A Modest Proposal

For Preventing the Children of Poor People

in Ireland, from Being a Burden on Their Parents
or Country, and for Making Them
Beneficial to the Publick
By Jonathan Swift
Edited and annotated by Jack Lynch
Swift was Irish, and though he much preferred living in England, he resented British policies toward
the Irish. In a letter to Pope of 1729, he wrote, "Imagine a nation the two-thirds of whose revenues
are spent out of it, and who are not permitted to trade with the other third, and where the pride of
the women will not suffer [allow] them to wear their own manufactures even where they excel what
come from abroad: This is the true state of Ireland in a very few words." His support for Irish
causes has made him a renowned figure in modern Ireland. The paragraph numbers have been
added for this edition.

[1] It is a melancholly Object to those, who walk through this great Town, 1
or travel in the Country, when they see the Streets, the Roads, and Cabbin-
Doors, crowded with Beggars of the female Sex, followed by three, four, or
six Children, all in Rags, and importuning every Passenger for an Alms.
These Mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelyhood, are
forced to employ all their time in Stroling, to beg Sustenance for their
helpless Infants, who, as they grow up either turn Thieves for want of work,
or leave their dear native Country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, 2 or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes. 3
[2]I think it is agreed by all Parties, that this prodigious number of
Children, in the Arms, or on the Backs, or at the heels of their Mothers, and
frequently of their Fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the
Kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could
find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these Children sound and
useful Members of the common-wealth would deserve so well of the
publick, as to have his Statue set up for a preserver of the Nation.
[3] But my Intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the
Children of professed beggars, it is of a much greater extent, and shall take
in the whole number of Infants at a certain Age, who are born of Parents in
effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our Charity in the
Streets.
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many Years, upon this
[4]
important Subject, and maturely weighed the several Schemes of other
Projectors, 4 I have always found them grossly mistaken in their
computation. It is true a Child, just dropt from it's Dam, 5 may be supported
by her Milk, for a Solar year with little other Nourishment, at most not
above the Value of two Shillings, which the Mother may certainly get, or
the Value in Scraps, by her lawful Occupation of begging, and it is exactly
at one year Old that I propose to provide for them, in such a manner, as,
instead of being a Charge upon their Parents, or the Parish, 6 or wanting 7
Food and Raiment for the rest of their Lives, they shall, on the Contrary,
contribute to the Feeding and partly to the Cloathing of many Thousands.
[5]There is likewise another great Advantage in my Scheme, that it will
prevent those voluntary Abortions, and that horrid practice of Women
murdering their Bastard Children, alas! too frequent among us, Sacrificing
the poor innocent Babes, I doubt, 8 more to avoid the Expence, than the
Shame, which would move Tears and Pity in the most Savage and inhuman
breast.
[6] The number of Souls in this Kingdom being usually reckoned one
Million and a half, Of these I calculate there may be about two hundred
thousand Couple whose Wives are breeders, from which number I Substract
thirty Thousand Couples, who are able to maintain their own Children,
although I apprehend 9 there cannot be so many, under the present
distresses of the Kingdom, but this being granted, there will remain an
hundred and seventy thousand Breeders. I again Subtract fifty Thousand for
those Women who miscarry, or whose Children dye by accident, or disease
within the Year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand
Children of poor Parents annually born: The question therefore is, How this
number shall be reared, and provided for, which, as I have already said,
under the present Situation of Affairs, is utterly impossible by all the
methods hitherto proposed, for we can neither employ them in Handicraft,
or Agriculture; we neither build Houses, (I mean in the Country) nor
cultivate Land: 10 they can very seldom pick up a Livelyhood by Stealing
until they arrive at six years Old, except where they are of towardly
parts, 11 although, I confess they learn the Rudiments much earlier; during
which time they can however be properly looked upon only as
Probationers, as I have been informed by a principal Gentleman in the
County of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or
two Instances under the Age of six, even in a part of the Kingdom so
renowned for the quickest proficiency in that Art.
