Desalination by renewable energy: A mini review of the recent patents

Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh1, Samar Jaber2, Hossam Etawi1

1
Chemical Engineering Department, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan

Abstract
Recent patents on water desalination by using renewable energy technologies are critically REVIEW PAPER
reviewed with highlighting on environmental impacts and sustainable development. An
overview of using wind, hydroelectric, wave and tidal, wind/solar, geothermal, and solar UDC 628.165:62:66:502.13
renewable energy technologies for desalinated water production are assessed. Solar
energy is the mother of all other renewable energies; it does not pollute, it is free and
available everywhere. Several patents have been invented systems and methods that col- Hem. Ind. 71 (5) 451–460 (2017)
lected and converted solar energy to electrical energy via solar energy which can be used
for water desalination. Wind farm with wind-driven pressurizing devices is used to desalin-
ate salt water by reverse osmosis. Geothermal has been used as an effective method for
water desalination. It is highly recommended to provide seawater desalination powered by
a renewable energy source in remote areas. On the other hand, sequentially staged of
energy conversion steps operate at low efficiencies.
Keywords: desalination, economics, environmental concerns, renewable energy technology,
sustainable development.
Available online at the Journal website: http://www.ache.org.rs/HI/

The water shortage has become even more of a rates. Recently, Al-Rawajfeh [8] has developed a model
major international concern. According to the last sta- to simulate the simultaneous desorption of CO2 with
tistical data from World Health Organization (WHO), the deposition of CaCO3 and investigate their desorp-
approximately more than two billion people worldwide tion–crystallization mutual effect in ME distillers. Then
live without water. By 2025, more than 4 billion people he simulated the desorption–crystallization of CO2–
will be without fresh water. Thus, fresh water shortage –CaCO3 from evaporation of seawater in Multi-stage
is today’s problem which affecting billions of people. As flash (MSF) distillers [9].
well, water treatment is needed, and desalination is the Cost is considered as one of the most critical side of
most efficient method for providing fresh water from any water desalination project. It is a worldwide chal-
brackish and/or seawater. lenge to find a cheap desalination process for the poor
Desalination has been addressed in open literature and remote regions. Such project has experienced an
since longtime ago by different researchers. Al-Rawaj- overall downward trend in overall costs, and techno-
feh et al. proposed and evaluated an evolved version of logical advances will continue to bring costs down even
a multiple effect distiller (MED) system [1–3]. The further [10].
aforementioned MED system was evolved to operate On the other side, the research trends increases in
using solar energy under Jordanian conditions, and a disciplines related to renewable energy according to a
computer program is proposed for the prediction of comprehensive analysis of the growth of research
water amount that the MED system can produce at 10 activity originating from Arab countries [11]. Therefore;
different sites distributed all over the country, based on using renewable energies to desalinate water is a
available solar radiation data and salinity of the feed matter of interest worldwide. This research will focus
water (TDS of 3000, 5000, 7000, and 10,000 mg/L). on recent patents and research in applications of
Furthermore, Al-Rawajfeh et al. have modeled the renewable energy technologies for water desalination.
CO2 desorption rates in Multiple Effect (ME) distillers
State of art
[4–7]. These simulations have not accounted for the
deposition of alkaline scale and its effect on CO2 Grubert et al. [12] filled the gap that policy makers
desorption rates. Calcium carbonate and magnesium could not identify where desalination could make
hydroxide were assumed to precipitate at negligible sense. He demonstrated a quantitative global analysis
methodology for identifying suitable regions for solar-
Correspondence: A.E. Al-Rawajfeh, Chemical Engineering Department, aided Seawater Reverse Osmosis desalination (SWRO)
Tafila Technical University, P.O. Box 179, Tafila 66110, Jordan. taking into consideration the potential of using the
E-mail: [email protected] renewable resources, feed-water characteristics, and
Paper received: 8 March, 2016 human populations. This work concludes that tropical
Paper accepted: 17 June, 2016
https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND160308008A

