b) A – Trans location
B – Divides to give rise to new tissues (for secondary growth)
C – Transport of water; and mineral salts
c) Parenchyma
d) - Cell wall thickened with lignin; for strengthening/ mechanical support
e)
b) Length – 31mm
c) actual radius = photomicrograph length
Magnification
=31 √
10,000
= 0.0031mm√
b) – The extract inside the tubing contains starch, A blue – black was observed due to
diffusion of iodine from the beaker across the Viking tubing membrane; since iodine
has a low molecular size;
-
Iodine solution retained the brown colour because starch molecules in the extract are
large; in size and could not pass through the pores of the viking tubing membrane;
into the beaker.
c) i) Gaseous exchange;
ii) Transpiration;
iii) Translocation of sugars;
2. a) i. Fungi
ii. Reproduce asexually by budding or sporulation.
b) i) M - Budding
N – Sporulation
ii) M – Yeast
N – Rhizopus / Bread mould/mucor.,
c) i) 8.7 cm
ii) Linear Magnification = Linear dimension of the Image
Linear dimension of actual object
Linear dimension of Image = 8.7 cm x 10000 μm = 8700 μm
X60 = 8700 μm
x
x = 8700 μm
60
X = 1450 μm
d) M – Used in baking Industry and brewing Industry.
N – Causes decay of dead organisms releasing nutrients. -
Causes food decay.
3. a)
b) A berry/ hesperidium.
c) i) Animal dispersal.
ii) – Succulent endocarp/Juicy endocarp.
- Scented
- Bright colour exocarp.
- Seeds resistant to digestion.
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d)
Food Procedure Observation Conclusion
Substance
Reducing - Put test substance in - Colour changes to - Reducing sugar present
sugar the t. tube yellow/orange/red
- Add benedict soln.
- Boil
Vit. C - Put 2cm3 of given - DCPIP - Vit. C present.
Ascorbic acid vol. of DCPIP in t. decolourised
tube.
- Add juice/test
substance.
Protein - Put cm3 of juice in a - No colour change - Protein absent.
t. tube.
- Add 2 cm3 of NaOH
- Add 2cm3 of CuSO4
Q – Rigid, firm/hard rings of cartridge to prevent collapsing/keeps it open to allow passage of air.
- Presence of muscles between the rings/cartilage to allow for movement
- Mucus living to trap foreign particles/filter air
- Cartilage rings are C-shaped to allow room for expansion
- To score a mark; the feature is tied to a function
c)
Epicarp
Mesocarp
endocarp
seed
Loculus
d) Axile placentation
2. a)
FOOD PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
Lipids 4cm3 of food sample mixed with 4cm3 of No change in colour Absence of lipids
b) Since ethanol then add clean water( 1 mk)
a Reducing 2cm3 of food sample in mixed with 2cm3 of The colour changes Presence of reducing
sugar Benedicts solution and heated in the hot from blue to brown sugar
water bath(1mk ) 1mk 1 mk
Ascorbic 2cm3 of DCIP is put in a test tube. Add The DCIP is Ascorbic acid
acid food sample droplisively (1mk) decolorized (1mk) (Vitamin C)
(Vitamin present(1 mk)
C)
Starch 2cm3 of food sample placed in a test tube The colour of the Starch is absent
and four drops of iodine solution added (1 solution turned brown 1 mk
mk) 1 mk
carbohydrate is present, maltase; acts on maltose; producing glucose; or lactase;
acts on lactose; into galactose and glucose; i.e. enzymes in ileum; product;
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c) Provides simple carbohydrates e.g. glucose which can be broken down in body cells to
liberate energy; or it is a source of vitamin C which is necessary for proper development
of epithelial tissues controlling scurvy; OWITTE Any two fully explained answers
3. a) i) W – Aquatic (water)
ii) Z – Desert or semi- desert or dry land
b) i) Y- Flower
ii) Sexual reproduction Reject reproductive alone
c) Observable features apply i.e. has thick succulent stem; for storage of water; and
respiratory; its leaves are reduced into spines; to lower the SA for transpiration; or for
protection against herbivores