[7]I am assured by our Merchants, that a Boy or Girl, before twelve years
Old, is no saleable Commodity, and even when they come to this Age, they
will not yield above three Pounds, or three Pounds and half a Crown at most
on the Exchange, which cannot turn to Account either to the Parents or the
Kingdom, the Charge of Nutriments and Rags having been at least four
times that Value.
[8]I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope
will not be lyable to the least Objection.
[9]I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in
London, that a young healthy Child well Nursed is at a year Old, a most
delicious, nourishing, and wholesome Food, whether Stewed, Roasted,
Baked, or Boyled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
Fricasie, or Ragoust. 12
[10] I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration, that of the
hundred and twenty thousand Children, already computed, twenty thousand
may be reserved for Breed, whereof only one fourth part to be Males, which
is more than we allow to Sheep, black Cattle, or Swine, and my reason is,
that these Children are seldom the Fruits of Marriage, a Circumstance not
much regarded by our Savages, therefore, one Male will be sufficient to
serve four Females. That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year Old
be offered in Sale to the persons of Quality, 13 and Fortune, through the
Kingdom, always advising the Mother to let them Suck plentifully in the
last Month, so as to render them Plump, and Fat for a good Table. A Child
will make two Dishes at an Entertainment for Friends, and when the Family
dines alone, the fore or hind Quarter will make a reasonable Dish, and
seasoned with a little Pepper or Salt will be very good Boiled on the fourth
Day, especially in Winter.
I have reckoned upon a Medium, that a Child just born will weigh 12
[11]
pounds, and in a solar Year if tollerably nursed encreaseth to 28 Pounds.

[12] I grant this food will be somewhat dear, 14 and therefore very proper
for Landlords, 15 who, as they have already devoured most of the Parents,
seem to have the best Title to the Children.
[13] Infant's flesh will be in Season throughout the Year, but more plentiful
in March, and a little before and after; for we are told by a grave Author 16
an eminent French physitian, that Fish being a prolifick Dyet, there are
more Children born in Roman Catholick Countries about nine Months after
Lent, than at any other Season, therefore reckoning a Year after Lent, the
Markets will be more glutted than usual, because the Number of Popish
Infants, is at least three to one in this Kingdom, and therefore it will have
one other Collateral advantage by lessening the Number of Papists among
us.
[14]I have already computed the Charge of nursing a Beggars Child (in
which list I reckon all Cottagers, Labourers, and four fifths of the Farmers)
to be about two Shillings per Annum, Rags included; and I believe no
Gentleman would repine to give Ten Shillings for the Carcass of a good fat
Child, which, as I have said will make four Dishes of excellent Nutritive
Meat, when he hath only some particular friend, or his own Family to Dine
with him. Thus the Squire will learn to be a good Landlord, and grow
popular among his Tenants, the Mother will have Eight Shillings neat profit,
and be fit for Work till she produceth another Child.
[15] Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the Times require) may
flay the Carcass; the Skin of which, Artificially 17 dressed, will make
admirable Gloves for Ladies, and Summer Boots for fine Gentlemen.

[16]As to our City of Dublin, Shambles 18 may be appointed for this

purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and Butchers we may be assured
will not be wanting, although I rather recommend buying the Children
alive, and dressing them hot from the Knife, as we do roasting Pigs.