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and subtropical cities have the highest potential for cesses has increased by ten times over the past twenty
economically sustainable solar-aided SWRO. years. Nirmalakhandan and Gude [18] proposed a new
Geo-pressure of a subterranean formation has been desalination process operates with low grade heat at a
used as the power source to desalinate produced temperature range of around 40–50 °C. The desalin-
water. This invention using the energy of the produced ation has a thermal energy storage system which
fluids from hydrocarbon wells to provide a steam of enables waste heat and renewable energy sources to
relatively fresh water [13]. be used to drive the process with minimum depend-
Shields [14], in his patent, reduced desalination cost ence on fossil fuel.
and negative environmental impact by using kinetic A method and apparatus for dual purpose of cogen-
energy in ocean waves as a power source instead of eration (coastal seawater desalination combined with
pumps and motors. This design would reduce manufac- power generation) is introduced by Germain and Bar-
turing costs and increase production rates. nett [19]. The energy requirements of the desalination
Cormier [15] found a solution for fresh water scar- plant is reduced either by capturing the heat vapor
city problem with a proposed desalination method. exhausted by the power generation system, or rep-
This invention desalinates seawater to produce fresh lacing a steam turbine generator’s condenser by the
water by using recycled materials and solar energy. It is desalination plant’s heat exchanger. In the meanwhile
cost effective since it uses solar power and curbs the brine solution (treated by the desalination plant) is
pollution by using recycled 750 ml glass of wine bottles. pumped from the substrata sea water table wells
The invention is summarized as follows; the seawater is having low salt content brackish water.
collected at the seashore via a cone shaped pipe (dia- Al-Garni et al. [20] suggested sustainable and envi-
meter of 1 to 5 m) then it crosses a filter grid. After- ronmentally friendly wind/solar desalination farm and
ward, the contaminated water is transferred to a park for providing drinking and irrigation water, electri-
doughnut shaped reservoir. This reservoir is made of city, and the other needs for a small community
two different layers; the outer layer and the inner located near a body impregnated with salt.
layer. A metallic reflector is placed under the wine Gordon [21] provides potable water, and/or water
bottles to reflect sunlight into wine bottles, so the for industrial uses through a vessel has a water intake
water is evaporated. This evaporated water is con- system, a reverse osmosis system, a concentrate dis-
densed on the closed end. Finally, the condensed water charge system which includes a plurality of concentrate
from the evaporated water is collected by tubes with a discharge ports, a permeate transfer system, a power
diameter of 1 cm which attached to the outer layer of source, and a control system.
the reservoir. A series of independent float is used to desalinate
High efficiency and a composite semipermeable cultivated field water as shown in Figure 1 [22]. This
membrane have been used in a forward osmosis mem- invention is a cheap and has low maintenance costs in
brane flow system [16]. The composite semipermeable agricultural field. In addition to use rugged units (no
membrane has the polyamide-based skin layer formed moving parts) can be fabricated of common plastics,
on the porous epoxy resin membrane, so a large and can be installed mechanically. The method based
amount of fluid moves in the semipermeable mem- on taking up the saline water with a wick. Then, eva-
brane in forward osmosis flow. Thus, an increased in porate the water from the wick in desalinating relation
efficiency is achieved. In addition to that forward
osmosis membrane flow system has a high efficiency
due to a large amount of moving fluid in the semiper-
meable membrane.
Braune [17] provided an apparatus and method to
reduce the net energy used in desalinating water and
to provide a feasible salinity gradient power plant. His
proposed desalination plant preferably further consists
of a solar power heater between the brine inlet of the
salinity gradient power unit and the brine outlet of the
desalination unit. As supplied feed is warmer; the
power output from the salinity gradient power unit is
higher.
Low grade heat sources and recovery of waste heat
application is a matter of interest due to highly increase
in energy costs and limitation of energy sources. On the
other side, the cost of traditional desalination pro-
Figure 1. Schematic Viewof Coon’s Invention [22].

