Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

College of Engineering and Technology
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Tarlac City, Tarlac

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

MODULE 5

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING  Mutually Exclusive Events

𝑁 =𝑚∙𝑛 𝑃𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝑃𝐹
E5-1 A building has 7 outside doors. In how many ways can a  Independent Events
man enter and leave by any door?
𝑃𝐸 & 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐸 × 𝑃𝐹
E5-2 Three people rode in a minibus with six vacant seats on
each side. In how many ways can they be seated if one of E5-9 In drawing 5 cards from a deck of 52 playing cards without
them insists on sitting at the right side? replacement, what is the probability of getting 5 hearts?

PERMUTATION E5-10 In an unbiased coin toss, the probability of getting head or

tail is exactly ½. A coin is tossed and one gets head. If the
Ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either coin is tossed again, what is the probability of getting
all of the available n elements or a part of them head?
The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time is: E5-11 Find the probability of getting at least 1 head if three coins
𝑛! are tossed?
nPr = (𝑛−𝑟)!
E5-12 A bag contains 3 red balls and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn
If taken all at once, from the bag and a ball of the other color is then put into
the bag. If a second ball is drawn from the bag, what is the
nPr = n! probability that the second ball drawn is red?
E5-3 Three members of an organization volunteered to serve as BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
President, Treasurer, and Secretary. In how many ways
can the three assume the positions? If there are two possible outcomes of an event and the
possibilities of the outcome are independent and constant
E5-4 How many circular permutations can be made from 6
different objects? 𝑃 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟

E5-5 Find the largest number of permutations of the letters in p = probability of success
MATHEMATICS? q = probability of failure = 1-p
n = number of trials
COMBINATION r = number of successful trials
An arrangement of the selection of objects regardless of 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
the order
E5-13 Find the probability of getting exactly 12 out of 30
The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time is: questions on a true or false question?
𝑛!
nCr = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟! E5-14 If you throw 3 dice at the same time, what is the probability
that you will get at least one “4”?
If taken all at once,
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
nPr =1
A discrete probability distribution that expresses the
E5-6 A company has 7 senior and 5 junior officers. An ad hoc probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of
committee is to be formed. In how many ways can a 4- time and/or space if these events occur with a known average rate
officer committee be formed so that it is composed of 3 and independently of the time since the last event.
senior officers and 1 junior officer?
𝜆𝑥 𝑒 −𝜆
E5-7 A club has 12 members (7 boys and 5 girls). The club must 𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥!
select a delegation of 4 of its members and this delegation
must have both boys and girls, although not necessarily 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜆 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜆
equal in number. How many different delegations may be
STATISTICS
selected?
GROUPED DATA – refer to data that has been organized
E5-8 During an acquaintance party, each person shakes hands
into groups.
with all the other in the party. If there were a total of 91
handshakes, how many persons attended the party? UNGROUPED DATA – are those data that has not been
organized into groups.
PROBABILITY

Defined as the numerical assessment of likelihood

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population refers to a collection of all possible individuals,

objects, scores or measurements.

Sample is the part or portion of the population.

CENTRAL TENDENCY

 Mean – the average of arithmetic mean of the data.

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
 Median – the value at the middle of the arranged grouped
data.
𝑛+1
𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
 Mode – the value or number that appears the most out of
the given set of data.

DISPERSION

 Range – the simplest measure of dispersion which takes

into account the highest and lowest values only.

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

 Mean Deviation – the mean of the absolute deviation of a

data about the data’s mean.
∑|𝑋 − 𝑚|
𝑀. 𝐷. =
𝑛
 Variance – the measure of how far a set of numbers is
spread out.

∑(𝑋 − 𝑚)2
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑛
 Standard Deviation – this shows how much variation exists
from the average.

𝜎 = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

E5-15 The daily allowance of elementary students is listed below

in order from lowest to highest.

20, 21, 23, 26, 28, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50,
50, 50, 52, 54, 56

Determine the:

a. Range
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Mean