[17] A very worthy Person, a true Lover of his Country, and whose Virtues I
highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing on this matter, to offer a
refinement upon my Scheme. He said, that many Gentlemen of this
Kingdom, having of late destroyed their Deer, he conceived that the want of
Venison might be well supplyed by the Bodies of young Lads and Maidens,
not exceeding fourteen Years of Age, nor under twelve; so great a Number
of both Sexes in every County being now ready to Starve, for want of Work
and Service: And these to be disposed of by their Parents if alive, or
otherwise by their nearest Relations. But with due deference to so excellent
a friend, and so deserving a Patriot, I cannot be altogether in his Sentiments,
for as to the Males, my American acquaintance assured me from frequent
Experience, that their flesh was generally Tough and Lean, like that of our
School-boys, by continual exercise, and their Taste disagreeable, and to
Fatten them would not answer the Charge. Then as to the Females, it would,
I think, with humble Submission, be a loss to the Publick, because they
soon would become Breeders themselves: And besides it is not improbable
that some scrupulous People might be apt to Censure such a Practice,
(although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon Cruelty, which, I
confess, hath always been with me the strongest objection against any
Project, how well soever intended.
[18] But in order to justify my friend, he confessed, that this expedient was
put into his head by the famous Sallmanaazor, 19 a Native of the Island
Formosa, who came from thence to London, above twenty Years ago, and
in Conversation told my friend, that in his Country when any young Person
happened to be put to Death, the Executioner sold the Carcass to Persons of
Quality, as a prime Dainty, and that, in his Time, the Body of a plump Girl
of fifteen, who was crucifyed for an attempt to Poison the Emperor, was
sold to his Imperial Majesty's prime Minister of State, and other great
Mandarins 20 of the Court, in Joints from the Gibbet, 21 at four hundred
Crowns. Neither indeed can I deny, that if the same use were made of
several plump young Girls in this Town, who, without one single Groat 22
to their Fortunes, cannot stir abroad without a Chair, 23 and appear at a
Play-House, and Assemblies in Foreign fineries, which they never will Pay
for; the Kingdom would not be the worse.
[19] Some Persons of a desponding Spirit are in great concern about that
vast Number of poor People, who are aged, diseased, or maimed, and I have
been desired to imploy my thoughts what Course may be taken, to ease the
Nation of so grievous an Incumbrance. But I am not in the least pain upon
that matter, because it is very well known, that they are every Day dying,
and rotting, by cold, and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be
reasonably expected. And as to the younger Labourers they are now in
almost as hopeful a Condition. They cannot get Work, and consequently
pine away from want of Nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they
are accidentally hired to common Labour, they have not strength to perform
it, and thus the Country and themselves are happily delivered from the Evils
to come.
[20]I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my subject. I
think the advantages by the Proposal which I have made are obvious and
many, as well as of the highest importance.
[21] For first, as I have already observed, it would greatly lessen the Number
of Papists, with whom we are Yearly over-run, being the principal Breeders
of the Nation, as well as our most dangerous Enemies, and who stay at
home on purpose with a design to deliver the Kingdom to the Pretender,
hoping to take their Advantage by the absence of so many good
Protestants, 24 who have chosen rather to leave their Country, than stay at
home, and pay Tythes against their Conscience, to an idolatrous Episcopal
Curate.
[22] Secondly, the poorer Tenants will have something valuable of their
own, which by Law may be made lyable to Distress, 25 and help to pay
their Landlord's Rent, their Corn and Cattle being already seazed, and
Money a thing unknown.
[23] Thirdly, Whereas the Maintainance of an hundred thousand Children,
from two Years old, and upwards, cannot be computed at less than Ten
Shillings a piece per Annum, the Nation's Stock will be thereby encreased
fifty thousand pounds per Annum, besides the profit of a new Dish,
introduced to the Tables of all Gentlemen of Fortune in the Kingdom, who
have any refinement in Taste, and the Money will circulate among our
selves, the Goods being entirely of our own Growth and Manufacture.
[24]Fourthly, The constant Breeders, besides the gain of Eight Shillings
Sterling per Annum, by the Sale of their Children, will be rid of the Charge
of maintaining them after the first Year.
[25] Fifthly, this food would likewise bring great Custom to Taverns, where
the Vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts 26
for dressing it to perfection, and consequently have their Houses frequented
by all the fine Gentlemen, who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good Eating, and a skillful Cook, who understands how to
oblige his Guests will contrive to make it as expensive as they please.