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by using lenses and mirrors. The desalinated vapor is full. Two sloped glass panels pass solar energy there
accumulated and the condensed water is returned to through to heat the water. Condensation collects on
the field. The collected salt in a wick is removed and the inner panel and runs down the panel to collect in a
reconditioned at a remote site. trough at the lower edge. The desalinated water then
Klausner and Renwei [23] invented new process and flows to a collection tank. Additional heat energy is
apparatus called a division driven desalination fit low provided by a working fluid that is pumped to subter-
temperature and pressure operation. It is driven by ranean levels where significant geothermal heat is pro-
forcing a low humidity air stream over the thin film of duced. The heated air is then circulated around the
water. Then, liquid water is condensed out of the air/ evaporation trays to enhance evaporation. Solar cells
/vapor mixture in a condenser using a diffusion tower. and wind energy may be used to cover the required
Moreover, the process may be driven by waste heat energy for the operation of the system. In addition,
with low thermodynamic availability. Mirrors and functionally graded material further
increase the efficiency of this system.
Geothermal
Geothermal has been used as an effective method
for water desalination. Lakic [24] discovered a method
to desalinate the water from a large body of salty water
by lowering a geothermal generator deep into a pre-
drilled well bore below the Earth’s surface. Sarria
showed up a method for using deep underground con-
centric tubes to heat liquids and generating electricity
and/or desalinized seawater [25]. Marshall disclosed a
system to produce a thermal energy source by direct a
flow from a recovered superheated fluid from deep-
ocean hydrothermal vents to the surface. This thermal
energy source is used to generate electricity or desalin-
ate water [26]. Another method for water desalination
has been imposed from at or near the sea surface by
means of the deep sea fluids produced by the thermal Figure 2. A block diagram of a water desalination system
using geothermal energy [30].
vents formed at the scattering ridge zones of the
earth’s oceans due to the internal energy of a more or
Hydroelectric
less surficial hot magma [27].
Shnell [28] discussed a geothermal system com- Hydroelectric power production used a huge amount
prising: at least one production well, at least one inject- of mechanical and electrical engineering to supply the
ion well, and at least one geothermal energy generator required power which emits greenhouse gasses to
(at a depth of at least 2 km) coupled to the at least one environment [31]. On the other hand, the XCL power
production well and the at least one injection well. The producer is constructed with zero emissions as well as
production well has a top and bottom where the inject- its lower maintenance costs. XCL power producer cre-
ion well is designed at appropriate length to access ates an acceleration of energy production. It produces
geothermal heat from one or more areas under the 45,000 V at 300 A every 4 min for a 14-years cycle.
floor. The energy generator is used to convert the
Solar energy
energy from one form (geothermal energy) to another.
Pflanz [29] used a combination of fluctuating Solar energy is the mother of all other renewable
renewable energy and energy storage devices. This energies; it does not pollute, free, and available every-
aimed to eliminate the using of fossil and nuclear where. Several patents have been invented systems
power plants in the future. The system consists of a and methods that collected and converted solar energy
long-term energy storage device (underground heat to electrical energy via solar energy which can be used
energy reservoir) and a short-term storage device. for water desalination [32–37]. A new system arrange-
A novel water desalination system using geothermal ment, as shown in Figure 3, has been invented by
energy includes a plurality of stepped evaporation trays Abdeen [32] to improve the heat and mass transfer
has been investigated by Al-Garni and Abdelrahman inside the desalination chamber. Briefly, the fine water
[30]. A block diagram of a water desalination system droplets are injected to the desalination chamber by an
using geothermal energy according to this invention is air atomizer. The contact time between the droplets
shown in Figure 2. Salt water flows into the uppermost and the surrounding air is increased by ejection the hot
tray and cascades to each successively lower tray to saline water vertically upward. The solar energy is used
overflow from the lowermost tray when all trays are to preheat the surrounding air side by side an auxiliary

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A.E. AL-RAWAJFEH et al.: DESALINATION BY RENEWABLE ENERGY Hem. ind. 71 (5) 451–460 (2017)

Figure 3. Abdeen’s Desalination System [32].

heat source. Then, the salt water is pulling into the ato- The model in nighttime and daytime operation is
mizer by using a pumped air. The results show that this shown in Figure 4.
system costs about US$ 500 and the estimated liter Water has been generated from atmospheric air by
cost of the desalinated water is 0.2 US$/L, based on an atmospheric potable water generator apparatus
500 operating man hours at a fare of $ 5/h and an [34]. Atmospheric air is heated by solar energy in a
average of 13 m3 desalinated water production. condensing air chamber, and then the air is cooled by
The main disadvantages of the solar energy that it is wind. After that, water is condensed on a cooling sur-
fluctuated source. On the other hand, the water usage face. This invention does not need an additional exter-
is continuous. Therefore; Mueller et al. [33] investig- nal power source or form of refrigerant solutions, since
ated the possibility of switching between day and night it depends on renewable energy to function. Another
operations. In order to keep the solar liquid available all method and apparatus has been disclosed to desalinate
the time the following process has been done. During salt water and generate electricity using solar energy
the day, the solar liquid receives the energy form the [35]. Large compound magnifying lens is used to vap-
solar thermal power. Some of this solar liquid is with- orize the internal fluid (a heating grid containing fluid,
draw as a heating medium while the rest part is stored e.g., salt water). Then, the vapor from the grid system
in a storage device for later use. During the night, the is transmitted to a steam turbine where the generated
stored solar liquid is withdrawn as a heating medium. electricity will charge a battery. At that point the accu-

Figure 4. Mueller et al. model during nighttime and daytime [33].