[26] Sixthly, This would be a great Inducement to Marriage, which all wise
Nations have either encouraged by Rewards, or enforced by Laws and
Penalties. It would encrease the care and tenderness of Mothers towards
their Children, when they were sure of a Settlement for Life, to the poor
Babes, provided in some sort by the Publick to their Annual profit instead
of Expence, we should soon see an honest Emulation among the married
women, which of them could bring the fattest Child to the Market, Men
would become as fond of their Wives, during the Time of their Pregnancy,
as they are now of their Mares in Foal, their Cows in Calf, or Sows when
they are ready to Farrow, nor offer to Beat or Kick them (as is too frequent a
practice) for fear of a Miscarriage.
[27]Many other advantages might be enumerated: For Instance, the addition
of some thousand Carcases in our exportation of Barreled Beef. The
Propagation of Swines Flesh, and Improvement in the Art of making good
Bacon, so much wanted among us by the great destruction of Pigs, too
frequent at our Tables, which are no way comparable in Taste, or
Magnificence to a well grown, fat Yearling Child, which Roasted whole
will make a considerable Figure at a Lord Mayor's Feast, or any other
Publick Entertainment. But this, and many others I omit being studious of
Brevity.
Supposing that one thousand Families in this City, would be constant
[28]
Customers for Infants Flesh, besides others who might have it at Merry-
meetings, particularly at Weddings and Christenings, I compute that Dublin
would take off Annually about twenty thousand Carcases, and the rest of the
Kingdom (where probably they will be Sold somewhat Cheaper) the
remaining eighty thousand.
[29]I can think of no one Objection, that will possibly be raised against this
Proposal, unless it should be urged, that the Number of People will be
thereby much lessened in the Kingdom. This I freely own, 27 and it was
indeed one Principal design in offering it to the World. I desire the Reader
will observe, that I Calculate my Remedy for this one individual Kingdom
of IRELAND, and for no other that ever was, is, or, I think, ever can be
upon Earth. Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: 28 Of
taxing our Absentees at five Shillings a pound: 29 Of using neither Cloaths,
nor household Furniture, except what is of our own Growth and
Manufacture: Of utterly rejecting the Materials and Instruments that
promote Foreign Luxury: Of curing the Expenciveness of Pride, Vanity,
Idleness, and Gaming in our Women: Of introducing a Vein of Parcimony,
Prudence and Temperance: Of learning to Love our Country, wherein we
differ even from LAPLANDERS, and the Inhabitants of TOPINAMBOO: 30
Of quitting our Animosities, and Factions, nor Act any longer like the Jews,
who were Murdering one another at the very moment their City was
taken: 31 Of being a little Cautious not to Sell our Country and
Consciences for nothing: Of teaching Landlords to have at least one degree
of Mercy towards their Tenants. Lastly of putting a Spirit of Honesty,
Industry and Skill into our Shop-keepers, who, if a Resolution could now be
taken to Buy only our Native Goods, would immediately unite to Cheat and
Exact 32 upon us in the Price, the Measure, and the Goodness, nor could
ever yet be brought to make one fair Proposal of just dealing, though often
and earnestly invited to it.
Therefore I repeat, let no Man talk to me of these and the like
[30]
Expedients, till he hath at least a Glimpse of Hope, that there will ever be
some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into Practice.