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mulated vapor from the steam turbine is cooled at the it into an electrical charge. The electrical charge is
condenser in which fresh water is provided from the transmitted to one or more storage batteries, for later
condensate. The remaining fluid (from the condenser) use, which provide auxiliary power for one or more
is driven back into a storage reservoir waiting to be desired uses. This invention may provide reverse osmo-
conducted into the heating grid. This method is shown sis purified drinking water and electrical power to run
in Figure 5. computers, cell phones, appliances etc.
Moreover, Penciu [36] disclosed systems and Hrayshat and Al-Rawajfeh proposed a solar desalin-
methods that include solar collectors, transporting and ation system using a multiple effect distiller (MED),
transferring mechanisms, and multiple thermodyn- Figure 6 [3]. It consists of two components: the solar
amics engines. The concentrated solar energy is trans- thermal subunit and the desalination subunit. The solar
ported and transferred directly into closed-cycle ther- thermal subunit consists of 16 solar modules (vacuum
modynamic heat engine/engines without heating the tubular). Distilled water is circulated through the collec-
engine/engines outside surface which protect the col- tors at atmospheric pressure as a heat carrier medium.
lectors. The efficiency has been maximized through Maximum working temperature of the collectors is
using multiple engines. Furthermore, Almogy et al. [38] above 350 °C. The steam generated in the solar col-
discussed systems, methods, and apparatus using a lectors as a steam water mixture goes to the desalin-
concentrating solar energy collector to produce elec- ation subunit. The water production at 10 different
tricity and/or heat. Jordanian sites is predicted. The results show that in
Prueitt [37] invented a novel system operates opti- the selected sites about 63% of the daily amount of
mally in areas of abundant sunshine. The seawater or water produced during a 1-year cycle occurs during
brackish water is desalinated economically. Mainly, his April to September.
invention focused on pumping the boiler feed liquid by A multi stage and multi effect desalination device
a novel motor less feed pump. In brief, a pressurized using solar heat is invented by Kwak et al. and shown in
vapor from a solar powered boiler drives an expander Figure 7. This invention solved the economic problem
that generates output motive force. The motive force is due to star ability and cost-effectiveness versus an
pressurized to give pressurized seawater or brackish amount of fresh water output [40]. A multi-stage vapor
water using pump. Then, a reverse osmosis unit receives generator generates vapor by heating sea water inside
the pressurized seawater to produce fresh water and thereof according to a temperature of inflowing high
pressurized brine. After that, a hydraulic motor receives temperature water and a multiple evaporator com-
the pressurized brine and gives an augmenting motive posed of a plurality of evaporator groups that desalin-
force to the pump. A heat recuperator transfers heat ate sea water by using vapor generated in the multi
from expander exhaust gas to boiler feed liquid. stage vapor generator as heat source as well as con-
Browe [39] invented a comparatively inexpensive structing a condenser that condenses vapor discharged
system that collect the renewable energy and transfer from the multiple evaporator, thereby not directly dis-

Figure 5. Perspective view of Griggs model [35].

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Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the solar MED system [3].

Figure 7. Three-stage vapor generators of an evaporative desalination device of multi stage and multi effect using solar heat [40].

charging waste heat but reusing in multi-effects and Another application of desalination by solar energy
multi stages. is the desalination greenhouse which is a solar distil-
Walker et al. carried out apparatus and system of a lation device that doubles as an insulated greenhouse
solar still countercurrent flow [41]. This system includes [42]. The desalinated water produced is very high qua-
a solar collector located adjacent to a condenser, the lity, inexpensive, and could be used for any purpose
condenser located at an angle with respect to the con- (high value boiler and industry demineralized water,
denser. The solar distillation system further includes a potable, agriculture and any combination of the
2nd effect and an insulated portion located between the above). The structure is an insulated greenhouse where
condenser and the 2nd effect. The solar collector, the heat producing infrared radiation is captured in forced
condenser, the insulated portion, and the 2nd effect air conduits, passes through evaporation pads to be
function to desalinate and purify saltwater or brackish humidified to saturation, then over a crop and through
water flowing through the solar distillation system. heat exchangers carrying cold water from the evapor-