[31] But as to my self, having been wearied out for many Years with
offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of
Success, I fortunately fell upon this Proposal, which as it is wholly new, so
it hath something Solid and Real, of no Expence and little Trouble, full in
our own Power, and whereby we can incur no Danger in disobliging
England. For this kind of Commodity will not bear Exportation, the Flesh
being of too tender a Consistance, to admit a long continuance in Salt,
although perhaps I could name a Country, which would be glad to Eat up
our whole Nation without it. 33
[32] After all I am not so violently bent upon my own Opinion, as to reject
any Offer, proposed by wise Men, which shall be found equally Innocent,
Cheap, Easy and Effectual. But before something of that kind shall be
advanced in Contradiction to my Scheme, and offering a better, I desire the
Author, or Authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First,
As things now stand, how they will be able to find Food and Raiment for a
hundred thousand useless Mouths and Backs. And Secondly, there being a
round Million of Creatures in humane Figure, throughout this Kingdom,
whose whole Subsistence put into a common Stock, would leave them in
Debt two Millions of Pounds Sterling adding those, who are Beggars by
Profession, to the Bulk of Farmers, Cottagers and Labourers with their
Wives and Children, who are Beggars in Effect; I desire those Politicians,
who dislike my Overture, and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an
Answer, that they will first ask the Parents of these Mortals, whether they
would not at this Day think it a great Happiness to have been sold for Food
at a year Old, in the manner I prescribe, and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual Scene of Misfortunes, as they have since gone through, by the
oppression of Landlords, the Impossibility of paying Rent without Money
or Trade, the want of common Sustenance, with neither House nor Cloaths
to cover them from Inclemencies of Weather, and the most inevitable
Prospect of intailing the like, or greater Miseries upon their Breed for ever.
[33]I Profess in the sincerity of my Heart that I have not the least personal
Interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary Work having no other
Motive than the publick Good of my Country, by advancing our Trade,
providing for Infants, relieving the Poor, and giving some Pleasure to the
Rich. I have no Children, by which I can propose to get a single Penny; the
youngest being nine Years old, and my Wife past Child-bearing.

Notes
1. Dublin.
2. The Pretender was the descendant of King James II of the House of
Stuart, expelled from Britain in 1689. James and his descendants were
Catholic, so they took refuge in Catholic countries.
3. Many poor Irish were forced to seek a living in the New World.
4. Projector, "One who forms schemes or designs" (Johnson).
5. Dam, "The mother: used of beasts, or other animals not human," or "A
human mother: in contempt or detestation" (Johnson).
6. Parishes were responsible for the support of those unable to work.
7. Wanting, "lacking."
8. Doubt, "suspect" or "imagine."
9. Apprehend, "fear."
10. Britain imposed strict regulations on Irish agriculture.
11. Towardly parts, "ready abilities."
12. Fricasee, "A dish made by cutting chickens or other small things in
pieces, and dressing them with strong sauce" (Johnson); ragout, "Meat
stewed and highly seasoned" (Johnson).
13. Quality, "Rank; superiority of birth or station" (Johnson).
14. Dear, "expensive."
15. British landlords took much of the blame for Ireland's condition, and
generally with good reason.
16. Swift's note: "Rabelais."
17. Artificially, "skillfully."
18. Shambles, "meat markets."
19. George Psalmanazar, an impostor who claimed to be from Formosa
(modern Taiwan). His Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa
(1704) described their religious practices: every year 18,000 young boys
were sacrificed to the gods, and the parishioners ate their raw hearts.
20. Mandarin, "A Chinese nobleman or magistrate" (Johnson).
21. Gibbet, "A gallows; the post on which malefactors are hanged, or on
which their carcases are exposed" (Johnson).
22. A groat is worth four pence; proverbially, any small amount.
23. Chair, "A vehicle born by men; a sedan" (Johnson).
24. Dissenters or Nonconformists, whose principles Swift rejected.
25. Distress, "arrest for debt."
26. Receipts, "[From recipe.] Prescription of ingredients for any
composition" (Johnson).
27. Own, "admit."
28. These "expedients" are serious proposals, several of which Swift
advocated in his other publications.
29. Five shillings a pound is a twenty-five percent tax.
30. Topinamboo, a district in Brazil.
31. Titus sacked the Second Temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 70.
32. Exact, "impose."
33. Swift is making a coy reference to England.