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ation cooler to cause its condensation of the moisture on the water entrapped in the cylinder, thus causing a
laden air that passed over the crop. It uses inexpensive pumping action. Several applications have been sug-
materials and renewable energy for power. Thus, the gested for this invention. Some of them are; pump the
capital cost of desalination is significantly reduced. The ocean water over obstructions, creation of hydro-elec-
desalination greenhouse of this invention also provides tric power, desalination of sea water, seafood farming,
a number of flexible operation controls to produce crops land reclamation from the sea, oil and contaminant rec-
rapidly in a desert environment using brackish water. lamation [47].
A desalination plant powered by renewable energy, Throughout the years, none of the proposed hydro-
which comprises of a pre-filtration assembly, an kinetic devices have been used the full energy provided
assembly for reverse osmosis water desalination, and by the waves. Therefore, Raftery [48] optimized energy
means of purifying the desalinated water (Figure 8) extraction output from hydrokinetic devices by optim-
[43]. The electric power is generated from a renewable izing the devices functionality which applies real time
source. It is subdivided into sectors dedicated to the adjustments in response to real time changes in wave
electric power supply respectively of the pre-filtration characteristics. This optimization controls the depth of
assembly, of the first reverse osmosis subassembly and the housing to produce wave shoaling/storm avoid-
of an auxiliary electric power supply assembly. ance, as well as to perform continuous phase control
and load control for the purpose of matching the dev-
ices response frequency to the incident wave’s fre-
quency.
Taylor and Taylor in their invention presented a
method of providing and storing energy and water by
using a renewable energy integrated with power plant
[49]. The system breakdown is shown in Figure 9. This
system has a cross-flow wind turbine with an airfoil
stator. The airfoil stator generates electrical and mech-
anical power in response to wind energy. There are
solar cells that are mounted on the airfoil stator which
generate electrical power. This electrical power may be
used in local electrical devices. Furthermore, the elec-
trical power is used to supply a source of purified drink-
ing water and store the purified drinking water in a
tank in the airfoil stator.

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of a desalination plant powered

by renewable energy [43].

Wind energy
Wind farm with wind-driven pressurizing devices is
used to desalinate salt water by reverse osmosis (cons-
tant pressure and variable flow) [44]. Borden and Smith
investigated a structure for converting wind energy to
mechanical energy then store and convert to hydrogen
fuel by using a vessel having wind towers or turbines [45].
Siegfriedsen’s invention [46] uses most of the avail-
able kinematic energy of a wind power plant directly
for driving pump units. The plant consists of a tower, a
gondola, a rotor, and at least one pressure pump that
feed a raw water-treating reverse osmosis plant.
Wave and tidal energy
Pumping by wave and tidal energy depends on the Figure 9. Taylor and Taylor System [49].
depth of the fluid and the length of the pump cylinder.
Hill [47] depends on a float for the lift of a ballast It is highly recommended to provide seawater des-
weighted piston and the ballast weighted piston, when alination powered by a renewable energy source in
descending, provides the means of creating pressure

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remote areas. On the other hand, sequentially staged [8] A.E. Al-Rawajfeh, Modelling of alkaline scale formation
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tigated to drive a DC generator which then drives a
[10] Seawater Desalination Costs (White Paper), Water reuse
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reverse osmosis [52]. Another proposal uses tidal
content/uploads/2015/10/WateReuse_Desal_Cost_Whi
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IZVOD

DESALINACIJA KORIŠĆENJEM IZVORA OBNOVLJIVE ENERGIJE: KRATAK PREGLED NEDAVNIH PATENATA

Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh1, Samar Jaber2, Hossam Etawi1
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
(Pregledni rad)
U ovom preglednom radu data je kritička analiza najnovijih patenata za desali- Ključne reči: • Desalinacija • Održivi raz-
naciju vode primenom tehnologija koje koriste obnovljive izvore energije. Po- voj • Ekonomija • Tehnologije obnovljive
sebno je izvršen osvrt na njihov uticaj na životnu sredinu i održivi razvoj. Pro- energije
cenjene su tehnologije korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije za proizvodnju desti-
lovane vode kao što su energija vetra, energija vode, talasa, plime, hidroelek-
trična, geotermalna i solarna energija. Solarna energija je majka svih ostalih
obnovljivih izvora energija; ona ne zagađuje, slobodna je i dostupna svuda. Neko-
liko patenata je izumelo sisteme i metode koje sakupljaju i pretvaraju solarnu
energiju u električnu energiju, gde se deo solarne energije može koristiti za desa-
linizaciju vode. Vetropark sa vetropotisnim uređajima može se koristi za desali-
nizaciju slane vode pomoću reverzne osmoze. Geotermalna energija se koristi kao
vrlo efikasna metoda za desalinizaciju vode. Preporučuje se da se obezbedi desali-
nacija morske vode korišćenjem obnovljivih izvora energije iz udaljenih područja.
S druge strane, sekvencijalno izvedeni koraci za korišćenje obnovljivih izvora ener-
gije daju nisku efikasnost.

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